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  • Алексеев ССЭС

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    shurikdan
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    The document discusses parachute systems as essential means of saving pilots in emergency situations when aircraft experience damage or system failures that make continued flight impossible. It describes the construction and operation of ejection seats, which allow pilots to safely exit aircraft within seconds. While modern ejection seats do not utilize all technical possibilities, they will likely remain the primary lifesaving method for pilots in distress for a long time to come.

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    The document discusses parachute systems as essential means of saving pilots in emergency situations when aircraft experience damage or system failures that make continued flight impossible. It describes the construction and operation of ejection seats, which allow pilots to safely exit aircraft within seconds. While modern ejection seats do not utilize all technical possibilities, they will likely remain the primary lifesaving method for pilots in distress for a long time to come.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    60 views433 pages

    Алексеев ССЭС

    Uploaded by

    shurikdan
    The document discusses parachute systems as essential means of saving pilots in emergency situations when aircraft experience damage or system failures that make continued flight impossible. It describes the construction and operation of ejection seats, which allow pilots to safely exit aircraft within seconds. While modern ejection seats do not utilize all technical possibilities, they will likely remain the primary lifesaving method for pilots in distress for a long time to come.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 433

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    [12; 13].
    Ha nepBoM 3Tane npMMeHeHMH KaTanY\037bTMpyeMblx KpeCeJI
    (c 1949 1956 rr.) 6bI\037O YCTaHOB\037eHO,
    no qTO npE KaTanY\037bTHpO-
    BaHMM Ha CKOpOCTHX MeHee 740 KM/q 90% \037eTqMKOB OCTa\037MCb B lli.M-
    BbIX, Ha BblCOTax 6o\037ee 1500 M - 96 % ; M3 ,LLeBHTM KaTanY\037bTMpoBa-
    HMH: Ha CKOpOCTHX 6o\037ee 930 KM/q TO\037bKO tIHTb OKOHqM\037MCb 6JIa-
    rono\037yqHo. fIpM nOKM,LLaHMM caMo\037eTa Ha BbICOTax MeHee 300 M M3
    14 KaTanY\037bTMpOBaHMH: TO\037bKO O,LLHO 3aKOHqH\037OCb 6\037arono\037yqHO
    (pMC. 1. 1). 113 3Toro CJIe,LLyeT, lITO npo\037eHT HeCqaCTHbIX' c\037yqaeB

    pe3KO B03paCTaeT Ha Ma\037bIX BbICOTax M 60\037bllIMX CKOpOCTHX, TaR


    KaK npMMeHHBllIMeCH B BBC ClIlA B TO BpeMH Kpec\037a 6bIJIH n\037oxo

    6)))
    AJIH cnaCeHHH C BbICOT HHlli.e 300 M H Ha CKOpOCTHX
    'npMcnoco6JIeHbI
    6o.lJee 900 KM/q.

    ilpHBe,rr.eHHble ,rr.aHHble nOKa3bIBaIOT, qTO co BpeMeHH ,rrepBoro

    'KaTanYJIbTMpOBaHMH 80 %
    Bcex KaTarrYJIbTMpOBaHHH
    CJIYTlaeB 3aKOH-
    QI1JIMCb BMecTe C TeM, OCOQeHHo B ro,rr.bI BTOpOH MHpOBOli
    ycnellIHo.
    BOHHbI, qMCJIO ycnellIHblx BbI6poCOB C rrapallIIOToM pe3Ko CHH3HJIOCb.
    r. 12,5% CJIyqaeB nOKH,rr.aHHH CaMOJIeTa
    TaK, B 1943 aBapMHHoro
    %
    c napallIIOToM MMeJII1 HCXO,rr. 11 45,5 3aKOHtIMJIMCb
    CMepTeJIbHbIH
    TpaBMaMH.)

    740 BMcoma oOflee 1500 N)


    Meffee !fM/q)
    Clfopocm6 .')

    aOJlee 930 IfM/q 861coma Me/1ee JOOM


    CIfOpOCmb
    CnaCJ1UCb

    7%)

    PHC. 1. 1. B\"TIM5IHHe CKOpOCTM H BbICOTbI ITOJIeTa Ha


    pe3YJIbTaT\037 aBapMMHoro rrOKHAaHHH CaMOJIeTa C
    rraMOIIJ.blO KaTarrYJIbTHpyeMoro KpeCJIa (BMC ClllA,
    nepMO,lJ. C 1949 no 1956 rr. [13]))

    113 0630pa KpaTKMX CTaTMCTHtIeCKHX .rr.aHHbIX CJIe,rr.yeT, tITO npM-


    MeHeHMe 'KaTanYJIbTHpyeMbIx KpeCeJI pe3KO' CHMlli.aeT npoueHf rM6e-
    ,JIM 11. TpaBMMpOBaHMH JIeTtIMKOB. HaJIMqHe lli.e TpaBM If CMepTeJIb-
    HbIX MCXO.rr.OB rrpM KaTarrYJIbTMpOBaHMM YKa3bIBaeT Ha Heo6xo,rr.H-

    MOCTb .rr.aJIbHeMllIeH pa60TbI Ha,rr. KOHCTPYKII.Meii 3THX KpeCeJI: _

    AHaJIM3 CTaTMCTMqeCKMX ,rr.aHHbIX cnoco6cTByeT npaBMJIbHOMY BbI-


    60PY KOHCTPYKTMBHbIX pellIeHMH, KOTopble HCKJIlOtIMJIM 6bI He6JIaro-
    npMHTHbIe MCXO.rr.bI npM KaTanYJIbTMpOBaHMM.
    PaCCJIe,rr.OBaHHe CMepTeJIbHbIX MCXO,lLOB nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO OCHOBHOH

    npMqMHOH: rH6eJIH JIeTtIMKOB 5lBJI51eTCH y,rr.ap 0 3eMJIIO C HeHarrOJIHeH-


    HbIM MJIM t.laCTMtIHO HanOJIHeHHbIM napallIIOTOM. 3TO CBM,rr.eTeJIbCT-

    ByeT 0 60JIbllIOM BpeM eHM BBo,rr.a B .rr.eHCTBMe rra p allIIOTHbIX CMCTeM,


    o He,rr.OCTaTOqHOM
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    HbIX KaTanYJIbTMpyeMbIx KpeCeJI.
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    \037 50 %. CJIe,rr.oBaTeJIbHO, CKOpOCTH nOJIeTa CaMOJIe-
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    I TOqHOH CMCTeMbI OT KpeCJIa, CMCTeMbI
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    ,)

    7)))
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    \\ / 1.3. npO&nEMbl ABAPHAHOrO CAMOnETA


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    HMH COBpeMeHHOrO CaMOJIeTa 06YCJIOB.ffriBaIOTC5I CJIeJI.YIOIII.I1MI1 06-


    CT05ITeJIbCTBaMM.
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    MM JI.OnycTMMble BeJIMqMHbI neperpY3KM, yrJIOBOH CKOpOCTM, CKOpO-
    CTHoro Hanopa M np. Cne\037MaJIbHble npMcnoc06JIeHM5I n03BOJIHIOT MX
    YBeJIHqMTb, HO' KOHCTPYK\037M5I TaKMX npMcnoc06JIeHMH nOJIYL.iaeTC51
    OqeHb CJIOlli.HOH.

    :t. He06xoJI.MMOCTbIO npMMeHeHMH cpeJI.cTB cnaCeHM5I B IlIllpOKorvl '


    HHTepBaJI-e CKopocTeH M nOJIOlli.eHMH
    BbICOT, CaMOJIeTa B B03JI.yxe.
    ,L:LMana30H npMMeHeHM5I KaTanYJII?TMpyeMoro KpeCJIa no CKOpO-
    CTM MOlli.eT 6bITb, HanpMMep, .300-1200 KM/q *. A3p0,H.MHaMMQeCKHe

    CMJIbI, ,lI.eHcTBYIOIII.Me Ha KpeCJIO, M3MeH5IIO.TC5I \037 3TOM JI.Marra30He


    60JIee qeM B 16 pa3. 3TO 3aTpYJI.H5IeT B03MOlli.HOCTM cTa6MJIH3a\037MH
    KpeCJIa Ha YKa3aHHblx CKOpOCTHX, a TaKlli.e OrpaHllqeHHe neperpY30K
    TOpMOlli.eI:lMH M yrJIOBbIX CKopocTeH.
    YqMTWBa5I 60JIbllIOH JI.Mana30H npMMeHeHMfl KaTanynbTMpyeMoro
    KpeCJIa no BblCOTaM (OT 0 JI.O 25 KM), He06xoJI.HMO pa3pa6oTaTb
    HeKOTopble OnTMMaJIbHble Tpe60BaHM5I K napalliIOTHOH: CMCTeMe. Ha-
    npHMep, Ha ,MaJIbIX BblCOTax He06xo,lJ.MMO Ka\037 MOlli.HO CKopee BBeCTH
    OCHOBHOH napalliIOT, CnaCaIOIII.MfI Ha .60JIbIlIMX
    qeJIOBeKa; BbICOTax,
    Ha06opoT, HaJI.O oOeCrreqMTb cTa6MJIM3MpOBaHHbIH 6bICTpbIH cnYCK C
    60JIbllIOH BbICOTbI M
    paCKpbIT!le. OCHOBHoro napalliIOTa
    - no fI.o\037TMlli.e.\"
    HHM BbICOTbI 3-4 TbIC. M.
    3. Heo6xoJI.MMOCTbIO B03MOlli.HO 60JIee
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    YQMTWBa5I
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    caeMoro. TIpaKTMqeCKM 3TO 03HaqaeT, qTO, nOCJIe Toro KaK LTIeTqHK
    BKJIIOQMT PYKOHTKY KaTanYJIbTMpOBaHM5I, Bce OCTaJIbHWe \037nepa\037MH
    B, HYlli.HOH nO\037JIeJI.OBaTeJIbHOCTM, C
    c06JII?JI.eHMeM MHTepBeJIOB, 3aBI1-
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    nOJIH5IeMbIX OCHOBHbIMH MexaH,M3MaMM KpeCJIa, MMe5I B BMJI.Y, qTO
    npM aBapHM aBTOMaTMqeCKaH cMcTeMa M02KeT BbIHTM M3 CTp05I.
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    aBapMM CaMOJIeTa, HO M npI1 BbIHYlli.\037eHHOH noca.rr.Ke, KOTOpa5I MOlli.eT
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    10)
    .)

    B 06meM' CJIy-qa'e CPOPMYJIbI HeCKOJIbKO YCJIOLKHHlOTC51.' Bo BCeX

    ,
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    TIo,ll. COMHI1TeJlbHbIM CJIyqaeM nOHI1M aeM COBMeCTHoe ,lI.eilcTBl1e


    H neperpY3KH H BpaIlI,eHH5I, npHBO,LI.HIlI,ee K HenJIaBHOM:Y 113.
    JIHljeHHO
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    Heo6xo,ll.I1MO yql1TbIBaTb eIlI,e CKOpOCTb H3MeHeHI1H nepe-
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    npaBJIeHI1H rOJIOBa - Ta3 H 500-600,1/e B HanpaBJIeHI1HX cnHHa --


    H rpY,lI.b - Cnl1Ha.)
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    B\\
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    .
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    ,Uta,o'llI.aH JIlfll.O . (llITOpOqHOe KpeCJIo), orp aHHqHTeJIH (cpHKcaTopbI)
    \037PYK II Hor, npe,ll.OxpaHHlOIlI,He PYKH H HorH OT \302\253pa36poca\302\273, nOBpelK-
    ,..n'eHHH H 60JIeBbIX OIlI,YII1.eHHH, BbI3bIBaeMblX npH)KaTHeM KOHeqHO-
    cTefr K KpeCJIY CKOpOCTHbIM HanopoM. K 3THM )Ke arperaTaM CJIe-
    , ..nyeT OTHeCTH H 3aIlI,HTHYlO (BbICOTHYlO) o,ll.e)K,lI.y (B nepBYK) oqe-
    pe,ll.b llIJIeM) .

    4._ A\037pe\037aTbl 'c\037'a6uJ/,u3q,l1uu KpecAa, b6ecnet.IHBalOIlI,He npaBHJIb-


    Hoe rrOJIO)KeHHe KpeCJIa nOCJIe BWXO,ll.a ero B nOTOK H OrpaHHqHBa-
    1OlI(,He yrJIOBYlO' CKOpOCTb era BpaIl(eHHH. K HHM OTHOCHTCH cTa6H-
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    11)))
    ,)

    9)

    KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoro KpeCJIa MK-V A8:


    PHC. 1. 5. 'OCHoBHble arperaTbI
    H OCHOBHbIM napallilOTa-
    BbITH)I{HOK BaJI Me)l{)J.Y TOpM03HbIM HK -
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    cau.1111 rOJIOBbI;
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    CHcnMbI, neperOBopHoro
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    12)
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    \037w
    '< 6. CucTeMa
    npuflyouTe./lbfl020 no8Tfl2a, 06eCneqHBalOIII.a51 npa-
    BHJIbHOCTb n03bI, npHHHMaeMoH' npH KaTanYJIbTHpOB3HHH, H YCTpa\037
    ..
    HHIOII(,aH onacHYIO CJIa6HHY npHBH3HOH CHCTeMbI.
    '7. n apalUlOTHafl Ct.lCTeMa, COCTOf!II(a51 B 06III.eM cJIyqae H3 Tpe;:
    'a) cTa6HJIH3HPYIOIII.erO, 06e\037neqHBaIOIII.erO cTa6HJIH3a-
    napaillIOToB:
    UHIO KpeCJIa B HaqaJIbHbIH MOMeHT; 6) TOpM03Horo (pacKpbIBaIO\037

    merOC5I Tor,lJ.a, Kor,r(a CKOpOCTb KpeCJIa ynaJIa ,[{O BeJIHqHHbI, ,[{ony-


    cKalOII.(eH BBO,lJ. B ,lJ.eHCTBHe 3Toro nap a III IOTa ), -o6eCneqHBaIOIU.ero
    cTa6HJIH3HpOBaHHbIH cnYCK C 60JIbillOH BbICOTbI ,lJ.O BbICOTbI, pa3pe-
    llIaIOll.{,eH BBO,lJ. OCHOBHoro na paillIOTa; B) OCHOBHoro cnaCaTeJIbHOrO

    napaillIOTa, BBO,lJ.HMorQ. B ,lJ.eHCTBHe Ha OTHOCHTeJIbHO He6oJIbiliOO


    BbICO.Te (JI.OnYCKalOmeH npe6bIBaHHe JIeTqHKa 6e3. KHCJIOpO,[{HOfi

    annapaTYPbI). K napaIlllOTHOH CHCTeMe


    CJI\037,lJ.yeT OTHeCTH
    H arperaTbl
    BBo,r(a ee B JI.eHCTBHe: nYlIlKH, BBO,lJ.51IlI,He nepBbIH H HHOr,lJ.a BTOpOH
    napaillIOTbI, cpaJIbT, COe,lIJIHHlOIII.He napalIllOTbI C KpeCJIOM H JIeTqHKOl\\vI.

    : 8. \037ucTeMa
    ynpa8AeHufl, COCT051III.a51\" H3 aBTOMaTHqeCKOH cu.
    CTeMbI, oOeCneqHBalOIlI,eH HOpMaJIbHYlO nOCJIe,lJ.OBaTeJIbHOCTb cpa6a\037
    u v
    TbIBaHHH Bcex arperaToB H cBoeBpeMeHHbIH BBO,lJ. napalIlIOTHOI1
    CHCTeMbI, nOCJIe Ha:>KaTHH O,lJ.HOH PyqKH, H Ay6JIHpYlOIII.eH\" CHCTeMbl
    u u U
    ynpaBJIeHH51, n03BOJIHlOIlI,eH cOBeprnaTb pyqHOH BBO,lJ. B ,[{eHCTBHe
    HaH60JIee OTBeTCTBeHHbIX 3BeHbeB CHCTeMbI cnaCeHH51 3KHna*d
    (BBOJI. B ,lJ.\037HCTBHe TOPM03H'oro HJIH OCHOBHoro napaIllIOTa, OT,LLeJIeHHe
    .
    qeJIOBeKa OT KpeCJIa H JI.p.) .' ..
    . - CHCTeMe OTHOCHTCH TaK:>Ke 6JIo-
    K ynpaBJIeHHH YCTpoHcTBa ,[{JIq

    KHpOBKH H p.a3QJIOKHPOBKH, YCTpaH5IIOIII.He B03MO:>KHbIe OIllH6KH B


    ynpaBJIeHHH KpeCJIOM H ,lJ.onycKaIOIlI.He B HCKJIIOqHTeJIbHbIX CJIyqaHX
    Heo6bIq,HYIO nOCJIe,lJ.OBaTeJIbHOCTb OnepaIl,HH (HanpHMep, KaTanYJIbTH-
    pOBaHHe cpoHapb).
    Qepe3 @H YMeHblIleHHH )LCHJIHH Ha pyqKH ynpaB-
    , JIeHH51 MHorHX
    KaTanYJIbTlipyeMbIM KpeCJIOM BO CJIyqaHX npHxq,lJ.HTCH
    .. -
    CTaBHTb YCHJIHTeJIH
    - MeXaHHqeCKHe HJIH nHpOTeXHHqeCKHe. OHH
    TaK:>Ke JI.OJI:>KHbI 6bITp OTHeceHbI K CHCTeMe ynpaBJIeHHH.
    -
    9. CucTeMa KUCAO'jJOOflOZO nUTaflUfl. CHcTeMa HMeeT 06'be,lJ.HHeH-
    . H,bIH pa3'beM, KOTOpbIH OTKJIlO\"tJaeT CHaqaJIa KpeCJIO OT caMo!leTa, 3a-
    .-
    I TeM qeJIOBeKa OT KpeCJIa H nepeKJIlOqaeT KHCJIOpO,lJ.HOe' TIHTaHHe C
    :\037 60pTOBOH --CHCTeMbI Ha aBapHHHYlO, HaXOJI.HIU,YlOCH npH qeJIOBeKe.
    ;':' K. 3TOH :>Ke rpynne arperaTOB ,CJIe.n.yeT OTHeCTH H -HOCHMbIH aBapHM-
    W:.. HbIM 3anac, KOTOpbIH JI.OJI:>KeH 06eCneqHTb :>KH3He,lJ.eHTeJIbHOCTb qeJIO-
    :h BeKa nOCJIe npH3eMJIeHHH (HJIH npHBOJI.HeHHH). r'
    10. BcnoMozaTeAbflble azpezaTbl, 06eCneqHBaIOIII.He,
    \037;\037,; HanpHMep,
    nepeMeIlI,eHHe
    f\037l\037\037.\037 KpeCJIa no BbICOTe
    * (,lJ.JIH o6JIerqeHHH BXOJI.a B\"\"CaMOJIeT

    It ,
    Ii BblxO,lJ.a H3 Hero) HJIH B npO,lJ.OJl'bHOM
    HanpaBJIeHHH (JI.JIH 06JIerqe-

    \037!HHH nOJIb30BaH\037H.pa3JIHqHWMH arperaTaMH ynpaBJIeHH5I H CB5I3H)


    'f:t':MJIH MeHHIOll1.He yrJIbI YCTaHOBKH KpeCJIa (,[{JIH npH,lJ.aHHH KpeCJIY no-
    YJI.06HOrO
    \037\037\037\037\037iJOJKeHHH\037 .,lJ.JI51 OTJI.bIxa). B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT JIeTHO-TeXHH-

    \037\037t\037t\037\037eCKHX
    ,[{aHHbIX CaMOJIeTa Te HJIH HHbIe arperaTbI KpeCJIa Moryr
    .\037:}\037\037TCYTCTBOBaTb HJIH, Ha060pOT, kpeCJIO MO:>KeT 6bITb cHa6:>KeHO ,[{o-
    ....r;\037f\037\037:OJIHHTeJIbHbIMH CneIl,HaJIbHbIMH arpera TaMH.
    13
    \037\037\037\037\"'..
    . \302\245\037.::',.
    \\ 0\037',)))
    1.6. CXEMA npou.ECCA
    \\\\\037/')
    ABAPHAHOrO nOKHAAHHSI CAMOnETA)

    Opou.ecc cnaCeHH51 JIeTqI1Ka B CJIyqae aBapHH CaMOJIeTa cxeMa-


    THqeCKH nOKa3aH Ha pHC. 1.6. J1eTqHK, pellIHB nOKHHYTb CaMOJIeT\037

    ,lI.OJIlKeH npHH51Tb n03Y, 3B.BHC51lll.YlO 01' THna 'KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoro


    KpeCJIa. Ha pHC. 1.7 npHBe,LLeHbI TPH HaH60JIee ynoTpe6HTeJIbHble
    n03bI: Ha IlITopKe\302\273, \302\253PYKH\"
    Ha nopyqH51X\302\273 H \302\253PYKH Ha
    Il.eHT-
    \302\253PYKH

    paJIbHOH PyqKe\302\273. Bo Bcex cJIyqa51x PYKH JIeTqHKa OKa3bIBaIOTCH Ha _

    onpe,LLeJIeHHOH pyqKe. OocJIe ee BKJIIQqeHH51 ,LLOJIlKHbI aBTOMaTHqeCKH


    H B 3a,LLaHHOH nOCJIe,LLOBaTeJIbHOCTH BblnOJIH51TbC51 CJIe,l1.YIOI.U.He one-
    p anHH H npOneCCbI.
    1. BKJIIOqeHHe npHHY,LLHTeJIbHOrO nO,lI.T51ra, HCnpaBJIHIOI.U.erO n03Y
    JIeTqHKa, eCJIH OHa HeBepHa, H YCTpaHHIOmero CJIa6HHY npHBSI3HOi1
    CHCTeMbI.
    2. C6poc <pOHa pH.
    3. BKJIIOqeHHe OrpaHHqHTeJIeH PYK H Hor, np\"e,LLOXpaHHIOI.U.ee KO-
    HeqHOCTH 01' \302\253pa36poca\302\273 no,LL B03,LLeHCTBHeM B03,LLYIliHoro nOTOKa.
    4. BKJIIOq\037HHe CTpeJIHIOlll.erO MexaHH3Ma.
    5. BBO,LL B ,lI.eHCTBHe nepBoro cTa6HJIH3HpYIOI.U.erO napalIlIOTa HJIH
    paCKpbITHe cTa6HJIH3HPYIOlll.HX lll.HTKOB B MOMeHT BbIXO,LLa KpeCJIa H3\\

    HanpaBJI51IOI.U.HX peJIbCOB. (CTa6HJIH3HPYIOlll.HH napalIlIOT BBO,LLHTC51


    B ,LLeHcTBHe 06blqHO cneIl.HaJIbHbIM -
    nHpOTeXHHqeCKHMYCTPOHCTBOM
    ) .
    \302\253nYlIlKoH\302\273 .
    6. CTa6HJIH3aJ.1,:H51 KpeCJIa H rallIeHHe ero CKOpOCTH ,LLO pOO-
    600 KM/q.
    . CTa6HJIH3au.H51 B HaqaJIbHbIH nepHO,LL nOCJIe BbIXO,LLa KpeCJIa B .no-
    TOK He06xo,LLHMa ,LLJIH 06eCneqeHH51 Tpe6yeMoro nonolKeHH\037 KpeCJIa
    K BBO,LLa napalIlIOTa, ,LLJI51
    MOMeHTY CJIe,LLYIOI.U.ero npe,LLOTBpaI.U.eHHH
    He,LLOnycTllMoH yrJIOBOH CKOpOCTH fI ,LLJI51 YCTpaHeHH51 nOBopoTa
    KpeCJIa rOJIOBOH Bn\037pe,LL. He06xo,l1.HMYIO
    -
    CTeneHb cTa6HJIH3anHIf
    MOlKHO 6bIJIO 6bI'nOJIyqHTb H 6e3 CTa\037HJIH3HPYI9lll.HX YCTPOH\037TB,
    \302\267
    nOMeCTHB neHTp TH6ecTH KpeCJIa C qeJIOBeKOM ,LLO<;TaTOqHO HH3KO, HO
    KOHCTPYKTHBHO 31'0 He Bcer,LLa y,LLaeTC51; n03TOMY npHXO,LLHTCH cTa6H-

    JIH3HpOBaTb KpeCJIO I.U.HTKaMH, napalIlIOTOM HJIH TeM H ,l1.pyrHlVI


    BMeCTe.
    7. BBO,LL B ,LLeHcTBHe TOpM03Horo napalliIOTa (npH ,LLOCTH:>KeHHH

    CKOpOCTH 500-60Q KM/q), 06eCneqHBaIOI.U.ero cTa6HJIH3HpOBaHHbIH


    cnycK ,LLO BbICOTbI 3-4 KM (cTa6HJIH3au.H51 cnYCKa C 60JIblIlOH BbI-
    COTpI He06xo,LLHMa, TaK KaK npH 6ecnOp51,LLOqHOM na,LLeHHH ,l1.JIHTeJIb-
    Hoe Bp,alll.eHHe MOlKeT
    npHBeCTH K Bpe,LLHbIM ,l1.JI51 qeJIO\037eKa n9CJIe,lI.-
    CTBHHM) . ,

    8. BBO,LL B ,LLeHcTBHe OCHOBHoro napalIlIOTa Ha BblCOTe 3-4 KM,


    pacKpbITHe 3aMKOB npHB513HOH CHCTeMbI, CB513bIBaIOlll.efr qeJIOBeKa
    C KpeCJIOM, OT,LLeJIeHHe JIeTqHK.a QT Kpec.rra II cnycK JIeTqHKa Ha 3TOM
    napalIlIOTe Ha.3eMJIIO.
    K nO,l1.BeCHOH CHCTeMe qaCTO 6bIBaeT npHKpenJIeH HA3 - HOCH-
    MbIlI aBapHHHbIH 3anac (npO,l1.YKTbI nHTaHHH, Me,l1.HKaMeHTbI, Cpe,l1.CT-

    14)))
    a))

    5))

    \\)

    8))
    \037
    e)) a))

    \037)

    PMC. 1. 6. OCHoBHbIe MOMeHTbI cnaceHHH IlPM KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHMM:


    \\
    napalliIDT HanOJIHHeTCH B MOMeHT BbIXOJl,a
    a-KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHe (cTa6HJIli3HPYIDI.I..I.HA
    KpeCJIa H3 HanpaBJIHIDI.I..I.HX peJIbCoB); 6-BbIXOJl, TOpM03Horo napalliIDTa (oCBo6mKJI,e-
    HHe CTaOHJIH3HpYIDI.I..I.erO napalliIDTa 06eCneQHBaeTCH aBTOMaTHQeCKHM 3aMKOM); 8-CTa-
    cnYCK; \037-BbITHrHBaHHe OCHOBHoro napalliIDTa TOpM03HbIM napalIIID-
    6HJIH3HpOBaHHbIA
    TOM; a-HanOJIHeHHe KynOJIa OCHOBHoro napalliIDTa)

    \037)

    a)) b)) 0))

    PHC. 1. 7. Il03bI JIeTtIMKa nepeA KaTanYJIbTMpOBaHHeM:


    a-pYKH Ha IIITopKe; 6-PYKH Ha n\037py.qHHX; 8-PYKH Ha u.eHTpaJIbHOA pytJKe)

    15)))
    .
    CaTOpaMH, H MHrKYIO, KOr\037a MHrKaH KanpOHOBaH CeTKa paCTHrHBaeT-
    CH no 60KaM KpeCJIa BO BpeMH KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH (pHC. 1. 8).
    [Jo cnoco6y saU{uTbl 20A08bl (AU1{a) OT nOTOKa. MO:>KHO pa3JIH-
    qaTb 3aIII-HTY M51rKoH.llITOPKOH (B 3TOM cJIyqae BbIT51rHBaHIIe llITOp-
    KH \037aeTCHrHaJI Ha npHBo\037 CTpeJI51IOI.U.erO MexaHH3Ma) H 3aIII.HTY
    lllJIeMOM (pHC. 1. 9). HaKoHeu, rHnOTeTHqeCKH MO:>KHO npe\037cTaBHTb,
    qTO cpoHapb, nOBepHYTbIH Ha.rr..JIe:>KaI.U.HM o6pa30M, KaTanYJIbTHpyeT-
    C51 BMeCTe C KpeCJIOM, a 3aTeM OT.rr..eJI51eTC51 OT Hero.)

    a)) ,..)

    PHC. 1. 8. MHfKaH 3alll.HTa (a) H :>KeCTKHH <pMKcaTop I1-0JIO-


    2KeHHH PYK (6), npeAoXpaHHIOlll.HH pa36poc PYK CKOPOCT-
    HbIM HanopoM B03Ayxa)

    ,QJI,51 3aI.U.HTbI JIHIl,a MO:>KeT 6bITb npHMeHeHO TaKlKe KanCIOJIHpo'.


    BaHHe, ,nOJIHOe HJIH qaCTHqHoe.
    TIo MHeHHIO 3apy6e:>KHbIX CneIl,HaJIHCTOB, CHCTeMbI :>KeCTKOH 3a-
    lll,HTbI HMeIOT \037Ba CYI.U.eCTBeHHbIx He.rr..OCTaTKa: OHH 3aTpY\037H51IOT OT.rr..e-
    .JIeHHe qeJIOBeKa OT KpeCJI'a H YCJIOJKH51IOT npHB513HYIO CHcTeM,Y. B CJIY-
    qae :>KeCTKOH 3aI.U.HTbI JIHIl,a HJIH qeJIOBeKa B Il,eJIOM Ha Hero Y)Ke He.
    6y.rr..eT \037eHCTBOBaTb CKOpOCTHOH Hanop, npH)KHMalOlllHH ero K Kpec-
    JIY, H, CJIe\037OBaTeJIbHO, no.rr.. .rr..eHCTBHeM neperpY3KH TOpMO)KeHHH
    qeJIOBeK Ha peMH51X
    nOBHCHeT npHB513HOH CHCTeMW. TaK KaK nJIO-
    w:a.rr..b
    npHB513HQH CHCTeMbI MHoro MeHbllIe nJIoII(a.rr..H, 06.rr..YBaeMOM
    nOTOKOM, TO y.rr..eJIbHOe .rr..aBJIeHHe npH 3TOM B03paCTeT. TIpe.rr..oxpaHHTb
    IRe rOJIOBY OT 3HeprHqHOrO KHBKa Bnepe.rr.. B 3TOM CJIyqae oco6eHHO
    TPy.rr..HO. .
    B
    CJIyqae nOJIeTa Ha 60JIbIllHX CKOpOCT51X (npH M>2) 3aI.U.HTHTb
    qeJIOBeKa OT B03.rr..YIlIHoro CKOpOCTHoro Hanopa MO:>KHO nYTeM HCKYC-
    CTBeHHoro 06pa30BaHH51 CHCTeMbI CKaqKOB ynJIOTHeHH51 B03.rr..yxa. Bne-
    Ha cneIl,HaJIbHOH 52) HIlITaHre 3a-
    rpa<pI1K I.U.H\037
    nocTpoHMBbIHOCHTC51
    pe.rr..H KpeCJIa (pHC. 1.10)
    BI1CI1MOCTI1 V o R OT f3 ,lJ.JI5I KynOJIOB 113 pa3JIHqHbIX
    c03.rr..aIO'I.U.HH CHCTeMY CKaqKOB, n03a.rr..H
    TKaHeH (pl1c. 3. 20)
    TOK-,lI.ecpJIeKTOp, KOTOpbIX
    (K03<P<PHUHeHT n2 Ha OCHOBaHHH 3KcnepHMeHToB paBHbIM
    CKOpOCTHOH Hanop YMeHbllIaeTC51, a CTaTHqeCKOe .rr..aBJIeHHe
    npHMeM
    pacTeT
    3TOT qTO no Mepe YBeJII1QeHI1H
    [14; 18; 19]. rpa<pHK
    0,49). 3Ta cxeManOKa3bIBaeT,
    He.rr..OCTaTOqHO 3cpcpeKTHBHa npH
    nOJIIOCHO-
    MaJIbIX qHC-
    JIax M
    108)))
    II 60JIbllIHX CKOpOCTHbIX Hanopax.
    18)))
    H
    KpaTKHH 0630p pa3JIHqHbIX KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX npHH\037HnHaJIbHbIX
    pelIleHHll,
    - B03HHKaIOI.U.HX nepe,lJ. npOeKTHpOBI.U.HKOM KaTanYJIbTHpye-
    MOrO KpeCJIa, nOKa3bIBaeT lIlHpOKHll apCeHaJI Cpe,lJ.CTB,
    H3 KOTO-

    pbIX KOHCTPYKTOP ,lJ.OJILKeH BbI6paTb HaH60Jiee nO,lJ.XO,lJ.HI.U.He. rIpn


    ,
    aTOM 'KOHCTPYKTOP ,lJ.OJILKeH yqHTbIBaTb:
    1) THn CaMOJIeTa (HcTpe6HTeJIb, 60M6ap,lJ.HpOBI.U.HK
    \302\267)
    H T. n.), ,lJ..HJI

    KOToporo npe,lJ.Ha3HaqaeTCH KpeCJIO;

    I ,
    I I
    \" ' \\.
    ):::::- -1 1-- ),-
    \037 -\\
    ( .......\037,'j
    I.-.\">{\037) cC\037)
    rz)) c))

    PHC. 1. 9. P a3JIH4HbIe cnoc06bI 3allLHTbI JIH\037a OT CKOpocTHoro


    Harropa

    a-lilTOpKoi1; 6-111JIeMOM)

    2) YCJIOBHH pa60TbI qJIeHa 3KHnaLKa (JIeTqHK, lIlTypMaH H ,lJ.p.);


    .3) CKOpOCTb H BbICOTY, Ha KOTOpbIX B03MOLKHO KaTanYJIbTHpOBa-
    -
    HHe;
    4) n03Y, KOTOpyIO MOLKeT JIeTqHK nepe,lJ. KaTanYJIbTHpO-
    npHH\037Tb
    BaHHeM;

    5) Bec KpeCJIa, ero IJ.eHTpOBKY, MOMeHTbI HHepIJ.HH OTHOCHTe.JIbHO


    ocell x, Y H Z;
    6) perYJIHpOBaHHe CH,lJ.eHbH no POCTY JIeTqHKa;

    7) nOTpe6HYIO, lIlHPHHY aBapHllHoro BbI\037O,lJ.a H3 Ka6HHbI;

    8) CKOpOCTb
    H neperpY3KY, c006I.U.aelVlble KpeCJIY CTpeJIHIOI.U.HM
    MexaHH3MOM;
    9) \037pe,lJ.cTBa cTa6HJIH;3aIJ.HH KpeCJIa;
    10) )KeCTKYlO HJIH M51rKYlO 3aI.U.IITY PYK H Hor;
    11) 3aI.U.HTY JIHIJ.a (wTopKa, WJI\037M,
    LKeCTKaH '3aI.U.HTa);
    12) ynpaBJIeHHe KaTanYJIb\037:poBaHHeM (PyqHOe, MeXaHHqeCKOe\"
    nHpOTeXHHqeCKOe, CMewaHHoe, OT WTOpKH, OT nopyqHell, OT IJ.eHT-
    paJIbHOll PyqKH); B03MOLKHO H PyqHOe ,lJ.y6JIHpOBaHHe;
    13) napalIllOTHYlO cHcTeMY (O,lJ.HO-, ,lJ.BYX- HJIH TpexKynOJIbHa51
    BBO,lJ.HTCH nywKoll HJIH cpaJIOM) ;
    14) B03MOLKHOC\037 \037y6JIHpOBaHHH BBO,lJ.a (BToporo HJIH TpeTbero
    KacKa\037a) ;)

    19)))
    sa CBH3H, JIO,lI,Ka, JIbI:>KH, OXOTHHqbH H pbI60JIOBHbIe npHHa,lI,JIe}l{HO-
    CTH H np.) ,lI,JIH 06eCneqeHHH, nepBOH Me,lI,HQHHCKOH nOMor.u.H 11 }l{H3-
    .
    He,lI,eHTeJIbHOCTH B TeqeHHe HeCKOJIbKHX ,lI,HeH. HA3 ,lI,OJI:>KeH o6ecne-
    qHTb cyr.u.eCTBOBaUHe qeJIOBeKa B caMbIX pa3JIHqHbIX YCJIOBHHX-
    B TaHre, nYCTbIHe, Mope II l1p.
    B Ka:>K,lI,OM KOHKpeTHOM CJIyqae npHBe,lI,eHHaH BbIwe cxelVIa. cna-

    ceHHH MO:>KeT 6bITb HeCKOJIbKO H3MeHeHa, HO B 06r.u.eM CJIyqae Bce


    YKa3\037HHbIe- BbIwe 3JIeMeHTbI CHCTeMbI cnaceHHH ,lI,OJI:>KHbI CO,lI,ep:m.aTb-
    CH B KQHCTPYKQHH COBpeMeHHoro KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoro KpeCJIa.
    B H,lI,eaJIbHOM CJIyqae. npOQeCCbI cnaceHHH ,lI,OJI:>KHbI npOHCXO,lI,HTb
    aBTOMaTHqeCKH B 3a,lI,aHHOH nOCJIe,lI,OBaTeJIbHOCTH. 06bIqHO HaH60JIee
    OTBeTCTBeHHbIe 3BeHbH 3TOH cxeMbI ,lI,y6JIHPYIOTCH pyqHbIM ynpaBJIe-
    HHeM. 4ame Bcer'o ,lI,y6JIHPYIOTCH OCBo6o:>K,lI,e\037He qeJIOBeKa OT KpeCJI\037

    (pYQHOe OTKpbITHe 3aMKOB) H BBO,lI, TOpM03Horo HJIH OCHOBHorO'-na.


    paWIOTa. CHCTeMa ,lI,y6JIHpOBaHHH n03BOJIHeT QJIeHY 3KHna}l{a caMO.
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    BJIHHeT H- Ha a3pO.lI.HHaMHlIeCKYIO xapaKTepHCTMKY CHCTeMbI qeJIO-
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    B HaCTOHI.I.J:ee BpeMH HaH60JIee WHpOKO BO MHorHX CTpaHax rrpH-
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    f
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    pa3BHJI
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    32)))
    Ha Cpa6aTbIBaHHe napallilOTHOH nYlliKH cnYCT5I ,0,5 c
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    ()
    \037
    B r. cpHpMa
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    r)

    PilC. 2.2. KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHe Ha B3JIeTHOH ,r(opomKe) KpeCJIa)


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    pOCTH 777 KM/q.


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    HHe KanHTaHa CH,l{HeH XblO,l{:>KeCa C

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    56)))
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    H npOCTeHweH CHCTeMbI perYJIHpyeMoro nO,ZI.TSIra He,ZI.OCTaTOqHO, He..
    06XO,ZI.HM aBapHHHbIH npHHY,ZI.HTeJIbHbIH nO,ZI.TSIr, aBTOMaTHqeCKH ,ZI.ef.I-

    CTBYlOInHH nepe,lI. KaJ'anYJIbTHpOBaHHeM.


    TaKoH nO,ZI.TSIr Heo6xo,lI.HM ,ZI.O HaqaJIa KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHSI, TaR
    KaK B npOTHBHOM CJIyqae CHJIa nO,ZI.TSIra ,ZI.OJI)KHa npOTHBOCTOSITb.
    neperpY3KaM KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHSI, KOTopwe npH OTCTpeJIe Kpecna
    BBepx OqeHb BeJIHKH. '4To6bI Ha,ZI.e)KHO nO,lI.TSIHYTb JIeTqHKa K cnHHKC

    KpeCJIa, HY)KHO 6bICTp'O, nJIaBHO, 6e3 pbIBKOB npHJIO)KHTb YCHJIHe, ,ZI.JI5I


    qero MO)KeT
    1
    6bITb npHMeHeH nHpOTeXHHqeCKHH nO,ZI.TSIr (pHC. 2.28).
    Co6CTBeHHO MexaHH3M nO,ZI.TSIra npe,ZI.CTaBJISIeT C060H 3aMKHYTbIH
    06'beM, 'COCTOSIInHH H3 Ha PY)KHOrO H BHYTpeHHero lI,HJII:IH,ZI.pOB. no)],
    JI.eHCTBHeM npY)KHHbI pOJIHK 6, YKpenJIeHHbIH Ha nHpO\037HJIHH,ZI.pe,
    .
    cTpeMHTcSI OTO,ZI.BHHYTbCSI Bnp aBO, ,ZI.eHCTBYSI np H 3TOM KaK CHJIOBOH
    9JIeMeHT nO,ZI.TSIra. Kor,ZI.a qeKH B
    nOBopOTOM Kopnyce cnYCKaeTC5I -
    60eBaSI npY)KHHa, 60HKH, Y,ZI.apSISICb 0 KanclOJiH nHponaTpOHa, B3pbI\037'
    BBlOT ero, H ra3bI OT cropaIOIU,ero nopoxa, 3anOJIHSISI nOJIOCTb U.HJIHH-
    JI.pa H ,ZI.eHcTBYSI B TOM )Ke HanpaBJIeHHH, qTO H npY)KHHa, 06eCneqH-
    BalOT 6bICTpbIH H CHJIbHbIH nO,ZI.TSIr. YnopHaSI nSITa npY)KHHbI npe,[(o..
    xpaHSIeT KaJIHOpOBaHHoe oTBep.CTHe OT nona,lI.aHHSI B Hero nbI)KB
    nHponaTpOHa HJIH qaCTHqeK nopoxa, qTO MO:>KeT H3MeHHTb xapaKTe-
    (9HCTHKY pa60TbI MexaHH3Ma, perYJIHpyeMYlO nO,ZI.60pOM BeJIHqHHbl

    66)))
    u
    OTBepCTH5I, COe,lI.HH5IlO\037ero nOJIOCTb ll.HJIHH,lI.pa C OKpYLKalOll(eH aTMO-
    C<pepoI1. 4T06bI Ha 3eMJIe BO BpeMH perJIaMeHTHbIX pa60T HJIH CT05IH-
    KH CaMOJIeTa He Mor npOH30HTH caMonpOH3BOJIbHbIH BbICTpeJI, 3aTBOp)

    \037:\037\037
    ---
    q >.>1 t;); 1:.:
    \037\037
    / (( \\I
    f) IV \\
    /
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    I
    J) 2)

    K pYKopmK8
    !J t7jKltll 8HtIf1
    -.:)

    <
    K pYKORmK8 cOpoca
    tpOHapn (nperJI1l8C/T!8!/em
    HaLfallY Kaman.!Jllbmu-
    po8aHt.U1 ))

    PMC. 2. 28. MexaHM3M nMpOTeXHHIIeCKOrO I10,lI.T5Ira M


    ,cxeMa
    yrrp aBJ1eHHH MM:

    I-BepxHHii 3aMOK npHB5I3HOii CHCTeMbI; 2-np5DKKa; 3-np5DKKa


    nO)l.T5IHYTa5I; 4-6apa6aH; 5-CTonopHbIe
    I) pbItlarH; 6-pOJIHK

    \037l1HpOMexaHH3Ma
    cHa6LKeH Ha3eMHbIM npe,lI.OXpaHHTe.]JeM, KOTOpbIH
    \037ttepe,lI. nOCa,lI.KOH JIeTqHKa B CaMOJIeT CHHMaeTC51 C KpeCJIa.
    g:,. llpH aBapHHHOM nHpono,H.T5Ire,
    B TO BpeM5I Kor,lI.a cpa6aTbIBaeT
    \037FIpOilaTpOH,
    '. CTonop 06blqHOrO MexaHH3Ma nO,lI.T5Ira aBTOMaTHlIeCKH

    rCTonopHBaeTC51, H BHOBb <pHKcHpyeT TOJIbKO nOJIHOCTblO no,n-


    HYToe
    :\302\253'.' nOJIOLKeHHe JIeTqHKa. Ha pHC. 2.28 nOKa3aHO npHMepHo
    :}::.,Koe ynpaBJIeHHe nO,lI.T5IrOM. POJIHK nHpoIIo,lI.T5Ira no,lI. B03,lI.eHCTBH-
    :
    npYLKHHbI
    \037\037; Bcer,lI.a cTpeMHTC5I HaT5IHYTb TpOC nO,lI.T5Ira H nOBep-
    \">.Tb 6apa6aH no qaCOBOH cTpeJU{e. llpH cTonopeHHH 6apa6aHa
    C nOMO\037blO np5ILKKH nO,lI.T5Ira <pHKcHpyeTC5I B npHT5IHYTOM
    ijf\037'tqHK
    cnHHKe KpeCJIa nOJIOLKeHHH. ECJIH Ha,lI.O YMeHblIIHTb .CTeneHb no,n-
    \037\037\037.
    ,:,ra, TO nOBopOTOM PYK05ITKH Ha JI,eBOM nopyqHe KpeCJIa OTTSlrH-
    _'*IOT BTOpOH xpanOBHK-pblqar H 3aTeM qepe3 KYJIaqOK ,xparrOBHKa,
    1;\037\"J\037\0370,lI.OJIeBnpY)KHHY BHYTPH IIHpOnO,lI.T5Ira, OTBO,lI.5IT nJIeqH OT CIIHH-
    If, pYQKY, 3aCTonopIfBalOT nOJIOJKeHHe.

    3T\037
    10 On\037\037TlIB 67
    Ix:
    ':
    \037t\037,;-
    ..:'
    \037\037;.)))
    TaKHM 06pa30M, JIeT1JHK no CBoeMY YCMOTpeHHIO MO)KeT YCTa-
    HOBHTb JII060e npOMe)KYT01JHOe nOJIO)KeHHe (OT nOJIHOCTblO nO,QT5I-

    HYTWX K cnHHKe CH,QeHb5I nJIe1J ,QO MaKCHMaJIbHOrO 3a30pa Me)K,QY


    HHMH H cnHHKOH). KaTanY\037bTHpOBaHHeM O,QHOBpeMeHHO
    ITepe,Q co

    C6POCOM \037OHap5I nOBopa\037HBaeTC5I nOBO,QOK c6poca 60eBOH npY)KH-


    HbI H OTT5IrHBaeTC5I pbI1Jar CTonopa. TaKHM 06pa30M, cnYCKaeTC51
    60eK, B3pbIBaeTC5I nHponaTpOH, ,QaBJIeHHeM ra30B BbI,QBHraeTC>l
    BHYTpeHHHH [(HJIHH,Qp, nO,QT5IrHBa5I nJIe1JH JIeT1JHKa, a XpanOBTJK no,il
    BJIH5IHHeM npY)KHHbI He n03BOJI5IeT 6apa6aHY nOBepHYTbC5I 06paTHO
    H OCJIa6HTb aBapHHHbIH nO,QT5Ir JIeT1JHKa.
    OnHcaHHbIH MexaHH3M KpenJIeHH5I JIeT1JHKa B BepXHeH T01JKe
    KpeCJIa B C01JeTaHHH C CHCTeMOH
    aBapHHHoro nO,QT5Ira 06eCne1JHBaeT
    cpHKcaUHIO, n03BOJI5IIOIlLYIO npOH3BO,QHTb KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHe BBepx
    C neperpY3KaMH ,QO 20 npH nOKI1,QaHHH CaMOJIeTa Ha CKOpOCT5IX no-

    JIeTa, COOTBeTCTBYIOIIl.HX M \037 1..


    ABapHHHoe nOKH,QaHHe CKOpocTHoro CaMOJIeTa nYTeM KaTanYJIb-
    THpOBaHH5I Tpe6yeT eIIl.e 60JIee )KeCTKOH \037HKCa[(\037H nOJIO)KeHH5I JIeT-
    tIHKa. aTO BbI3BaHO B OCHOBHOM ,QBY\"
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    Bo-nepBbIx, ,QOCTaT01JHO He6oJIb-
    , --5) WOH aCHMMeTpHH B no\037 rOJIO-

    l) BbI JIeT1JHKa 3arOJIOBHHKe, trr06bI.


    H\037
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    60JIbIIlHMH, 1JeM cpH3H1JeCKHe B03MO)K-
    HOCTH 1JeJIOBeKa Y,Qep)KaTb rOJIOBY 'll

    HY)KHOM nOJIO)KeHHH. A 6e3 Ha,lLe)K-

    J .l3I) HOH cpHKCa[(HH rOJIOBbI npM nOKH,QaHHH


    CaMOJIeTa B03MO)KHO nOBpe)K,QeHHe
    rneHHbIX n03BOHKOB.
    BO-BTOpbIX, ,QJI5I nepeJIeTa 1Jepe3
    5 KHJIb cOBpeMeHHbIx cBepx3BYKOBbIX ca-
    MOJIeTOB Heo6xo,QHMO C006IlLHTb Ka-
    I ranYJIbTHOH CHCTe\037le KpeCJIO - 1JeJIO-

    I 4 BeK OOJIblIlHe BepTtiKaJIbHbIe CKOpO-


    ,,!:::-J- CTH rrYTeM coo6JJJ:eHH5I eM: 60JIbllIOH
    (HO He npeBbIlIlaIOIIl.eH npe,QeJIbHOH'
    BeJIH1JHHbI, paBHoH 20) KpaTKOBpe-
    PHC.. 2.29. C.xeMa YJIYtIIlIeHHOro
    nO.lI.THra:
    MeHHOH neperpY3KH HJIH nYTeM npo,lL '\"
    JIeHH5I BpeMeHH ,QeHCTBM5I
    /-qaWKa KpeCJIa; 2-qaIIIKa nponop- npHeMJIe-
    nHOHaJlbHOrO MexaHH3Ma; 3-TPOOC; MOH neperpY3KH.
    4-BepTHKaJlbHbIe OaJlKH KapKaca
    lCpeCJIa; 5-POJlHKH; 6-BepXH5HI TOq- <PH3HOJIOrH1JeCKHe HcnbITaHH5I no-
    Ka 4JHKcaU.HH; 7-3arOJlOBHHK) Ka3aJIH, 1JTO
    YJIY1JlIleHHe \037HKCa[(MH Ha
    \037KpeCJIe n03BOJI5IeT. 1JeJIOBeKY nepeHO-
    CHTb
    neperPY3KH rOJIOBa - Ta3
    B HanpaBJIeHHH 60JIee 20.
    MO)KHO npHBecTH npHMep T01JKH \037HKCa[(HI1
    YJIY1JlIleHHH BepxHeH
    Ha KpeCJIe aMepHKaHcKoH CPHPMbI KOHB3p (pHC. 2. \0379). \037JI5I YBeJIH-
    qeHH5I CHJIbI nO,QT5Ira B BepxHeH T01JKe TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH
    npHMeHeH
    npOnOpl.\\HoHaJIbHbIH MexaHH3M, -,lLeHcTBHe KOToporo OCHOBaHO Ha)

    68)))
    npHHI..IJ1rH\037 HCnOJIb30BaHH5I )1.aBJIeHH5I TeJIa JIeTqHKa Ha CH)1.eHbe, Bbl-
    3BaHHOro neperpY3KOH npH KaTanynbTHpoBaHHH; qeM CHJIbHee TeJIO
    JIeTqHKa 6Y)1.eT )1.aBHTb Ha qaIIIKY CH)1.eHb5l, TeM, OqeBH)1.HO, 6Y)1.eT
    60JIbIII,e CHJIa ')1.0nOJIHHTeJIbHOrO nO)I.T51ra B BepXHefI TOqKe <pHKCaIl.HH.
    no MHeHHIO <pHpMbI, COqeTaHHe 3Toro MexaHH3Ma C YJIyqIIIeHHOH 06'b-
    e)1.HHeHHOH nO)1.BeCHOH CHCTeMOH 06eCneqHBaeT nepeHOCHMOCTb 60JIh-
    UlHX 50 0/0) B HanpaBJIeHHH rOJIOBa - Ta3, qeM C
    (Ha neperpY30K
    nOMolUbIO paHee npHMeH5lBIIIHXC5I nO)1.BeCHbIX CHCTeM. <PHpMa l1pO\037
    BO)1.HJIa 3TH HcnblTaHH5l B YCJIOBH5lX, KOr)1.a nO)1.BeCHa5l CHCTeM a Ha.
    \037eBaJIaCb nOBepx pa3JIHqHOH npHMeH5leMOH B COBpeMeHHOH JIeTHOM

    npaKTHKe O)1.e)K)1.bI JIeTqHKa, BKJIIOqa51 CKa<paH)1.p H BbICOTHO-KOMneH\037

    CHPYIOIll.HH KOCTIOM. OnHCbIBae\037la5l rrO)1.BeCHa5l CHCTeMa XOpOlliO


    06JIeraeT Koprryc QeJIOBeKa, TaK KaK OHa 3aIIIHypOBbIBaeTC51 rroJI,
    MblIIIKaMH H CT5lrHBaeTC5l peMH5lMH Ha rpY)1.H, )KHBOTe H 6e)1.pax.)

    2.13. CHCTEMA ynPABnEHHSI KATAnynbTHPYEMblM


    KPECnOM)

    TIO)1. TaKoH cHcTeMoH nOHHMaeTC5I BC5l CHCTeMa MeXaHI13MOB,


    u \\
    npHBO)1.5lIll.a5l B )1.eHCTBHe oT)J.eJIbHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI KpeCJIa B onpe)1.eJIeH\037
    HOH nOCJIe)1.oBaTeJIbHOCTH OT HaqaJIa KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHH5I )1.0 npH-
    3eMJIeHH5l. TIOCKOJIbKY KpeCJIO 3KCnJIyaTHpyeTC5l B IIIHpOKOM ,lI.Hana-
    30He CKopOCTeH H BWCOT, TO npo\037ecc nOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHOrO BBO)1.a B

    .n.eHCTBHe pa3JIHQHbIX, 3BeHbeB CHCTeMbI )1.0JI)KeH H3\037eH5lTbC5l B 3aBH-


    CHMOCTH OT YCJIOBHH nOJIeTa. .
    TIpH KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH B aBapHHHWX CJIYQa5lX Ha MaJIWX BW-
    COTax He06xo)1.HMO, QT06bI Ha onepa\037HH, npe)1.IIIeCTBYIOIll.He BBe)1.e-
    HHIO B )1.eRCTBHe cnaCaTeJIbHOro nap-alliIOTa, YXO)1.HJIO MHHHMaJIbHOe
    BpeM5l. TIoTep5l JIHIIIHeH ceKYH)1.bI HJIH )1.a)Ke )1.0JIH ee MO)KeT 5lBHTb-
    C5l npHqHHOH rH6eJIH JIeTlJHKa. TI03TOMY ynpaBJIeHHe COBpeMeHHblX
    KpeCeJI nOJIHOCTbIO aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHO. ABTOMaTHlJeCKHH npoQecc
    cnaCeHH5l 5lBJI5leTC5l Ha)1.e)KHbIM Cpe)1.CTBOM H B CJIYQa5lX, Kor,LLa JIeT-
    qHK TpaBMHpOBaH. TIoCJIe Ha)KaTH5I pbIlJara KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHH51
    npo\037ecc cnaCeHH5l 6Y)1.eT OCYIll.eCTBJIeH )1.a)Ke B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIl1

    JIeTQHK BO BpeM5I KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHH5l nOTep5leT C03HaHHe. O,LI.HaKO


    B YCJIOBH5IX aBapHH Ha CaMOJIeTe B03MO)KHO nOBpe)K)1.eHHe caMora
    KpeCJIa HJIH opraHOB ynpaBJIeHH5l KpeCJIOM, H B 3TOM CJIYQae aBTO-
    MaTHlIeCKa5l JIHHH5I ynpaBJIeHH5l MO)KeT nOJIHOCTbIO HJIH QaCTI1QHO
    OTKa3aTb. 4T06bI cnaCTH 1JeJIOBeKa, 1JaCTO aBTOMaTHlIeCKOe ynpaBJIe-
    HHe )1.y6JIHPYIOT PY1JHbIM C npHBO)1.0M
    \037
    Ha Ka)K)1.YIO onepa\037HIO
    B OT-
    .neJIbHOcTH.
    PaCCMOTpHM npo\037ecc ynpaBJIeHH5I KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHeM.
    3aKJII01JaeTC5I B npHH5ITHH JIeT1JHKOM n03bI. OT
    TIepBa5l onepa\037H5l
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    TOpOR npoH\037BO)1.HTC5l aBapHHHoe nOKH)J.aHHe Ca\037IOJIeTa. J1eTQHK


    .nOJI)KeH': 1) npH)KaTbC5I cnHHOR K KpeCJIY. H nO)1.T5lHYTb nJIelleBbIe

    69)

    (\037.\037)))
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    CHCTeMbI; 2) \037CH5ITb HorH C ne,ZI.aJIeH: H nOCTaBijTb


    peMHH npHB5I3HOH:
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    CTaBHTb HorH B npaBHJIbHOe nOJIOLKeHHe. J1YtIllIe, eCJIH npn 3TOl\\'t
    KOJIeHH 6Y,ZI.YT 60JIbllIe nO,ZI.)KaTbI K )KHBOTY, a Ka6JIyKH npH:tKaTLl
    K nepe,ZI.HeH: CTeHKe qallIKI1 KpeCJIa H HeCKOJIbKO pa3BepHYTbI B CTO-

    pOHbI 60KOBbIX OrpaHHQHTeJIeH: Hor. 11, HaKOHel1., JIeTtIHK ,ZI.OJI)KeH


    H HaT5IHYTb Ha rOJIOBY llITOPKY HJIH
    PYKaMH BbIT5IHYTb 3aIll.HTHYIO
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    /'.)

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    PMC. 2. 30. Cxe\037a Y:IJpaBJIeHMSI arperaTaMH KpeCJIa:

    l-rOJIOBKa MexaHH3Ma: 2-CTpeJI51IOw.HA


    CTpeJUIIOw.ero MexaHH3M; 3-rOJIOBKa
    MexaHH3Ma aBapHAHoro nO)J.T51ra; 4-pbIQar BKJIIOQeHH51 MexaHH3Ma copoca
    cpOHap51; 5-PYK051TKa YI.IpaBJIeHH51. BbICTpeJIOM; 6-PYK051TKa ynpaBJIeHH51 copO-
    COM cpOHap51 H aBapHAHoro nO)J.T\037ra)

    KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHH5I. 06bItIHO B ynpaBJIeHHH KpeCJIOM BO H.36e)Ka..


    HHe OllIH60tIHWX ,ZI.eH:CTBHH: H HenpOH3BOJIbHWX KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH
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    HHeM KaTanYJIbTHpyeMbIH: TOJIbKO C6paCbIBaeT <pQHapb Ka6HHbI H-
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    BTOpbIM ,ZI.BH:tKeHH.eM

    CTBe CJIYtIaeB MeXaHHtIeCKHM BbI,ZI.eprHBaHHeM tIeKH CTpeJI5IIOII.J.erO'


    MeXaHH3Ma (pHC. 2. 30) \037
    OCYlll.eCTBJI5IeT KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHe.
    ECJIH npHBO,ZI.' KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHI-!5I npOH3BO,lI.HTC5I OT llITOpKH,
    nepBa5I tIaCTb XO,ZI.a llITOpKH HCnOJIb3yeTC5I ,lLJI5I c6poca <pOHap5I, BTO-
    pa5I
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    rrpH aBapHH CaMOJIeTa B03MO)KHO 3aKJIHHHBaHHe <pOHap5I, tIaCTO Ha


    KpeCJIaX npe,ZI.YCMaTpHBaeTC5I ,ZI.onOJIHHTeJIbHa5I PYK05ITKa, C nOMOInbJO

    KOTOpOH: JIeTtIHK MO:tKeT pa36JIOKHp.OBaTb CHCTeMY KaTanYJIbTHpOBa-


    HH5I H Ha:tKaTHeM Ha pbItIar BbICTpeJIa KaTanYJIbTHpOBaTbC5I tIepe3 <p0-
    Hapb. Ilo XO,ZI.y .lI.BH)KeHH5I npHBO,ZI.a Ha c6poc <pOHap5I ocym,eCTBJI5I-
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    aBapHH:HbIH: nO.lI.T5Ir, QT06bI paCTep5IBllIHH:C5I JIeTtIHK He CMor KaTa..


    70)))
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    nYJIbTHpOBaTbC5I

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    H rrpHBO.rr:5ITC5I

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    I1HOr.rr.a MeXaHH3M 3aIlI.HTbI PYK Cpa6aTbIBaeT OT BbIT5IrHBaHI15I

    TpOCOB HJIH CTpeHr rro Mepe .rr.BHlKeHH5I KpeCJIa rro HarrpaBJI5IlOIlI.HlVI,


    o.rr.HaKO 3TO, HeCOMHeHHO, MeHee y.rr.aqHO, TaK KaK npH 3TOM cpOHapb
    .rr.o cpHKcaUHH PYK H, CJIe.rr.OBaTeJIbHO, CKOpOCTHOH Ha-
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    B HaqaJIe KaTarrYJIbTHpOBaHH5I, eme BO BpeM5I .rr.BH./KeHH5I KpeCJIa
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    71)
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    72)
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    c n J,1 C 0 K 11 J,1 T E PAT Y P bl)

    1. Aerospace Medicine, 1963, vol. 34, No.7, pp. 618-621.


    2. Aircraft Engineering, June 1965, vol. 37, No.6. .
    3. Aircraft Engineering, May 1965, vol. 37, No.5, pp. 140-152.
    4. Aircraft Engineering, Sept. 1966, vol. 38, No.9, p. 10.
    5. Aviation Week, Oct. 1956, vol. 65, No. 15.
    6. Flight, Nov. 1956, vol. 70, No. 2497.
    7. Flight, May 1957, vol. 71, No. 2523.
    8. Flug Revue, 1966, No.5, p. 22.
    9. Flug\037lt, Aug. 1964, Nr. 8.
    10. Flying Safety, May, 1957.
    11. Interavia, Febr. 1957.
    12. Luftfahrttechnik. Raumfahrttechnik, 1966, Nr. 4, S. 97.
    13. Luftfahrtzubehor, 1966, Nr. 4, S. 105.
    14. Interavia Air Letter, 1965, No. 5828, pp. 10-11.
    15. Reed's/Aircraft and Equipment News, 1965, vol. 7, No.4, p. 8.
    16. Wehr und Wirtschaft, 1965, 9, Nr. 6, S. 336-337.
    17. World Aerospace System, 1965, 1, No.8, pp. 384-386.')

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    Ha OC'HOBaH1111 Bhlpa)KeHH5I (3. 19) M'O)K,HO 3an11c;aTh

    ==
    VO cos %
    e2as 2.
    ( V cos 0/) )
    (3. 22))))

    88)
    113 YP aBHeHH5I (3.15) CJI,e).J.yeT

    b -b o
    A=== ') (3.23))
    2as _l
    e

    qTO nOCJIe nO).J.'CTaHO'BKH 3-HaqeHH5I e 2as H3 (3.22) lVlOlKeT 6bITb npe:I.-


    CTaBJIeHO B BH).J.e)

    (b
    - b o) V2 cos 2
    \037
    A=== . (3.24))
    - cos 2 \037)
    V5 cos
    2 V2
    %

    CpaBHHBa51 BblpalKeHH5I (3.21) H (3.24), nOCJIe HeKOTopbIX npe-


    a6pa30BaHHH nOJIyqHM

    c rf - 4mg 1
    - 1
    .
    r- 2 (3.25))
    QH(b-b O) V2 COS 2 \037 V 0 COS 2 \037O)
    [ J

    [{JI5I HaqaJIbHOr,O yqaCTKa Tpae:KTOpHH B 'CJIyqae c6paCbIBa'HH5I


    napalliIOTHCTa C rOpH30HTaJIbHO JIeT5ImerO CaMOJIeTa ('4'0=0; b o =)
    = 0) <popMYJIa (.3.2,5) H'MleeT BH,lL

    (4m g 1 -\037
    c rf r
    V2 cos2
    (3:26))
    QHb \037 V5.) )
    (
    <PopMYJIa (3.25) n03BOJI5IeT onpe).J.eJIHTb BeJIHqHHY crf r ).J.JI5I Ma-
    JIoro yqaCTKa rpaeKTopHH na).J.aIOII1,ero 06'beKTa, eCJIH H3Be'CTT-fbI Be-
    JIHqHHa H 'HarrpaBJIeHHe CKOpOCTH 06'beKTa Ha rpaHH[(aX yqaCTKa.
    06blqHO npH paCqeTaX TpaeKTopHH BbIHY2K).J.eHHoro npbIlKKa JIer-
    qHKa YCJIOBHa51 nJIOma).J.b JIo6oBtoro ICOTI'pOTHBJIeHH5I npHHHMaeTC5I
    2
    crtr=== 0,40 M .)

    3. 4. HAnOnHEHItfE KynOnA

    IlpHBe).J.eHHble COOTHOlIIeHH5I, onpe).J.eJI5IIOmHe 3JIeMeHTbI TpaeKTO-


    pHH 'CB060JLrHO na).J.aIO'mero TeJIa npH BepTHKaJIbHOM na;J,eHHH H B
    CJIyqae rra).J.eHH5I TeJIa,c6pOlIIeHHoro C r'opH30H.TaJIbHO JIeT5III1,'erO 'ca-
    MOJIeTa, ).J.aIOT B03MOlKHOCTb onHca.Tb ).J.BHlKeHue TeJIa Ha nepBblx

    rpex 3Tanax pa60TbI cn:acaTeJIbHorO napaIliIOTa. PaC1.J:eT 3Tana BbI-


    T5IrHBaHH5I 'CTpon H OCHOBHOPO KynOJIa H ICTaCKHBaHH5I IC Hero qeXJIa
    HeCKOJIbKO OCJIOlKH5JieT'C5I TeM, qTO npH 'P a3BepTbIBaHHH CHCTeMbI ).J.BH-

    iKymHec5I C TPY30M H BbIT5IlKIHbIM na palIIIOT'OM MaCCbI H3MeH5IIOT'C5I.


    YqHTbIBa51 3TO, npH npH6JIHlKeH'HOl\\j pelII'eHHH 3a).J.aqIi, KOTop'oe B DC-
    HOBHOM ,H'CnOJIb3yeTIC5I B paCqeTHDH npaKTH'Ke, Maecy rpY3a H BbI-
    T5IlKHOTO napaIliIOTa YBeJIHqHBaIOT Ha rrOJIOBHHY MaCCbI oeHOBHoro
    KynOJIa, qeXJIa H CTporr H nOJIaraIOT, qTO OHH JLBHlKYTC5I He3aBHCH-
    MO. IlpH 3TOM C1JHTaIOT, qTO B HaqaJIbHbIH MOMeHT BbIT5IlKHOH napn-
    UIIOT H DPY3 HMeIOT OJ(HtHaKOBble 'CKOpOCTH.
    BpeM5I, 3aTpaQ'HBaeMoe Ha' BbIT5IrHBaHHe '-) 'CTporr H OCH10BHOf'O K',-
    nOJIa, orrpeJLeJI5IeT'C5I rpa\037HqeCKH.

    89)))
    n'OJIb3YHICb <POP'MYJI'OH (3.10) HJIH pemeHHHMH vpaaHeHHH (3.11),
    CTpOHT rpa<pHKH nYTH, npOXO,lI.HMOf,O rpY30M H BbITHJKIHbIM napallUO-
    TOM. BpeM51, Heo6xo,lI,HMOe ,lI,JI51 Toro, qT06bI rpY3 Onepe,lI,HJI BbITH}K-
    HOH napalliIOT Ha ,lI,JIHHY CTpon 'H BbITHHYToro OCHOBHoro KynOJIa
    (qeXJIa), H HBJIHeTCH 8peMeHeM 8blTJlcU8aHUfl crpon U OCft08ft020
    KynoAa.
    IlpH BbITHf.HBaHHH 'CHCTeMbI BbITHJKHOH napalliIOT, qeXOJI H OC-
    HOBHOH ,KyrrOJI OT,CTaIOT OT 'fpY3a. 3TO npHBO,lI,HT K TOMY, qTO nnC\"TJe
    BbITHrHBaHHH CH'CT,eMbI 'Ha nOJI'HYIO )1.JIHHY npOHcxo,rr,HT pbI'BOK. lla-
    paIliIOT rroqTH MfHOBeHHO npHo6peTaeT 'CKOlpO'CTb, paBHYIO CKopnCTH
    rpY3a, H B ,rr,aJIbHeHllieM Ha'IlHHaeT ,lI,'BHraTbCH TaK JKe, KaK H rpY3.
    B03/HHKaIOIIl.He npH 3TOM HarpY3KH 3a'BH'CHT OT pa3HOCT'H CKop'OCTefI
    rpY3a H napalliIOTa, HX Maoc, JKeCTKOCTH CTporr H nnCJIe)J.'OBaTeJIb-
    HOCTH pa60TbI napalliIOTa.
    B 60JIbIliHH'CTBe COBIpeMeHHbIX WOHCTPY.KQHH napaIliIOTOB nC'HOB-

    HOH KynOJI nOMe'IIl.aeTCH B qeXOJI, K\\OTOpbIH He n03BOJIHeT eMY HanOJI-


    HHTbCH ,lI,0 nOJIHOrO 'BbITHfHBaHHH CHCT'eMbI.
    IlocJIe paCqeKOBKH <papTYKa qeXJIa (BbITHrHBaHHe CTpon 113
    C'beMHbIX pe3HHOBbIX COT) BbITHJKHOH rrapalliIOT CTaCKI1BaeT qeXOJI C
    OCHOBHOIJiQ KynOJIa. IIp.H 'CTaCKHBaHHH rpY3 C OC'HOBHbIM KynOJIOM H
    BbITHJKHOH na pallIIO'T \\C qeXJIOM npe,rr,CTaBJI51IOT C060H ,lI,Be He3aBHCH-.
    MbIe 'CH'CTeMbI, HX ,lI,BHJKe'HJ1'e OIIH'CbI'BaeT'CH ypaBHeHHHMH, npHBe.1leH-
    HbIMH B npe,rr,bI,rr,YIIl.HX p a 3,lI, eJI ax. BpeM51 CTaCKH\037aHH51 qeXJIa on-
    pe,rr,eJIHeTCH nep'HO\037OM, Heo6xo)1.HMbIlYI ,lI,JIH Toro, qTo6bI nepBaH CHC-
    TeMa npo,rr,BHHYJIaCb OTHOCHTeJIbHO ,BT'OPOH Ha ,l{JI1HHY qeXJIa. DOCJI\342\202\254
    BbIxo,rr,a ,H3 qeXJIa OC;HOBHOH KyrrOJI fOTIQB K 'HanOJIHeHHIo. Ho, Ka,K

    nOKa3bIBaIOT 3KcnepHMeHTbI, HHOf,lI,a HanOJIHeHHe HaqHHaeTCH He

    cpa3Y, a B ,HeKOTopbIX 'CJIyqa51X na palliIOT Boo6lll.e He paCKpbIBae'DCH.


    Y'CTaHOBJIeHO, qTO KynOJI HarrOJIH5I'eT'CH TOJIbKO ,npH '006JIIOJI.eHHH on-
    p'eJI,eJIeHHbIX YCJIOBHH. HanOJIIH5l'eMOCTb KyrrOJIa 3aBHCHT OT C'KOpO-
    C'fH, npH KOT'OpOH napalliIOT 'BBO)1.H'fICH B ,lI,eHCTBHe, \037OHCTPYKTHBHbIX
    oco6eHHOCTeH IKynOJIa, B03,lI,yxonpOHHQaeMOCT'H TKaHH KynpJIa H

    JI,PYTHX <paKTopOB:
    Il MaJIOH
    p.H 'CKOPO'CTH 'CHJIa, ',II.eH'CTBYIOIIl.aH 'Ha KynOJI ,CO CTOPOHbI

    rrOTOKa, HeBeJIHKa, H OH He HanOJIHHeTCH. C pnCTOM 'C\037OpOCTH CHJIa


    ,lI,aBJIeHHH YBeJIHqHBaeTlCH H, Kor,rr,a ...oHa 'CTaHOBHTCH 'paBHOH Becy
    CTporr H 'KynOJI a, nOCJIe,llJHHH HaqHHaeT HanOJIHHTbCH. CK!OIPO'CTb, npH
    \037OTOpOH KyrrOJI HaqHHaeT HarrOJIHHTbCH, Ha3MBaeTCH MUftUMaAbftOa
    CKopocrblO HanOAHeftUfl H 0603'HaqaeTCH' Vmin.)

    3. 5. onPEAEnEHHE MHHHMAnbHOA CKOPOCTH


    HAnonHEHHSI

    IlpH BBe,rr,eHUH B ,lI,eHoCT'BHe rrapalliIOTa Ha MaJIOH 'CKOpOCTH era


    HanOJIHeHHe HaqHIHae'DCH TOJIbKO ,HOCJIe TOfO, ,KaK 'CKOpOCTb CHCTeMbl
    ,lI,OCTHfaeT 3HaqeHHH V min, T. \342\202\254.
    Kor,lI,a CHJIa 'C'orrpOTHBJIeHHH ypaBHo-
    BeCHT CHJIY T51JKeCTH ,KynOJI a IH 'CTp'on:

    Qmln=OK' I (3.27))

    90)))
    f,n:e OK
    -=- Bec Ii 'CTpon;
    :KYllOJIa
    Qmin - 'CO\037pOTH'BJIeH'He HeHanOJI'HeHHOro ,KynOJIa.
    06brQHO
    np'HHHMaIOT, lI-ro rConpOTHBJI'eH'He IHeHanOJIHeHHOro Kyno-
    JIa ,paBHo.ljlO-lj16 tCOnpOTHBJIeHH5I nOJIHOCTbIO paCKpbITOTO KY-
    nOJIa:)
    QV\037ln
    . _ \037 \037 ...!-
    \302\267 CIi F n. (3. 28))
    \037rnln- ( 10 16 ) ,2
    i
    \0377)
    113 'CooTHoIIleHHH (3.27) Ii (3.28) onpeJI.eJI5IeM MHHHMaJII>HbIH

    QV\037[n
    qrnin ==.
    1.:-)
    CK'OpOCTHOH Harrop t npH KOTOpOM KyrrOJI Ha'1.J;HHaeT)
    K 2
    \037:
    ';4-
    ;-..) HanOJIH5ITbC5I :)

    OK
    qrntn=== , (3. 29))
    1 1
    -..!-- . cF
    n IT)
    ( 10 16 )
    a TaK2Ke MHHHMaJIb/HYIO 'CKOpOCTb HarrOJIHeHIH5I

    2G K
    V mln --,- f . (3. 30))
    -+- n)
    Y ( 110 116 ) ,QcnF

    3. 6. onPEAEnEHHE KPHTH\"IECKOA CKOPOCTH


    HAnonHEHHSI KynOnA nAPAWJOTA)

    ,L{pyroH OIIeHb -Ba2KHOH xapaKTepHCTHKOH HanOJIH5IeM!OCTH Kyno-


    JIa SlBJISleTCSI nOHSlTIie KpUTUtteCKOU CKOpOCTU HanOAlieHUJl V OR.
    ECJIH KyrrOJI H3rOTOBJIeH H3 TKaHH
    C 60JIbIllOH So
    ,l1.0CTaTOIIHO B03,l1.yxonpo-
    HH\037aeMocTblO HJIH' rrOBbIllleHHa5I B03-
    rr.yxorrpoHH\037aeMocTb
    ero ,l1.0CTHrHYTa
    KOHCTPYKTHBHbIM rrYTeM (C03,l1.aHHel\\I)

    c)

    \"(r::
    i,\"
    \037;,,\037:
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    f'i\"t.. 1J)
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    r\302\273)
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    PRC. 3. 8. CxeMa KynOJIa rrapaWlo- PRC. 3. 9. CxeMa oceCRMMeT-
    \037\037.: B rrponecce
    \"
    .Ta Ha\037OJIHeHHH pRtIHOrO KyrrOJIa, rrpHHHTaH
    }:. ,lI.,JIH paCqeTa
    \037'

    \037L-'.'
    B HeM CI1CTeMbI OTBepCTHH), TO KynOJI Ha 60JIbIllOH CKOpOCTH He Ha-
    \037s nOJIH5IeTC5I, H TOJIbKO nOCJIe Toro KaK CKOpOCTl? YMeHbIllHJIaCb ,l1.0
    V OK , HaQHHaeTC5I
    \037\037.'\037 HanOJIHeHHe KyrrOJIa.
    i:/)
    t.:\"'::
    \037.t-:.-\037 91)))
    \"i\037::
    \\.,

    I ,\\,)
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    M02KHO paOC.MaTpHBaTb KaK MUHuMaAbHylO CKOpOCTb, npu KOTOpOU.
    8 npol{ecce SQMeaAe1-1I-l020 8'BuOfCeHUJl KynoA e14e He 1-lanOA1-lJlerCfl.

    OCTaHOBfIMCH BKpaTl(e Ha OCHOBHbIX reOMeTpfIqeCKHX 'COOTHOlIle-


    HfIHX, xa paKTepfI3YIO\037HX HeHanOJIIHeHHYIO cPOPMY paBHOBec.HH KY-

    flOJIa, HaX02K,lI,eHHH cPOpl\\tlYJIbI


    C l(eJIbIO ,lI,JIH o.rrpe,lI,'eJIeHHH KpHTfIqe-
    CKOM CKOpOCTfI V OR .
    HarrOJIHeHHH
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    (rrOCJIe BbIT5I'rfIBaHHH ,KyrrOJIa H 'CTporr Ha BCIO HX ,l1.JIHHY Ii 'CHHT1H5I

    q\037XJIa), rrpHHHMa_eT CPOPMY, 6JIH3KYIO K cpopMe yceqeHHOrO KOHyca C

    nOJIYCcPepfIq.eCKOH lIlarrKOM (pac. 3.8).


    B'Be)J.eM CJIeJI,YIOill.fIe 0603HaqeHfIH:
    W - 06'beM IKyrrOJIa;
    So - pa,lI,HYC KyrrOJIa B palCKpoe;
    r - pa,lI,H'Yc BXOJI,Horo OTBep'CTHH;
    R - pa,lI,HYC nOJIlyccPepHqeCKOM lIlarrKfI;
    l - ,lI,JIifIHa 'CT1porrbI;
    H - BblCOTa yceqeHHOrO KOHyca;
    ro - pa,lI,HYC rrOJIIOCHOPO OTBepCTHH;
    - qHCJIO
    \037 (TpOIT;

    2cp
    - yrOJI Me2K,lI,y ,lI,BYMH COCe,lI,HHMfI 'CT'porraMH.
    ,L{JIH
    yrrpo\037eHHH HCCJIe,lI,OBaHHM paccMoTpHM ocecHMMeTpHQ-
    HhIM KyrrOJI, IiMe101rnHM B parCKp,oe cPOPMY, Kpyra (pHC. 3.9).
    06'beM KyrrOJIa W paBeH CYMMe ,l1.BYX 06'be-MOB: WI - 06'beM yce-
    qeHHOrO fI W - 06'beM
    KOHyca 2 nOJIyC<pePbI:

    W==Wl+W2==\037JtH(r2+Rr+R2)+\037 JtR3. (3.31)


    3 \037 3

    Bblpa3HM 06'beM W qep-e3 O,lI,HO rrepeMeHHoe r - pa)J.HYc BXO,l1.HO-


    ro oTBepcTHH. HM'eeM
    I _ AC
    _ 1tR
    HO CC'=R-r Ii AC-=S o .
    -;- CC\" 2)

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    I ,) 2
    (3. 3\037))
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    R =
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    (3. 33))
    11,r
    ,)
    1+--
    2)

    BbICOTa 'Y'CeqeHHOro ,Ko'Hy'ca)

    1tR
    (3. 34))))
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    92)
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    qHM)

    H So
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    =( \302\245) ( ;:
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    V ;: p5l,ll.

    KO ,lI,BYM5I rrepBbIMH qJIeHaMH pa3JI02KeHH5I (3aK'oHHoCTb pa3JIO:IKe-


    HH5I 'B Ip5I,lI, 'CJIe,lI,yeT H3 TOTO, qTO ,lI,a:IK,e rrpH ,HarrOJIHeHHOM KyrrOJIe B
    CHJIY ero KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX oco6eHHOCTeH r/l< 1, He rOBOp51 Y2Ke
    o <popMe paBHOBeCH51
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    r2 r 2
    , \037 1 - 1- \302\267)

    V
    72= 2[2

    Tor ,lI,a)

    So_
    fiR
    H= 1- \037

    ( 2 ) ( 212) )

    HJIH Ha OCHOBaHHH (3.33)


    ' -
    fir (So + 1)
    ,H 21 +
    \302\267) (3. 36))
    [So- :n:r ] (1,- \03722 )
    OTCIO,lI,a 06'beM 'KyrrOJIa

    S0-
    + 1)
    1-
    fir (So
    W = \037 rt \037
    'X
    3 [ 21 + fir ] ( 212 )
    .

    r2 (So + 1) r2 (So + 1)2. 2- r 3 (So + 1)3


    rt
    X r2+ + + nr 3 (3.' 37))
    fir fir \\ 2 3

    [ [+2 ( [+2) ] ( [+2 )


    TaKHM ,o6pa3'OM,
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    u u
    3aBIi'CHMOH rrepeMeHHOH r:
    W=W(r).
    C'OCTaBHM ypaBHe.HHe 6aJIaH'Ca 06'beMa B03,lI,yxa
    dW
    dt
    =nlrtr2V-(2nR2-Jtr\037)VI-n2rtr%V,
    .)
    (3.38)

    f,Qe V - 'CKOpOCTb rrOTOKa B03,lI,yxa;


    Vi - CKOP'OCTb rrpOTeKaHH5I B03,lI,\037Xa ll,ep.e3 T,KaHb Ky,rrOJIa;
    - H3MeHeHHe
    'n1 rrOI1lpaBOqHbIH K03<PWH\037HeHT, yqHTbIBaIO\037HH
    Ope,lI\"HeH ICKOpOCTH 'B03JI.YlIlHOrO IIOTOKa rrpH BXO,lI,e B KY-
    rroOJI qepe3 ero OCHOBaHHe;
    'n2 - IJIorrpanOqHbIH IK!03Q:> <pHII;H'eHT, yqHTbIBalOll(HH: 'H3Me,H'eHHe

    cpe,QHeH CKOpOCTH rrOTOKa rrpH HCTeqeHHH qepe3 nOJIlOC-


    HOe OTBep'CTHe.)
    93)))
    TIpoTeKaHHe B03,lI.yxa qepe3 60KOBYIO rrOBepXHOCTb KyrrOJIa He
    yq'HTbI'BaeM. Ta:K kaK W = W
    (r), 'TO
    dW dW dr dr
    == == W' (r) '
    dt dr dt dt
    H Bblpa)KeHHte (3.38) n1pHMeT BHA
    dr
    W'(r)
    dt
    ==nlnr2V-(2nl<2-nr5)Vi-n2nr\037V. (3.39)
    B 'CJIyqae eCJIH ,KynOJI rrapalliIOTa, npHIH5I.B Q:>OPMY Y'CelleHHorO 'KO-
    Hy'ca 'c ,rroJIy.ccp,epHqeCKO'M llIanKOM, 'He ,HanOJIH5Iel1C5I, TO dr / dt\037 0,
    H YCJIOBHe HeHarrOJIHeHH5I 6Y,lI.eT HMeTb BH,lI.

    n 1nr
    2
    V -
    (2nR
    2 -
    nr5) Vi
    - < O.
    n2nr\037V (3.40))

    CDopMyna AnSI onpeAeneHHSI KpHTH'IeCKOH


    CKOpOCTH HanonHeHHSI Kynona napawlOTa
    KaK y)Ke YKa3bIBaJIOCb, KpHTHlleCKa5I CKOpOCTb HarrOJIHeHH5I VOK
    Bblpa)KaeT \\co6oi1 HaHMe.HbIIIYIO 'CKOpOCTb, rrp'H KOTOPOM \037yrrOJI napa-
    IlIIOTa ,He HanOJIIH5IeT'C5I, a n03TOMY ee 3Haq,eHHe MO)KeT 6bITb HaH,lI.e-
    HO H3 YCJIOBH51
    HeHanOJIHeHH51 (3.40). 11MeeM

    n 1itr 2 V oK
    -
    (2nR
    2 -
    nT5) Vi
    - n2 nr5V OK
    ==O. (3.41);

    TIo,U.,cTaBJI5I5I B ,lI.aHHoe Bbl1pa:IKeHHe R. H3 (3.33), nOJIyqHM


    \"2 V r2 (So + 1)2 2
    2
    n1'itr OK- 'it -'itro Vi -n 2 'itr O V OK =O. (3.42)
    +
    [2 (1 :n:; y ]

    4T06bI fliCKJIIOllHTb H3 3T'oro ypaBH\037eHH5I 3HaqeHHe Vi, 6Y,lI.eM HC-.

    XO,IlHTb H3 CJIe,rr,YIOlIIl.HX 'coo,6pa)KeHH'H. '


    113'Ue.CTHO [2]; liTO CKO:pOCTb rrpOTeKaHH5I B03,U.yxa Qepe3 TKaHb

    Vi 'CB5I3aHa 'C rrep'erra\037OM ,rr,aBJI'eHiH5I \037p 'C'OOTHOllI'eHHeM


    ,
    2
    LlP==aV i + bV i, (3.43)
    r,lI.e a H b - pa3MepHble K03<P<PH\037HeHTbI, xapaKTepH3YIOIIl.He B03-
    ,U.yxonpoHHu.afeMOCTb TKaHH KyrrOJIa.
    C 'u'PY'roH 'cCTOpOHbI, 3K'CIIe ipUMeHTaJIbHO 'YCTaHOBJIeHO, qTO
    J. 2
    LlP== no
    -
    QV
    \302\267
    (3.44)
    2

    Ha \\pHC. 3.10 .u.a'H Tpa<pHK 3aBnc.HMO'CTH \03703<P<PH\037HeHTa ,lI.aBJIe...


    HH51 no OT
    B03,U.yxorrpoHH\037aeMocTH TKaHH W, Bblpa)KeHHOH B JI/M 2C
    npH cTaH,lI.apTHblx YCJIOBH5IX OIIbITa (\037p
    = 5 Krc/M 2 = 49
    TIa) .113 rpa-
    <pHKa 'CJI'e,lI.lyeT, qro IK03<P<PH\037 MoeH T 'no ,lI.JI5I KyrrOJlOB, 'H3rOTOBJIeH\037HbIX H3
    2
    MaJIOrrpOHHu.aeMbIX TKaHeH (W \037'500 JI/M ,C), paBeH 1,6, ,lI.JI5I .Kyno-
    JIOB, H3I10TOBJIeHHbIX 'M3 TKaHeH 'C 60JIbllIOH B03,lI.YXOI1lpOHHu.aeMOCTblO
    ( W > 1600 JI/M C), no 6JIH30K K
    2
    e,lI.HHH\037e.

    94)))
    H a .OCIHOBaHHH CooTHoIIleHHH Ii HMeeM
    (3.43) (3.44)
    n oQ
    aV I +bV;=
    ;2 (3. 45))

    (B HaIIlHX 0603HaQeHHHX V = \"{;1


    0H ).)

    fiJ .
    ! ,
    r-! i i I
    16
    :>) \"\"\"'\"
    I \037 I II

    I \037
    1,2) '\" \"
    I \037 I
    i !
    : ......... ---
    1--
    0,8

    I I I l)
    .0,\"
    o) 600) 7200 1800 24,00 \037 n/112.c)

    PIIC. 3. 10. 3aBHcMMoCTb K034 <pMI.I.MeHTa .u.aBJIeHMH


    OT B03.u.yxorrpOHMI.I.aeMOCTM TKaHM KynOJIa)

    113 ypaBHeHU5I (3.45) :HaXO)J;HM

    - (' a
    2
    V i -- \037
    -+ . no 2
    , + Q V OK \302\267)
    2b
    V 4 b2 2b

    0603HaQa5I
    - -an'== k, -2 ==
    . 2b
    Q ill, rrOJIYQHM
    2b

    2
    V1=k + 1/- k + illV5K.)
    (3.46))
    ,/

    nO)J;ICTaBJIH5I B ypaBH,eHHe (3.42) 3Haq,eHHe H3 1


    Vi (3.4 6), nOJIY-
    tIHM
    r2 '
    V OK -
    2
    n 1w 2:it - 2
    (SOn:\037
    - ,
    :itd (k
    + V k +w V\037K) =n 2:itd V OK
    I + .
    [ ( 2 )22 / ] .
    .
    .
    \"JIM)

    V OK 2 - n 2 r5) =
    (1+ n:; r
    (nlr
    ., '
    2 2
    (So+l)2- r5 + n:; (k
    + V k +
    [2r (I YJ WV\037K)'

    Pa3\037eJIHB JIeByIO H npaBYIO QaCTIH


    - nOCJIe)J;Hero 'ypaBHeHH5I Ha
    S\037,rrOJIyqHM

    2 2
    V \037 \037 \037 ==
    OK \037+2!. nl 2_n2
    ( So 2 So ) [ . ( So ) ( So ) ]
    2 2 \\ 2
    2
    = 2 \037 \\
    1 + \037 - .!.9... \037
    [ ( +..::.. \037
    + V' k2 + .
    So ) ( So ) ( So ) ( So 2 So ) J
    (k WV3K)
    .
    (3.47)

    95)))
    1
    BBe)I.eM Oe3pa3M epHble rrapaMeTpbI
    l' = . ro r
    V, = ,
    \037.
    = A. (3.48))
    So So So

    TOrAa ypaB'HeHHe (3.47) rrpHMeT BH,lI,

    V OK (nlA2-n2\0372)=)
    (V+ ; Ar
    .

    + V k2 + wV
    =[2A2(1+V)2_\0372(V+ ; AY](k 5K))

    HJIH)

    + 2 -
    (n 1\"J... n2\0372)
    (V ; \"J...)2
    V OK) -k== + Vk2+WV5K' (3.49))
    2\"J...2(1 + V)2 - \0372 + \"J...
    (V ; r

    0603HaQHM)

    \"J... (nl\"J...
    2 - n2\0372)
    (V +f r
    = A '
    2
    2
    2\"J... (1+V)2
    - \0372 +
    (V ; \"J...))

    TO r,lI, a B COOTBeT'CTBHH C
    BBe,lI,e,\037'IIbIM 0603tHal{leHHeM vpaBHeHHe
    (3.49) rrpHMeT BH,lI,)

    2
    + Vk + w V5K.)
    V8KA-\037 , (3. 50))
    ,..)
    B03Be,lIJI B
    KBaApaT ooe qaCTH ypaBHeHHH (3.50), 'rrOJIYlIHM)

    V6K (A2- w)==2kA V OK ') (3. 51))

    Pa3pernaH ypaBHeHHe (3.51) OTHOCHTeJIbHO V OK , nOJIYHHM ,lLBa


    3HaQeHHH )J}IH VOK. O)LHO H3 HHX TpHBHaJIbHOe VOK=O. BTOpOe perne-
    RHe HMe.eT BH,lI,)

    v _ 2Ak
    \302\267)
    OK- (3. 52))
    A2- w

    C n:eJIblO YCTaHOBJIeHHH OOJIaCTH rrpHMeHHMOCTH cPOPMYJIbI (3.52)


    ,lI,JIH orrpe)I.eJIeHHH KpHTlHlIeCKOH ICKOpOCTH IHarrOJIHeHHH KyrrOJIa na pa-
    rnlOTa 3aBHCHMOCTH
    rrOCTpOHM rpacpHK VoK=t(A).
    113 cpOPMYJIbI (3.52) CJIe,lLyeT, lITO npH A =0 VOK=O. npH A,
    CT'peMHIl.LeMCH K 1Iro 'CHH3y (T. e. ,Kor)I.a.A CTpeMH.T'CH K fro, OCTaBa-
    5lCb MeHbrne, lIeM -yw ), VOK CTpeMHTC51 K + 00.

    96)))
    - /
    nOJIa HMeeT <POPMY Kpyra C pa,l1.HYCOM r, T. e. rro CYll\\eCTBY paCCMa:r-

    pHBaJJ.CH KyrrOJI IC oeCKtQHeqHO 'OOJIblIlHM KOJIHqeCTBOM ICTtporr. B ,l1.eH-


    I03bI\302\273
    .cTBHTeJIbHOCTH 2Ke 'Y BX.Q)I.HOrO OTBepCTHH {)Opa3YIOT\037CH \302\253p II

    'CKJIa,l1.KH. TI03TOM'Y rrpH aHaJIH3e 3aBHCHMOCTH KpHTH'q-e,CtKOH CKOpO-


    -CTiH HarrOJIHeHHH OT K:OJIHqeC.TBa ICTporr, KOTOpbIH rrpHBe,l1.e /H HH2Ke,
    .ILOJI2K,HO ObITb 'H3MeHe:HHe Q:>OP'MbI
    yqTeHO BXO,lI,Horo 0TBep'CTH5I hvrro-
    JI.a B 'CBH3H 'C ,H3MeHeHHeM qaCJIa 'CTporr. C\" 3TOH QeJIblO BBe,lI.eHIJI He-

    KOTopbI.e rronpaBKH 'K paCCMaTpHBaeMtOH BeJIHqHHe.


    KaK rrOKa3aJIH KH,HOC'beMKH BtQ BpeM5I 3KcrrepHMeHTOB B a3pO,IUI-
    .
    HaMH,qe,CtKoH Tpy6e IC MOJI.eJIHMH .KyrrOJIOB rrap-aIIlIOTOB, a TaKlKe KY!-

    HOC'beMKH HaTyp,HbIX OO'beKTOB, HeHarrOJIH'HBIIlHHCH KyrrOJI rrapalllIO-


    Ta BblrJI51,l1.HT CJIe,lI.YlOrnHM oopa-
    30M: qaCTb, KyrrOJIa,. OJIH3Ka51 . K

    rrOJIIOCHOMY OTBepCTHIO, nOJI-


    HOCTbID HanOJIHeHa, B OCTaJIbHOH
    >Ke qaCTH HMelOTCH CKJIa,lI.KH,

    npHqeM 3!H CKJIa,l1.KH Harrpa:a-


    lIeHbI BHYTPb KyrrOJIa, COKp a m a51
    3THM pa,l1.HYC BXO,l1.HOrO OTBep-
    -
    CTHH KyrrOJIa rrapallllOTa (pHC.
    3. 12).
    rpaHHQa oopa30BaHHH Ha-
    npaBJIeHH\037X BHYTPb CKJIa,l1.0K

    KyrrOJIa rro Mepe' HanOJIHeHH51

    ero orrycKaeTC51 K KpoMKe KyrrOJI&


    Ii Ha rrOJIHOCTblO HarrOJIHeHHOM

    KynOJIe dTCYTcTByeT BoOorne.


    TI O,lI.CqIIT a eM rrJI 01Il.a,l1.b BXO,l1.-
    Horo OTBepCTH51 He rrOJIHOcTbro
    HarrOJIHHBlIlerOC5I KyrrOJIa rrapa-
    UIIOTa, qTOO.bI Ha'HTH r* (H COOT-
    BeTCTBYlOrnee eMY 3HaqeHHe A.\037),
    nOHHM aH rro,l1. p a,lI.HYC
    rrOCJI\037,l1.HHM
    Kpyra, TIJIOrna,l1.b KOToporo paB-
    PMC. 3. 12: Ilpo\037ecc' HanOJlHeHMH KynOJla, HOBeJIH!(a nJIOI.I.{a,l1.H BXO,lI.HOro
    no .naHHbIM KHHOC'beMKM ( CHMMKH OT-
    OTBepCTH51 KyrrOJIa rrapallIIDTa
    .neJIbHblX ta3 HanOJlHeHMH pacnoJlo)Ke- C YQeTOM-Oopa30BaHHH H
    \302\253p03\302\273
    HM nOCJle.rr.OBaTeJlbHO CHM3Y BBepx))
    CKJIa,l1.0K, HarrpaBJIeHHbI\037 KOCH
    KyrrOJIa.
    n pH rrO)I;CQeTe HCXO,l1.'HM H3.,cxeMbI (pHC. 3.13), r,l1.e ,lI.aHa qa'CTb
    BXO,l1.Horo oTBep,cTHH, 3aKJIIOqeHHaH Me2K,lI.y )I.BYMH 'COOe,l1.H:HMH CT'pO-
    naMH. .
    ECJIH 0003HaqHTb qepe3 e ,lI.JIHHY ,oorrpHKaCalOll1,HX'CH Y1.IaCTKO\037
    TKaHH KyrrOJIa, a qepe3 Rx - pa,l1.HYc TO
    \302\253p03bI\302\273, nOJIyqHM
    2nS o -
    e==J... 'JtR x , (3.55))))
    2 ( n )
    2nSo
    1'aK KaK ,l1.JIHHa ,lI.yrrH AA' CB' B paBHa
    n.)

    98)
    '-.,'.
    '\037't

    \037'\037t..)

    BBH,QY Toro, LJTO)

    Rx
    r-e==- ,
    n/n)
    HMeeM)

    / n
    e==r- R x-. n) (3.56))

    PellIa5I COBM'eCTHO ypaBHeHll5I (3.55) \037ll (3.5 1


    6), HaXO,Q'llM aHalle-
    HU5I Rx H e:)

    2n (rn -nSo)
    Rx
    == \037,
    n (2n - n2) (3.57))

    \"\"\
    2nSo
    - rn 2
    e= .
    2n - n 2) (3.58))

    TIJIOII(ajI.b .9JIeMeHTa ,BXO,Q:H'oro OTBe 1p'CTH5I f, 3aKJIlOq'eH'Ha5I Me>KJ(Y


    ,QBYMH coce,QHHMlf c\037ponaMH:

    nr 2 1
    f '
    \" f==---e 2Rx+2r-
    :rt
    --.nR;
    n 2\" n ) 2)

    e)
    A)

    8)

    PMC. 3. 1,3.CxeMa BXO.LlHoro OTBepCTMH He nOJlHOCTblO HanO.i!-


    HMBIllerOCH KynOJla, npMHHTaH .LlJlH paCtIeTa)

    OTClO,lI,a Ha ,oeHOBaHHH (3.57) Ii (\"'3.58) nOJIyqaeM


    :rtr 2
    (2:rtSo
    - :rt 2 r) (4nr
    - - r:rt 2 )
    f ==
    -..:!.... 2n\037o
    n . n
    \037
    (2n
    - n2)2
    '

    2:rt 3 (rn -
    _ nSO)2
    - (3.59))
    n 2 (2n n2)2

    06I.I.{a5I nJIOll{a,Qb IBXO,QHOI'O OTBepCTH5I F 'C yqeTOM 06pa30BaHH5I


    Ii CKJIa,QOK,
    \302\253p03\302\273 Hanpa\302\243JIeHHbIX K OCli KynOJIa:

    F=fn.)
    4*) 99)))
    nO\037CTaBJI5I5I CIO,rr,a f H3 (3.59), n,OCJIe aJIre6paH1JeCrKHx npeo6pa-
    :30BaHHH nOJIY1JIfM)

    2:n; (nr -:n;SO)2


    F = ,.) 60))
    n (2n - :n;2)
    (3.

    11, CJIeJI..OBaTeJIbHO, pa,rr,HY'C 'Kpyra r*, nJIIQI.l.(a,rr,b


    ')
    KOToporo paBHOBeJIH-
    Ka nJI'Ollla.lI.H .F, 6y,rr,eT

    ' 2
    r* (nr-JtS o)-'/ - (3. 61))
    n (2n :n;2))
    V

    HJIH B ,6e3pa3Me 1
    pHblx BeJIH1JHHaX

    2
    A*=\037=(nA-:rt) -. / (3.62)
    So n (2n _:n;2)
    V

    Onpe.rr.eJIeH!He nJIOll{aJI.H ,BX'O\037HOftO OTBep'CTHH F ,C Y1JeTOM oopa30-


    BaH.HH \302\253pO'3\302\273
    H 'CKJIa\037OK ;He H3M'e'HHeT <POPMYJIY (3.52) ,n:JIH :CKOPOCTH
    V OR , HO H3MeH51eT BbIpa2KeHHe .lI.JIH BeJIH1JHHbI A, BXO,lJ.51rneH B 9TY
    cpOPMYJIY:)

    + (nt A
    *2 - n2\0372)
    (Y ; J..y
    A=
    2A2 (1 + y)2_\0372 Y + A

    .(
    ; r)
    \
    I 0 K03ctJctJH....HeHT8X n1 H n2

    B ypaBHeHHe OaJIaHCa pacxoJI.a B03,n:yxa, H3 KOTOpOro ICJIeJI.yeT


    cpopMYJIa (3.52) .lI.JIH onpe,rr,eJIeHHH KpHTH1JeCKOH 'CKOpOCTH .HarrOJlHe-
    HHH KyrrOJIa napalllIOTa, BXO.lI.51T K03cpcpHnHeHTbI nl H n2.
    . KaK n1 ronpe,U:eJIHeT
    Y>Ke Y,Ka3bIBaJIOCb, IK03<P<PHu,HeHT ,nOIIpaBKY
    K C\037OpO'CTH 'Ha6eraIOI.l.(ero nOT OK a V IIpH Bx'o.u.e B KYIIOJI 1Jepe3 ero
    OCHOBaHHe, T. e.
    V 1 =n1 V,
    r,rr,e VI
    - CKOpOCTb rrOTOKa BO BXO.lI.HOM Ce1JeHHH KyrrOJIa.
    CJIe,rr,OB aTeJIbHO,)

    -
    n 1= VI \302\267
    (3. 63))
    V)

    PaCICM'OTpHM ,cxeMY, IIpe\037CTa'BJIeH,HYIO Ha pHIC. 3.14, r,rr,e

    f
    - 'C'e1JeHHH
    IIJI01Il.a,rr,b 'CTPYH;
    F VI
    - COOTBeTCTBeHHO IIJI01Il.a.lI.b H IIOTOKa B Ce1Je-
    1, CKOpOCTb
    HHH, COOTBeTCTBYIOll{eM BXO,rr,HOMY OTBepCTHIO KyrrOJIa
    F2' V2 - COOTBeTCTBeHHO rrJI01Il.a.u.b H CKOpOCTb nOTOKa B Ce1Je-

    HHH, COOTBeTCTBYI01Il.eM T01JKe rrepeXO.lI.a OT KOHH1JeCKOH


    1JaCTH K IIOJIYCcpepH1JeCKOii.)

    100)))
    B 'CHJIY ypaBHeHHH nepa3pbIB.HOCTH ,HMeeM

    V!=F1V1=F1n1V.)
    C JI eJI. OB aT eJI bH 0,)

    n 1= -f , (3. 64))
    PI

    T. e. K03cPcPHll.HeHT n1 orrpeJI.eJIHeT rrOJI.lKaTHe CTPYH.)

    IT II
    f
    I i \037

    J.\037
    ----- --- :
    I
    , v:t)

    -----------fzVz!
    =r:v----- ;:\037
    Jl)

    PMC. .3. 14. K BbIBO,lI,Y <}JOPMYJIbI ,lI,JlH K03q:<pMUMeHTa n1)

    C JI.PY'{'10H CTo'RoHbI, orrHTb-TaKH 'B 'C.HJIY ypaHHeHHH Hepa3pbIBHO-


    flOCTH HMeeM)

    2
    F 1V 1 =F 2V 2; F 2V 2 ==2nR V i.

    C JI e,lLo BaT eJI b H 0,

    Vi =
    2R2
    F 1 VI = 2nR 2 V i;) VI
    = Vi'
    2;R2
    I r) r2

    COlrJIaCHO (3.63) HMeeM

    n 1=-
    2R2 -
    Vi . (3.65)
    r2 V

    BOCrrOJIb30BaBlIl'Hcs COOTHOlIleHHHMH (3.33) H (3.46), rrOJIYQHM


    2r 2 (So + l)2 (k :l:
    2
    -V k + roV2)
    nl \302\267 (3. 66)
    =, V +
    (l 31; r
    ,I:LJlH .y,lLJlHHeHHoH cPOpMbI \037HeHanOJIHeHHH R ';::::j r, ,H TorJI.a H3
    ( 3. 65) 'CJI'eJI.yeT, qTO)
    2V i
    n 1 ==- \302\267
    V)

    TaKHM o6pa30M, pa.orrOJIaraH 3K'cnepHMeHTaJIbHbIMH .rr.aHHbIMH


    no onpeJI.eJleHHIO CKOp'OCTH rrpOTeKc:a,HHH 'Ho3Ayxa lIepe3 pa3JI'H'qHbIe

    TKaHH, MOlKHO o\037eHHTb K03cpcpH\037HeHT nl. O\037eHKa K03cpcpH\037HeHTa nl


    MO}KeT 6bITb rrOJIyqeHa
    H Ha OCHOBaHHH TeOpeTHIIeCKHX coo6pa}Ke-
    HHH rrpH paccMo,TpeHHH HeKoTopbIX 3a,lLalI a3pO,lLHHaMHKH rrpoHH\037ae-
    MbIX TeJI.
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    K03cPcPHII.HeHT n1 AJIH 'KynOJI'OB H3 TKaHeH C rro.BbIlIleHHoH' B03,II,YXO-
    ll,pOHHll.aeMO'CTblO 6JIH30K K, eAHHH\037e.)

    101)))
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    CKOpOCTH B03,U.YllIHOrO rrOTOKa rrpH HCTeqeHHH qepe3 rrOJIIOCHOe OT\037ep-
    CTHe, Ha OClHOBa'HHH TeOpeTHqeCKHX C006palKeHHM paBeH 0,5. 3Kcrre-
    pH'MeHTaJIbHaH rrpoBep,Ka nO,lLTBep,lLHJIa, qTO K03Q:>Q:>HI{HeHT n2 6JIH-
    30K ,K 0,5.)

    B03AyxonpOHH....aeMOCTb napawlOTHblX TKaHeH

    B03,lLyx'O!rr
    1
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    HOBHble rrOKa3aTeJIH rra:pallIlOTa H HBJIHe'flCH rr03TOMY O,lLlfIOM H3 HaH-
    60JIee BalK'HblX xa paKTepHCTHK. B qaCTHOCTH, JI.JIH nOJIyqeHHH KpH-
    THqeCKOH CKO'P'OCTH HarrOJIHeHHH rro <P'opMYJIe (3.52) Tpe6yeTcH 3HaTb
    BeJIHqHHbI k H (I), Ko\037opble orrpe)I:eJIHIOTCH 'lJepe3 'K03<P<PHI{HeHTbI B03-
    .rr.yxonpOHHI{aeM'OCTH a ,H b, BXO,lL5IlI{He B 3aBnCHMOCTb (3.43). B03-
    '
    AyxonpOHHI{aeM'OCTb :rraparglOTHblx TK,aHeH W orrpe,lLeJIHe'TCH orrbIT-
    '
    HbIM rr'YTeM np'H rrOMo'mH 'CrreI{HaJIbHOTO ,rr 'pH60;pa, n03 BOJIHIOIlle,fO
    H3Mep5lTb 06'beM rrpoTeKalOmero B03,U.yxa. Ho TaK KaK 06'beM, a CJIe-

    ,lI,OBaTeJIbHO, H B03.IT.yxorrpOHHI{aeMOCTb 33'BnCHT OT peperra,lLa ;{aBJIe-


    HHM, TO ,lLJIH TO\037O, qTo6bI 'c,U.eJIaTb 3TY xapaKTepH'CTH'KY O,lLH03HaqnOH,.
    ee HaXO,lLHT rrpH onpe,lLeJIe'HHbIX Y'CJIOBHHX.
    B CCCP 'MOCTb
    'CTaH,lLa pTHaH B03,U.yxorrpOHHI{ae onp,e,lLeJIHe'foCH
    , npH rreperraJI.e JI.aBJIeHHM B 5 MM B'DJI.. ICT. (49 TIa) H \037bI:palKaeTCH B
    2 2
    JI/M C, T. e. KOJIHqeCTBOM JIHTfpOB 'B'03,lLyxa, ,rrpOllIe,lLllIerO qepe3
    '
    1 M
    .
    TKaHH 3a 1 IC.

    B03\037yxorrpOHHI{aeM'OCTb TeCHO CBH3aHa ,co 'CKOpOCTblO Vi (Mlc),


    C ..KOTOPOH B03,U.YX rrpOTeKaeT lIepe3 TKaHb. CB5I3b Me>K,U.Y W H Vi orr-
    pe;r.eJIHeTCH COOTHOllIeHHeM

    W = 1000 Vi JI/M
    2
    .c.

    Heo6xo,lLH.MOCTb H3YQeHHH npo.I{ecca paCKpbITHH Kyrr_OJIOB c yqe-


    TOM B03\037yxorrp'OHHI{aeMUfCTH TKaUM, a TaKlK'e YBeJIHqeHHe c'Kop'OCTeH,
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    HHH 'B03,lLYXOIrr
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    fIHM I1p= 5 Krc/M2 (49 TIa), KOTopaH npHMepHo cooTBeTcTByeT pe-
    'CHHlKeHHH ,cnCT'eMbI -
    lKHMY YCTaHoBHBllIero'cH rrapallilOTHICT KY-
    rrOJI napallllO:Ta rrpH nOJI,HOM HanOJIHeHHH rrOCJIe,ILHerO,
    ..
    HO H npll
    3HaQHTeJIbHO 66JIbllIHX pa3HocTHX ,U.aBJIeHHit
    B-- 1939 r. 6bIJIH rrpoBe,U.eHbI pa6QTbI rro onpe,lLeJIeHHIO B03,lLYXO-

    rrpO'HHI{aeMOCTH pa3JIHqHbIX rralpallIIDTHbIX TKaHeH npH pa3HOCTH ,lLaB-


    JIeaHM I1p ,lLO 60 Krc/M 2 (588 TIa). I1cnbITaHHH npOBO,lLHJIHCb B a3po-
    II.HHaMHqeCKOM Tp'y6e: ,conJIO TPy6bI 3aTHrHBaJI.OCb ,ucrrbITyeMoH TKa-
    HblO, 'C03,lLaBaJI'CH rrOTOK H 3aMepHJI'OCb ,lLaBJIeHHe nepeJI. TKaHblO Pi II
    3a T,KaHb,1O P2. 4YBCTHHTeJIbHbIM aHeMOMeTpo.M onpe,lLeJIHJIaCb CKO-

    pOCTb nOTQKa 3a TKaHplO


    -
    Vi rrp-H JI.aHHOM Ipa3H'o.CTH ,lLaBJIeHHM f1p..
    DbIJIO rrO,lLTBeplKJLetHO, q\037O aHaJIHTHqeeKaH 3aBnCHMOCTb pa3HO-
    '
    CTH ,lLaBJIe'HHH I1p OT CKOp'OCTH rrpOT\342\202\254KaHHH B03;xyxa qepe3 TKaHb
    Vi HMeeT BI1,lL)
    '
    D.p aVi+bV\037.)
    ./')
    102)))
    B 1947-1948 ff. nop' PYKOBOP.CTBOM npocp. X. A. PaxMaTYJIHHa
    I

    npoBep'eHbI 6bLHH 3K-


    Ha CneUHaJIbHO CKOHCTPYHpoBaHHoHYCTaI-iOBKe
    cnepHMeHTaJIbHbIe HCCJIe.rr.OBaHH5I no onpeJ;(eJIeHHlO B03p.yxonpoHH-
    uaeMOCTH napaililOTHbIX TKaHeH npH H3MeHeHHH pa3HocTH p.aBJIeHHiul
    Ha TKaHb B .rr.Ha\037a30He 10--5000 KfC/M
    2
    (0,1-49 Kna) (pHC. .3. 15).)

    Vi, MjC)

    80)

    .80)

    70)

    60)

    50)

    40)

    30)

    20)

    70)

    ,/)

    1500) 3000) 2)
    o) D. p, IfcCjM

    o) 10) 20) JO) 40 L1p, /fila)

    PRC. 3. 15. 3KcnepMMeHTaJIbHbIe 3aBHCMMOCTM CKOpO\037


    CTM rrpoTeKaHRH B03Ayxa tIepea TKaHb OT pa3HocTH
    AaBJIeHMH ,D.JIH p a3JIMtIHblX nap aIllIOTHbIX TKaHeH:

    I-nepKaJIb OOJIerqeHHbIA; 2-\037JIaCTHqHaH llIeJIKOBaSI TKaHb:


    3-XJIOnQaTOOYMa:>KHaSI ,lI.JlSI rpY30Boro napallIlOTa: 4-3KC\037
    n.eJIbCHOp; 5-MaASI; 6-AXKP; l-nepKaJIb B; 8-MHTKaJIb;
    9-nOJIOTHO KanpOHOBoe KapKaCHoe apT. 56008n; IO-no-
    JIOTHO KanpOHOBoe apT. 56004n; 11-meJIK apT. 16004; 12-
    nepKaJIb A-85; 13-ACT\037100; 1\037ACT-28; 15-meJIK
    apT. 16003)

    ilOJIYIIeHHble B pe3YJIbTaTe
    3KcnepHMeHToB KpHBbIe .f1p=f(V i)

    MOfYT 6bITb arrrrpOKCHMHpOBaHbI rrapa60JIHIIeCKOH 3aBHCHMOCTblO

    BHJJ.a (3.43), rrpHIIeM K03<p<pHIIJieHTbI a H b, oTo6pa)KalOllIJie oco6eH-


    HOCTH HcnbITaHHbIX rrapaililOTHbIX TKaHeH, COXpaH5IlOT p'OCT9TOQHOe

    103)))
    rrOCT05.lHCTBO ,lLJIH Ka)K,lLOH OT,lLeJIbHOH TKaHH npH H3MeHeHHH pa3HO-
    CTH ,lLaBJIeHHH B ,lLHana30He 10-5000
    2 KOTO-
    Krc/M (0,1-49 Kfla),
    pbIH OXBaTbIBaeT npaKTHIIeCKH Bce neperra,lLbI ,lLaBJIeHHH, AeHcTBYlO-
    IIl.He Ha TKaHb KynOJIOB cnaCaTeJIbHbIX napaIIIlOToB.
    <l>opMYJIa l\037p=aVi+bVi2 onHCbIBaeT <pH3HQecKYlO KapTMHY Te-
    qeHMH B03,lLyxa lIepe3 HIIeHKH TKaHH [4]. B caMOM ,lLeJIe, npoMelKYTOK,.
    OrpaHHIIeHHbIH co Bcex CTOpOH HHTHMH TKaHH, MO)KeT paCC1\\1aTpH-
    BaTbCH KaK oTpe30K KpyrJIOH Tpy6w. Tor,lLa CKOpOCTb H pa3HocTb
    .l1.aBJIeHHH Ha KOHuax 3TOH Tpy6bI MorYT 6bITb CBH3aHbI MeLK):{Y co-
    60H H3BecTHoH-3aBHCHMOCTblO flya3eHJIH:

    l
    Llp=8t1-
    I Vi'
    r 2)

    rJI.e
    - BH3KOCTH
    f.l K03<P<PHUHeHT B03,lLyxa;
    l - TOJIIII.HHa TKaHH;
    r - pa,lLHYC OTBepCTHH, OrpaHHQeHHOrO HHTHMH TKaHH.
    C JI.pyroH CTOpOHbI, TOT )Ke npOMelKYTOK MOlKeT paCCMaTpHBaTb-
    CH KaK JI.Ha<pparMa, B CBH3H C lIeM K HeMY MO)l{eT 6bITb rrpHMeHeHa
    <pOpMYJIa EopJI.a
    - KapHO

    \037 -1
    \037p= \037QV;,
    ( ka1 ) 2)

    r,lLe (j - nJIOIIl.a,lLb O,lLHOH KJIeTKH TKaHH;


    0'1
    - nJIOIIl.a,lLb OTBepCTHH;
    k - K03<p<pHUHeHT C)KaTHH CTPYH (k\037 0,6).
    B 06IIl.eM BH,lLe)

    l .a 1 '
    C)
    \037p=8t1-Vi+--l
    .
    2
    -QVi.
    r ( k a1 ) 2)

    fl pHBe,lLeHHble C006pa)KeHHH ,lLalOT ,lLO HeKOTOpOH CTeneHM B03-


    MO)KHOCTb oueHHTb <pH3HIIeCKYlO CYIIl.HOCTb K03<p<PHUHeHTOB a 11 b.)

    3. 7. 3ABHCHMOCTb KPHTHI.fECKOA CKOPOCTH


    HAnOnHEHHSI KynOnA nAPAWIOTA
    OT PA3nHI.fHbiX nAPAMETPOB)

    <l>opMYJIa (3. 52), orrpe,lLeJIHlOIIl.aH KpHTHQecKYlO CKOpOCTb


    HanOJIHeHHH KynOJIa Va H, BbIBe,lLeHa H3 KOTopoe
    YCJIOBHH (3.40),
    <pH3HIIeCKH 03HaIIaeT, lITO npH
    onpeJI.eJIeHHbIX YCJIOBHHX, xapaKTepH-
    3yeMbIx ,lLOCTaTOIIHO BbICOKOH CKOpOCTblO npoTeKaHHH B03,lLyxa lIepe3
    TKaHb KynOJIa H nOJIlOCHOe oTBepcTHe, H onpe,lLeJIeHHbIX reOMeTpHIIe-
    CKHX pa3Mepax KynOJIa, xapaKTepH3yeMbIx napaMeTpaMH 'Y, \037 H 'A,
    KOJIHIIeCTBO B03,lLyxa, nocTynalOIIl.erO no,lL KynOJI, paBHo KOJIHIIeCTBY
    B03,lLyxa, BbIXO,lLHIIl.erO H3 Hero, lITO H onpe,lLeJIHeT YCJIOBHe HeHarroJ\"
    HeHHH.)

    104)))
    \"<I>opMYJIa (3. 52) BKJIlOlIaeT B ce6H napaMeTpbI V, \037, k, (0, liTO
    .naeT B03MO)KHOCTb npOBeCTH aHaJIH3 3aBHCHMOCTH Va 1\\ OT 3TH X na-
    paMeTpoB.
    1. B
    caMOM ,lLeJIe, 3a.l1aBaHCb onpe,lLeJIeHHOH cpOpMOH HeHanOJI-
    HeHHoro KynOJIa, xapaKTepH3yeMoH napaMeTpoM A H onpep'eJIeHHbI-
    \\
    'MH 3HalleHHHMH napaMeTpoB \037,
    k 11 (D, H MeHHH napaMeTp V, MO)KHO

    nOJIYlIHTb 3aBHcHMoCTb KpHTHlIecKoH CKOpOCTH HanOJIHeHHH Va 1\\ OT V'


    . T. e. onpe,lLeJIHTb, KaK BJIHHeT ,lLJIHHa cTponbI Ha KpHTHlIecKYIO CKO-
    pOCTb HanOJIHeHHH Va R'
    2.3ap.aBaHcb onpe,lLeJIeHHbIMH 3HalleHHHMH napaMeTpoB V, k H (D
    H H3MeHHH napaMeTp \037, MO)KeM nOJIYlIHTb 3aBHCHMOCTb Vo R OT \037,
    T. e. onpe,lLeJIHTb, KaK BJIHHeT pa,lLHYC nOJIlOCHOrO OTBepCTHH Ha Va 1\\'
    3. 113MeHeHHlO. napaMeTpoB k H (D npH 3a,lLaHHOH nJIOTHOCTH B03-
    JI.yxa Q cooTBeTcTByeT' H3MeHeHHe K03cpcpHII-HeHTOB a H b, T. e. H3Me-
    HeHHe xapaKTepHCTHKH TKaHH no nOKa3aTeJIlO B03,lLyxonpoHHnaeMo-
    CTH W . CJIe,l{OBaTeJIbHO, npH onpe,lLeJIeHHOH KOHCTPYKI1.HH KynOJIa
    napaililOTa, T. e. npH KOHKpeTHblx V H B, MOlKHO HaHTH 3aBHCHMOCTb

    Va R OT B03,lLyxonpOHHI1.aeMOCTH'TKaHH w .
    4. rIpH onpe,lLeJIeHHbIX a H b, T. e. npH 3a,lLaHHOH B03,lLyxonpoHH-
    \037aeMOCTH TKaHH KynOJIa, napaMeTp k HBJIHeTCH BeJIHlIHHOH nOCTO-'
    HHHOH, a (D MeHHeT CBoe 3HalleHHe C H3MeHeHHeM MaccoBoH .
    nJIOT-
    HOCTH
    B03,lLyx.a Q, T. e. BbICOTbI H.

    CJIe,lLOBaTeJIbHO, 3HaH KOHCTPYKTHBHbI\037 napaMeTpbI B H V H H3-


    MeHHH Q,
    HHalle- ---: paccMaTpHBaH pa3JIHlIHble BbICOTbI H
    BBe,lLeHH5I
    napaIlIlOTa B ,lLeHcTBHe, MO)KeM nOJIyqHTb 3aBHCHMOCTb Va R l)T BbI-
    .
    COTbI H.
    5. C H3MeHeHHeM lIHCJIa cTpon n MeHHeTCH nJIOIILa,lLb Bxo):r.Horo
    oTBepcTHH, T. e. napaMeTp A *, a H3MeHeHHe nOCJIe,l{HerO npHBo,lLHT
    K H3MeHeHHlO Vo R, liTO ,lLaeT B03MO)KHOCTb nOJIyqHTb 3aBHCHMOCTb

    Va R OT KOJIHqeCTBa CTpon n.
    npH aHaJIH3e 3aBHCHMOCTH Va R OT pa3JIHlIHbIX napaMeTpOB pac-
    CMaTpHBaeM napaIlIlOT, C KpyrJIbIM KynOJIOl\\1, xapaKTepH3yeMbIM CJIe-
    .aYlOlUHMH ,lLaHHbIMH: pa,lLHYC KynOJIa B paCKpoe So=== 4,4 M, ,l{JIHHa
    cTponbI 1===6,55 M (1'===1,49), n===28, nOJIIOCHOrO oTBepcTHH HeT.

    'TaM, r,ae
    HCCJIe,lLYlOTcH 3aBHCHMOCTH Va R=== Va R (V), V o 1\\=== Va R (n),
    Va 1\\=== V o H (B), paCCMaTpHBaeM .pa3JIHlIHYIO ,lLJIHHY CTpon, pa3JIHQHOe
    HX KOJIHQeCTBO, a TaK)Ke pa3JIHlIHble pa,lLHYCbI nOJIIOCHOrO OTBepCTHH.
    I1TaK, nOJIb3YHCb cpOPMYJIOH (3.52.), paccMoTpHM BJIHHHHe OCHOB-
    HbIX cpaKTopoB Ha KpHTHlIecKYIO CKOpOCTb HanOJIHeHHH.)

    t:

    B03AyxonpoHHu.aeMocTb)

    113 pHC. 3. 16 CJIe,lLyeT, C YBeJIHlIeHHeM B03,lLyxonpoHHuaeMO-


    QTO
    CTH KpHTHlIeCKaH HanOJIHeHHH pe3KO YMeHbIlIaeTCH,
    CKOpOCTb npH.
    lIeM paCqeTbI' nOKa3bIBaIOT, \037lITO ,l{JIH nJIOTHblX TKaHeH (HanpHMep,
    rueJIK r, ACT -100 H ,lLp.) YCJIOBHe (3. 53), HBJI51lOw:eeC51 KpHTepHel\\I
    npHMeHHMOCTH <POPMYJIbI .(3.52), He BblnOJIHHeTCH. aTO 03HaQaeT,

    105)))
    VOK,M/C

    200

    150

    100

    SO

    2
    Q ';00 800 1200 16'fJO 2000 W, III M .C
    -.::t- '\037 \"<:)
    \037 \037 . \"-
    \037 \"<:) :t:: )::;,
    \037 \037 \037 :t:: \"-
    '\" \037\037 'Co
    \037\037 I LQ \037 \037 '<:I\037
    C'-J \"'C \"<:) \037E::
    \037 '<) :::s \037\037
    \037 (..) . t::f \\U
    E2\037 '<:) \037 \037\037 '()
    t::t\037 \037 <:\037
    t:::s'\" \037 \037\037\037
    E2\037 \037
    3c: \037 \037'\037 \037\037 ::::r- \037\037
    \037 \037 \037 \037\037 \037
    \037 \037\037 \037 \037\037
    \037 q.,\037 \037
    \037 \037 ;S\037 \037
    \037 \037
    t.'::: \037)

    PMC. 3. 16. 3aBMcMMoCTb KpMTMlIeCKOR CKOpOCTJI


    HanOJIHeHMH Vo R OT B03JI.yxonpoHMu.aeMOCTJ1
    TKaHM KynOJIa W (KynOJI KpyrJIoii <pOpMbI; 'Y
    = 1,49;
    B=O; n=28))

    \037K,M/C

    780

    760

    140

    120

    700

    80

    50

    40

    \"\" 20

    0
    7) 1,2) 7,4) 1,8
    1,6) r=t/Se)

    PRC. 3. 17. 3aBHcHMoCTb KpMTMlIeCKOH CKOpO-


    CTM HanOJIHeHMH V o R OT napaMeTpa 'Y ,lI.JIH
    P a3HbIX TKaHeH:
    l-nepKaJIb A-85; 2-meJIK apT. 16004; 3-nepKaJIb E;
    4-MHTKaJIb; 5-AXKP; 6-nOJIOTHO Kanp0HoBoe Kap-
    KaCHQe apT. 56008n; 7-00JIerQeHHbIit meJIK apT.
    16004; 8-3JIaCTHQHafl meJIKOBafl TKaHb; 9-nepKaJIb
    oOJIerqeHHbIit)

    106)))
    ({TO KynOJIa napallilOTOB, H'3rOTOBJIeHHbIe H3 3THX TKaHeiI, OYP.YT Ha-
    ,.,.
    nOJIH5ITbC5I BCerp'a.
    ilOJIyqeHHbIH pe3YJIbTaT 3aMeqaTeJIeH TeM, qTO Kamp'OMY KynOJIY
    Onpep.e\037eHI-ioH KOHCTPYK\037HH, H3rOTOBJIeHHOMY H3 Onpep.eJIeHHO\037 TKa-
    HH, liHp.HBHp.yaJIbHbIe OCOOeHHOCTH
    KOTOpOH XapaKTepH3YlOTC5I K03cp-
    <pH\037HeHTaMH a H b, CTaBHTC5I B COOTBeTCTBHe
    KpHTHqeCKaH CKOpOCTb
    .HanOJIHeHH5I, T. e. YKa3bIBaeTC5I CKOpOCTb, BbIllie KOTOpOH KynOJI
    napallilOTa He HanOJIH5IeTC5I, a HHlKe - HanOJIH5IeTCH. C 3TOM TOqKH

    3peHH5I BepXH5I5I qaCTb rpacpHKa pHC. 3. 16 - 3TO OOJIaCTb HeaanOJI-


    HeHH5I, HHlKH5I5I 1jaCTb
    - OOJIaCTb HanOJIHeHH5I.)

    AnHHa \"cTpon
    ilaRaMeTp V, BbIpalKalOI.I..lHH OTHOIlIeHIIe )J.JIHHbI cTponbI KynOJIa 1
    K pap'HYcy KynOJIa B pacKpoe S'o, HBJI5IeTC5I KOHCTPYKTHBHbIM H p'JIH
    OObIqHbIX KOHCTPYKI1.HH KynOJIa napallilOTa

    1'=1,4-;-1,6,
    QTO H3MeHeHHlO' p'JIHHbI. cTponbI B npep'eJIax
    C?OTBeTcTByeT
    l = (0,7 -;-0,8) Do,
    rp'e Do
    - JI.HaMeTp KynOJIa B paCKpoe.
    113 pHC'. 3.17 CJIep.yeT, '4TO C YBeJIHqeHHeM p'JIHHbI CTponbI
    napaIlIIOTa p'JI5I Bcex paccMaTpHBaeMbIx TKaHeH KpHTHQeCKa5I CKO-

    pOCTb HanOJIHeHH5I B03pacTaeT. OTCIOp.a cJIep.ye'T BalKHbIH \037bIBOp' a

    TOM, qTO C YBeJIHqeHHeM p'JIHHbI CTpon paCKpbIBaeMOCTb 'KynOJIOB


    YJIyqllIaeTCH. OcooeHHO HliTeHCHBHO B03paCTalOT CKOpOCTH V o 1\\ p'JI51

    KynOJIOB H3 TaKHX TKaHeii, KaK nepKaJIb A-85 H IlIeJIK apT. 16004.


    TIpH napaMeTpax 'V, paBHbIx 1,8 H 2,0, p'JI5I KynOJIOB H3 3THX TKaHeH
    He BbInOJIHHeTC5I YCJIOBHe (3.53), T. e. Bcerp'a oyp.eT HMeTb MeCTO
    HanOJIHeHHe. )J.pyroH C
    CTOpOHbI, I1PH YMeHbIIIeHHH napaMeTpa V P.O
    = 1 KpHTHQeCKaH CKOpOCTb HanOJIHeHH51 V 01\\ )J.JI51 H3 3TH\037
    ,
    'V KynOJIOB
    TKaHell 3HaQHTeJIbHO YMeHbIIIaeTC5I, T. e. xapaKTepHcTHKa HX pac-
    KpbIBaeMocTH YXYp'IIIaeTC5I H MOlKHO p'OOHTb\037H
    HeHanOJIHeHHH Kyno-
    JIOB npII cpaBHHTeJIbHO HeOOJIbIIIHX CKOpOCT5IX.)

    KOnH'IeCTBO CTpon
    113 CPOPMYJIbI (3. 60), onpep.eJI5IlOI.I..leH OOI.I..lYlO nJIOl.l(ap'b BXO,ll.HOrO
    OTBepCTH5I F C yqeTOM oopa30BaHHH H CKJIap.OK,
    \302\253p03\302\273 CJIep.yeT, qTO
    npH YBeJIH:tIeHHll QHCJIa cTpon n 3HaqeHHe F cTpMeHTC5I K nr 2 , T. e.
    r*\037r, \"A*\037A..
    *
    iloJIara5I \"A H3BeCTHbIM, no cpopMYJIe (3. 62) onpe-
    \037eJIHeM A. p'JI5I pa3JIHqHOrO qHCJIa cfpon n. .
    3Ha5I \"A*, MOlKeM onpep.eJIHTb KpI1THqecKYlO CKOpOCTb HallOJIHe-
    HH5I Vo 1\\ p'JI5I KynOJIOB H3 pa3JIHqHbIX TKaHeH C Op'IIHaKOBbIlVIH reo.
    .
    MeTpHqeCKHMH pa3MepaMH, HO\" HMelOll{HX pa3Hoe KOJIHqeCTBO

    CTpon n.
    Pe3YJIbTaTbI paCqeTOB HJIJIIOCTPHPYlOTC5I rpacpHKoM pRC. 3. 18, no-
    cTpoeHlIblM no cpopMYJIaM (3. 52) H (3. 62). 113 rpacpHKa CJIep.yeT,

    107)
    \)
    113rOTO\037JIeHHbIX H3 BCeX
    qTO \037JI5I TKaHeH\037
    KynOJIOB, paCCMOTpeHHbIX
    C YBeJIHqeHl1eM ql1CJIa CTpO\037 n Kpl1Tl1qeCKaH CKOpOCTb HanOJIHeHl1g
    Vo R B03paCTaeT. CJIe,lJ.OBaTeJIbHO, \037JI5I JIyqrneH HanOJIHHeMOCTI1 KY-
    nOJIOB, 113rOTOBJIeHHbIX 113 TKaHeH C nOBblrneHHOH B03,lJ.yxonpoHHuae-
    MOCTblO, Heo6xo,lJ.HMO YBeJIl1ql1BaTb QI1CJIO
    CTpOn KynOJIa napalllIOTa..
    TaKoe YBeJIHQeUHe
    B Onpe,lJ.eJIeHHbIX npe,lJ.eJIaX BnOJIHe OnpaB\037aHO '11,
    KaK nOKa3aJIH 3KCnepI1MeHTbI, ,lJ.eHCTBI1TeJIbHO YJIYQrnaeT XapaKTepH-
    CTI1KY HanOJIHHeMOCTH KynOJIa. O,lJ.HaKO YBeJII1QeHHe qHCJIa CTpOn
    npl1Be,lJ.eT K YBeJIHQeHHIO B'eCa H 06'beMa naparnIOTa. KpOMe TOrO\037
    3HaQHTeJIbHOe YBeJII1QeHHe QI1CJIa CTpOn, OC06eHHO B TOM CJIYQae t
    KOr,lJ.a OHI1 H3rOTOBJIHIOTCH 113 JIeHT, MOlKeT npl1BeCTI1 K HeHanOJIHe-
    HI1IO KynOJIa, TaK KaK BXO,lJ.HOe OTBepCTl1e B HaQaJIe HanOJIHeHI1H
    6Y,lJ.eT nepeKpbITO KOHYCOM H3 JIeHT.)

    VOir,
    Mle)

    100)

    PHC. 3. 18. 3aBMcHMoCTb KPM-


    50)
    TH4ecKoH CKOpOCTM HarrOJIHe-
    HHH V0 H OT KOJIHtIeCTBa
    cTporr \037\037JIH pa3Hwx TKaH\037H:

    l-nepKaJIb B; 2-MHTKaJIb; 3-
    AXKP'; 4-o6JIerQeHHbIA meJIK apT.
    16004; 5-3JIaCTHQHafl meJIKOBa51
    o) TKaHb; 6-nepKaJIb oOJIerlIeHHbIH:)
    0,08 0,70 0,72 0,74 \03775 fJ,J8 it*')
    I I) I I) I. -)

    12 24 28 32) 48 64 72 .96 200 n)

    TIpe,lJ.CTaBJIeHHbIH Ha pHC. 3.,18 rpa<pHK C 3TOH TOQKI1 3peHHH f!O-


    CijT YCJIOBHbIM xapaKTep, TaK Ka.K npH paCQeTaX TOJIIl1.HHa CTpon He
    YQI1TbIBaJIaCb.)

    BenH'IHHa nonlOCHoro oTBepCTHJ1


    113 <POp MYJIbI CJIeJJ.yeT, QTO JJ..lIH nOJJ.CQeTa A, a CJIe,lJ.OBa-
    (3.52)
    TeJIbHO, H V o R Tpe6yeTcH 3HaTb
    K03<P<PHUHeHT \037.
    TIpl1 YBeJIHQeHI1H napaMeTpa B eCTeCTBeHHO O}KHJJ.aTb 11 YBeJII1Qe-
    HH5I A *; 3aBHCHMOCTb *
    A OT f3 B nepBoM npI16JIH}KeHHH MO}KeT 6bITb

    npHHHTa JIHHeHHOH (pHC. 3. 19).


    IlpoBe,lJ.eM paCqeTbI no <popMYJIe (3. 52) H nocTpoHM rpa<pI1K 3a-
    BI1CI1MOCTI1 V o R OT f3 ,lJ.JI5I KynOJIOB 113 pa3JIHqHbIX TKaHeH (pl1c. 3. 20)
    (K03<P<PHUHeHT n2 Ha OCHOBaHHH 3KcnepHMeHToB npHMeM paBHbIM
    0,49). 3TOT rpa<pHK nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO no Mepe YBeJII1QeHI1H nOJIIOCHO-

    108)))
    ro OTBepCTHH Kp,HTHlIeCKaH' CKOpOCTb HanOJIHeHHH YMeHbIlIaeTCH.
    AHaJIOrHtlHbIH KatleCTBeHHbIH ObIJI npH paCCMOT-
    pe3YJIbTaT nOJIYlIeH
    peHHH 3aBHCHMOCTH V o R OT B03.nyxonpoHHn aeMO CTH TKaHH KynOJIa.
    CJIeJlOBaTeJIbHO, no Mepe YBeJIHlIe,HHH napaMeTpa \037 paCKpbIBae-
    MOCTb KynOJIa napallilOTa YXY,U.IlIaeTCH, rr03TOMY KyrrOJIa H3 TKaHeH)

    \037Jr,M/C
    100

    I
    75

    ;t* I

    \"] 50,
    0,18

    0,14
    25

    0,1 3
    1
    -0 ,
    0..05' 0,7 0,75 0,20 0,25 0,30 fJ
    0 ql 0.2
    ',1) /1
    PHC. 3. 19. XapaKTep M3MeHeHHH PHC. 3. 20. 3aBHcHMoCTb KpMTHtIeCKOH CKO-
    napaMeTpa) A* B 3aBHCMMOCTH pOCTM HarrOJIHeHMH V OH OT \037 nRH pa3RHQ-
    OT \037) HbIX TKaHeii:
    I-meJIK apT. 16004; 2-nepKaJIb E; 3-3JIaCTHq-
    HaH rneJIKOBaH TKaHb)

    C 60JIbIlIOH B03.nyxorrpoHH\037aeMOCTblO H3rOTOBJIHlOTCH 6e3 nOJIIOCHOrO


    OTBepCTHH. L{JIH KyrrOJIOB, H3rOTOBJIeHHbIX H3 rrJIOTHbIX TKaHeH, HaJIH-
    lIHe nOJIlOCHOrO OTBepCTHH )KeJIaTeJIbHO, TaK KaK OHO .nO HeKOTOpOM
    CTeneHH YMeHbllIaeT Vo R, T. e.' KyrrOJI HaqHeT HarrOJIHHTbCH Ha He-
    CKOJIbKO MeHbllIeH CKOpOCTH, qTO YMeHbllIHT rreperpY3KH, .neHCTBYlO-
    Il.{Me B CHCTeMe ITa paIlIlOT
    - B rrpo\037ecce HarrOJIHeHHH.)
    rpY3

    BlllCOTa BBeAeH\037SI napaWIOTa B AeHCTBHe

    B <POPMYJIY (3.52), orrpe.neJIHlOmylO KpHTHqecKYlO CKOpOCTb Ha-'

    nOJIHeHHH, BXO.nHT BeJIHqHHa ffi, paBHaH nDQ/2b, r,lI.e Q


    - MaCCOBaH

    nJIOTHOCTb B03.nyxa.
    ECTecTBeHHo, qTO C H3MeHeHHeM Q, T. e. 'BbICOTbI H BBe.neHHH na-
    paIllIOTa B .neHcTBHe, 6y.neT MeHHTbCH H KpHTHqeCKaH CKOpOCTb Ha-
    nOJIHeHHH V o R.

    Pe3YJIbTaTbI paCqeTOB HJIJIlOCTPHPYlOTCH pHC. 3. 21, H3 KOToporo


    CJIe.nyeT, lITO C YBeJI'HqeHHeM BbICO\037bI H BBe.neHHH rrapallilOTa B .neH-
    CTBHe KpHTHlIeCKaH CKOpOCTb HarrOJIHeHHH Vo R B03pacTaeT TeM 3Hep-
    fHlIHee, lIeM MeHbllIe B03.nyxorrpoHH\037aeMocTb TKaHH KynOJIa.
    YBeJIHqeHHe CKopocTeH V o R C B03pacTaHHeM BbICOTbI H BBe.neHHH
    napallilOTa B .neHcTBHe 06YCJIOBJIHBaeT H pOCT HarpY30K Ha CHCTeMY

    napallilOT
    - B rrpo\037ecce HarrOJIHeHHH C YBeJIHlIeHHeM BbICOTbI.
    rpY3
    ,[{a)Ke KyrrOJIa H3 TKaHeH C 60JIbllIOH B03.nyxorrpoHH\037aeMOCTblO, o6ec-

    109)))
    ,
    netIHBaI01lJJ1e MaJI\037Ie HarpY3KH Ha MaJIbIX BbICOTaX, Ha 60JIbllIHX BbI-
    COTax.,pOJIyqaT 60JIblIlHe HarpY3KH, TaK KaK CKOpOCTH,
    Ha KOTOPbIX
    OHH HatIHYT HanOJIHSiTbCH, 3HaqHTeJIbHO, B03paCTYT. n03TOMY H3yqe-
    HHe 3aBHCHMOCTH neperpY30K OT BbICOTbI H YCTaHOBJIeHI1e npe,lI.eJIOB)

    M
    , Ie
    \037\037

    250)

    200)
    PRC. 3.21. 3aJi.HCRMOCTb KpMTMQe-
    CKOH CKOpOCTM HanOJIHeHM5I V 0 1\\
    150)
    OT BbICOTb\037 H BBe.u.eHM5I rrapallIlo\"
    Ta B .u.eitcTBMe:
    100) I-nepKaJIb B; 2-MHTKaJIb; 3-AXKP;
    4-MaHH;/ 5-onbITHbIA nepKaJIb; 6-
    3JIaCTHlIHaH rneJIKOBaH TKaHb: 7-nep-
    KaJIb o6JIerlIeHHbIH)
    50)

    o 2QOO '1000 8000 8000 10000 H,M .

    CKOpOCTeff H BbICOT\037 Ha He npeB30H,lI.YT ,lI.OnYCTH-


    KOTOpbIX I1eperpY3KH
    MbIe, Heo6xo,lI.HMbI ,lI.alKe ,lI.JIH HMeIOIlIJIX 60JIb-
    KOHCTPYKI1.HH KynOJIOB,
    ,
    IfiyIO B03,lI.yxonpOHHI1.aeMOCTb (OqeBH,lI.HO, 3TOT BbIBO,lI. CnpaBe,lI.JIHB H

    JlJIH KynOJIOB, y KOTOpbIX ,lI.0GTaTOqHO 60JIbIIIaH B03,lI.yxonpOHHI1.ae-


    MOCTb ,lI.OCTHrHYTa KOHCTPYKTHBHbIM nYTeM
    - C03,lI.aHHeM CHCTeMbI

    OTBepCTHH no KynOJIY).)

    Oco6eHHOCTH Han\037nHeHHSI KynonoB C ManOH Vo H


    BblIIIe 6bIJIO YK33aHO, QTO HanOJIH51eMOCTb KynOJIa 3aBHCHT OT

    CKOPOCTH CHCTeMbI B MOMeHT, KOr,lI.a KynOJI BblliIeJI H3 qeXJIa H ro-


    TOB K HanOJIHeHHIO.
    ECJIH 3Ta CKOpOCTb, Ha3bIBaeMaH CKOpOCTbIO HaqaJIa HanOJIHeHH5I

    Va, y,nOB!IeTBopHeT YCJIOBHIO Vmin < Vo < Vo R, TO HanOJIHeHHe HaqH-


    HaeTCH Cpa3Y H KynOJI paCKpbIBaeTCH 6bICTpO H
    3HeprHqHO. B 3TOM
    CJIyqae, KaK npaBHJIO, BbII10JIHHeTCH COOTHOIIIeHHe (3. 54), Kor,lI.3

    3HaqeHHH V 0 R 6Y,lI.YT D-qeHb 60JIbIIIHMH (TKaHb KynOJIa HMeeT MaJIYIO


    B03,lI.yxonpOHHI1.aeMOCTb-
    2
    500
    JI/M C).
    ,lI.O
    ECJIH :>Ke napalliIOT BBO,lI.HTCH B ,lI.eHCTBHe Ha CKOpOCTH, MeHbIIIeH
    V min, TO HanOJIHeHHe B03MOlKHO TOJIbKO nOCJIe pa3rOHa CHCTeMbI ,lI.O
    9TOff CKOpOCTH.
    npH BBe,neHHH napalliIOTa B ,lI.eHCTBHe Ha ,lI.OCTaTOqHO 60JIbIIIOH

    CKOpOCTH, KOr,na Yo> Vo H, KynOJI TaKlKe paCKpbIBaeTCH He cpa3Y, HO


    B 3TOM CJIyqae HanOJIHeHHe nOCJIe TopMOlKeHHH
    HaqHHaeTCH TOJIbKO
    CHCTeMbI ,lI.O CKOpOCTH V o R' ECJIH 3HaqeHHe CKOpOCTH Vo H MaJIO, TO
    KynOJI paCKpbIBaeTCH Me,lI.JIeHHO H nJIaBHO, 06eCneQHBaH cpaBHHTeJIb-.
    HO He60JIbIIIHe neperpY3KH B CHCTeMe rpY3 - napalliIOT.
    I?peMH HanOJIHeHHH KynOJIa tH npH BBe,lI.eHHH ero B ,lI.eHCTBHe H3

    CKOpOCTH, 60JIbIIIeiI Vo 1(, CKJIa,lI.bIBaeTCH H3 BpeMeHH t HI , 3aTpaqH-

    110)))
    '\\)
    \037
    BaeMOrO Ha rallIeHHe CKOpOCTH OT V O .llO V O }\\, H BpeMeHH HanO\037eHHH
    , t Hn , B TeqeHHe KOToporo KynOJI, HanOJIHHeTCH H CKOpOCTb YM\037bllIa-
    eTCH OT V O 15 ,lI.O VII - KOHua KynOJIa:
    CKOpOCTH HanOJIHeH\037H
    tH = t Ht + f HIl .)

    3. 8. CnOCO&bl ynY'lWEHHSI HAnOnHSlEMOCTH KynOnA


    nAPAWK>TA

    B HeKoTopbIX CJIyqaHX Tpe6yeTcH nOBbICHTb KpHTHqecKYIO . CKO-

    paCTb HanOJIHeHI1H. ECJII1 3HaqeHHe V o H 6JIH3KO K


    CKOP.OCTH na,lI.eHI1$1
    rpY3a C HeHanOJIHeHH\037IM KynOJIOM H TOJIbKO HeMHoro ero npeBbIIllaeT,
    TO KynOJI HanOJIHHeTCH BHJIO.
    ,QJIH aKTHBH33ll.I1I1 HanOJIHeHHH KynOJIa, a TaK)Ke ,lI.\037TIHC03,lI.aHH5J

    napallIIOTOB, BpeMH
    I1MeIOIU.I1X MaJIOe HanOJIHeHI1H, npHMeHHIOT no-
    JIIOCHble ynJIOTHeHI1H, pa3MeIll.aIOT KapMaHbI no HH)KHeH KpOMKe KY-
    nOJIa, YBeJII1qHBaIOT ,lI.JIliHY CTpon If HX KOJIHqeCTBO- (B pa3YMHbIX npe-
    L(eJIax), CTaBHT no HH)KHeH KpOMKe KynOJIa CTHrI1BaIOIIlJ'Ie JIeHTbI,
    npHMeHHIOT ll.eHTpaJIbHble CTpOnbI.)

    npHMeHeHHe ....eHTpanbHOH CTponbi

    UeHTpaJIbHaH CTpona (pliC. 3.22,a} CTaBliTCH, HanpH-


    Mep, Ha BbITH)KHOM napallIIOTe cnaCaTeJIbHOrO napallIIOTa C l(eJIblO
    HaI160JIbllIeH aKTHBI13all.I1I1 BbITH)KHOrO napallIIOTa npli ero HanOJIHe-
    HI1I1, 6bICTporo BbITHrI1BaHMH KynOJIa I1 CTpon Ha BCIO ,lI.JIliHY I1 CTaCKH-
    BaHliH qeXJIa.) .....)

    4t'flmpa/lbHOfl
    cmpona)

    PRC. 3.22. Crroc06bI YJIY1JIlleHMH Ha-


    nOJIHHeMOCTM KynOJIa napallilOTa:
    a-npIfMeHeHHe u.eHTpaJIbHoit CTponbI: 6-pa3-
    Mew.eHHe KapMaHOB Ha HH)I{HeA KpOMKe KY-
    nOJia
    a) napaIllIOTa.)

    HaJIl1qI1e ll.eHTpaJIbHOH CTponbI npI1Bo,lI.I1T K YBeJII1QeHI1IO BXO,lI.-

    Horo oTBepCTliH 'KynOJIa. KpoMe YJIyqllIeHI1H HanOJIHHeMOCTli KynOJIa,


    LI.eHTpaJIbHaH CTpona npI1BO,lI.I1T K YBeJIHQeHI1IO K03<p<pI1UI1eHTa conpo-
    TI1BJIeHI1H KynOJIH napallIlOTa.)
    111)))
    Pa3MeLqeHHe KapMaHOB no HHHCHeH KpoMKe'Kynona [5]
    fIo HlI)KHeH KpoMKe KynOJIa, Me)K,lI.y Y3JIaMli KpenJIeHlIH cTpon,
    nplIIIlliBalOTCH KapMaHbI (plic. -3. 22, 6). B MOMeHT nOJIHOrO BbITHrlI-
    BaHliH CTpon KynOJIa Ha BCIO lIX ,lI.JIliHY II CHHTliH qexna C KynOJIB
    (eCJIli OH nplIMeHHeTCH). KapMaHbI HanOJIHHIOTCH
    6bICTpO B03,lI.YXOM,
    nOMoraH QaCTaCKliBaHlilO KpOMKlI KynOJIa II 6bICTPOMY 06pa30BaHliIO
    BXO,lI.Horo OTBepCTliH. CliCTeMa raCliT CKOpOCTb ,lI.O KpliTlIqeCKOH V{) H,
    rrpli KOTOpOH KynOJI cnoco6eH HanOJIH\037TbCH nOJIHOCTblO.)

    CT,9rHBaIOLqHe, neHTbl

    npliMeHeHlIe CT51rlIBalO\037lIX JIeHT (plic. 3. 23) [6] 5lBnHeTC51 3cpcpeK-


    THBHbIM cnoco6oM YJIyqIIleHlIH HanOJIHHeMOCTli KynOJIa napa\037lOTa;
    CTHrlIBalO\037lIe JIeHTbI, KpoMe Toro, YMeHbIIlalOT ,lI.JIliHY HlI)KHeH KPOM-
    Kli KynOJIa, qTO YMeHbIIlaeT KOJIlIqeCTBO CJIyqaeB nepeXJIeCTbIBaHlI\037
    KynOJIa CTpOnaMli BCJIe,lI.CTBlie nOna,lI.aHliH qaCTli HlI)KHeH KpOMKM
    KynOJIa Me)K,lI.y COCe,lI.HlIMli lIJIli npOTliBOnOJIO)KHbIMli
    cTpOnaMli.
    ,[{JIliHa CTHrlIBalO\037lIX JIeHT BbI6lIpaeTCH TaKoH, qTo6bI He YMeHb\037
    IIllI'ib MlI,lI.eJIb .ll.eJIliKOM HanOJIHeHHOro KynOJIa.)

    , .)

    PRC. 3.24. K BbIBO,lI.Y q:OPMYJIbI, onpe,lI.eJIHIO-


    nieH ,lI.JIHHY cT5IfMBalOIIJ.eH: JIeHTbI)

    \037)

    PHC. 3. 23. CxeMa BXO,lI.HOro oTBepCTH5I Kyno-


    JIa napallilOTa co CTHrHBalOlI.J.HMH JIeHTaMH\" B
    npou.ecce ero HanOJIHeHMH)

    HlI)KHHH KpOMKa KynOJIa, BbInYQlIBaHCb Me)K,lI.y COCe,lI.HlIMli CTpO-


    naMlI, o6pa3yeT KPliBYIO nlIHlIIO, 6JIlI3KYlO K nonYOKpY)KHOCTH, c
    l{eHTpOM Ha npHMOH, COe,lI.lIHHIO\037eH 3TlI CTpOlJbI (plIc.- 3. 24) .
    0603HaQlIM pa,lI.lIYC 3TOH nOJIYOKpY)KHOCTli Qepe3 '0, ,lI.JIliHY CT5I-
    rliBalO\037eH JIeHTbI 11, paCCTOHHlIe Me)K,lI.Y TOQKaMli KpenJIeHlIH CTHrlI-
    .. JIeHTbI no HlI)KHeH
    BalO\037eH KpOMKe 12 II yrOJI Me)K,lI.y ,lI.BYMH npHMbI-
    MlI, npoBe,lI.eHHbIMli lI3 ll.eHTpa nOJIYOKpY)KHOCTlI, lI3 KOTOpbIX O,lI.HB

    Qepe3 TOQKY KpenJIeHlIH ,lI.pyraH


    - Qepe3
    npOxO,lI.lIT CTponbI, TOQKY
    u [() nro
    KpenneHlIH CTHrlIBalO\037elI JIeHTbI, a. Tor,lI.a = 2nro
    a lIJIH I a.)
    2 360 2==90

    112)))
    TaK KaK ,lI.JIHHa nOJIYOKpYLKHOCTH C pa,lI.HYCOM '0 paBHa paCCTOH-
    HHIO MeLK,lI.Y TOqKaMH KpenJIeHHH COCe,lI.HHX CTpOn, TO
    2S o
    rO==- ,
    n)

    r,lI.e So
    - pa,lI.HYC KY.I1 OJI a . B paCKpoe, a n - qHC.rrO CTpon KynOJIa.
    Tor,lI.a)

    I 2--
    nSGa

    45n

    113 TpeyrOJIbHHKa ABC HMeeM)


    ..

    \037==cos \037
    I',)
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    HO)
    -
    AC == 2 r
    0
    .
    SIn - a = 4S
    - o SIn. - a 11 r,h
    L'== 90
    n 2 a)

    _ 2 n. 2 n) 2)

    10f.n.a)
    8S o . a \" n - 2 a
    I l==-sln-cosl 90 \037- .
    n 2 \\ 2 2 )

    I1pHMeHeHHe CTHrHBaIOlll.HX JIeHT n03BOJIHeT YMeHbIllHTb ,lI.JIHHY


    HHLKHeM KpOMKH Ha n (l2-fl), a paccToHHHe MeLK,lI.Y coce,lI.HHMI1 CTpO-
    naMH - Ha 12 - f 1.
    fl pHBe,lI.eHHble <}>OPMYJIbI n03BOJIHIOT onp\037.LleJIHTb OnTHMaJIbHbIlI
    yroJI a, COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.HI1 MHHHMaJIbHoMY pacxo,lI.Y MaTepHaJIa Ha
    CTHrHBaIOlll.He JIeHTbI. fl pH YCJIOBHH, qTO CTHrHBaIOlll.He JIeHTbI He
    YMeHbUlaIOT MH,lI.eJIb nOJIHOCTbIO HanOJIHeHHOro KynOJIa, MOLKHO 3Ha-
    lIHTeJIbHOCOKpaTHTb ,lI.JIHHY. HHLKHeH KpOMKH KynOJIa.
    Pa,lI.HYC BXO,lI.HOrO OTBepCTHH KynOJIa CO CTHrHBaIOlIl.HMH JIeHTaMH
    onpe,lI.eJIHeTeH no <}>opMYJIe
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    V (2n

    -
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    HOM n.nOIIl.a,lI.H BXO,lI.HOro' oTBepCTHH F (), paBHoM

    2F n 1t 2
    F 0-_ \302\267
    n (2n + n:?)

    flpHBe,lI.eHHbIM aHaJIH3 H BbIBO,lI. COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.HX <}>OPMYJI BbI-


    nOJIHeH HHLK. B. T. lllMaKoBbIM.)

    3. 9. OnPEAEnEHHE MAKCHMAnbHOA HArpY3KH,


    AEACTBYK)\037EA HA KynOn nPH ErO HAnOnHEHHH

    \302\267 113BecTHO, qTO npH YCTaHOBHBllleMCH ,lI.BHLKeHHH conpOTHBJIeHI1e


    nap a III lOT a Q\037 onpe,lI.eJIHeTCH CJIe,lI.YIOlUHM 06pa30M:)
    113)))
    QV2
    QII== cIIF II') (3. 67))
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    r,lI.e Cn - K03cpcpHUHeHT conpOTHBJIeHHH naparnlOTa, oTHeceHHbIH K


    nJIO\037a,lI.H KynOJIa B paCKpoe;
    Frr - nJIOIll.a,lI.b KynOJIa B paCKpoe B M
    2
    .

    9TOconpOTHBJIeHHe I onpe,lI.eJIeHHbIM o6pa30M CBH3aHO u


    C ,lI.eHCT-
    u
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    B Krc (H), KOTOpa51 MOLKeT 6bITb BbIpaLKeHa cpOPMYJIOH

    =
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    Rn max 2 cnP\". (3. 68))
    2

    f-,lI.e VH - CKOpOCTb CHCTeMbI B MOMeHT n-OJIHOrO HanOJIMei\037Hfl

    KynOJIa B M/C.
    CooTHollIeHHe (3.68), O,lI.HaKO, 3a,lI.aqy He pernaeT, TaK KaK BXO\"\037

    1I.51Ill.a51 B npaBYIO lIaCTb CKOpOCTb VH HeH3BeCTHa. ,I:{JIH nOJIHOrO

    peIILeHHH 3a,lI.allH Heo6,xO,lI.HMO


    HaHTH eIll.e O,lI.HO ypaBHeHHe, CBH3bI-
    BalOIll.ee Rrr max H V H, B KaqeCTBe KOToporo HCnOJIb3YlOT ypaBHeHH\342\202\254
    1I.BH:>KeHH51 CHCTeMbI B MOMeHT nOJIHOrO HanOJIHeHH5I Kyno\037a. TIpM
    9TOM ,lI.JIH ynpOIll.eHHH BbIBO,lI.a nOJIaralOT, liTO CHCTeMa na,lI.aeT Bep-
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    TbIBaIOT. HMeH B BH,lI.y npHH51TbIe' ,lI.OnYIll.eHH51, 3anMrneM ypaBHeHHe
    1I.BHLKeHH51 B BH,lI.e)

    dV .
    m \\
    == or, -
    -)
    ( dt I H)
    J-(H tIJ\037X' (3.69))

    r,lI.e V - CKOpOCTb CHHLKeHHH CHCTeMbr;


    (dV/dt)H
    - YCKopeHHe B MOMeHT nOJIHOrO HanOJ1HeHH51 KynOJIa, TOq-.
    Hee, 3al\\1e,lI.JIeHHe, TaK KaK 06bIlIHO

    (dV/dt)H<O.)

    B. ypaBHeHHe (3.69) V H 5lBHO He BXO,lI.HT, H n03TOMY ero npe-


    06pa30BbIBa1OT, BblpaLKa51 (dV /dt) H lIepe3 Cpe,lI.Hee YCKopeHHe
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    ==k , (3.70)
    (\\ dt ) H
    . t
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    .)

    r,lI.e k - K03cpcpHIl,HeHT, -qHCJIeHHO paBHbIH OTHorneHHIO MHHHMaJIb-


    Horo YCKopeHHH K ero Cpe,lI.HeMY 3HaqeHHIO.
    B COOTHorneHHH 3aMeH51eM t H , HCnOJIb3Y51 npH 3TOM CBH3b
    (3.70)
    MeLK.lI.Y paccToHHHeM,
    npOM,lI.eHHbIM CKOpOCTblO H BpeMeHeM.
    H3BecTHo (3], liTO nYTb SH, npOXO,lI.HMbIH CHCTeMOH 3a BpeM51 Ha-
    nOJIHeHHH KynOJIa, nponopnHOHaJIeH ero 'JIHHeHHOMY pa3Mepy)

    SH==cV F II ,) (3: 71))

    114)))
    u

    r,ne c - K03cpcpH\037HeHT rrpOrrOp\037HOHaJIbHOCTH,


    3aBHC5IIII.HH OT
    \037OHCT-

    PYK\037HH KyrrOJIa H ero B03,nyxorrpoHH\037aeMOCTH (,nJI51 KBa,,n-

    paTHbIX KyrrOJIOB H3 rneJIKa apT. 16003 c=4,0, H3 rneJI\037a.

    16004 KarrpOHa apT. 56008fl


    apT. c=6,15, H3 KapKacHoro
    c = 7,5) .
    CKO-
    C ,npyroH CTOpOHbI, rrYTb MO)KHO BbIpa3HTb qepe3 cpe,nHIOIO

    pOCTb H BpeM\037 HarrOJIHeHH51

    S == a
    Va + V H
    t H'
    H (3. 72))
    2)

    r,lI,e a
    - K03cpcpH\037HeHT, BBeir.eHHeM

    KOToporo HCrrpaBJI5IeTCH .. oIIlHcKa,


    ,1I0rrYCKaeMaH rrpH BbJ1IHCJIeHHH nYTH
    no Cpe,lI,HeH chopocrH; OH paBeH OT-
    HorneHHlO rrJIOllI,a,IT.H SH K IIJIOIII,a,IT.H
    Tparre\037HH (pRC. 3. 25).
    113'(3.71) H (3.72) HaXO,lI,HM)
    SH)

    2c -V\037
    i
    t H == . (3.73)) \037iI
    a (Va + VH) I 10) ,)

    J I CnO,TIb3YH 3TO BbIpaJKeHHe H t H)


    I\037
    (.3. 7C), rrOJIyqaeM
    P HC. 3. 25. I13MeHeHMe CKOpOCTH
    dV
    [' = \037\037 -\0376 (3.74)
    B npo\037ecce HanOJIHeHHH KynOJIa)
    \\ d t ) H 2c V F IT) napanIloTa)

    Ha OCHOBaHHH (3.74) ypaBHeHHe (3. 69) 3anHIIIeT\037H ,B BH,IT.e

    -- K
    Rnmax= [V Fn (V\037- V6)], (3.75)
    \037

    r,IT.e K = ak/2cg
    - K03cpcpH\037HeHT, onpe,lI,eJIHeMbIH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO;
    ero BeJIHqHHa 3aBHCHT OT KOHCTPYK[(HH KynOJIa;
    THna TKaHI1 H ee B03,lI,yxonpoHH\037aeMOCTH; ,lI,JI5I
    KBa,lI,paTHbIX KynOJIOB H3 rneJIKa, apT. 16004
    K = 0,01, ,lI,JIH KynOJIOB THna C-3 H3 KapKacHoro
    KanpOHa apT. 56008I1 K=0,0056.
    PemaH cHcTeMY ypaBHeHHH (3. 68) H (3.75) OTHOCHTeJIbHO VH2
    H Rrr max, nOJIyqHM)

    j-
    KV a2 +
    -.
    r Fn
    vi== \037 ' (3.76))
    K -V-P IT
    QC liP IT +
    ( QC1.p IT Q )

    K V5 + -VP:
    R IT ma x =---= \302\267 (3. 77))
    K Y P rr
    +
    Q)
    Q\037IlPiI

    115,)))
    ..)

    QoV\037p
    TaK KaK 0 == cnF n , TO rrOCJIe HeKOTOpbIX rrpe06paSOBaHHH
    2 \\

    ypaBHeHHe (3.77) MOLKHO 3arrHcaTb B BHJI.e

    KV\037 + -V F n
    Rnmax==20 ' (3. 77 a))
    v2
    K\037+2-V Fn
    d)

    l'JI.e \037= Q/Qo


    - OTHOCHTeJIbHaH rrJIOTHOCTb B03JI.yxa.
    cI>opMYJIaMH (3.76) H
    (3.77) rrOJIb3YlOTCH B Tex cJIyqa51x, Kor\037a

    YJI.eJIbHa51 HarpY3Ka G/P n JIeLKHT B rrpe,lLeJIax 1-40 Krc/M 2


    2
    (9,81-392 H/M ). .
    ECJIH G/P n >40 Krc/M 2 (392 H/M2), TO Rnmax HaXO,lL51T H3 COOT-
    HOIIleHH51 .)

    QV 5
    == \037
    RII max kJ1.
    2l cnF n' (3.78))
    \"')

    fJI.e -
    kl1. K03cpcpHI.:(HeHT JI.HHaMHqHOCTH, orrpeJI.eJIHeMbIH 3KcrrepHMeH-
    TaJIbHO; 06bIQHO kl1. =:. 1,75+2.
    K03cpcpHI.:(HeHT JI.HHaMHQHOCTH MOLKHO CYI1.(eCTBeHHO CHH3HTb.
    npHMeHHH MeTOJI. KOHCTPYKTHBHOM B03JI.yxorrpOHHI.:(aeMOCTH.)

    3. 10. 3ABHCHMOCTb MAKCHMAnbHOA HArpY3KH,


    AEACTBYK>U-\\EA HA KynOn nAPAWK>TA
    nPH ErO HAnOnHEHHH, OT PA3nH'IHbIX CDAKTOPOB)

    ECJIH paCClVlaTpHBaTb KynOJIa rrapainlOToB OJI.HOH cpOpMbI, BbI-


    nOJIHeHHble H3 OJI.HOH H TOH LKe TKaHH, TO K = const, cn = const.
    TorJI.a, KaK 3TO CtlleJI.yeT H3 cpOPMYJIbI (3.77), MaKCHMaJIbHaH Ha-
    rpY3Ka 6YJI.eT 3aBHceTb OT QeTblpex rrapaMeTpOB:

    RHmax==f(Vo; Q; 0; Fn).)

    fIpOaHaJIH3HpyeM BJIH51HHe KalKJI.OrO Hi 3THX napaMeTpO\"B.)

    3aBHCHMOCTb Rn max OT CKOpOCTH Ha'lana


    .HanonHeHHJI V0

    ECJIH V min< V 0< V OK , TO KynOJI, KaK YLKe YKa3bIBaJIOCb, 6YJI.eT


    HanOJIH51TbC51 6e3 3aJI.epLKKH.
    AHaJIH3 cpOPMYJIbI (3.77) nOKa3bIBaeT, QTO npH nOCT05,lHHbIX Q,
    G 11 Pn C YBeJIHqeHHeM CKOpOCTM HaqaJIa HanOJIHeHH51 V o MaKCH-
    MaJIbHaH HarpY3Ka Rn max 6bICTpO B03pacTaeT (pHG. 3.26).
    fIpH yo> V OK Haf10JIHeHHe KynOJIa HaqHeTCH TOJIbKO rrOCJIe
    YMeHbIIleHH51 CKOpOCTH CHCTeMbI JI.O V OK , KOTOP?51 H 6YJI.eT B JI.aHHOM

    cJIyqae CKOpOCTblO fiattaAa fianOAfiefiUJl.

    116)))
    3aBHCHMOCTb Rn max OT BblCOTbl BBeAeHH.SI
    B AeH\037TBHe H

    qTO T. e. YMeHb-
    ECJIH npe\037nOJIO)KHTb, npH YBeJIHqeHHH BbICOTbI,
    llIeHHH MaCCOBOH nJIOTHOCTH B03,lI.yxa, CKOpOCTb
    HaqaJIa HanOJIHe-
    HHH, Bec CHCTeMbI H n\"TJOIlI.a,lI.b KynOJIcl OCTalOTCH HeH3MeHHbIMH
    const, = const,
    (V 0= G Frr= const), TO H3 <POPMYJIbI (3.77) CJIe-

    ,lI.yeT, qTO B 3TOM cJIyqae Rrrmax YMeHbllIaeTcH (pHC. 3.27).


    ECJIH )Ke HanOJIHeHHe KynOJIa HaqHHaeTCH Ha pa3Hwx BWCOTax

    QV 6
    O.IT.HOM 11 TOM )l{e Harrope
    = = const H CO-
    rrp11 CKOPOCTH\037M (q
    \\ 2 )
    xpaHHeTcH YCJIOBHe noc:rOHHCTBa Beca CHCTeMbI G H nJIOIlI.a,lI.H KY-
    nOJIa Fn, TQ C pOCTOM BbICOTbI Rnmax YBeJIHqHBaeTCH (pHC. 3.28).)

    3aBHCHMOCTb Rrr max OT Beca CHCTeMbl G

    AHaJIH3 <POp MYJIbI (3.77 a) nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO npH nocToHHHbIX


    3HaQeHHHX V o , Q H Frr C pOCTOM Beca CHCTeMbI G YBeJIHqHBaeTCH
    Rrr max (pHC. 3.2.9).
    ECJIH coxpaHHTb nocToHHHYIO CKOpOCTb npH3eMJIeHH51, T. e. npH
    YBeJIHqeHHH Beca CHCTeMbI npOnOpI.:(HOHaJIbHO YBeJIHqHBa Tb nJIO-
    IlI.a,lI.b KynOJIa (G/Fn=const), TO H B 3TOM CJIyqae, T. e. npH HeH3-
    MeHHbIX V rrp, V o H Q, KaK nOKa3bIBaeT aHaJIH3 <POp MYJIbI (3.77 a),
    YBeJIHqeHHe Beca TaK)Ke cOnpOBO)K,lI.aeTCH pOCTOM Rrr max
    (pHC. 3.30).)
    3aBHCHMOCTb Rrr max OT nnOlqaAH Kynona F rr
    B npoI.:(ecce HanOJIHeHHH KynOJIa napallIlOrTa CKOpOCTb CHCTeMbI
    MeHHeTCH OT \\/'0
    - B MOMeHT HaqaJla HanOJIHeHHH ,lI.0
    CKOpOCTH
    VH - CKOpOCTH B MOMeHT nOJIHOrO HanOJIHeHHH KynOJIa..
    OqeBH,lI.HO, qTO npH ,I(aHHOM Bece CHCTeMbI G H3l\\1eHeHHe CKOpO-
    CTH 6Y,lI.eT B npoI.:(ecce HanOJIHeHHH KynOJIa TeM 3<p<peKTHBHee, qeM
    60JIbllIe 6Y,lI.eT I1JIOIlI.a,lI.b KynOJIa napallIlOTa. 5JIarO,lI.apH H3MeHeHHlO
    CKOpOCTH VH 6Y,lI.YT TaK)Ke H3MeH5ITbCH HarpY3KH, ,lI.eHcTBYIOIlI.He H3

    KynOJIa pa3HbIx pa3MepoB. Ha pHC. 3.31 nOKa3aHO H3MeHeHHe CKO-\"

    pOCTH Vo ,rr.o V H ,lI.JIH KynOJIOB 60JIbllIHX (c MaJIOH Y,lI.eJIbHOH BeCOBO!I


    HarpY3KOH) H
    pa3MepOB (c 60JIbllIOH
    MaJIbIX y,lI.eJIbHOH BeCOBOH.

    HarpY3\037OM). 113 pHC. 3.31 CJIe,lI.yeT, qTO B nepBoM cJIyqae CKOpOCTb


    CHCTeMbI V H 3HaqHTeJIbHO MeHBIlle VO, BO BTOpOM cJIyqae CKOpOCTb
    V H YMeHbIIIaeTcH no cpaBHeHHIO C Vo He3HaqHreJIbHO. Ho MaKCH-
    MaJIbHaH na paIIIIOTa,
    HarpY3Ka, ,lI.eHcTBYIOIlI.aH J-Ia KynOJI nponop-
    I.:(HOHaJIbHa KBa,lI.p aTY CKOpOCTH VH If :rIJIOIlI.a,lI.H F II:

    Rn max
    == QV;cnF
    n.)
    -
    113 3TOH <POPMYJIbI CJIe.rr.yeT, qTO Rrr max 3aBHCHT OT npOH3Be,lle-
    HHH Frr VH 2. OqeBH,lI.HO, KOr,lI.a V H MaJIO OTJIHqaeTCH OT VO, YBeJIHqe-
    HHe Frr npHBe,lI.eT 2
    K YBeJIHqeHHIO npOH3Be,rr.eHHH Frr VH H, CJIe,lI.OBa-

    117)))
    KH Rn max ,f('(C \037)
    20 r 2000)

    70 .7000)

    o 0)
    50 7S 100 125' Va, I4/C

    PHC. 3.26. MaI\\CHMaM'lbHOn


    3aBHcIIMoCTb II::!

    rpY3KH OT CKOpOCTH Ha4aJIa HanOJIHelI:H5I na-


    pallilOTa [g =0,113 Krc. C 2 /M 4 (1,11 Kr/M 3 ), G=
    =100 Krc (S'81 H), Fn=56 2
    M , c n =0,8; k=
    . /')
    = 0,006])

    J(fI Rn max ;/(ZC


    14 Irll 5000)
    7400*)
    4Q
    30
    13)
    -) \"2500)
    7300 20
    10
    72
    7200 o)
    5) 70) HKM
    ,)
    o) $) o)
    70) 15 H, IfM)
    .,)

    PHC. 3.27. 3aBHcMMoCTb MaKCMMaJIh- P:HC. 3. 28. 3aBMcHMoCTb MaKCMMaJIb-


    HOM HarpY3KH CT BbICOTbI npM V0 = HOM HarpY3KH OT BbICOTbI
    =const, G=const, Fn=const (Va
    = npfI q = const; G = const, F n = const
    = 139 M/C; G = 100 Krc (981 H); Fn::;= gVo
    2
    \037
    2
    =56 M ; cn=0,8; k=0,006]) =625 Krc/M
    2
    (6\03714 Klla); G=
    [2
    .=: 100 Krc (9.811 H); k =0,006; Fn =
    2
    - =56 M , cn=O,8)])

    Rn max, !fee
    I It'cC
    IfH 2000) Rnmax'
    If( H 1500)

    15 7500)

    10 7000)
    \"'-)
    10)
    7000)

    5 SUO
    50 700 7S0 \037/(cC
    \\, I I
    5 5\"00
    50 . 1000 1500
    I)
    700 ISO t;.; !f2C SOO C,H
    -
    I) I I I

    500) 71)00) 7500 &: H) 5\"0 75 700 1:-


    n,)
    M2

    PHC. 3. -29. 3aBMcHMoCTb MaKCH\037 PHC. - 3. 30. 3aBMcHMoCTb MaKCR-


    MaJIbHOM HarpY3KM OT Beca CHCTeMhI MaJIbHO:H HarpY3KH OT Beca CMCTeMbI'
    npH Vo=const; g=const; Frr=const TIPH nOCT05IHHOM y\037eJIbHOH
    2
    HarpY3Ke
    [V o =.100 Fn=56
    M/C, M2; Q= [GjF ri =const=I,63 Krc/M (16 H/M2),
    =0,113 Krc.c 2 /M'* (1,11 Kr/M 3 ); Cn = Vnp=const, Vo=const, g=const])))
    = \\),8; k = 0,006])
    118)
    I

    reJIbHO, Rnmax. TIpH JI.aJIbHeHII1eM YBeJIHqeHHH Fil (npH nOCTOHHHOM


    BeCe CHCreMbI) V H YMeHbillaerCH HaCrOJIbKO 6bICrpO, qrO H npOH3-
    Be,lI.eHHe Fn VH 2, ,lI.OCrHrHYB MaKCHMYMa, HaqHHaer YMeHbIIlarbCH.
    Ha pHC. 3. 32 nOKa3aH rpacpHK
    H3MeHeHHH HarpY30K, .n.eHcrBYlOnr.Hx
    Ha KynOJIa pa3Hblx pa3MepoB.)

    v) v)

    I
    I
    I
    I
    I
    \037) -\037
    I\037
    I
    I
    I
    I
    I
    \037
    t H) t tH t

    a) 5))

    PRe. 3.31. \302\245i3MeHeHMe CKOpOCTM V O \037o V H )1.JIH 'KynOJIOB


    OT
    \037c pa3JIMtIHOR y,lI.eJIbHOH BecoBoH HarpY3Koi1:
    a-npH HanOJIHeHHH KynOJIa napallilOTa OOJIbIlIHX pa3MepOB (c MaJIoA y,Zl.eJIb-
    HoA BeCOBoA HarpY3Kol%); 6-npH HanOJIHeHHH KynOJIa napallilOTa MaJIbIX
    pa3MepOB (c OOJIbIlIOA Y,lI.eJIbHOA BeCOBoA HarpY3KoA))
    .
    Hnm ,I\\ZC
    /(H
    20 2000

    1600

    1200
    10 t .t
    80tJ
    * +
    -r +
    :t:
    400)

    o)
    0_ 2 4 6' 8 70 12 14 10 20 25 JO Fn , M.2
    PMC. 3. 32. \302\245i3MeHeHMe MaKCMMaJIbHbIX HarpY30K ,lI.JIH Kyno-
    JIOB pa3Hblx pa3MepoB npM VIQ=54 M/C (HMlKHHH KpMBaH) H Vo =
    ,=90 M/C (BepXH5!H KpHBaH)
    (iJ1
    . - 3KcnepHMeHTaJI,bHbIe TOtIKH npH Vo=90 M/C: + -3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIe
    \037)
    TOtlKH npH Vo=54 M/C

    3.11. CnOCO&bl YMEHbWEHHSI MAKCHMAnbHOA HArpY3KH,


    AEACTBYJOUJ.EA nPH HAnOnHEHHH KynOnA nAPAWJOT A.

    Y MeHbWeHHe CKOpOCTH Ha'lana HanOnHeHHSI


    CHH3HTb V o ,. a CJIe,lI.OBarefrbHo, H MaKCH-
    CYI.I.(eCTBeHHO CKOpOCTb
    MaJIbHYlO HarpY3KY, ,lI.eHCTBYronr.ylO J-Ia KyrrOJI npH ero HanOJIHeHHH,
    119)))
    MOLKHO npH BBe,lI,eHHH napallilOTa B AeHCTBHe c Ue06XO,lI,HMbH 3a-

    AepLKKOM.
    ,LLpyroH cnoc06 YMeHbllleHHH
    V 0 3aKJIlOq,aeTCH B rrpHMeHeHHH TOp-
    M03Horo napallllOTa MaJIOlI nJIO\037a,lI,H HJIH lI.eJIOH cepHH TaKHX
    rrapallllOTOB, BBO,lI,HMbIX rrOCJIe,lI,OBaTeJIbHO (c orrpe,lI,eJIeHHbIMH HHTep-

    nepe,lI, paCKpbITHeM OCHOBHoro KynOJIa H 06eCrreQHBalOII1.HX


    BaJIaMH)
    CHCTeMbI napallllOT
    - ,lI.0 TaKoro 3HaQe-
    YMeHbllleHHe CKOpOCTH rpY3

    HHH, npH KOTOpOM B03MOLKHO BBe,lI,eHHe ,lI,eMCTBHe OCHOBHoro


    B KY-
    rrOJIa no YCJIOBHHM ,lI,OnYCTHMbIX ,lI,JI51 QeJIOBeKa neperpY30K.
    YMeHblllHTb CKOpOCTb HaqaJIa HanOJIHeHHH l\\10LKHO 'TaK:>Ke rrYTeM
    CHHLKeHHH VOH 3a CqeT npHMeHeHHH 60JIee B03,lI,yxorrpOHHLT-aeMOH
    TKaHH Ha KynOJIe.)

    MeTOA KOHCTPYKTHBHOH B03AyxonpoHHu. ae It\\OCTH

    TIpHMeHHIOTCH KOHCTPYKlI.HH KynOJIOB C TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH KOH-


    CTPYKTHBHOH B03,lI.yxonpOHHlI.aeMOCTblO, B KOTOpbIX nOBbJIlleHHaH
    B03,lXyxonpOHHlI.aeMOCTbho KynOJIY C03,lI,aeTCH He nYTeM rrpHMeHeHH51
    TKaHH C '60JIblllOM B03,lI,yxonpOHHlI.aeMOCTblO, a C03,lI,aHHeM CHCTeMbI

    OTBepCTHH no KynOJIY, B OCHOBHOM B ero lI.eHTpaJIbHOH qaCTH. TIpH


    MeTO,lI.e KOH\037TPYKTHBHOH B03,lI.yxonpOHHlI.aeMOCTH CHH- 3HaqHTeJIbHO
    LKalOTCH MaKCHMaJIbHble HarpY3KH, B03HHKalOII1.He B npOlI.eCce Ha-
    rrOJIHeHHH KynOJIa rrapaIllIOTa, H TeM caMbIM nOBbIlllaeTCH 3anae

    npOqHOCTH KOHCTPYKlI.HH npH Tex LKe 3aTpaTax MaTepHaJIa. KpoMe


    Toro, :MeTO,lI. KOHCTPYKTHBHOM B03,lI.yxonpOHHlI.aeMOCTH, n03BOJIHH
    BapbHpOBaTb K03cpcpHlI.HeHT 3anOJIHeHH51, a TaKLKe MeCTO pacno-
    JIOLKeHHH CHCTeMbI OTBepCTHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Y,lI,eJIbHOH BeCOBOM
    HarpY3KH, npHXO,lI,H\037eMCH Ha KynOJI napaIIlIOTa, ,lI,aeT B03MOLKHOCTb
    3HaQHTeJIbHO CHH3HTb aceopTHMeHT napaIllIOTHbIX TKaHeM no B03-
    AyxonpOHHlI.aeMOCTH.)

    3. 12. CHH)f(EHHE CHCTEMbl


    nOCnE HAnOnHEHHSI KynOnA nAPAWIOTA

    TIo\037JIe HanOJIHeHHH KynOJIa ero conpOTHBJIeHHe YBeJIH\037HBaeTCH,


    11 CKOpOCTb CHCTeMbI.6bICTPO YMeHblllaeTCH. 4epe3 KOpOTKHH npOMe-
    IKYTOK BpeMeHH CKOpOCTb CTaHOBHTCH 6JIH3KOH K KpHTHQeCKOH HJIH,
    KaK HHOr,lI,a rOBopHT, K YCTaHOBHBllleHCH CKOpOCTH CHHLKeHHH.

    B nepHO,lI, noecJTJe
    nepBbIH HaIIOJIHeHHH. ,lI,BHLKeHHe HB- KynOJI a
    JIHeTCH HeYCTaHOBHBlllHMC51. Ha CHCTeMY ,lI,eHCTBYIOT ,lI,Be CHJIbI: Bee
    CHCTelVIbI H conpOTHBJIeHHe B03,lI,yxa. CHJIa conpOTHBJIeHH51 B ,lI,aH-
    HOM c.n:YQae 6y.n.eT)

    _ dV _ 1 2 dV
    Q + m np QV c I1F I1 +m IlP ' (3. 79))
    n.HeYCT-\0371I dt -2' d(

    r,lI,e Qrr - CHJIa


    ,conpOTHBJIeHHH npH YCT'aHOBHBllleMC51 ,lI,BHLKeHHH;
    m rrp - Macca
    npHCOe,lI,HHeHHaH (cpHKTHBHaH Macca, BBe,lI,eHHeM

    KOTOpOH YQHTbIBaeTCH H3MeHeHHe CHJI, ,lI,eHCTBYIO\037HX)

    120)))
    ,)

    npH HeYCTaHOBHBllle:MC5I ,lLBHlKeHHH, .no CpaBHeHHIO C CH-

    JIaMH, ,lLeHCTBYIOIlI)1MH YCTaHOBHBllleMC5I


    npH ,lLBHlKeHHH).
    TIOJIaraH, liTO CHCTeMa CHHlKaeTC5I BepTHKaJIbHO, ypaBHeHHe
    ,lLBHlKeHHH MOlKHO 3anHCaTb Cc/TJe,lLYIOIII.HM, 06pa30M:
    dV
    m == 0-
    Qn.HeycT'
    dt

    TIO,lLCTaBJI5IH B 3TO COOTHOllleHHe 3HalleHHe Qrr.HeYCT, nOCJIe He-


    CJIO)KHbIX HaXO,lLHM
    npeo6pa30BaHMH

    (3.80)
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    Hll51 C n 6Y,lJ.eT MeH5ITbC5I OT 0,8 .no 0,4.
    COOTHOllIeHlle (3.87) ,lJ.aeT B03MO)KHOCTb BbicKa3aTb CJIe,lJ.YlO\037He
    C006pa)KeHH5I 0 B03MO)KHbIX rpaHHQax 3HaqeHHH ,C n ,lJ.JI5I KynOJIOB
    pa3HOH <pOpMbI:
    , 1. TIJIaCTllHKa H3. TKaHH C M3JIOH B03,lJ.yxorrpOHHQaeMOCTbIO..
    Fx=Fn H C n = 1,6.1 = 1,6.
    2. TIOJIyc<pepHqeCKHH KynOJI H3 nJIOTHOH TKaHH. Fx=Fn/2
    '
    H Cn =
    = 1,6.0,5=0,8'.
    KYI)O.lI rrpe,lJ.CTaBJI5IeT C060H rrJIOCKHH Kpyr B p aCKpoe, B B03,lJ.yxe
    OH npHHHMaeT <POp MY, 6JIH3KYI9 K rrOJIyC<pepHqeCKOH, a rr03TOMY ,lJ.JI51
    Hero TaK)Ke Cn = 0,8.
    3. JIeHTOqHbIH KynOJI nOJIyccpepHqeCKOH cpOpMbI (pHC. 3. 33).
    TI\037Bepx'HocTb TaKoro KyrrOJIa COCTaBJIeHa H3 B3aHMHO nepeceKa-
    EOIII.llXC5I JIeHT oAHHaKoBoH llIHpHHbI. HaH60JIbllIa51 nJIOTHOCTb 3anOJI-
    HeHH5I nOBepxHocTH KynOJIa JIeHTaMH y nOJIlOCHOH ero qaCTll H Hall-
    MeHbllIa51 - y' HH)KHeH 3arrOJIHeHHH
    KpOMKH. K03<p<PHQHeHT
    KyrrOJIa no rr05lCaM paBeH OT 0,6 Y HH)KHeH KpOMKH, ,lJ.O 1 - Y no-
    JIlOCHOH QaCTll KyrrOJIa.
    CpaBHHTeJIbHO HH3KHH corrpOTHBJIeHHH 3Toro na-.
    K03cpcpHQHeHT
    pallilOTa rrpHBO,lJ.HT K TOMY, qTO CKOpOCTb npll3eMJIeHllH Ha HeM 'He-
    CKOJIbKO nOBbIllieHa. ,QpyrHM He)J.OCTaTKOM HBJIHeTCH TO, qTO rrapa.
    UllOT npH CHll)KeHHH BpaI.II.aeTC5I.
    UeHHbIM CBOHCTBOM JIeHTOqHOrO rrapalliIOTa 51BJI5IeTC5I TO, QTO OH
    06eCneQHBaeT OTHOCHTeJIbHO He60JIbllIHe HarpY3KH npH paCKpWTHH
    Ha OOJIbllIHX CKOpOCT5IX.

    126)))
    4. KOHycHble KynOJIa (pHC. 3. 34) HMeIOT C n = 0,3-;-0,6.

    npH CHH)KeHHH B B03,Qyxe KynOJI npHHHMaeT <POPMY yceqeHHOrO


    KOHyca -c nOJIyc<pepHQeCKOH I1lanKOH. UeHHbIM KalleCTBOM KOHycHoro
    KynOJIa HBJIHeTCH TO, liTO OH 06ecnellHBaeT YCTOHlIHBoe (6e3 Bpar.u.e-
    HHH H paCKaqHBaHHH) CHH)KeHHe rpY3a, H nO.3TOMY KOHYCHble Kyno-
    JIa I1lHpOKO npHMeH5HOTC51 KaK cTa6HJIH3HpYIOI.IJ.He.)

    PMC. 3. 33. JIeHTOtIHbIH: ..KynOJI PMC. 3. 34. KOHYCHblfI


    nOJIycq:epMtIeCKOM <pop MbI) KynOJI)

    5. KynoJIa COBpeMeHHbIX cnaCaTeJIbHbIX napalliIOTOB JIeTlIHKa


    nJIOCKOH <pOpMbI B pacKpoe 06JIa,QaIOT ,QOCTaTOllHO BbICOKHM KO.3<P<PH-
    u.HeHTOM conpOTHBJIeHHH. TaK, HanpHMep, 'Cpe,lLHee 3HalleHHe KO.3<p<pH-
    LI.HeHTa COnpOTIlBJIeHHH cnaCaTeJIbHOrO napalliIOTa C-3 H3 KapKacHoH
    KanpoHoBoH TKaHH paBHo 0,9.
    J] pu YBeAUtteflUu OAUflbl CT ponbl KynoAa KoacfJcfJuLfueflT conpoTui3\"
    AeflUfl 803paCTaeT. Ha pHC. 3. 35 npe,lLCTaBJIeH TeopeTHlIecKHM rpa-
    <p HK 3aBHCIfMOCTif crr/no B <PYHKIJ.HH V= l/So, nO,lLTBep)K,lLeHHOH npo-
    .u.YBKaMH MO,lLeJIeH napaI1l.IOToB \037 a.3pO,lLHHaMflllecKHx Tpy6ax.
    OTCIO,lLa CJIe,lI.yeT, Ka3aJIOCb 6bI, tfTO KynOJIa napalliIOToB Ha,lLO H3ro-
    TaBJIlIBa'l'b C ,lLJIHHHbIMH CTponaMH. Ho npHMeHeHHe OlleHb ,lLJIHHHbIX
    CTpon HeBblrO,lLHO, TaK KaK 60JIbI1l0e KOJIHlI.eCTBO llIHypa YBeJIHlIHBae1
    Bec H 06'beM
    KynOJIa. nO.3TOMY npaKTHlIeCKH )!JIHHY CTporr-npHHHMa-
    lOT paBHOH 0,8-1,0 AHaMeTpa KynOJIa B pacKpoe, T. e. H3MeHeHife
    napaMeTpa V HaXO,lLHTCH B npe,lLeJIax 1,6-2,0.
    n pu YBeAUtteflUu KOAutteCTBa cTpon KynoAa KoacfJcfJuLfueHT conpo-

    127)))
    (Ha 10-15
    TUBAeHUfl Cn 0
    YBeJIHlIHBaeTCH 10), lITO OO'bHCHHeTcH TeM,
    qTO MHAeJIb C lIHCJIa
    KynOJIa YBeJIHlIeHHeM cTpon HeCKOJIbKO YBeJIH-
    qHBaeTCH.)

    (C n / no) max)
    en/no
    \0375 .-)
    \302\245
    f44

    0,3

    0,2
    0,7 0)
    0,5) 1,0) 1,5) 2,0) 2,5) T)

    PMC. 3. 35. XapaKTep H3MeHeHH5I crr/no B 3aBHCHMOCTM


    OT y)

    C YBeflUtteHueM Cn
    CKOpOCTU KoacpcpUl{UeHT COnpOTUBJleHUfl
    lie3HattUTeflbHO YMeHbUlaeTCfl, eCJIH KynOJIa H3rOTOBJIeHbI H3 \037OCTa-
    TOlIHO
    .
    nJIOTHWX TKaHeH H HX KpHTHlIeCKaH CKOpOCTb CKJIa\037WBaHHH
    U .
    HBJIHeTCH BbICOKOH.)

    c n III C 0 K 11 III T E PAT Y P bl)

    1. HeKpacoD A. H. Kypc TeOpeTMtIeCKOH MexaHHKH, q. II, M., rOCTeXM3.LI.aT,


    1953, 456 c.
    2. PaXMa'IYJIMH X. A. A3po.rr.MHaMMKa rrpoHM\037aeMoro TeJIa. - BecTHMK Mry.
    1949, J\\lg 3, c. 41-54.
    .\037-\037,J]o6aHoD H. A. HarpY3KH Ha rrapallilOT. -:- \302\253JlerKcl51 rrpOMbIIIIJIeHHocTb\302\273.
    1945, Ng 6, c. 18-22.
    4. nonoD C. f., naJIa30B
    C. n. 06 orrpe.rr.eJIeHHM B03.rr.yxorrpOHMl(aeMOCTH
    TKaHefi. - -\302\253113MepMTeJIbHa51 TeXHMKa\302\273,1941, Ng 5, c. 27-32.
    5. TKalJeB <1>. ,lI.. I1crrOJIb30BaHMe B
    napallilOTocTpoeHMM TKaHeH C MaKCMMaJIb- ....
    -
    Hofi
    1946,
    M MMHMMaJIbHOfi
    Ng 2, c. 28-33.
    B03.rr.yxorrpoHM\037aeMocTblO.
    -- \302\253JIerKa51 rrpOMbIlllJIeHHocTb\302\273,

    6. Brown W. D. Parachutes, L.ondon, 1951. .


    7. O'Hara F. Notes on the Opening Behavior and the Opening Forces of .
    Parachutes, Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, London, Nov.
    , 1949,
    pp. 1053-1062.)))
    rnaBa4)

    CTPEnS1IO\037HE MEXAHH3Mbi

    H nHPOTEXHHLlECKHE YCTPOACTBA)

    4. 1. O&L1-'HS 3AME'IAHHSI)

    ,lI.JIH crraceHHH JIeTIIHKa B CJIYIIae aBapHH CKOpOCTHora


    CaMOJIeTa npHMeHHIO:fCH CrreII.HaJIbHbIe CTpeJIHIOIII.He MexaHH3MbI, KO-
    TopbIe CliJIOH rropOXOBbIX ra30B KaTarrYJIbTHpYIOT KpeCJIO C JIeTqHKOM
    '113 Ka6HHbI CaMOJIeTa (pHC. 4. 1). \"HaPY)KHaH TPy6a 1 CKpeIlJIeHa c
    \"

    KoprrycoM CaMOJIeTa, yrrop oc,y- 7-_ --


    IIl.eCTBJIHeTCSI Ha rrHTe CTpeJIHIO-
    IIl.ero MexaHH3Ma 2. B HapY)KHOH
    6-
    Tpy6e MO)KeT rrep.e,lI.BHraTbcH L,.

    BHYTpeHHHH Tpy6a 3, HecYIII.aH 5


    KpeCJIO C JIeTIIHKOM. raHKa C oce-
    BbIMH yrrapaMH 4 TaK)Ke Illap- 8
    HHpHO yrropHblHB
    _ ynHpaeTC1I J
    KpoHIllTeHH KpeCJIa 5. DHporraT-
    pOH 6 rrOMemeH BHYTPH Tpy6bI 3.
    1,)

    OpH BbICTpeJIe llOpoxoBbIe ra3bI


    3anOJIHHIOT CHaIIaJIa BHYTpeHHee
    npocTpaHcTBo TPYObI 3. 3aTeM
    Qepe3 oTBepcTHe B ,lI.He 3TOH TPY-
    6w ra3W npoHHKaIDT BHYTPb
    BHellIHeH Tpy6bl, KOTopaH HBJIH-

    eTCH KaK 6bI \302\253CTBOJIOM>\037.3Ta TPY-


    6a He MO)KeT ,lI.BHraTbCH OTHOCH-
    PMC. 4. 1. CxeMa . Mexa-
    CTpeJIHIOIIJ.erO
    TeJIbHO CaMOJIeTa, n03TOMY BHYT- HH3Ma

    peHHHH Tpy6a HaIIHHaeT nepeMe- l-HapY}K.HaH Tpy6a; 2-I1HTa CTpeJIHIO\037erO


    BMecTe C KpeCJIOM. )J.eH- MexaHM3Ma; 3-BHYTpeHHHH Tpy6a; 4-oceBbie
    lnaTbcH
    ynopbJ; 5-ynopHbIH KpOHIlITe:HH KpeCJIa; 6-
    CTBHe nopoxOB\037IX ra30B Ha BHYT:- nMponaTpoH; 7-rOJIOBKa CTpeJIHIOIII.erO Mexa-
    RM3Ma; 8-CTpeJIHIOIII.HH MexaHM3M: 9-Kpec-
    peHHlolO Tpy6y 3 npaKTHIIeCKH JIO; JO-onopHaH I1HTa CaMOJIeTa)))

    npeKpaIII.aeTCH B TOT M\"OMeHT,

    Kor.rr.a 3a.nHHH cpe3 3TOH Tpy6bI WilIH,lI.eT H3


    HapY)KHOH Tpy6bI.
    DpoII.ecc KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH JIeTIIHKa, CJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHO, aHaJIOrH-'
    qeH 06bIIIHOMY HBJIeHHIO BbICTpeJIa, TOJIbKO B OTJIHqHe OT apTHJIJIe-
    pHHCKHX CHC'FeM B HarneM CJIYIIae (T. e. KpeCJIO C JIeTlIH-
    \302\253CHapH,lI.\302\273

    KOM) ,lI.BH)KeTCH BMeCTe C KaMepOR H 3apH,n:OM


    \037CTOPOHY, npOTHBO-
    rrOJIO)KHYIO HCTeIIeHHIO ra30B H3 KaMepbI. KpoMe 'TOrO, rrpH KaTa-
    nYJIbTHpOBaHHH npaKTHqeCKH OTCYTCTByeT \037aBJIeHHe \037OpcHpOBaHHR
    5 1941 129)
    -Po, rrpH KOTOpOM HaqHHaeTC51 ,LLBHJKeHHe B
    \302\253CHap51,LLa\302\273. rrpHHHTOH ClI-
    CTeMe KaTarrYJIbTHpOBaHH51 KpeCJIO C JleTqHKOM HaqHHaeT ,LLBHJKeHHe
    B TOT MOMeHT, KOr,LLa ,LLaBJIeHHe ,LLOCTHrHeT BeJIHqHHbI PO, ,LL'OCTaTOqHOH
    ,LLJI51 rrpeO,lJ.OJIel-IHH CHJI KpeCJIa, T. e. rrpH PoF\037 G cos x. KaK nOKa3bI-

    BaIOT paCqeTbI, 3TO ,LLaBJIeHHe B CTpeJIHIOIII.HX Mexa'HH3Max HaMHoro


    MeHbIlle MaKCHMaJIbHoro.
    TaKHl\\tI_ 06pa30M, C TOqHOCTbIO, ,lJ.OCTaTOTi-
    HOH ,LLJI,51
    MOJKHO CqHTaTb, qTO B CTpeJIHIOIII.HX
    rrpaKTHKH, MeXaHH3l\\tlaX

    KaTarrYJIbTHpOBaHH51 JIeTqHKa PQ=O. l\\1.aKcHMaJIbHaH CKOpOCTb


    , ,LLJI51.
    ,LLBHJKeHHH KpeCJIa C JIeTqHKOM, xapaKTep HapaCTaHH51 CKOpOCTH, 3a-
    KOH pa3BHTHH ,lJ.aBJIeHH51 rropoxOBbIX ra30B, rreperpY3KH, ,LLeHcTBYIO-
    III.He Ha JIeTqHKa, paCCqHTbIBaIOTC51 rro 3aKOHaM BHYTpeHHeH 6aJIJIi1-
    CTHKH [1]..D03ToMY 3,LLeCb rrpHBe,lJ.eHbI TOJIbKO OCHOBHbIe I10H51THH
    H paCqeTHbIe <POPMYJIbI ,LLJI51 orrpe,LLeJIeHHH rreperpY3KH, HcrrbITbIBae-
    MbIe KaTarry:nbTHoH YCTaHoBKoH H qeJIOBeKOl\\tI, H CKOpOCTH ,LLBHJKeHI1H
    - .
    KpeCJIa.
    XOTH HBJIeHHe
    BbICTpeJIa OqeHb CJIOJKHbIH -
    rrpoIl..ecc, 3aBHcHlU,HH
    OT MHorHX, <paKTopOB H xapaKTepH3yeMbIH He60JIbIllOH rrpO,lJ.oJ1JKH'
    TeJIbHOCTbIO (TbICHqHble HJIH COTbIe ,lJ.OJIH ceKYH,lJ.bI),_ npHqeM C03,LLa:
    BaeMbIe rrpH 3TOM ,LLaBJIeHH51 H Tel\\tlrrepaTypbI OqeHb BeJIHKH, TeM He
    -MeHee rrpoII.eCC BbICTpeJIa cTa6HJIeH, 3aKOHOMepeH H yrrpaBJIHeM.
    B OCHOBe 3TOH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH H cTa6HJIbHOCTH JIeJKHT CBOHCTBO
    COBpeMeHHbIX KOJIJIOH,LLHbIX rropOXOB ropeTb3aKOHOMepHO rrapaJI-
    JIeJIbHbIMH CJIOHMH CO cpaBHHTeJIbHO He60JIblIlOH CKOpOCTbIO. I1c-

    rrOJIb3YH 3TO CBOllCTBO, MO)KHO yrrpaBJIHTb HBJIeHHeM BbICTpeJIa, T. e.


    TaK perYJIHpOBaTb rrpHTOK ra30B rrpH ropeHHH nopoxa B KaHaJIe CTBO-
    JIa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCJIOBHH
    \037apHJKaHHa,
    qT06bI rrOJIyqHTb HYJKHbIH
    3aKOH pa3BHTHH' ,lJ.aBJIeHHH H Tpe6yeMYIO HaqaJIbHYIO CKOpOCTb. 3TO
    oco6eHHO BaJKHO, TaK KaK He06xo,LLH'MO
    rrpH KaT\037rrYJIbTHpOBaHHH
    06eCrreQHTb ,lJ.OCTaTOqHOe rrpeBbIlIleHHe ,TpaeKTopHH ,lJ.BHJKeHHH KpeCJIa
    Ha,LL KHJIeM CaMOJIeTa, a B03HHKaIOIIJ:aH rrpH BbICTpeJIe rreperpY3Ka,
    \\
    . 3aBHCHIIJ:aH OT ,lJ.aBJIeHHH rropOXOBbIX ra30B, H CKOpOCTb Ha paCTaHHH
    rreperpY30K He ,LLOJIJKHbI rrpeBOCXO,LLHTb BeJIHqHH, rrpe,LLeJIbHO ,lJ.OrrYCTH-
    ')
    MbIX ,lJ.JIH qeJIOBeKa.

    4. 2. YPABHEHHSI KAT AnynbTHPOBAHHSI

    m Macca
    I1YCTb
    - KaTarrYJIbTHoi1 YCTaHOBKH, j
    - YCKopeHHe II.eHT-
    pa THJKeCTH KpeCJIa, P - pe3YJIbTHpYIOIII.aH ,lJ.aBJIeHHH rropoxOBbIX
    ra30B.
    CrrpOeKTl1pyeM JI.eHCTBYIDIll.He CHJIbI Ha OCb, ria paJIJIeJIbHYIO reo-

    MeTpHqeCKOH OCH CTpeJIHIOIII.ero MexaHH3Ma. DOJIyqHM \037

    mji
    === P - a CDS It. (4. 1)
    BeJIHqHHY P
    - CHJIY nopox\037BbIX ra30B - MOJKHO BbIpa3HTb KaI<
    r:rpoH3Be,LLeHHe ,LLaBJIeHHH Ha rrJIOIII.a,LLp:

    P==pF,
    r,lJ.e P
    - ,LLaBJIeHHe ra30B Ha rrJIOlII.a,lJ.H;
    e,LLHHHII.Y
    F - CeqeHHH
    nJIorn.a,LLb nOrrepeqHOrO CTpeJIHIOIIJ:ero MexaHH3Ma,
    . Ha KOTOPYIO' B ,lJ.aHHbIH MOMeHT ,lJ.ei1cTBYIOT ra3bI.)

    130)

    J)))
    .
    KaK HaKJIOHa no
    TaK yrOJI HanpaBJI5IIOIUl1X peJIbCOB, KOTOpbIM
    .lI.Bl1)KeTC5I KpeCJIO, K BepTl1KaJIl1 HeBeJIMK (15-20\302\260),
    TO cos X \037 1.
    ,B HallieM cJIyqae MbI npeHe6peraeM Cl1JIaMl1 TpeHl151, TaK KaK OHM

    MaJIbI no cpaBHeHl1lO \037paCCMaTpl1Bae\037bIMl1.


    Y CKOpeHl1eo j ==dV /dt, rJJ.e V - CKOp-OCTb JJ.Bl1)KeHl151 KpeCJIa no
    MO)KHO 3anHcaTb B BMJte:
    peJIbCaM. TorJJ.a ypaBHeHl1e CJIeJJ.YIOIII.eM

    dV
    m \302\260
    -===pF-.)
    dt
    l1JIl1)
    dV' dF
    -===g--g. a
    dt
    k
    0603Hat.IHTb 3 Ii Ha
    ECJIl1 lIepe neperpY3KY, ,lLeRcTBYIOIII.YIO KpeCJIO
    YP aBHeHl1e a
    11 P? BHYIO pF / G, TO nOJIYlIl1M JJ.Bl1)KeHl151 KpeCJI
    dV
    ==g(n-l). (4.2)
    dt

    MO)KHO l1CKJIlOlIl1Tb 113 ypaBHeHl151- (4. 2) BpeM5I t, YMHO)KHB 11'

    pa3JJ.eJIl1B JIeBYIO lIaCTb ypaBHeHl151 Ha dl, r.ll.e I - nYTb, npOXO,lLHMbIH

    LI,eHTpOM T5I)KeCTl1 KpeCJIa. TorJJ.a


    dV
    \\l \037g(n-l). (4.3)
    dl

    CKOpOCTb JJ.BI1)KeHl151 onpeJJ.eJIl1TC5I 113 rrpl1BeJJ.eHHoro


    KpeCJIa ypaB-
    HeHl151: \037CJIl1 rr\037Bapl1T.eJIbHO
    HaRTl1
    ,lLaBJIeHl1e nopOXOBbIX ra30B,
    JJ.eHCTBYIOIII.l1X Ha rropllIeHb CTpeJI51IOIII.ero MeXaH113Ma. 5YJJ.eM ClIl1-

    \037TaTb, lITO rrpl1 BbICTpeJIe OCHOBHa51 qaCTb 3Heprl1l1 rropOXOBbIX ra30B


    npeBpaIII.aeTC5I B Kl1HeTl1lIeCKYIO 3Heprl110 ,lLBl1)KeHl151 KpeCJIa.
    ECJIl1 0603HalIl1Tb Cpe.llHIOIO TenJIOeMKOCTb nopOXOBbIX ra30B .npM
    rrOCT05lHHOM 06neMe JJ.n51 TeMnepaTYpw ropeHHH nopoxa T 1 Qepe3
    C w 1, TO BHYTpeHH5I5I 3Heprl151 nopOXOBbIX ra30B Bblpa311TC5I <POPMYJIOH:

    =A
    \302\243} 'wlTl03.
    TaKoe KOJIl1qeCTBO 3Heprl1l1 -nepellIJIO 6bI B pa6QTY l(eJIl1KOl\\I, eCJII1

    \037bI TeMnepaTypa
    ra30B rrOH11311JIaCb JJ.9 a6COJIIOTHOrO HYJI5I. B JJ.eHCT-
    Bl1TeJIbHOCTl1 )Ke ra3bI rro Mepe JJ.Bl1)KeHl151 CHap5lJJ.a l1JIl1 KpeCJIa OX-
    JIa)KJJ.aIOTC5I JJ.O < T 1 11,
    TeMnepaTypbI T CJIeJJ.OBaTeJIbHO, cOJJ.epmaT
    3arrac HeI13paCXQJJ.OBaHHOH 3Heprl1l1, paBHbIH
    E\0372===AcwT03.
    -
    3JJ.eCb Cw cpeJJ.H5I5I TerrJIOeMKOCTb npl1 nOCT05lHHOM 06'beMe ,lLJI51
    TeMrrepaTypbI T. TenJIOeMKOCTb Cw MeH5IeTC5I He3HaJIl1TeJIbHO B 3aBl1-
    Cl1MOCTl1 OT
    TE;MnepaTypbI, 11 MbI MO)KeM rrpl1H5ITb - ee rrOCT05lHHOM ,lL.J151
    Bcero npOI.I.eCca BbICTpeJIa. _

    CJIeJJ.OBaTeJIbHO, 3Hepr1I5I, 3aTpalIeHHa51 K MOMeHTY BpeMeRH t 'Ha


    npl1paIII.eHl1e KI1HeTl1lIeCKOH 3Heprl1l1 KpeCJIa, 6YJJ.eT paBHa pa3HOCTH
    9HepruA: .
    -mV =(,4c
    2
    - -
    2
    w1
    T 1 ACwT) 03 i
    === Ac
    .)
    W
    0 3 i (T} T). (4.4)
    5.) 131)))
    113TepMO,lXHHaMHKH H3BeCTHO, qTO
    . / -R R
    Ac w = ==- , ( 4. 5))
    k-l e)

    T,lI.e- I!-
    - nOKa3aTeiIb a,lI.Ha6aTbI;

    R - ra3'O'Ba51 nOCT05lHHa5l;
    8=,k-l.)
    B 6aJIJIHCTHqeCKHX paCqeTaX 06blqHO npHHHMalOT 8=0,2.
    ,L(JI5I HCKJIIOQeHH5I H3 BbIpa)KeHH5I (4.4) TeMnepaTypbI BOCnOJIb-

    3Y\037MC51 ypaBHeHHeM COCT05lHH5I nopoxoBWX ra30B \037JI5I ,lI.aHHoro MO-


    MeHTa, COOTBeTCTBYIO\037ero cropeBllIeH QaCTH 3apH\037a 0 3 i:

    = RTO
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    neH.n.HKYJI5IpHO CKOpOCTH ero .n.BHmeHH5I.
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    QV 2
    j}1z===m z SI-,
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    HY, rOJIOBOH Ha3a.n.. , .

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    HH5I KpeCJIa K CKOpOCTH 3BYKa 'KapTHHa YCJIOmH5IeTC5I, H K03<P<PM-
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    148)))
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    IlpaKTHlIeCKH Cy MOLKHO CqHTaTb He 3aBHC5IlllHM


    .
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    Ma, COCT05lllla51 H3 CHJIbI H rrapbI, JJeLKaIII.HX B O.n.HOH nJIOCKOCTI1, MO-


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    pbIe H BCTaBJIHIOT B ypaBHeHHH CHCTeMbI (5. 16). 113 3THX ypaBHeHHH
    HaXO,lJ.HT MrHOBeHHbIe 3HaqeHHH npOH3BO,lJ.HbIX)

    dV dB

    dt' dt)

    BbI6I1paH HaCTOJIbKO MaJIbIH npOMe)KYTOK BpeMeHH 111ft, \\lTo6bI


    MO)KHO 6bIJIO npe,lJ.nOJIO)KHTb, llTO BeJIHqHHbI.. np\037OH3BO,lJ.HbIX OCTaIOTCH \\
    nOCTOHHHbIMH B 3TOM npOMe)KYTKe, MO)KHO nO,lJ.CqHTaTb npHpall(eHH5I
    napaMeTpOB I\037V, ,\037.e 3a BbI6paHHbIH ,lJ.OCTaTOqHO MaJIbIH npOMe}l{YTOK
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    KOTopbIe nOJIyqaIOT 3TH BeJIHqHHbI 3a ,lJ.aHHbIM npOMe)KYTOK BpeMeHH.
    3TH 3HaqeHH5t npHHHMaIOTC51 KaK HaqaJI'bHbIe ,lJ.aHHbIe CJIe,lJ.YlOlQerS
    npOMe)KYTKa BpeMeHH, H TaK 3TOT npOI.I.eCC nOBTopHeTCH CKOJIbKO
    yrO,lJ.HO pa3. _'
    TOqHOCTb MeTO,lJ.a qHCJIeHHOrO HHTerpi1poBaHHH TeM 60JIbrne, qeM
    MeHbrne npHHHTbIe npOMe)KYTKH BpeMeHH.)

    -
    At=OOSC
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    ,

    PMC. S. 13. TpaeKTopMM )J.BM:>KeHM5I \037eHTpa T5DKeCTM KaTa-


    MeTO)J.OM qMCJIeHHOrO MH\037
    nynbTHoM YCTaHoBKM, rronyqeHHW\037
    Ter pMpoBaHMH )J.JIH pa3nMQHbIX no <pop\037
    uHTepBaJIOB BpeMeHM
    MYJIaM (5.14) [H=0; Vc =1000 KM/q; m=160 Kf (O\037
    \037 160 Krc); Vo =20 M/c; %=20\302\260; (c x S)o=0,7; cyS=:
    / =-0,1])

    ,I:LJIH npe,lJ.BapHTeJIbHbIX paCqeTOB 06bI\037HO nOJIb3YIOTCH caMbIM


    npOCTbIM H3 H3BeCTHbIX MeTO,lJ.OB qHCJIeHHOrO HHTerpHpOBaHHH
    - Me-
    .
    TO,lJ.OM 3HJIepa.
    Ha
    pHC. 5. 13 npHBeAeHbI TpaeKTopHH A\037H)KeHHH I.I.eHTpa
    TSIJKe-
    CTH KpeCJIa, no.n.CqHTaHHbIe 3THM l\\teTO,lI,OM C pa3JIHtIHbFMH npoMe-
    )KYTKaMH BpeMeHH: \037t=O,Ol; 0,03; 0,05 C. 113 rpacpHKa qTO
    c:JIe,lJ.yeT,
    160)))
    Ha paCCT051HHH Xl = 19+ 15 M OT HaqaJIa BbI6poca KpeCJIa YMeHbIIIe-
    HHe npoMeLKYTKa BpeMeHH Ha 0,02 C .u.aeT nOHHLKeHHe TpaeKTop\037H

    ripHMepHo Ha 0,2 M. TI03TOMY B paCqeTaX TpaeKTopHH CJIe,lI.yeT ClIU-

    TaTb ,lI.OnycTHMbIM HHTepBaJI i1tHe 60JIee 0,02-0,03 c.)

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    PMC. 5 14. BJIMHHMe MHTerpMpoBaHMH


    MHTep\037aJIa Ha H3Me-
    HeHMe CKOpOCTM KpeCJIa no BpeMeHM [H -..:.....0; Vc =
    = 1000 KM/tJ; m= 160 Kr (G \037 160 Krc); Vo =20 M/C; x=
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    . ,
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    pOBaHMH .i1t Ha H3MeHeHMe CKOpOCTH KpeCJIa.)

    5. 8. nPH&nH>KEHHbIE CbOPMynbl AnSI onPEAEnEHHSI


    TPAEKTOPHH ABH)I(EHHSI KATAnynbTHPYEMOA YCTAHOBKH

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    BQPH, MOLKHO
    HHTerpHpoBaTb JIHllib MeTO,lI.OM qHCJIeHHOrO MHTerpHpo-
    BaHHH, \"HMeH 3a,lI.aHHble 3aBHCHMOCTM H3MeHeHMH K03<P<PMII.HeHTa cxS
    H cyS no CKOpOCTII (no qMCJIaM M) .
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    O,lI.HaKO, eCJIM B3HTb ypaBHeHHH B ynpOIII.eHHOM BH,lI.e
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    (5. 17))
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    ,
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    npOCTble BbIpaLKeHHH ,lI.JIH 3aBHCHMOCTH KOOp,lI.HHaT II.eHTpa THJKeCTH

    KpeCJIa OTHOCHTeJIbHO HenO,lI.BHJKHOH: CHCTeMbI ocei1 KOOp,lI.HHaT.


    KaK YKa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, H3MeHeHHe CKOpOCTH_,lI.BHLKeHHH KpeCJIa
    no TpaeKTopHH npHBe,lI.eT K H3MeHeHHIO K03<P<PHII.HeHTa conpOTHBJIe-
    HHH cxS. 3HaqeHHH K03<p<pH\037HeHTa nO,lI.'beMHOH: CHJIbI CyS B MeHbllIeH
    (1TeneHH 3aBHCHT qHCJIa 'M, Hero
    OT BJIHHHHeM B npe,lI.BapHTeJIbHbIX

    paCqeTaX MOLKHO npeHeOpeqb.


    B npHBe,lI.eHHbIX ypaBHeHHHX ,lI.BHLKeHHH He yqHTbIBaeTCH BpaIII.e-
    HHe K\037TanYJIbTHOH: YCTaHOBKH BOKpyr nOnepeqHOH: OCH, KOTopoe B
    .rr.eH:CTBHTeJIbHOCTH HMeeT MeCTO. BCJIe,lI.CTBHe BpaIII.eHHH H3MeHHIOTCH
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    MaJIbIH: npOMeLKYTOK BpeMeHH. 3a 3TO BpeMH yrOJI aTaKH KpeCJIa
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    c y $ He 3aBHCHlI(,HMH OT CKOpOCTH (qHCJIa M), H BpeMeHH, HeTpY,lI.HO
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    nYJIbTHOH: YCTaHOBKH H nOJIyqHTb flHaJIHTHqeCKHe BblpaLKeHHH ,lI.JI5I
    KOOp,lI.HHaT II.eHTpa THLKeCTH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BpeMeHH.
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    Ha HHTepeCYIOIII.eM Hac yqaCTKe KpHBOH: TpaeKTopHH MOLKeT npI1Be-,
    CTH K CYIII.eCTBeHHbIM OIliHOKaM. OCpe,lI.HeHHble 3HaqeHHH cxS H CyS
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    MY AJIH nOJIyqeHHH Y,lI.OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOH: ,lI.JIH npaKTHqeCKHX \037eJIeH
    TOqHOCTH paCqeTa B HeOO'JIbillOM HHTepBaJIe TpaeKTopHH ,lI.OCTaTOqHO
    npHl!H.Tb nOCTOHHHble no BpeMeHH 3HaqeHHH cxS H CyS, COOTBeTCTBY-
    IDIII.HeHX BeJIHqHHe B MOMeHT KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH KpeCJIa.
    BBe,lI.eM 0003HaqeHHH ,lI.JIH nOCTOHHHbIX BeJIHqHH

    CxSQ
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    k y-_ cySQ

    2m
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    dV _
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    HHTer\037OBaHHe ypaBHeHHfI (9.18a) OT P1\037 1,89pa .lI.O

    P2\";;:::; Pa nOCJIe nO,lJ.CTaHOBKM B HerO BeJIMqMHbI GYT.lI.OK


    no <popMYJTe
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    KpMTMqeCKOH OOJIaCTM:

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    Moro BpeMeHM na,lJ.eHM5I ,lJ.aBJIeHM5I B cKa<paH,lJ.pe. no M3BeCTHbIM fSl\\B
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    BYIDT 0 HeHOpMaJIbHOCT5IX: npaBaH


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    3Ha5I faRB =f (\037p) no <popMYJIaM (9.19) H (9.20), JIerKO nO,lJ.CQM-

    !aTb BeJIHqMHY YTeqKM nOJIeT8'. TIepeCqHTaTb


    ,lJ.JI51 JII060H BbICOTbI
    yreqKM, 3aMepeHHbIe B Ha3eMHbIX YCJIOBH5IX, Ha pa3JIMqHYIO BbICOTY
    MO:>KHO M 6e3 BbIqMCJIeHM5I faRB cJIe,lJ.YIOIII.HM o6pa30M. B03bMeM Ha-
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    L< 1,89 M Ha 60JIbIllOH BblCOTe L> 1,89. 3aMeHHM B <P O PMYJI8X


    Pa Pa
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    C01d 1 H Ha BbICOTe - MH,lJ.eKCOM 2.)

    332)))
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    eel + k xV H-t)
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    V
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    W;YlO H3 ,lJ.BYX qacTeM:)

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    r,lI.e
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    Tor,na)

    V
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    Onpe,lJ.eJIHM paCCTOHHI1e no OCH Xl, npOH,lJ.eHHOe KpeCJIOM .B OTHO-


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    HYIO CKOpOCTp KpeCJIa V x l' no BpeMeHH:)

    t t t
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    t
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    OTKY,lJ.a

    t 1_
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    { [ kXVHt) ]}

    DepeH,lJ.eM K orrpe,lJ.eJIeHHIO op,lJ.HHaTbI y. CocraBI1M BbIpa)KeHI1e


    ,)
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    dV y -
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    dt ( dt ) dt)

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    BblpaJKeHI1e .lI.JI5I a Haij,neM 113 BToporo ypaBHeHI151 (5. 19) :


    dB
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    TIOJJ.CTaBJI5I5I B aTO Bblpa)KeHlfe 3HaqeHI1e ,nJI5I V no cpopMYJIe,


    (5.20)\"\037 I1HTerpI1pY5I no t B npe,neJIax OT ,0 ,no t,
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    .)
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    ')
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    -
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    .

    AeJIeHI151 BepTI1KaJIbHOH: CKOpOCTH)


    -:;....
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    i\037\037\037\037-)
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    t2
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    B,paB
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    Puc. 5. 16. YrJIbI HaKJIOHa TpaeKTopMH KaTanYJIbTMpOBaHHH, onpe)J.e-


    JIeHHbIe no <popMYJIaM (5.23)
    - (5.25)

    I1HTerpHPY51 BblpalKeHHe )1)151 V y no BpeMeHH H npHHHMa51 BO BHH-


    MaHHe, tITO)

    t
    dt. 1
    == In(l+k.x V j);
    \037 k + k.x V Ht k.x W H
    o)

    t
    tdt t' ln (l +k.xVHt
    l_ ;
    S 1 + k.x V Ht k.x V H [ k.x V Ht ]
    o)

    t
    In (1 + \"kXVHt)dt [In(l +k X V H t)]2
    + ;
    \\... 1 + k.x V Ht 2k.xV H
    o)

    t
    t 2dt t2 t In (1 + kxVHt)
    \\
    ,
    J 1 + k.xVHt 2k x V H) 2 2
    k .x V H) [1-) k.x V Ht) ]
    o)

    \037\037H onpeAe\037eHHH KOOpAHHaTW y no\037yqHM \037OPMY\037Y

    g 't 1- In (1 +kXVHt)
    y===Vofcosx- Vocosx+ +
    ( 2k x VH ) [ kXVHt ]
    . 2
    In (1 + kXVHt) - L t2 .
    +
    ..2- k Y V2H t . ( 5.26 )
    2 { [ k.x V Ht ]} 4

    BblpalKeHHH, CT051IIJ.He B cK06Kax, MorYT 6bITb 3apaHee onpe-


    ,rr,eJIeHbI, Tor\037a \\JaCqeT TpaeKTopHH 6y\037eT CBe\037eH K BeCbMa ,npo-
    CTbIM '-
    onepaQH51M.
    ECJIH BblpalKeHH51 \037JIH e B351Tb no cpopMYJIaM (5.24) HJIH (5.25)t
    TO COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.He BbIpalKeHH51 \037JI51 op\037HHaT Tpa\037KTopHH y 6Y\037YT
    ')
    HMeTb BH\037

    166)))
    kY g'
    Y==VotcoSx- 'Vocosx-l,4 VH+\037 x
    ( kx 2 kXV H )
    ,
    x t 1
    - In (1 + kxV Ht)
    . .
    '- \037 0 ' 4k V2H -!-
    I
    L i2. ' ( 5. 27 )
    Y
    [ kxV Ht J 2 ( 2 )
    === V 0t cas x - cas x - -ky V H
    g - In(l +kXVHt)
    ,.
    y 0 +
    (V kx kXV H )t (1 k.xVHt ]
    (5. 28)
    TaK KaK op,l(HHaTbI y B a6COJIIOTHOH: H OTHOCHTeJIbHOH: CHCTeMax
    Koop,l(HHaT paBHW, TO ypaBHeHHH (5.22), (5.26), (5.27), (5.28)
    OI1HCbIBaIOT TpaeKTopHIO ,l(BHlKeHHH n.eHTpa THlKeCTH KaTanYJIbTHoll
    YCTaHOBKH OTHOCHTeJIbHO CaMOJIeTa.
    PaCqeTbI nOKa3bIBaIOT, qTO BblCOTa TpaeKTopHH, nO,l(CqHTaHHaH no
    rrpH6JIHlKeHHbIM ypaBHeHHHM npH x=== 10 M, OTJIHqaeTCH OT TpaeK-
    TOpHH, nO,l(CqHTaHHOH MeTO,l(OM qHCJIeHHOrO HHTerpHpoBaHHH ypaB-
    HeHHH: c ,i\\t===O,OI c, He 60JIee qeM Ha 0,15 M. YpaBHeHHH TpaeKTo\037
    (5.22) H (5.28) MOlKHO eIII.e ynpocTHTb\" eCJIH BblpalKeHHe
    p\037H

    In (1 +kXVHt))

    npe,l(CTaBHTb B BH,l(e pH,l(a

    (k X V H t}2 (k X V H t)3 _ (k XV H t)4


    In(l+k x V Ht)===k x V Ht- + +...
    I
    ,
    234)
    H OrpaHHqHTbCH ero nepBbIMH TpeMH IIJIeHaMH. 'Tor,l(a

    1 - In (1 + kxV Ht) _ 0 5 _ kxV Ht


    k x V H't
    \" 3
    kxv'\" Ht ( )
    H ypaBHeHHH ,l(JIH onpe,l(eJIeHHH TpaeKTopHH 6Y,l(YT

    2
    x 1 =V o tsin X+kXVH(VC\037 Vosin , ,..--..,.
    x)(O,5_
    ... ')
    kx\037Ht )t (j)
    \037)

    ===
    ky..
    V H - g - .Vo CDS X - kXVHt
    t2. \037
    Yl Votcos x+ kxV H /0,5
    ( kx kXV H ) l 3 )

    Ha pHC. 5. 17 rrYHKTHpHOH: JIHHHeft nocTpoeHa TpaeKTopHH, rroJIY\"


    qeHHaH no npH6JIHJKeHHbIM cpopMYJIaM (5. 29). TaM lKe CnJIOIIIHOH,
    JIHHHeH HaHeceHa TpaeKTopHH, onpe,l(eJIeHHaH qHCJIeHHbIM HHTerpH-
    pOBaHHeM ypaBHeHHH:. KaK BH,l(HO,
    ') paCxolK,l(eHHe TpaeKTOpHH: BeCbMa
    He3HaqHTeJIbHoe.

    5. 9. BnHSlHHE PA3nH\"IAbIX nAPAMETPOB


    HA TPAEKTOPHIO ABH>KEHHSI
    KATAnynbTHPYEMOrO KPEcnA

    XOTH perneHHH, rrOJIyqeHHbIe B npe,l(bI,l(YIII.eM pa3,l(eJIe, HeJIb3H Ha-


    3BaTb rrpOCTbIMI1, Bce lKe HMH y,l1.06Hee nOJrb30BaTbCH, Kor,l(\037 HYLKHO
    orrpe.rr.eJIHTb 06III.HH: xapaKTep TpaeKTopHH H BbIHBHTb BJIHHHHe

    OT.rr.eJIbHbIX rrapaMeTpOB Ha 'TpaeKTopHIO rrOJIeTa KpeCJIa.)

    167)))
    '\\)

    BbIllie cpOPMYJI CJIe,lI.yeT, qTO TpC;leKTOpH5I ,lI.BH-


    npHBe,lI.eHHbIX
    \302\245I3
    LKeHH51 II.eHTpa THLKeCTH KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoro KpeCJIa 3aBHCHT OT CKO-
    paCTH nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa B MOMeHT 1{aTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH V c, HaqaJIb'
    HOH CKOpOCTH KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH KpeCJIa Vo , a3p0,lI.HHaMHqeCKHX
    xapaKTepHCTHK KpeCJIa CyS, cxS, MaCCbI KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoH ycra-
    HOBKH H yrJIa HaKJIOHa HanpaBJI51IO\037HX peJIbCOB.)

    !I,M . I
    -) ---4-
    4-

    t
    J

    2
    'ItlCnettttoe ulimezpupoBatfue
    . !/pa8HetfUU
    - - - no nptlOl1l1JKeli1i6lM rpo\037MY/laM)
    I

    0 S) 70) 75') 20 x, M)

    PHC. 5. 17. TpaeKTopHH JJ.BHLKeHMH KaTanYJIbTHPyeMoH' YCTaHoBKH,

    rrOJIyqeHH\037e MeTOJJ.OM qMCJIeHHOrO HHTerpHpoBaHMH M no npH6JIM)KeH-


    HbIM [H =0; V c = 1000 KMjq; m= 160 Kr (0= 160 Krc);
    cpopMYJIaM
    V o =20 .M/c; c y S=-O,1 (c x S)o=O,7])

    . Bce 3TH BeJIHqHHbI .llJI5I pa3JIHqHbIX KpeCeJI ,lI.aLKe O,lI.HOrO H TOrO


    >Ke THna He OCTaIOTCH nOCTOHHHbIMH. HanpHMep, BCJIe,lI.CTBHe He3Ha-
    qHTe\037bHWX H3MeHeHHH COCTaBa nopoxa Hero TeMnepaTYpw
    H3Me-

    HHeTC5I HaqaJIbHaH CKOpOCTb KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH. A3p0,lI.HHaMHqe:


    CKHe CHJIbI H CHJIbI THLKeCTH\" KaTanYJIbTHOH YCTaHOBKH He OCTaIOTCH

    nOCTOHHHbIMH XOTH ObI BCJIe.llCTBHe pa3JIHQHOH MaCCbI H pOCTa JIeT-

    QHKOB.

    KOHCTPYKTOPy BaLKHO 3HaTb, KaK BJIH5IIOT pa3JIHQHble napaMeT-


    ,lI.BH)KeHHH KpeCJIa, Ha ee BbICOTYt
    pbl, onpe,lI.\037JIHIOIIlHe TpaeKTopHIO
    Kor,lI.a KpeCJIO npOJIeTaeT Ha,lI.., KHJIeM CaMOJIeTa. TIpH 3TOM BaLKHO
    He TOJIbKO 3HaTb KaQeCTBeHHYIO CTOPOHY, HO H YMeTb OII.eiIHTb PbICTpO
    H C ,lI.OCTaTOQHOH CTeneHbIO TOQHOCTH H KOJIHQeCTBeHHoe H3MeHeHH\342\202\254'

    BbICOTbI PaCCMOTpHM BJIHHHHe 3THX napaMeTpOB Ha Tpa-


    TpaeKTopHH.
    eKTopHIO ,lI.BHLKeHHH KpeCJIa.)

    BnHJlHHe CKopocrH non era caMonera

    OqeBH.llHO, C YBeJIHQeHHeM CKOpOCTH nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa npH Ka-


    TanYJIbTHpOBaHHH conpOTHBJIeHHe KaTanYJIbTHPyeMoH yCTaHoBKH oy-
    ,lI.eT HHTeHCHBHO B03paCTaTb nponop\037HOHaJIbHO YBeJIHQeHHIO KBa,lI.paTa
    H k, YQHTbIBaIOIU,eMY BJIHHHHe QHC.na lVi.
    CKOpOCTH K03cpcpH\037HeHTY
    CJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHO, C YBeJIHQeHHeM CKOpOCTH nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa npH Ka-
    TanYJIbTHpOBaHHH ,lI.JI5I O,lI.HOrO H Toro LKe MOMeHTa BpeMeHH nepeMe-

    '168)))
    \037
    Ill.eHHe KpeCJIa B CTOpOH)' KHJIH CaMOJIera 6Y,lI.eT YBeJIHqHBaTbCH, Bpe-
    MH npOXOlK,lI.eHHH ,lI.HCTaH\037HH OT TOqKH BbI6poca KpeCJIa ,lI.Q KHJIH-

    YMeHbIllaTbCH; a BbICOTa TpaeKTopHH KpeCJIa npH nepeJIeTe qepe3


    KHJIb
    - nOHHlKaTbCH.
    KpoMe Toro, npH OTpH\037aTeJIbHOM K03cpcpH\037HeHTe nO,lI.'beMHOH CH-
    JIbI KpeCJIa YBeJIHqeHHe CKOpOCTH
    nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa 6Y,lI.eT cnoc06CT-
    BOBaTb YBeJIHqeHHID C?TpH\037aTeJIbHOH nO,lI.'beMHOH CHJIbI H, CJIe,lI.OBa-
    TeJIbHO, CYIII.eCT\037eHHO nOHHlKaTb TpaeKTopHIO, HeCMOTpH Ha YMeHb-
    rneHHe BpeM\037HH ,lI.eHCTBHH YKa3aHHbIX.CHJI, B TeqeHHe KOToporo Kpec-
    JIO ,lI.OJIeTaeT ,lI.0 KHJIH.
    Ha pHC. 5.18 nOKa3aHbI rpa<pHKH Tp'aeKTopHH. KaTanYJIbTHpye-
    Moro KpeCJIa npI1 CKOpOCTHX nOJIeTa Cal'{lOJIeTa' V c = 800; 900; 1000;
    \\037:\"-1100 H 1200 KM/q, H3 KOTOpbIX MOlKHO COCTaBHTb npe,lI.CTaBJIeHHe 0,
    \037'.
    CTeneHH nOHHlKeHHH TpaeKTopHH C H3l\\rIeHeHHeM CKOpOCTH' nOJIeTa c,a-_
    .\037:)
    MOJIeTa V c npH KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH.' ,)

    \037.)

    '. /,11'

    5
    900
    ---
    7000
    \"
    --
    1100
    ---
    V = 7200
    c
    J
    t - tJ,Jc /(111'/
    \\)

    \"-

    0) 5) 10) 15) 20 xJ M)

    PHC. 5. J8. TpaeKTopHH \037eHTpa T5!)KeCTH KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoro


    KpeCil1a )J.JI5I pa3JIH4HbIX CKopocTeM nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa (H =0)')

    Ha 5. 19 npHBe,lI.eHbI BbICO,TbI TpaeKTopHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT


    pHC.
    OT Ka6H-
    CKOpOCTH n\037JIeTa CaMOJIeTa npH pa3JIHqHWX paccToHHHHX
    RbI ,lI.0 KHJIH.
    AHaJIH3 npHBe,lI.eHHbIX
    3aBHCHMOCTeH nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO eCJIH np.H-
    'HHTb BbICOTY TpaeKTopHH npH CKOpOCTH
    nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa 1000 KM/q
    %
    3a e.llHHH\037Y (HJIH 100 ), TO CTe!}eHb H3MeHeHHH BbICOTbI TpaeKTO-
    H3MeHeHHeM
    P\302\273HC CKOpOCTH nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa MOlKeT 6WTb \037pe,lI.-

    CTaBJIeHa B BH,lI.e rpa<pHKa (pHC. 5.20), r,lI.e no OCH a6c\037Hcc OTJIO-

    , :tKeHbI CKOpOCTH nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa, a. no OCH op,lI.HHaT - OTHOCHTeJIb-

    HaH BbICOTIl TpaeKTopHH npH HCXO,lI.HOH 1000 KM/q. CKOpOCTM V c=


    .
    '113 rpacpHKa CJIe,lI.yeT, qT{) C YBeJIHqeHHeM CKOpOCTH nOJIeTa ca-.
    MOJIeTa CTeneHb nOHHlKeHH'5I TpaeKTopHH YMeHbtllaeTCH. ECJIH npH

    YMeHbIll\037HHH CKOpOCTH nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa Ha 200 KM/q, T. e. V c =

    t. 169)
    ;;e.<
    't'\037b
    i& '0),0')))
    %
    -== 800 BblCOTa TpaeKTOpI1I1 YBeJIMqI1BaeTC5I
    KM/q, rrpI1MepHO Ha 35
    \037OTHOCI1TeJIbHO BbICOTbI TpaeKTOpI1I1 rrpI1 V c === 1000 KM/q), TO rrp:n
    YBeJII1QeHI1I1' CKOpOCTI1 Ha 200 KM/q, T. e. rrpI1 V c = 1200 KM/1J, BblCOTa
    Ha 20 0/0.
    Tpae\037TOpI1I1 YMeHbIIIaeTcH \037OJIbKO

    BnHSlHHe M8CCbl K8T8nynbTHpyeMoH YCT8HOBKH

    C I13MeHeHHeM Maccw KaTanYJIbTI1pyeMoA YCTaHOBKI1 C00TBeTCT-


    BeHHO I13MeH5leTCH ero KI1HeTI1qeCKa5l 3HeprI1H B HaqaJIbHbIA MOMeHT)

    !I,M
    8

    7 - 01
    y, 10)
    5
    7[fO)
    5

    4 110)
    = 40 M
    J
    20 90)
    75
    2
    X=5M)
    70)
    1
    o 800 .900 7000 1700 1200 1300 V.. I(M / I{ BOO 900 1000 1100 VC,KI1/CI)
    Cl')

    PHC. 5. 19. 113MeneHMeBbIeOTbI Tpa- PMe. 5. 20. CTerreHb M3MeHeHMH


    eKTopHH \037eHTpa T5DKeCTM KaTanYJIb- TpaeKTopHM KpeCJIa C M3MeHeH\037-

    TMpyeMoro KptCJIa OT eKOpOCTH eM CKOpOCTM nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa)


    nO,,1eTa CaMOJIeTa' npM pa3JIMQHbI '{
    3HaQeHMHX a6c\037MccW TpaeKTopHH
    (H =0'))

    !I,M) m =200 If a
    780
    4-) 750
    -..) 740 j I
    m=l20.\037 ,)
    J)
    1;=-O,Jc)
    '\\)
    2)

    7)

    IJ) s) 70) 75) 20 X,!of)

    PHC. 5.21. BJIMHHMe H3MeHeHMH MaCCbI KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoH YCTa-


    HOBKM H3 BbICOTY TpaeKTopMM (H = 'J; V c = 1000 KMj4))

    HaqaJIbHOA CKOpOCTH KaTarrYJIb-


    BpeMeHI1 rrpI1 YCJIOBI1I1 COXp\037HeHI1H

    TI1pOBaHI1H. D03TOMY .lI.JIH o,lI.HoA'I1 TO A me HaqaJIbHOA CKOpOCTI1 Ka-

    TarrYJIbTI1pOBaHI1H KpeCJIO C 60JIbIIIeA MaccoA 6Y,lI.eT I1MeTb 60JIee

    170)))
    BbICOKYlO TpaeKTOpMlO. KpoMe TOrO, BCJIe,n:CTB-Me YBeJIMqeHMH MHeplI. MH
    '
    KpeCJIa YBeJIMqMBaeTCH BpeMH, npOXOLK,n:eHMH KpeCJIOM nYTM ,n:O KMJI51
    CaMOJIeTa.
    Ha pMC. 5.21 npMBe,n:eHbI TpaeKTOpl1M ,lI.JIH pa3JIMqHbIX 3HaqeHMH
    MaCCbI KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoH ,n:JIH nOJIeTa
    YCTaHOBKM CKOpOCTM
    CaMOJIeTa V c = 1000 KM/q Y 3eMJIM.
    113 rpacpMKa BM,lI.HO, HanpMMep, qTO KpeCJIO MaCCOH 120 Kr npo-
    JIeTaeT ,n:o KMJIH ,lI.McraHQMlO 15 M 3a 0,3 c, a KpeCJIO MaccoH 20'0 Kr
    3TY LKe ,n:MCTaHlI.MlO npOJIeTaeT npMMepHo 3a 0,36 c.
    O,n:HaKo, HecMoTpH Ha YBeJIMqeHMe BpeMeHM npOXOLK,n:eHMH Kpec.
    JIOM nYTI1 ,n:o KMJIH npMMepHo Ha 0,06 C M BCJIe,n:CTBMe 3Toro 60JIb-
    Illero ,lI.eHCTBMH OTpHlI.aTeJIbHOH nO,lI.'beMHOH CMJIbI M CMJIbI THLKeCTH
    KpeCJIa Ha nOHMLKeHMe TpaeKTopMM,
    BbICOTa TpaeKTopMM C YBeJIMqeHMeM
    MarCbI KpeCJIa YBeJIMqMBaeTCH. !I, %
    AHaJIM3 KpMBbIX nOKa3bIBaeT
    110
    TaKLK\037, qTO npM YMf:HbIlleHMM MaCCbI

    KaTanYJIbTMpyeMoro KpeCJIa Ha 100


    20 Kr BI:>IcoTa TpaeKTopMM COOTBeT-

    CTBeHHO M3MeHHeTCH' npMMepHo Ha .90


    0,3 M. TIPM\" ,3TOM CJIe,n:yeT MMeTb
    B BM,lI.Y, qTO no Mepe ,n:aJIbHeHIllero /lO
    100 150) 200
    MaCCbI m,lrZ)
    YBeJIHqeHMH KpeCJIa npMpOCT
    BbICOTbI TpaeKTopMM He, OCTaeTCH
    PHC. 5.22. CTeneHb H3MeHeHHH BbI-
    nOCTOHHHbIM, a HeCKOJIbKO YMeHb\" COTbI TRaeKTopHH \037BH)KeHHH KpeCJIa
    III a eTCH. C JIeTQMKOM H3MeHeHHH Maccw
    rrpH
    ECJIM 3a MCXO,n:HYIO TpaeK'PopMIO KaTanYJIbTHOH YCTaHoBKH (H =0;
    V c = 1000
    KM/lI))
    J33HTb TpaeKTopMIO, COOTBeT'CTBYIO-

    III.YIO Macce KpeCJIa 160 Kr, TO CTe-


    neHb ,M3MeHeHM\037 BbICOTbI TpaeKTopMR ABM)KeHM\037 KpeCJIa npH M3M\"e-
    ,
    HeHI1M ero MaCCbI MOLKHO npe,n:CTaBMTb B BRAe KpMBOH Ha pMC. 5. 22.
    113 rpacpMKa BM,n:HO, qTO npM YBeJIHqeHMM MaCCbI KpeCJIa Ha 40 Kr,

    T. e. Ha 25%, BblCOTa TpaeKTopMM YBeJIMqMBaeTCH npMMepHo Ha 14,%,


    a npM YMeHbIlleHMH MaCCbI Ha 40 Kr TpaeKTopMH nOHMLKaeTC>1 npM-
    MepHo Ha 16 %.)

    BnHSlHHe K03c1JclJHu.HeHTa
    no60Boro conpOTHBneHH.s( Kp\037Cna)
    I .
    Ha pMC. 5. 23 npMBe,n:eHbI
    TP9-eKTopHM ,lI.BMLKeHMH KpeCJIa ,n:JI5I
    Tpex 3HaqeHMH K03cpcpMlI.MeHTOB JI060BOro conpOTMBJIeHMH npH CKO-
    POCJM nOJI\037Ta CaMOJIeTa V c = 1000 KM/q Y 3eMJIM. 113 rpacpMKa CJIe-
    lI.yeT, qTO K03cpcpMlJ,MeHT conpOTMBJIeHMH CxS OKa3bIBaeT CYI..I1,eCTBeH-
    Hoe BJIMHHMe Ha BWCOTY TpaeKTopMM \037eHTpa TH\037eCTH KaTanYJIbTH\037
    PyeMoro KpeCJIa JIMIllb npM ,n:OCTaTOqHOM ero M3MeHeHMM. TaK, HanpH-
    Mep, eCJIM npMHHTb 3a MCXO,n:HYIO TpaeKTopMIO COOTBeTCTBYlOI..U.YlO
    CxS = 0,7, TO YMeHbIlleHMe K03<pcpMlI.MeHTa conpOTMBJIeHIIH Ha

    171)))
    A (cxS)
    '= 0,2, T. e. Ha 28,5 nOBbIIllaeT Ha 0,35 T. e.
    0/0, TpaeKTopMlO M,
    0
    HCl 9,6 /0 npH Xt= 10 M.
    DpH 60JIbIllHX 3HaQeHHHX Xi .a6COJIlOTHble 3HaqeHHH npHpalIl.eHHH
    BbICOTbI TpaeKTOpHH j\037Yi He3HaqHTeJIbHO YMeHbIllaJOTCH.
    YBeJIMqeHHe K03cpcpHlJ,HeHTa COnpOTHBJIeHHH Ha0,2 nOHHLKaeT
    TpaeKTopHIO Ha 0,3 M, T. e. Ha 8,25 0/0. CJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHO, npM KaTa-
    nYJIbT\037pOBaHHH Ha CKOpOCTH I10JIeTa CaMOJIeTa Vc === 1000 KM/q YBe-
    JIHqeHMe (HJIH YMeHbIlleHHe) K03cpcpHlJ,HeHTa JI060BOFO conpOTHBJIe-
    HH\037
    Ha 10'0/0 nOHHLKaeT (HJIH nOBbIIllaeT) BbICOTY TpaeKTopHH npu
    Xl = 10M npHMepHo Ha 3 % .)

    -
    !I,M) (CXS),,=o,S
    7)

    4)

    J)

    2)

    1)

    o) 5) 10) 75) X,M)

    \\
    PHC. 5. 23,. 3aBHcHMoCTb TpaeKTopHH ABH)KeHHH KpeCJIa OT
    H3MeHeHHH K03\037<pHn.HeHTa JI060BOro conpOTHBJIeHH5I
    [H=O; m=160 Kr (0=160 Krc); V c =1000 KM/q; Vo =
    =20 M/C; %=20\302\260; cyS= -0,1])

    DpM. YBeJIHqeHHH CKOpOCTH nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa BbICOTa TpaeKTOpHl1


    npH O,lI.HHaKOBOM H3MeHeHHH K03cpcpHlJ,HeHTa JI060BOro conpOTHBJIe-
    _ HMH HeCKOJIbKO YMeHbIllaeTCH. AHaJIH3 BJIHHHHH H3MeHeHHH K03cpcpn-
    lJ,HeHTa JI060BOro conpOTHBJIeHHH Ha TpaeKTopHIO ,lI.BHLKeHHH KaTa-
    nYJIbTHPyeMoH YCTaHOBKH npH pa3JIHqH\037X H3MeHeHHHX ee Maccw
    nOKa3aJI, qTO Macca KpeCJIa B ,lI.Mana30He B03MOLKHoro ee M3M\037HeHHH
    .. .
    npaKTHqeCKH He BJIHHeT Ha xapaKTep H3MeHeHHH BWCOTW TpaeKTO-
    pHH npH M3MeHeHMH cxS.
    113 H3JIOLKeHHOro CJIe,lI.yeT, qTO M3MeHeHHe K03\"cpcpHlJ,HeHTa JI060BO-
    ro conpOTHBJIeHHH KpeCJIa B -,lI.Hana30He B03MOLKHbIX OllIH6oK npM era
    onpe,lI.eJIeHHH H\037 CYlIl.eCTBeHHO npH OlJ,eHKe BbICOTbI
    TpaeKTopHH.
    BCJIe.rr.CTBMe 3Toro ,lI.JIH BbIBO,lI.a npM6JIHLKeHHOH CPOPMYJIbI nonpaBKH
    Ha BbICOTY TpaeK1'OpHH l1y, BbI3BaHHOH H3MeHeHMeM cxS, MOLKHO
    BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH caMbIM ynpOlIl.eHHbIM ypaBHeHHeM TpaeKTopHH)

    \037 va 4mX1 CyS _ Q


    YI-- 2
    . Xl. ( 5. 30))
    V c V CxSQ. - c\037S Vc

    +(
    C x So-
    \037
    2) )
    172)))
    \037
    ,aMcpcpepeH\037MPYSI 3TO y paBHeHMe 110 CxS, nOJIyqMM

    aYI\" -V o / 4mx 1 0
    Vc
    w
    \037(c x S)-3/2- c Y s-
    2
    x1
    a (cxS) V Q 2 (c xS)2 v
    .
    Q\037
    [ . 2) ]
    MJIM, nepeXO,lI.SI K KOHeqHbIM npMpameHHSIM,
    -V o .. 1
    !1\0371 = j mX I
    (C x S)-3
    f2 _
    euS-\302\243.
    \\
    Xl' (5.31)
    \037
    (cxS) Vc V Q (c x S)2 ( _
    QV\037)
    \\ \037/
    3TO Bblpa)KeHMe npe.lI.CTaBJISIeT C060H npMpam,eHMe BbICOTbI Tpa-
    , eKTopMM Ha e,lI.MHM\037y M3MeHeHMSI K03cpcpM\037MeHTa conpOTMBJIeHHSI.
    113 cpOPMYJIbI
    \302\267 (5. 31) BM,lI.HO, qTO BeJIMqMHa nonpaBKM .\037!J MMe-
    \037(cxS)

    eT MaKCMMYM npM Onpe,lI.efIeHHOM 3HaqeHMM Xl.


    ,aMcpcpepeH\037MPYSI npaBYlO qaCTb ypaBHeHMSI (5.31) no Xl H npH-

    paBHSIB nOJIyqeHHOe Bb\037pa)KeHMe HYJIIO, nOJIyqMM

    \037
    Vo I j m 1 0
    (C x .S)-3/2 \037
    + \037\037ys- =0, (5. 32))
    2 V c V Q -VXl (c x S)2 QV\037
    - . .
    \302\267 ( \\ 2) )
    OTKY,lI.a)

    QV\037
    cxS
    V6 m
    -
    - 1 2, BH
    Xl
    = V 2
    ( 5. 33))
    8)
    om 2 8 (PH
    -
    Q V2 0)2)
    0)
    cyS
    ( -f- )
    MJIM)

    -- v5 Quia
    x 1
    - (5. 34)
    8g (PH/G 1)2

    113 cpOPMYJIbI. (5. 31) BM,lI.HO, qTO npM YBeJIMqeHMM Xi BeiIMqMHa


    -
    \037y
    Me,lI.JIeHHO YMeHblilaeTCH. TI pM YMeHbllIeHMM CKOpOCTM nOJIeTa
    \037(c xS)
    \037!J
    CaMOJIeTa V c 3HaqeHMe YBeJIMqMBaeTCH.
    \037(cxS)

    BnHJlHHe K03qJqJHUaHeHTa ndA'beMHOH CHnbl

    ;t. 'TIpH OTpM\037aTeJIbHOH nO,lI.-beMHOH CMJIe YBeJIMqeHMe K03cpcpMI\037MeHTa


    CyS BbI3bIBaeT YBeJIMqeHMe a6COJIlOTHOH BeJIMqMHbI 3TOH CMJIbI, qTO
    Be,lI.eT
    .
    K nOHM)KeHMlO TpaeKTopMM ,lI.BM)KeHMSI KpeCJIa\037
    Ha pMC. 5. 24 ,lI.aHbI TpaeKTopMM ,lI.JISI Tpex
    3\"aqeHMH cyS: cyS = 0;
    cy ,()=-O,05; cyS=--=-O, 1.' TaK KaK npOXO,lI.MMbIM Kpec.lIoM
    nYTb, no
    OCM X, B nepBOM npM6JIM)KeHMM He 3aBMCMT OT nO.lI.'beMHOH CM&lIbI, TO

    173)
    \037)))
    BpeMH t, B Te4eHMe KOTOpOrO KpeCJIO npOJIeTMT 3a,lI.aHHYIO ,lIJICTaH-

    U,111O npl1 pa3JII14HbIX 3Ha4eHI1HX CI1JIbI,


    K03cpcpl11I.I1eHTa nO,lI.'beMHOH

    OCTaeTCH HeI13MeHHbIM. BCJIe,lI.CTBl1e 3TOrO nO,lI.'beMHaH CI1JIa, HanpaB-


    JIeHHaH no OCI1 y, npaKTI14eCKI1 BbI3bIBaeT CMeIIl.eHI1e TpaeKTOp1111
    rOJIbKO no 3TOH OCI1.
    \302\245I3
    rpacpl1Ka BI1,lI.HO, 4TO CMelll.eHl1e TpaeKTOp1111 npl1 113MeHeHI111
    CyS CI1JIbHO 3aBI1CI1T OT paCCTOHHI1H, Ha KOTOpOM HaXO,lI.I1TC5I KpeCJIO
    B ,lI.aHHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHI1 OT MeCTa KaTanYJIbTl1pOBaHI1H. H-anpl1-
    Mep, Ha paCCTOHHl111
    5 M nOHI1LKeHl1e ,BbICOTbI TpaeKTOp1111 BCJle,lI.CTBl1e)

    !I,M
    0

    0 5 70 7..' X,M)

    PHC. 5.24. 3aBHcHMoCTb TpaeKTopHH ,lI.BH)KeHH5I KaTanYJIbT-


    HOM OT H3MeHeHHH K03<ptHlI.HeHTa nO,lI.'beMHOM CH\037
    YCTaHoBKH
    JIbJ [H =0; m= 160 Kr (G \037 160 KI c); V c = 1000 KM/1J; V o =
    =20 M/C; x=20\302\260 (c. x S)o=O,7])

    YBeJIH4eHI1H OTpl1lI.aTeJIbHOrO 3Ha4eHI1H CyS Ha 0,05 paBHO rrpl16JII1-


    311TeJIbHO 0,23 M, a Ha-paCCTOHHI1I1 15 M \037y=== 0,65 M.
    B rrpe,lI.Bapl1TeJIbHWX pac4eTax rrpl1 113MeHeHI111 K03cpcpl11I.I1eHTa

    CI1JIW K ,lI.JlH 3a,lI.aHHOrO MO-


    nO,lI.'beMHOH rrorrpaBKY TpaeKTOp1111 \037y
    MeHTa BpeMeHI1, 4TO COOTBeTcTByeT 3a,lI.aHHOH a6ClI.MCCe XI, MOLKHl
    fIOJIY411Tb 113 rrpl16JII1LKeHHOH cpOPMYJIbI ,lI.JIH BbICOTbI TpaeKTOp1111

    g In(l+kxVHt)
    y=Votcosx- Vocosx+ t l\037 +
    . , ( 2k x V H ) [ kXVHt ]

    V H2 t 2 I n (1. + kx V H t) _ 2
    _ -L t 2 .
    + ky ( 5. 35))
    2 [ kXVHt ] 4)

    rro cyS, rrOJIY411M


    ,[{l1cpcpepeHlI.l1PYH

    1 '
    iJy
    = dk y
    2 [1n(1+kxVHt\0372
    ocyS 2k
    x d(cyS))

    174)))
    HJIM, nepeXO.lI.H K KOHeqHbIM npMparneHMHM,)
    ,
    1 Q
    \037== [In (1 +k X V Ht)]2 ( 5. 36))
    2 2m
    flc y S) 2k x)

    ConOCTaBJIeHMe BeJIMqHH l1y; nOJIyqeHHbIX no npMOJIM/KeHHOH

    \037opMYJIe H MeTO.lI.OM qHCJIeHHOrO MHTerpHpOBaHHH ypaBHeHMH .lI.BH-


    m:eHHH .lI.JIH cyS=O; c y S=-O,05; cyS=-O,I, nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO cpop-
    MYJIa (5. 36) .lI.aeT BnOJIHe .lI.OCTaTOqHYlO TOqHOCTb.
    ECJIH p.a3JIOLKMTb In (1 + kx VHt) B pH.lI.

    In ( l + k x V Ht ) ==k x V Ht-\037k2V2t2x H + \037k3V3t3


    x H + ...
    2 3 -.)

    H OrpaHHqMTbCH nepBbIMM .lI.BYMH qJIeHaMM pH.lI.a\037 TO 6Y.lI.eM MlVIeTb _

    2
    . [In (1 + kx V Ht)]2== k;V;t [1- kxV Ht].)
    ,-

    Ilo.lI.cTaBJIH51 'B ypaBHeHHe (5. 36), nOJIyqHM

    2
    flU ' Qv H
    ==:: \037 2 \037 .
    t [l-kxVHt] 37))
    fl(cyS) 22m) (5.

    113 3TOrO BblpaLKeHHH .C.Jle.lI.yeT, qTO nonpaBKa Ha BbICOTY TpaeK-


    TOpHM npM M3MeHeHMM CyS B nepBYlO 04epe.lI.b 3aBMCHT OT CKOPOCT-
    HOrO Hanopa'M BpeMeHM (T. e. a6CI.I.HCCbI Xl) M BO BTOPYlO oqepe.lI.b
    -
    'OT kx.)

    BnHJlHHe yrna HaKnOHa HanpaBnJlIO\037HX penbCOB)

    Ha pHC. 5. 25 npHBe.lI.eHbI Tp'aeKTopHM .lI.JIH Tpex pa3JIMqHbIX yr-


    JIOB x. 113 rpacpHKOB CJIe.lI.yeT, qTO YBeJIHqeHHe yrJIa x BbI3bIBaeT no-)

    fo) l)
    0
    !I,M) x =70
    20\302\260
    ...,.\"0
    4-) J:.J)

    J)

    g)

    1) CI)

    o) 5) 10) 75) X,M)

    PHC. 5. 25. BJIHHHHe yr JIa HaKJIOHa H3rrpaBJIHIOlJ!ijIX peJIbCOB J{


    BepTHKaJIH Ha TpaeKTopHIO JI.BH)KeHHH - KpeCJIa [V c = 1000 KM/1J;
    V o =20 M/C; (c x S)o=0,7; (cyS) cp -----0,1; m= 160 Kr (0=
    = 160 Krc); \037t= 0,03 c])

    I\037:\"-.') 175)
    \"\"
    ';J..
    \037};-::)))
    HH:>KeHHe BbICOTbI TpaeKTOpHH, npHtleM npH B03paCTaHHH yrJIa x cre-
    neHb n0I:IHJKeHHH
    BbICOTbI TP aeKTopHM He OCTaerCH -- nOCTOHHHOH,

    a CYIlI.eCTBeHHO B03paCTaeT._
    B npaKTHqeCKHX paCqeTaX nonpaBKY K TpaeKropHH \037Y, BbI3BaH-

    HYlO H3MeHe-HHeM yrJIa x, MO)KHO nOJIyqHTb H3 npH6JIH)KeHHOrO ypaB-


    HeHHH TpaeKTopHH KpeCJIa, BblqHTaH H3 O,lI.HOro 3HaqeHHH opAHHaTbJ
    ApytHe.
    0603HaQHM qepe3 Yl BbICOTY TpaeKTOpI1H, COOTBeTCTBYlOllI.YlO nep-
    a qepe3 - H3MeHeH-
    BOHaqaJIbHOMY , yrJIY Xi, Y2 -
    COOTBeTCTBYlOllI.YlO

    HOMY yrJIY X2. Tor,lI.a pa3HOCTb 3THX Op,lI.HHaT H 6Y,lI.eT COCTaBJIHTb


    HCKOMYlO nonpaBKY \037Y= Y1
    - Y2 ,lI.JIH 3a,lI.aHHOr,O 3HaqeHHH BpeMeHH.

    === - === V - cas X


    6.Y Y1 Y2 ot (cos Xl 2 )_.

    - In ( 1 + k xV Ht)
    VAt v 1- . (
    COSX 1 -COSx) 2 ,)
    [ kxV Ht J
    T. e.-)
    In ( 1 + k x V Ht ) - cos
    6.Y === V ot (cas xl X2
    ).
    [ kx V Ht ]
    .
    . In (1 + k xV H t) -
    Pa3JIaraH BbIpa)KeHHe B pH,lJ.
    Ii OrpaHHqHBaHCb nep-
    kxV Ht
    BbIM-H ,lI.BYMH qJIeHaMH p5I,lI.a, nOJIyqHM.

    tJ.y ='V ot 1- (COS Xl -,COS X


    2 ). (5. 38)
    [ kX\037Ht 1

    Pa3HOCTb KOCHHYCOB MO)KHO 3a\"nHcaTb B BH,lI.e)

    , \"/..
    1 + \"/..2 Xl -- \"/...
    cas cas X2 === - 2sin sin 2
    )(1-
    > 2 2)

    \"/..1 + \"/...2 \"/..1


    - \"/..2
    === _ 2 === \037 y'2 _ )(2 .
    ( 1)
    . 2 2 2 2\037

    TaKHM 06pa30M, npH6JIH)KeHHOe BbIpa)KeHHe ,lI.JIH \037Y 6Y,lI.eT I1MeTb


    B H,lI.)

    6.Y ==\037 Vot 1- kXVHt


    (x\037- xi): ( 5. 39))
    2 [ - 2) ]

    BnHJlH_He
    Ha'lanbHOH CKOpOCTH KaTanynbTHpoBaHHJI
    C H3MeHeHHeM HaqaJIbHOH CKOpOCTH KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH MeHHeT-
    CH HaqaJIbHbIH HMnYJIbC KpeCJIa. TI03TOMY npH HeH3MeHH9H Macce
    -KpeCJIa TpaeKTopHH ero ,lI.BH)KeHHH npH YBeJIHqeHHH HaqaJIbHOH CKO-

    KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH 6YJIeT IIOBbfInaTbCH.


    pOCTH
    KpoMe Toro, TaR KaK COCTaBJI5IIOIIla51 HaLJaJIbHOH CKOpOCTH KaTa- A

    nYJIbTHpOBaHHH no OCH x npaKTHlJeCKH MeHHTbC51 He 6Y,lI.eT, TO, CJIe.\"


    AOBaTeJIb\037O, H3MeHeHHe HaLJaJIbHOrO HMnYJ1bCa KpeCJIa He npHBe,lI.eT
    K H3MeHeHHlO BpeMeHH, B TeqeHHe KOToporo KpeCJIO ,lI.OJIeTHT ,lI.O KHJIH.

    3TH BbIBO,lI.bI nO,lI.TBep)K,lI.aIOTCH pHC. 5. 26, r,lI.e ,lI.aHbI OTHOCHTeJIbHble -

    176)))
    TpaeKTOpHH .lI.BH:>KeHHH Kp-eCJIa .lI.JIH -rpex 3HaqeHHH HaqaJIbHOH: CKO-
    \037i:'
    pOCTH
    \037,:_' KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH.
    AHaml3 nOKa3blBaeT,
    KpHBbIX 'ITO H3MeHeHHe BbICOTbI TpaeKTopHH
    :
    \037:
    .
    CYIII.eCTBeHHO 3aBHCHT OT paCC10H\037HH, npOH.lI.eHHOrO KpeCJIOM B.lI.OJIh
    OCH x. Ha paccTostHHH 10-15 M H3MeHeHHe HaqaJIbHOH CKOpOCTH Ka-
    TanYJIbTHpOBaHHH\"Ha 2 M/C BW3WBaeT COOTBeTCTBeHHO H3MeHeHHe
    \037
    BbICOTbI TpaeKTopHH Ha 0,5-0,6 M.
    \037\037...
    \\
    ,.
    :
    \037
    ;
    \\\037':) !1, M)
    '\" Vo =2214/c)
    r;.;
    \037<r s) .
    \037}\" 20
    \037<\037 I
    \037,.,: =
    \037:\037 'J) \037 78 Mil
    ;!\037

    \037(;.:
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    !ii. J)
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    \037?'
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    Jl:\037

    \0371\"
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    r')
    \037'-)
    \ o) 5) 10) 75)
    \037'. X,M)

    PRC. 5.26. B,TIHHHHe Ha4aJIbHOM CKOpOCTH KaTanYJIbTHpOBa-


    HIUI Ha TpaeKTopHIO JI.BH)KeHHH KpeCJIa [V c = 1000 KM/4; x=
    =20\302\260; m=160 Kr (0=160 Krc); (c x S)o=O,7; cyS=--:-O,l;
    I1t = 0,03 c])
    \037;,
    ,
    \037\037. ,I:{JIH npe.ll._BapHTeJIbHOH OlI,eHK'H H3MeHeHHH 0p.ll.HHaTbI \037paeKTopHH,
    YMeHbweHHeM HJIH HaqaJIbH9H: CKOpOCTH
    1\037:BW3BaHHoro YBeJIHqeHHeM
    MO)KHO BOCnOJlb30BaTbCSI npH6J1H)KeHHOR <pop-
    KaTa\037YJlbTHpOBaHHSI,
    ii:.
    ti\302\243\037MYJIOH,KOTOpyIO JIerKO nOJIY4HTb H3 ypaBHeHHH (5.35).
    '\037\037 TIpO.ll.H<p<pepe\037lI,HpOBaB no V o ypaBHeHHe (5.35), npH YCJIOBHH

    ij'::llOCToHHcTBa Bcex .lI.PyrHx n\037paM\037TpoB nOJIYlJ:aeM

    -iJy == t cos 'X.


    In(l+kxVHt) . (5. 40))
    avo
    .
    [ kXVHt ]
    Pa3JIaraH BbIpa:>KeHH\037,
    3aKJIIOqeHHOe . B KBa.ll.paTHbIe CKo6KI1,
    .
    B pH.lI.. H OrpaHHlJ:HBaHCb nepBbIMH .tI.BYMH qJIeHaMH pH.lI.a, qOJIY411M
    \037:\037 \"
    \\;:' dy kXVHt .
    -=== t cas 'X. --
    .;.
    ',\037: dV o [1 2 ]

    1 K KOHe'IHbIM
    1;1;:,'HJlH, nepexo,n:SI npHpa\037HHSIM,
    I
    \037'.
    ,-tt;\037:.' k x V Ht
    = t cos x 1 '::- I::.V O'
    I::.y (5.40'))
    ;l' [ 2 1 .
    \037\037\037\037\037

    BbIqHCJIeHHH no 3TOM C .lI.OCTaTOqHO\037 CTe-


    \037i\037):-.,Pe3YJIbT'aTbI <popMYJIe
    \037ijf1.eHbIO TO\037HOCTH cOBna.ll.aIOT co 3HaqeHH5!MH, .KoTopbIe MorYT 6bITb
    Ha OCHOBaHHH qHCJIeHHorO HHTerpHpoBaHHH ypaBHeHHH
    \037)\037;:\037QJIyqeHbI

    1\037\037BH\037eHH\037 Kpec\037a.
    .....
    .'.'. .
    :$</;;'
    .t-,.'
    177)))
    ......
    '\037\037\\:-

    I \037\037:\037.;)
    BnHJlHHe CHCHMaeMOCTH B03Ayxa)

    KaK YKa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, K03cp<pHQHeHT JI060liOro COrrpOTHBJIeHH51


    KaTarrYJIbTHOH YCTaHOBKH BCJIe,lI.CTBHe C)KHMaeMOCTH B03,lI.yxa YBeJIH-
    qHBaeTCH. TI03TOMY YBeJIHqHBaeTCH H rrOJIHOe JI060BOe COrrpOTHBJIe-
    HHe KpeCJIa Ha TOM qaCTH TpaeKTopHH, r,lI.e CKOpOCTb ,lI.BI1)KeHHH Kpec-
    JIa ,lI.ocTaTOqHO BeJIHKa.
    BJIHHHHe YBeJIHqeHHR
    \037
    corrpOTHBJIeHHH Ha TpaeKTOpHID
    JI060BOrO
    CBO,lI.HTCH K YMeHbllIeHHIO BpeMeHH, 3a KOTOpoe KpeCJIO npOJIeTaeT
    Ha,lI. KHJIeM. CJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHO, BbICOTa TpaeKTOpHH KaTanYJIbTHpye-
    '
    Moro KpeCJIa nOHH)KaeTCH, KOr,lI.a KpeCJIO HaXO,lI.HTcH Ha HHCXO,lI.HII.I.eH
    BeTBH.
    TaKHM 66pa30M, C)KHMaeMOCTb B03,lI.yxa, KaK H BCHKHM ,lI.pyroH
    rrYTb YBeJIHqeHHH conpOTHBJIeHHH KaTanYJIbTHOH YCTaHoBKH, MO)KeT
    OKa3aTb Ka'K OTpHII.aTeJIbHOe, TaK H nOJIO)KHTeJIbHOe BJIHHHHe Ha BbI-
    COTY TpaeKTOpHH npH nepeJIeTe qepe3 KHJIb CaMOJIeTa.)

    !I,M

    4-)

    J)
    I
    I
    2) ----;
    -r-)

    7)

    o) TO.) 20) JO) 40 x,l1)

    PHC. 5.27. BJIH5!HHe C2KHMaeMOCTH B03JI.yxa Ha TpaeKTopHIO


    KpeCJIa [H=O; V c =1000 KM/4; m=160 Kr (0=160 Krc);
    %=20\302\260; V o =20 MjC; x
    (c S)o=0,7; cyS = -0,1])

    Ha pHC. 5. 27 npH\037e,lI.eHbI ,lI.JIH cpaBHeHHH TpaeKTopHH ,lI.BH)KeHHH

    II.eHTpa TH)KeCTH KaTanYJIbTHPyeMoH = 1000 KM/q.


    YCTaHoBKH npH V c
    KaK BH,lI.HO H3 rpacpHKa, Ha. yqaCTKe TpaeKTopHH ,lI.O Xl = 37 M C)KH-
    \037aeMocTb OKa3bIBaeT OTpHII.aTeJIbHOe BJIHHHHe, nOHH)KaH TpaeKTo-
    pHIO, npHqeM HaH6oJIbJ).Iee nOHH)KeHHe npH Xl = 10-;.-12 M paBHo
    0,3 M. Ha ,lI.aJIbHeHllIeM yqaCTKe TpaeKTopHH, B HallieM cJIyqae npH
    x>37 M, C)KHMaeMOCTb B03,lI.yxa OKa3bIBaeT y)Ke nOJIO)KHTeJIbHOe
    BJIHHHHe - nOBbIlliaeT TpaeKTopHIO. TaKHM o6pa30M, ,lI.JIH 60JIbllIHX
    CaMOJIeTOB, r,lI.e paccToHHHe OT Ka6HHbI ,lI.O KHJIH npHMepHo 35-40 M
    H 6oJIee, BJIHHHHe C)KHMae\302\245OcTH k Ha BbICOTY TpaeKTopHH MaJID.
    Ha neperpY3KH TOpMO)KeHHH BJIHHHHe C)KHMaeMOCTH B03.lLyxa
    TOJIbKO OTpHII.aTeJIbHoe. TIeperpY3KH TOpMO)KeHHH YBeJIHqHBalOTCH
    npOnOpII.HOHaJIbHO YBeJIHqeHHIO K03cpcpHII.HeHTa k, yqHTbIBaIOIILero
    BJIHHHHe C)KHMaeMOCTH.)

    178)))
    5. 10. nHHEAHblE YCKOPEI:IHSI H nEPErpY3KH-)

    flocJIe Ka1'anYJIbTHpOBaHHH, T. e. nOCJIe OT,lI.eJIeHHH OT CaMOJIeTa.,


    KpeCJIO npO,lI.OJI)KaeT CBQe ,lI.BH)KeHHe C 60JIbIlIHMH OTpHlJ,aTeJIbHbIMIt
    YCKOpeHHHMH. ECJIH B nepBOM npH6JIH)KeHHH npeHe6peQb BpameHHeM
    KpeCJIa H ,lI.OnYCTHTb, qTO KaTanYJIbTHpyeMaH YCTaHOBKa cTa6HJIH3H-

    pOBaHa TaK, qTO nOCJIe KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH OHa ,lI.BH)KeTCH nOCTyna-


    TeJIbHO C YCKopeHHeM j, HanpaBJIeHHbIM no KaCaTeJIbHOH K TpaeKTO-

    pHI1, TO B 3TOM CJIyqae KpeCJIO H qeJIOBeK


    6Y,lI.YT HcnbITbIBaTb YCKO-
    peHHH, paBH'ble YCKopeHHHM lJ,eHTpa TH)KeCTH KpeCJIa C 4eJIOBeKOM.

    Tor,lI.a Ha . Ka)K,lI.YIO qaCTb TeJIa 4eJIOBeKa MaCCbI mi B HanpaBJIeHHH


    .rr.eHCTBHH YCKopeHHH j 6Y,lI.eT ,lI.eHCTBOBaTb CHJIa, paBHaH npOH3Be,lI.e-
    HHIO MaCCbI Ha YCKopeHHe mij.
    C TOqKH 3peHHH nepeHOCHMOCTH qeJIOBeKOM pa3JIHqHWX BH,lI.OB
    YCK01?eHHH npe,lI.CTaBJIHIOT CYIIJ.eCTBeHHbIH HHTepec COCTaBJIHIOIIJ.He

    YCKopeHHH, HanpaBJIeHHbIe no OCHM X2.H Y2, CBH3aHHbIM C KaTa-


    .,
    \037\037\"
    nYJIbTHPyeMoH YCTaHOBKOH.
    YCKopeHHH no OCH Y2 onpe,lI.eJIHIOT YCKopeHHH B HanpaB\037eHHH
    W'
    rOJIOBa - Ta3 HJIH Ta3 - rOJIOBa. no OCH X2 onpe1I.eJIHIOT
    \037.) Y\037KopeHHH
    YCKopeHHH B HanpaBJIeHHH cnHHa
    - rpY,lI.b HJIH rpY,lI.b - cnHHa. KaK

    YKa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, HaH60JIee onaCHbI neperpY3KH B HanpaBJIeHHI1


    Ta3 - rOJIOBa. B 3TOM HanpaBJIeHHH npe,lI.eJIbHO ,lI.OnYCTHMbIe nepe-
    rpY3KH H3 YCJIOBHH HX nepeHOCHMOCTH qe\037OBeqeCKHM OprqHH3MOM
    HaHMeI-!bIlIHe.

    B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM ynpOIIJ.eHHOM CJIyqae OTCYTCTBHH BpaIll,a\037


    \"
    TeJIbHOrO ,lI.BH)KeHHH KpeCJIa BOKpyr nOnepeqHOH OCH Z2 Ha Kpec\037o
    ?' CHJIbI
    <) )J.eHCTBYIOT a3pO,lI.HHaMH4eCKHe
    t.:\037) 2
    QV
    t\\.)
    Q == c xS
    ,
    \037;s,\037.
    ....,)
    2)
    \037.
    ;)
    \037\" HJIH

    QV2
    (' P=C yS
    \037\037.' 2)

    \037\037.'
    f HanpaBJIeHHbIe no KaCaTeJIbHOH K TpaeKTopHH H no HOpMaJIH K HeH,.
    \037\037 04 eBlI,lI.:H 0, HaH60JIbIlIHe a3pO,lI.HHaMH4eCKHe CHJIbI npH 3a,lI.aHHOM
    }.
    3HaqeHHH CxS H CyS 6Y,lI.YT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb MaKCHMaJIbHOMY CKOpO-
    \037. CTHOMY Hanopy HJIH ,lI.JIH 3a,lI.aHHOH BbICOTbI nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa MaKCH-

    t, , MaJIbHOH CKOpOCTH 1/ KpeCJIa, qTO COOTBeTcTByeT HaqaJIbHoMY MO-


    \037t.. MeHTY ,lI.BH)KeHHH KpeCJIa nOCJIe KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH.
    \037i\037\"
    ECJIH KpeCJIO JIeTHT C yrJIOM aTaKH a, TO COCTaBJIHIOIIJ.He a3po-
    )J.HHaMHqeCKHX CHJI no OCHM CBH3a;IHOH CHCTeMbI KOOp,lI.HHaT COOT-
    \037\037..'
    \037>. BeTCTBeHHO no OCH Y2
    ;,,',,

    f\037 co\037 a+Q sin a,)


    \037'Y2=P

    \\
    no OCH X2)

    .:...)
    x 2 ===Q cas a- P sin a.)
    \037
    \\,.
    \037'\\t\"'.,
    \037t. 179)))
    \037' -''
    ...
    \"-\"\">
    ..,...
    1 \
    3TH COCTaBJIHlOllI.He a9p0JI.HHaMHqeCKHX CHJI BbI3bIBalOT YCKOpeHHH B

    Ha.npaBJIeHHHX Ta3 - rOJIOBa HJIH rOJIOBa - Ta3


    '
    .
    =-==
    P cos a + Q si n a
    1 y2
    m)
    ..)
    If cnHHa - rpYJI.b HJIH rpYJI.b
    - cnHHa

    - . Q -cos a - P si n a
    lx2===
    m)

    ,,LLJIH OI.I.eHKH YCKopeHHH 06blqHO npHMeHHeTcH TepMHH \302\253neperpY3-


    Ka\302\273,KOTopaH C060H YCKopeHHe, BbIpaLKeHHoe
    npeJI.CTaBJIHeT B eJI.H-
    HHI.I.aX g, H onpeJI.eJIHeTCH OTHOllIeHHeM Bcex BHellIHHX CHJI, JI.ei1cTBY-
    IOIILHX Ha KpeCJIO B 3aJI.aHHOM Hanpa'BJIeHHH, KpoMe CHJIbI THiKeCTH,
    ' ,/
    K CHJIe THLKeCTH 3Toro KpeCJIa.
    CJIeJI.OBaTeJIbHO, neperpY3KH B HanpaBJIeHHH oceH Y2 H X2 nOJIY-
    qHM H3 npeJI.bIJI.ym,Hx BbIpaLKeHHH, nOJI.eJIHB HX Ha g:
    P c os a + Q sin a
    n y2 ===-
    a
    cos a -- P sin
    == Q
    a
    n x2 \302\267)
    a\"

    TI pH nOJIOLKHTeJIbHOM yr JIe a TaKH COCTaBJIHlOI.I.I.aH CHJI\"bI JI060BOro


    conpOTHBJIeHHH no OCH Y2 HanpaBJIeHa B CTOPOHY Ta3 - rOJIOBa, -

    a CJIeJI.OBaTeJIbHO, rOJIOBa-
    , B!?I3bIBaeT nepe-rpY3KH B HanpaBJIeHHH
    Ta3. COCTaBJIHlOllI.aH nOJI.'beMHOH CHJIbI 06bIQHO JI.JIH KpeCJIa HMeeT
    OrpHI.I.aTeJIbHOe HanpaBJIeHHe, T. e. B CTOPOHY rOJIOBa - Ta3, H Bbl..
    3bIBaeT neperpY3KH B Ta3 - rOJIOBa. Ta.K KaK
    HanpaBJIeHHH YKa3aH-
    Hble CeCTaBJIHlOllI.H,e a3p0JI.HHaMHQeCKHX ,CHJI HanpaBJIeHbI B pa3Hble
    CTOpOHbI, TO neperpY3KH ny 2, BbI3bIBaeMbIe HMH B HaQaJIbHbIH MOMeHT
    nOCJIe
    KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH, H npI1 OTCYTCTBHH Bpalll.CHHH\"- He COCTaB-
    JIHlOT 60JIblilOH BeJIHQHHbI. B 3TOM CJIYQae npeJI.CTaBJIHlOT
    CYllI.eCTBeH-
    HOe 3HaQeHHe neperpY3KH B HanpaBJIeHHH cnHHa - rpYJI.b, TaK KaK
    neperpY3KH B 3TOM HanpaBJIeHHH OT CHJIbI JI060BOro conpOTHBJIeHH51
    H
    OTpHI.I.a TeJI.bHOH nOJI.'beMHOH CHJIbI CKJIaJI.bIBalOTcH.
    TIeperPY3Ka JI.eHcTByeT B H\037npaBJIeHHH, npoTHBOnOJIOLKHOM JI.eH-
    CTBHIO YCKopeHHH. BCJIeJI.CTBHe 3Toro eCJIH nOCJIe KaTanYJIbTMpOBa-
    HHH KpeCJIO HcnbITbIBaeT OTpHI.I.aTeJIbHOe YCKopeHMe (TopMOLKeHHe)
    B
    HanpaBJIeHHH rpYJI.b
    - cnHHa, TO Ha QeJIOBeKa 6YJI.YT JI.eHCTBOBaTb
    neperpY3KH B HanpaBJIeHHH cnHHa - rpYJI.b. .

    PaCCMOTpHM BeJIHQHHbI neperpY30K B HaQaJIbHbIH MOMeHT BpeMe-


    HH nOCJIe KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH B HanpaBJIeHHH CTIHHa - Ha
    rpYJI.b.
    pHC. 5. 28 npHBeJI.eHbI JI.Be KpHBbIe, cooTBeTcTBYIOI.I.I.He neperpY3KaM
    B HanpaBJIeHHH cnHHa - rpYJI.b QT COCTaBJIHIOlIl,eH CHJIbI
    n
    ,
    H
    u..\"
    JIOOOBOro
    conpOTHBJIeHHH x2 COCTaBJIHIOlIl,eH nOJI.DeMHOH CHJIbI
    n\0372
    B 3aBHCH-
    MOCTH o\037 CKOpOCTH nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa.
    180)))
    113 pHCYHKa .CJIe,ayeT, liTO ,aa)Ke rrpH 60JIbllIHX CKOpOCT5IX rrOJIeTa
    rreperpY3Ka 9T COCTaBJI5IIOI.I(eii rrO,a'beMHOH CHJlbI paBHa rrpHMepHo
    2-3 %
    OT COCTaBJI5IIOIIJ.eH rreperpY3KH 3a CqeT B03,aeHcTBH5I JIOOO-
    .
    Boro corrpOTHBJIeHH5I. BBH,ay Toro, qTO rrOrpeIllHOCTb B orrpe,aeJIeHHH)
    ..)

    nx
    2)

    1-1 I '
    !)
    so)

    n xI'
    2
    o
    5'00 6'00 700 800 .900 7000 7100 7200 7JOO V
    c , K M /'1)

    PHC. 5. 28.- I13MeHeHHe neperpYJOK B HanpaBJIeHHH CTIMHa-


    rpYJI.b B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CKOpOCTH rrOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa B MO-
    MeHT KaTarrY\037bTHpoBaHHH)

    nx = n ,,, +n ---)
    ( 2 .:K2 X2) )
    \037)
    aapo,aHHaMHqeCKHX KOacpcpHI1.HeHTOB KpeCeJI rrpeBbIIllaeT 2-3 %
    ,
    06bIqHO rreperpY3KY B HarrpaBJleHHH -
    crrHHa
    rpy,ab orrpe,aeJI5IIOT
    npocTo KaK OTHOIlleHHe CHJIW JI060BOro B
    corrpOTHBJIeHH5I KpeCJIa
    HaqaJIbHbIH MOlVleHT K CHJIe T51)KeCTH KaTarrYJIbTHpyeMoro KpeCJIa
    .
    QH

    nX2==a.)
    r'
    \037: Ha pHC. 5.29 rrOKa3aHbI KpHBbIe rreperpY30K KaTarrYJIbTH'pyeMoii
    YCTaHOBKH B 3aBHCHMOCTH
    \037\037,
    OT.CKOpOCTH rrOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa ,aJIH Kpe-
    ceJI C pa3JiHqHOH MaCCOH.)
    \037\037:;
    \037'}'\"

    \037'
    \037t n x \"
    L
    \037\037,
    700)
    \037\037:. I
    r.1 ,\037 i
    \037\\:
    m =200 IfZ
    l\" \037 ,I
    \037t ;/
    _ I \" / m = 7.J5KZ
    j 0
    \037\037t / \\)
    \037i' I\037\"\".............)

    \037,'
    :'/\037)
    I- --)
    !)

    -
    /}) 0.I) 7 OJ 2) fJ,J) c)
    t,

    PHC .5.29. 113MeHeHHe rreperpY30K KaTarrYJIbTHPyeMOH:


    YCTaHOBKH B HanpaBJIeHHH crrHHa - rpYJI.b JI.JIH pa3JIHQ-
    HbIX Macc (H = 0; 'V c = 1500 KM/Q))

    I \037
    I)))
    conpOTHBJIeHHeM, HaKJIa,lI.bIBaeT Ha XapaKTepHCTHKij KaT3nYJIbTH-
    pyeMoro KpeCJIa, T. e. Ha ero Maccy H
    a3pO,lI.HHaMHqeCKHe K03<P<P H
    -
    I1,HeHTbI, BnOJIHe onpe,lI.eJIeHHbIe COOTHOllIeHH5I.
    06bIqHO npe,lI.CTaBJI5IeT HHTepec MaKCHMaJIbHa5I
    CKOpOCTb nOJIeTa
    CaMOJIeTa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CHJIbI T51)KeCTH KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoro
    KpeCJIa npH npe,lI.eJIbHO ,lI.OnYCTHMOH neperpY3Ke, nepeHOCHMOH qeJIO-
    3Ta MO)KeT 6bITb onpe,lI.eJIeHa
    BeKOM.
    CKOpOCTb no <popMYJIe)

    r
    V C \037 2nx2G.
    \\IT H === .
    V (c xS)okQ)

    DYCTb neperpY3Ka, 'nepeHOCHMa5I qeJIOBeKOM B' HanpaBJIeHHH CTIH-


    Ha --
    rpY,lI.b, COCTaBJI5IeT 40, qTO COrJIaCHO ,lI.aHHbIM repaTOBOJI5I (CM.
    pHC. 1. 3) ,lI.OnycTHMO. Tor,lI.a
    npH 3a,lI.aHHOM OTHorneHHH CHJibI TH)Ke-
    CTH K
    K03<P<PHI1,HeHTY conpOTHBJIeHH5I
    \\)
    G
    \037 2000 rIa)
    cxS)

    MO)KHO nOJIyqHTb npe,lI.eJIbHbIe nOJIeTa


    CKOpOCTH CaMOJIeTa, npH KOTO-
    pwx o6eCneqHBaeTC5I cnaceHHe JIeTqHKa C TOqKH 3peHH5I rrepeHoCH-
    MOCTH B YKa3aHHOM =
    neperpY30K HanpaBJIeHHH. ,l:LJI5I H 0)

    V
    c.upe;!
    = 1100 KM/q.)

    Vi) /( t1/tl
    1500)

    1000
    2000) JOOO) 4000 6
    nu
    (ex S)o)

    PHC. 5. 30. TIpe,ll,eJIbHble CKOpOCTH rrOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa rrpH


    KaTany JIbTHpOBaHHH B
    3aBHCHMOCTH OT OTHOlIIeHH51
    OJ (cxS) 0 KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoH YCTaHoBKH H3 YCJIOBMH Mal{-
    CHMaJIbHOH BeJIH4HHbI 4eJIOBeKOM
    rrepeHocH\037bIX rreperpY30K
    B HarrpaBJIeHHH crrHHa - rpYJI.b (n x =40))

    Ha pHC. 5. 30 npHBe,lI.eHbI npe,lI.eJIbHbIe CKOpOCTH nOJIeTa CaMOJIe-


    Ta B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT oTHOrneHH5I G/cxS ,lI.JI5I pa3JIHqHbIX BbICOTKa-
    TanYJIbTHpOBaHH5I C TOqKH
    3peHH\037 nepeHocH,MOCTH neperpY3KH opra-
    HH3MOM qeJIOBeKa (n x =40). ,)

    183)
    \037.-)))
    r-\037:'
    5. 14. KATAnynbTHPOBAHHE HA PE)I(HME
    BEPTHKAnbHOrO MAHEBPA CAMOnElA)

    P aCCMOTpllM ll3MeHeHlle TpaeKTOpllll .n.Bll)KeHll51 ueHTpa TH)KeCTH

    B c\037yqae KaTanY\037bTllpOBaHllH Ha pe)KllMe BepTllK\037\037bHOrO


    KpeC\037a
    MaHeBpa caMO\037eTa, T. e. KOr.n.a BO BpeM5I KaTanY\037bTllpOBaHllH,
    a TaK)Ke B HeKOTopbIH npOMe)KYTOK BpeMeHH noc\037e KaTanY\037bTllpO-
    BaHll51 Ha caMo\037eT B03.n.encTByeT neperpY3Ka.
    paCqeTHOH npe.n.no\037araTb,
    CX\037MbI qTO }f3-
    'LL\03751 ynpomeHll51 6y.n.eM '
    MeHeHlle a6CO\037lOTHOH
    CKOpOCTll .n.Bll)KeHHH Kpec\037a no BpeMeHll npM
    Ha 3a.n.aHHOH CKOpOCTll no\037eTa CaMO.JIeTa,\"{;\" c
    KaTanY\037bTllpOBalfllll

    npaKTllqeCKll He 3aBllCllT OT pe)KllMa no\037eTa caMo\037eTa. flOCJle Ka-


    .
    TanY\037bTllpOBaHll51, B TeqeHlle He60\037blIIoro npOMe)KYTKa BpeMeHll,
    Kor.n.a Kpec\037o npO\037eTllT Ha.n. caMo\037eTOM, noc\037e.n.HllH COBeplIIaeT Kpll-
    BO\037llHeMHbIH no\037eT C TOH )Ke neperpY3KOM II TOH)Ke nOCT05lHHOH

    CKOpOCTblO no BpeMeHll; KOTopbIe OH HMe\037 B MOMeHT KaTanY\037bTHpO-


    BaHll51. 113 3Toro c\037e.n.yeT, qTO yrOJI aTaKH caM'o\037eTa B KpllBO\037llHeM-
    HOM no\037eTe B 3TOT nepllo.n. BpeMeHll coxpaHHeTC5I TaK)Ke HOCTO-
    51HHbIM.

    By.n. eM npe.n.no\037araTb, qTO BpeM5I, B TeqeHlle KOToporo Kpec\037o


    \037OCTllraeT npen5lTCTBll51 (BepTllKa\037bHOro onepeHH5I caMo\037eTa) npM
    KaTanY\037bTllpO\037aHllll
    KaK B rOpll30HTa\037bHOM, TaK II B KpllBO\037llHeH'
    HOM no\037eTe npll O.n.HOH II TOM )Ke CKOpOCTll no\037eTa caMo\037eTa, npll- .\"
    )
    MepijO O.n.HO II TO )Ke.
    l1.cc\037e.n.oBaTb OTHOCllTe\037bHYlO .TpaeKTOplllO .n.Bll)KeHll51 Kpec.,1 a \037\0375I

    pa3\037llqHWX c\037yqaeB .n.Bll)KeHll51 caMo\037eTa noc\037e KaTanY\0379TllpOBa-


    H:PI5I npaKTllqeCKll HeB03MO)KHO. OrpaHllqllMC5I YKa3aHHbIM BbIllle
    xapaKTepOM .n.Bll)KeHll51 caMo\037eTa II Kpec\037a. TaKa51 cxeMa npH Bceii
    ee npll6\037ll)KeH\037CTll
    MO)KeT ITpe.n.-\037TaBllTb llHTepeC C TOqKll 3peHllH
    06IIl.eM 3a.n.aqll TeOpeTllqeCKOrO aHa\037ll3a pea\037b'HbIX YC\037OBllM KaTa-

    nY\037bTllpOBaHll51 npll oue',HKe CTeneHH nOHll)KeHllH TpaeKTOpllll


    r
    Kpec-
    JIa npll nepe\037eTe qepe3 Kll\037b caMo\037eTa.

    . Tor.n.a cxeMa paCqeTa npe.n.CTaBllTC5I


    B c\037e.n.YlO\\IILeM Bll.n.e. CTpOll_T-
    C5I OTHOCllTe\037bHa51 TpaeKTOpll51 .n.Bll)KeHll\037 KpeCJIa .n.\03751 KaTanynbTll-
    pOBaHllH B c\037yqae rOpll30HTa\037bHoro no\037e.Ta caMo\037eTa npll TOH )Ke
    \
    CKOpOCTll, C KOTOpOH ('aMo\037eT MO)KeT COBeplIIaTb paCCMaTpllBae.MbIiJ

    BepTllKaJIbHbIH M..aHeBp C 3a.n.aHHOH neperpY3KOM.


    3aTeM BHOCllTC5I norrpaBKa Ha \037WCOTY TpaeKTOpHll Bc\037e.n.CTBlle
    KpllBOJIllHeHHOro xapaKTepa .n.Bll)KeHll51 caMo\037eTa C 3a.n.aHH01I nepe-
    rpY3KOH. OCHOBHbIMll q>aKTOpaMll, B\037J;I5IlOII.I.llMll Ha ll3MeHeHHe OTHO-
    CllTe\037bHOH TpaeKTOpllll Kpec\037a npll KaTanY\037bTllpOBaHllll
    B KpllBO-
    nllHeHHOM no\037eTe caMo\037eTa ITO cpaBHeHlllO C TpaeKTOplleH Kpec\037a
    B rOpll30HTa\037bHOM no\037eTe, 51B\03751lOTCH:

    1) ll3MeHeHlle HaK\037OHa OCll caMoneTa Bc\037e.n.CTBlle ll3MeHeHllH

    yr\037a aTaKll B KpllBO\037llHeHHOM no\037eTe OTHOCllTe\037bHO yr\037a \037TaKll B


    rOpll30HTa\037bHoM n\037neTe;

    2) ll3M\037HeHlle HaK\037OHa OCll caMo\037eTa Bc\037e.n.CTBlle KpllBO\037HHeM'


    HOM TpaeKTOpllll no\037eTa;)

    184)))
    3) KpHBOJIHHeH\037bIH xap\037KTep .n.BH)KeHH5I u.eHTpa T5I}KeCTH caMO-
    .
    JIeTa;
    4) H3MeHeHHe HaqaJIbHOH CKOpOCTH KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHH5I 3a cqeJ
    BJIH5IHH5I HHepu.HoHHbIX CHJI KpeCJIa OT neperpY3KH CaMOJIeTa Ha
    6aJIJIHCTHlleCKHe xapaKTepHcTHKH CTpeJI5IIOIIl.erO MexaHH3Ma.
    COrJIaCHO npHH5IToMY npe.n.nOJIO}KeHHIO 0 nOCT05IHCTBe CKOpOCTH
    CaMOJIeTa B CKOpOCTHWX 'OCHX KOOp.n.HHaT OCTaeTC5I TOJIbKO ueHTpo-
    cTpeMHTeJIbHOe YCKopeHHe. YpaBHeHHe .n.BH}KeHIf'H CaMOJIeTa no HOp-
    M'aJIH K TpaeKTopHH 6YJ1.eT
    Ge dOc - 0
    . Ve
    ===
    Pc e cos Be, ( 5'. .41 )
    g dt

    r.n.e Gc - CHJIa T5I}KeCTH 'CaMOJIeTa;


    Vc - CKOpOCTb CaMOJIeT\037;
    Pc
    - no.n.'beMHa5I CHJIa CaMOJIeTa;
    8c - yrOJI HaKJIOHa TpaeKTopHH K ropH30HTY. -
    \"

    TIpHHHMa5I BO BHHMaHHe, qTO Pc==ny e


    G c, ypaBHeHHe (5. 41),)
    \037
    MO}KHO 3anHcaTb \037)

    dO e ny e -cos 0e
    dt===g V e)

    PaCCMaTpHBaH He-3HaqHTeJIbHble H3MeHeHHH HaKJIOHa TpaeKTO-


    . pHH OT pe}KHMa
    ropH30HTaJIbHOrO nOJIeTa, BCJIe.n.CTBHe MaJIOrO 'npo-
    Me}KYTKa BpeMeHH MO\037\037M npHHHTb
    C,OS Be \037 1.

    Tor.n.a BBH.n.y npHHHToro nOJIO\037eHH5I 0 nOCT05IHCTBe neperpY3KH


    f[ CKOpOCTH nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa nOCJIe
    KaTanYJIbTHpOB\037HH5I MO}KHO 3a-
    , \037)
    nHcaTb
    () ne
    - 1
    _-
    ve-g t. (5. 42))
    V e)

    CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, 3Ha5I BpeMH t, B TeqeHHe KOToporo KpeCJIO .n.o-


    JIeTaeT .n.o KHJIH, no cpopMyJIe (5. 42) onpe.n.eJIHM, Ha KaKoH yroJI
    H3MeHHTC5I HaKJIOH TpaeKTopHH u.eHTpg T5I}KeCTH CaMOJIeTa.
    t Ha T5I}Ke-
    TIonpaBKa OTHOCHTeJIbHYIO Bbl(\037OTY TpaeKTopHH u.eHTpa
    .CTH KpeCJIa\037-BCJle.n.cTBHe H3MeHeHH5I yrJIa HaKJIOHa OCH CaMOJIera 3a
    \"\".
    <;qeT KpHBO!IHHelIHoH TpaeKTopHH nOJIeTa 6y.n.eT

    Ya e ==(xl-l)tgBe\037(xl-l)Be.
    ,,'

    ..
    TIo.n.cTaBJI5IH ClO.n.a BbIpa}KeHHe .n.JI5I 8c no cpopMYJIe (5. 42), no-
    r \"JIyqHM)
    .\037:: g (Xl -I) (ny e - 1)
    ,i
    L. Y 8e --- t' 43))
    \037..:..\037 (5.
    \037\037i:.:;'
    V.e)
    \037!o.
    '>\037..
    r .n. e
    .:\037__
    \037
    l- paCCTOHHHe no OCH x I.I,eHTpa T5I}KeCTH KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoH
    it.) YCTaHOBKH B MOMeHT KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHH5I OT I.I,eHTpa T5I}Ke-

    fi;; 185)
    '\\...)))
    \037;\037i;.\037
    fM-'((1)
    CTH CaMOJIeTa (rrOJIO*<.HTeJIbHO, eCJIH KpeCJIO nOMe\037eHO

    Brrepe)].H \037eHTpa CaMOJIeTa)


    TH)Ke\037TH ;
    Xi - paCCT05IHHe qT \037eHTpa T5I)KeCTH KpeCJIa B MOMeHT OT)].eJIe-

    HH5I OT CaMOJIeTa )].0 KHJI5I.

    BepT\037KaJIbHa5I CKOpOCTb CaMOJIeTa M9)KeT 6bITb 3arrHCaHa B BH)].e

    V y e) === V e sin 6e

    HJIH BCJIe)].CTBHe MaJIOCTH BeJIH'4HHbI 8c

    V === V 6
    Ye e e-)

    Tor)].a rrorrpaBKa Ha OTH0S:HTeJIbHYIO BbICOTY TpaeKTopHH )].BH:>Ke-


    HHH I.I,eHTpa T5I)KeCTH KpeCJIa BCJIe)].CTBHe nepeMeII.I.eHH5I \037eHTpa T5I-

    )KeCTH CaMOJIeTa B KpHBOJIHHeHHOM rrOJI\037Te 6y)].eT


    t t
    YU,.T=
    -
    S Vydt= - V c
    S
    (Jc dt .
    o 0)

    3aMeHHB 8c ero BbIpa)KeHHeM rro q>opMYJIe (5.42) H npoHHTe-


    rpHpoBaB, rrOJIY4HM)
    \\..,
    ))
    --- g
    Y n.T ===
    ( n Y e -1 ) t2. .) ( 5. 44))
    2

    3HaK MHHYC B35IT rroToMY, 4TO rrpH rrOJIO)KHTeJIbHOH neperpY3Ke


    CaMOJIeTa rronpaBKa Ha OTHOCHTeJIbHYIO BbICOTY TpaeKTopHH oTQHua-
    TeJIbH a5I.

    Onpe)].eJIHM BeJIH4HHY rrorrpaBKH Ha BWCOTY TpaeKTopHH BCJIe)].-


    CTBHe H3MeHeHH5I yr.na aTaKH CaMOJIeTa. B ropH30HTaJIbHOM nOJIeTe .
    CaMOJIeT JIeTHT Ha 3a)].aHHOM yr JIe aTaKH, KOTOpbIH 06ecrre4HBaeT co-
    oTBeTcTBYlOIll,HH K03q>q>HI.I,HeHT nO)].'beMHOH CHJIbI Cy II' BeJIHlIHHa
    cr.
    C r. II MO)KeT 6bITb orrpe)].eJIeHa no q>opMYJIe
    Ye

    (j e
    \302\267
    cYer,n===S eqe)

    flpH rrOJIeTe CaMOJIeTa C rreperpY3KoH nc COOTBeTCTBeHHO H3Me..


    HHTC5I
    cYe:)

    ny e Oe
    c Y === .
    e
    Seqe)

    BeJIH4HHa H3MeHeHH5I yrJIa aTaKH \037ac, 04eBH)].HO, MO:>KeT 6bI'f.b

    BbIpa)KeHa q>OPMYJIOH)

    Ge (ny
    - 1)
    e
    a
    \037 ===
    e exo pa\037.)
    Seqe) C 57 , 3
    y e)

    186)))
    :.) Tor\037a rrOrrpaBKa Ha OTHOCHTenbHYro BWCOTY TpaeKTOpHH ueHTpa
    TH\037eCTH KpeCna Bcne\037CTBHe H3MeHeHHH yrna aTaKH CaMOneTa Ha
    \037laC 6y\037eT)

    ===
    Ya. Xl tg Lla c \037
    XILla c)

    HJII1)

    (ny c
    - 1) . \\
    OC
    Ya.= X I.
    a0 (5.45))
    Scqc) C 5 7 ,)3
    Y
    ,)

    TIorrpaBKY Ha OTHOCHTenbHYIO BbICOTY TpaeKTOpHH ueHTpa TH)Ke.


    CTH KpeCna BCne\037CTBHe H3MeHeHHH HaqanbHOH CKOpOCTH KaTarrynb-
    THpOB\037JIHH B KpHBOnHHeHHOM rrOneTe CaMO\037eTa MO\037HO 3arrHCaTb

    YVo === Ll V ot. (5.46))


    - BenHqHHa HaqanbHOH
    r\037e \037,Vo H3MeHeHHH CKOpOCTH KaTarrynbTH-
    pOBaHHH Bcne\037cTBHe'rreperpY3KH caMoneTa:

    V o == - ==
    \037 (V o) nyc (V o ) n yc
    1.)

    OKOHqaTenbHaH cpopMyna \037nH rrorrpaBKH Ha OTHocHTenbHYIO Bbl\"

    COTY TpaeKTopHH I(eHTpa TH)KeCTH Kpecna 6y\037eT)

    LlY
    -
    -L(xI-l)(n yc -1)t-
    L (n c -l)t 2
    +
    Vc 2

    Oc (nyc- 1)
    + a ,.. Xl + Ll V ot \302\267 (5. 47))
    Scqc c o7,3)
    y

    TIpH KaTarrynbTHpoBaHHH BBepx H rronO\037HTenbHOH rreperpY3Ke ca-


    MoneTa ny c > 1 -
    nonO\037HTenbHble, T. e. OHH YBe-
    rrorrpaBKH Ye, Y\"a

    nHqHBaIOT BbICOTY OTHocHTenbHoH TpaeKTopHH Kpecna, a Yu.. T - OT-


    pHI.I,aTenbHaH, T. e. OHa YMeHblIIaeT BbICOTY OTHOCHTenbHOH Tpae\037TO-
    pHH Kpecna. BenHqHHa YV o Mo\037eT 6bITb KaK OTpHuaTenbHa'H, TaK II
    nonO\037HTenbHaH, 3TO 3aBHCHT OJ' THna CTpenHIOIl(erO MexaHH3Ma.
    TIpH KaTarrynbTHpoBaHHH BBepx H OTpHuaTenbHOH neperpY3Ke
    caMoneTa n1,c < 1 norrp aBKH Y B H Ya OTpHI.I,a TenbJ:Ible, a Yu.. T - nono\037
    .
    lKHTenbHaH. ,
    KaTanynbTHpoBaHHH
    flpI1 BHH3 H rrOnO)KHTenbHoH rreperpY3Ke ca-
    MoneTa nyc > 1 rrorrpaBKH Ys M Ya oTpHuaTenbHble, T. e. OHM YMeHb-
    UlaIOT BbICOTY OTHOCHTenbHOH TpaeKTopHH KpeCJIa, a Yu.. T
    - rrOJIO-
    \037
    lKHTenbHaH, T. e. OHa YBeJIH4HBaeT OTHOCHTenbHYro TpaeKTopHIO
    Kpecna.
    TIpH KaTarrynbTHpoBaHHH BHH3 H OTpHuaTenbHOH neperpY3Ke ca-
    MoneTa ny< 1 nonpaBKH Ys H' Ya. nono\037HTenbHbIe, a Yu.. T
    - OTPH-
    o,aTenbHaH.

    npHMep. TIYCTb CaMOJIeT npM CKOpOCTM ropH30HTaJIbHOrO nOJIeT\037 V c =800 KM/q


    Y deMJIH cOBepruaeT BepTHKaJIbHbIH MaHeBp C neperPY3KoH ny = 2,5. PatcToH-)

    187)

    \"l.
    .,.)))
    IItfeOT \037eHTpa T5DKeC'rH CaMOJIeTa ,lI.D KHJHI x=8 M. PaCCTOHHHe OT II.eHTpa TH-
    .>KeCTH CaMOJIeTa .ll.0 II.eHTpa TH:>KeCTH KaTanYJIbTMPyeMoro KpeCJIa 'l = -'2 M. Mac-
    ca CaMOJIeTa G = 6000 Kr. TIJIOlUa,lI.b KpbIJIbeB CaMOJIeTa 2
    S c === 25 M .

    IlpoH3Bo)J.HaH K03<p<pHQHeHTa nO,lL'beMHOM no yr JIY aTaKH C =0,063.


    CH\037bI \037
    CHatIaJIa CTpOMM TpaeKTopMIO ,lI.BH:>KeHH.5I II.eHTpa THLKeCTH KpeCJIa L{JIH ropH30H\"
    TaJIbHOrO rrOJIeTa rrpM CKOpOCTIi rrOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa V c = 8JO KMjq Ha BbICOTe H = Q,
    lI.JI5I MaCCbI KpeCJIa C JIeTtIHKOM m= 160 KM (G \037 100 Krc), CKOpOCTM KaTarrYJIbTH-
    pOBaHHH Vo =20 MjC, x=20\037 (3Ta TpaeKTopHH nocTpoeHa Ha pHC. 5.20).
    HaXO,lI.HM BpeMH .t, B TeiJeHMe KOToporo KpeCJIO ,lI.OCTHf aeT KHJJH (T. e. npoxo-
    lI.HT paCCTOHHHe OT TOtIKH OT,lI.eJIeHHH KpeCJIa OT CaMOJIeTa ,lI.0 .KHJIH). 3TO BpeM\037
    paBHo 0,3 c. Tenepb no npHBe,lI.eHHbIM BbIllle :popMYJIaM HaH,lI.eM nonpaBKH Ha Bbl-
    COTY TpaeKTOpHl1 BCJIe,lI.CTBHe BepTHK3JIbHOrO MaHeBpa CaMOJIeTa. Ilo +opMYJIe
    (5.43) HaXOnHM nonpaBKY Ha BWCOTY TpaeKTopHM 3a CtIeT H3MeHeHHH yrJIa Ha-
    'KJIOHa OCM CaMOJIeTa BCJIe,lI.CTBHe IitKpHBJIeHHH TpaeKTopHH nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa)

    g (8 + 2) (2,5 - 1)
    = t,)
    Ya e)
    V e)
    \\)

    Ya = 0,665 t = 0 ,20 M.
    e)

    no cpopMYJIe (5.44) HaXO,lI.HM norrpaBKY Ha BbICOTY TpaeKTopHH KpeCJIa 33


    CtIeT nepeMelUeHHH II.eHTpa TH)KeCTH CaMOJIeTa BBepx:

    g'
    _.
    YJJ..T
    = - (2,5
    - 1) t 2 = -7 ,35t2 = - 0,665 M.)
    2
    Ilo cpopMYJIe' (5.45) HaXO,lI.HM nonpaBKY Ha BbICOTY TpaeKTopHH KpeCJIa 38
    CtIeT H3MeHeHMH yr JIa aTaKH CaMOJIeTa B KpHBOJIHHeHHOM rrOJIeTe)

    6000'.16. (2 ' 5
    - 1) '
    Ya
    '-- .8 0 ' 25 M.
    2 , 5.22-3 2 .0 , 065.57 3
    ,)

    HaKOHe\037, q,opMYJIe no (5.46) onpe,lI.eJIHM nonpaBKY Ha BbICOTY TpaeKTopMH


    . tieHTpa TH:>KeCTH
    KpeCJIa'3a CtIeT H3MeHeHHH HatIaJIbHOH CKOpOCTH KaTanYJIbTHpO-
    BaHHH Ha.fIHtJ.HH CaMOJIeTa. '
    npH rreperpY3KH
    nYCTb rrpH \"LYe = 2,5 no \037aHHbIM 3KcrrepHMeHTa HJIH paCqeTa 8 Vo = -,1 _ M/C,
    for ,lI.a)

    Yv 0
    == -=--- 1 . t = - 0,3.)
    /)
    TaKHM 06pa30M, 06ll1.aH nonpaBKa Ha BbICOTY TpaeKTopHH 6yneT .)
    ,

    \037 = 0 ,2 - 0 + 0 ,25 - 0 ,3 =
    - 0
    y ,665 ,515 . M.)

    '4T06bI nocTpoMTb TpaeKTopHIO ABH:>KeHHH \037eHTpa TH.iKeCTM KpeCJIa npH Ka-


    TanYJIbTHpOBaHHM B KpHBOJIMHeHHOM rrOJIeTe CaMOJIeTa, HY:>KHO aHaJIOfHtIHbIe rroJI.-
    CtIeT\037r npoH3BecTH ,lI..nH p5I,lI.a 3HatIeHHH Xi.)

    '\" \", 5.12. CnACEHHE 3KHnA)f(A CAMOnETA


    t)
    BEPTHKAnbHOrO IB3nETA H nOCAAKH

    B CBH3H C C03\037aHHeM caMo\037eTOB BepTHKa\037bHOrO B3\037eTa H no.


    ca\037KH (CBBIl) B03HHK\037a rrpo6\037eMa 06eCrreQeHHH cpe\037CTBaMH cna-
    ceHHH 3KHrra*a 3THX caMo\037eTOB.)

    188)))
    '

    OC06eHHOCTb crraCeHH5I CBBn 3aKJIIOQaeTC5I B TOM, QTO, rrOMHMO


    r. 3TOrO
    06\037qHWX \037\037H .BCeX CaMO\037eTOB aBapHHHWX cHTyaUHH, \037\037H
    , B pe-
    K\037aCCa CaMO\037eTOB c.\037e\037yeT yqHTbIBaTb B03MO)KHYlO aBapHlO
    )KHMe B3\037eTa H rrOCa\037KH, HaH60\037ee' BepOHTHbIMH rrpHqHHaMH KOTO-

    .. pbIX c\037e\037yeT paC_CMaTpHBaTb OTKa3 O\037HOrO H\037H rpyrrrrbI \037BHraTe\037eH,


    ,
    a TaK)Ke OTKa3 CHCTeMbI yrrpaB\037eHHH caMo\037eTOM.
    OTKa3 \037BHraTe\037eH CBBfl MO)KeT BbI3bIBaTb HHTeHCHBHbIe Bpa-
    , lI(eHHH caMo\037eTa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HX pacrrO\037O)KeHHH,. a TaK)Ke Bep-
    o
    . THKa\037bHoe CHH)KeHHe. Bc\037e\037CTBHe 3Toro crraceHHe q\037eHa 3KHrra)l{a \\

    He06xo\037HMO paCCMaTpHBaTb B COqeraHHH C \037BH)KeHHeM' CaMOJIeTa,


    KOTopoe <?H rrOJIyqaeT rroc\037e aBapHHHOH cHTya-
    B\0373HMKHOBeHHH
    UHH.
    Be\037HqHHbI HaK\037O-
    nOCKO\037bKY yr\037oBoH CKOpOCTH caMo\037eTOB, yr\037a
    H BepTHKa\037bHOH MO-
    Ha CKOpOCTH, KOTopbIe caMo\037eT rr\037H06peTaeT ..K

    MeHTY OT\037e\037eHHH Kpec\037a OT caMo\037eTa, HB-\037HlOTCH HaqaJIbHbIMH yc\037o-


    BHHMH KaTarrY\037bTHpyeMoH YCTaHOBKH, TO crraceHHe 3KHrra)Ka CBBfI
    t. Herrocpe\037CTBeHHO CBH3aHO C - KOH\037\037PYKTHBHpIMH rrapaMeTpaMH \037aH\037

    , Horo KOHKpeTHoro caMo\037eTa.

    B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pacrrO\037O)KeHHH \037BHraTe\037eH H MOMeHTa HHep-


    caMo\037eTa caMo\037eTa
    - CKO-
    \037HH rr\037paMeTpbI BpaIILeHHH yr\037oBaH
    -
    -
    pOCTb, yro\037 HaK\037OHa If CTerreHb HapaCTaHHH 3TH X rrapaMeTpOB MO-
    \",
    rYT H3MeHHTbCH \037OBO\037bHO B !llHpOKOM \037Harr\03730He.

    flepBOOqepe\037HOH 3a\037aqeH rrpH crraceHHH 3KHrra)Ka caMo\037eTa Ha


    pe)KHMaX BepTHKa\037bHoro B3\037eTa H. rroca\037KH HB\037HeTCH 6bICTpoe rrOKH-

    AaHH\037 caMo\037eTa rroc\037e MOMeHTa B03HHKHOBeHHH aBapHHHOH cHTya-


    [(HH, qTO CBH3aHO
    .
    C COKpaIII.eHHeM BpeMeHH Ha rro\037rOTOBHTe\037bHbIe
    u u
    orrepa'UHH C HX MaKCHMa\037bHOH aBTOMaTH3aUHeH.

    LL\037H Toro qT06bI y6e\037HTbCH, HacKO\037bKO Ba)KHO COKpaTHTb BpeM5I


    ..
    rrOKH\037aHHH caMo\037eTa \037a)Ke Ha 0,1 c, rrpoH3Be\037eM OTHocHTe\037bHYlO
    \037oueHKY KHHeMaTUqeCKHX rrapaMeTpoB caMO\037\037Ta B MOMeHT OT\037e\037e-
    ;:, HHH Kpec\037a, eC\037H rro\037rOTOBHTe\037bHbIe orrepaUHH 3aHHMalOT 0,3 H 0,4 c,
    .. BKJIlOqaH H BpeMH MexaHH3Ma.
    pa60TbI cTpe\037HIOIILero OqeBH\037HO, rrpH
    rpy60H oueHKe MO)KHO rro\037araTb, qTO yr\037oBaH CKOpOCTb YBe\037HqHTC5I

    npHMepHo rro \037HHeHHoMY 3aKoHY, T .e. Ha 30-35 0/0, a yro\037 TaHra)Ka


    YBeJIHqHTCH rrporropUHoHa\037bHo KBa\037paTY BpeMeHH, T. e. Ha 75-
    -80 0/0. 3TO 3Ha\037HT, qTO eC\037H B rrepBoM c\037yqae rrpH BpeMeHH Ha rro\037-
    rOTOBlITe\037bHbIe orrepaUHH 0,3 c yro\037 HaK\037OHa caMo\037eTa 6y\037eT 40\302\260,

    :
    TO BO BTOpOM c\037yqae rrpH BpeMeHH Ha rro\037rOTOBHTe\037bHbIe orrepa\037HH
    0,4
    '\037_,
    C 3TOT yro\037 6y\037eT 70\302\260.EC\037H yqeCTb H yrJ10BYlO CKOpOCTb caMO-
    JIeTa
    \037:>
    K MOMeHTY OT\037e\037eHHH Kpec\037a, TO HeTpY,LLHO rrpe,lJ.CTaBHTb C\037O)K-
    HOCTb rrp06\037eMbI crraceHHH 3KHrra:>\302\253a YKa3aHHbIX THrrOB caMO-
    \"\"
    JIeTOB.
    ,\037,

    ,:\037\037 BBH,lJ.y He,lJ.OCTaTOqHOCTH BbICOTbI H B03MO)KHOH BepTHKa\037bHOH


    \037,.CKOpOCTH \"rra,lJ.eHHH caMo\037eTa B c\037yqae aBapHHHOH cHTyaUHH BeCbMa
    Ba)KHbIM
    *:\037\037\037\037 q>aKTopOM rrpH crraceHHH 3KHrra)Ka 5IB\037fIeTCH 6bICTpbIH BBO.ll
    :,\037:
    OCHOBHoro rr\037pallllOTa.' 06bIqHO rrpHMeHHeMbIH crroc06 BBO,lJ.a rrpH

    ';-:'Jl<?MOIII.H TOpM03Horo rrapallllOTa C ,lJ.HaMeTpOM Kyrro\037a 2 M MO)KeT 3a-


    }.
    ,.\037
    \".)
    189)))
    HHMaTb BpeM5I .lI.O 0,3-0,4, c. n03TOMY 3.lI.eCb B03HHKaeT rrp06JIeMa
    npHHY.lI.HTeJIbHOrO H 6bItTporo BBO.lI.a OCHOBHoro rrapallilOTa.

    CJIe.lI.YlOIl(HM
    Ba)KHbIM 3TarrOM B rrpoI.I,ecce crraCeHH5I JIeT4HKa 5IB-

    \\
    JI5IeTC5I HarrOJIHeHHe KyrrOJIa OCHOBHoro rrapallilOTa. BpeM5I HarrOJIHe-
    HH5I KyrrOJIa MO)KeT C\037CTaBJI5ITb
    3-4 C H 3aBHCliT OT KOHCTPYKI.I,HH
    napallilOTa. ,LLJI5I YCKopeHH5I rrpon.ecca HarrOJIHeHH5I rrapallilOTa MorYT
    6bITb TaK)Ke rrpHMeHeHbI pa3JIHlIHbIe MeTO.lI.bI ero rrpHHY.lI.HTeJIbHOrO
    . .
    pacKpbITH5I.)

    c n J-1 C 0 K J1 J-1 T E PAT YP bl)


    ,
    1. 3aKc H. A. OCHOBbI 3KcnepMMeHTaJIbHOH a3po,QMHaMHKH. M., 060poHrM3.
    1953,371 c.
    2. OCTOCJlaBCKHH H. B., KaJlalJeB f. C. Ilpo,QoJIbHaH YCTOHtIHBOCTb M ynpaB-
    -
    JUleMOCTb CaMOJIeTa. M., 06opoHrH3, 1951, 367 c.
    3. CTpoeB H. C. BbI60p napaMeTpoB KaT,anYJIbTMpyeMbIx cH,lJ.eHMH ,QJIH CKO-
    pOCTHbIX CaMOJI\037TOB. - eXHMKa B03,lJ.YlllHoro <pJIOTa\302\273,1947,
    \302\253T NQ 2, c. 15-24.)))
    rnaBa 6)

    PAC 'lET CTA&HnH3Au.HH ABH>KEHHSI


    KAT Any nb THPYEMOrO KPEcnA)

    6. 1. O&UJ.HE 3AME\"IAHHSI

    B rJIaBe 6bIJIO paCCMOTpeHO


    npe.ll.bI.lI.YIll.eH .lI.BH)KeHl1e

    , KaTanYJIbTl1pyeMoro KaK MaTepHaJIbHOH TOqKH.


    KpeCJIa TIpH 3TOM
    fJIaBHbIM- 06pa30M onpe.ll.eJI5IJIaCb TpaeKTOpHH. ll.eHTpa THLKeCTH Kpec-
    JIa Ha OCHOBaHl111 nepBbIX .lI.BYX ypaBHeHI1H o6Ill.ei1: CI1CTeMbI .lI.11<p<pe-

    , peHIl,l1aJIbHbIX YP aBHeHI1H .lI.BI1LKeHI15I.


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    C .lI.l1HaMHKOH Ka-
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    peHIl,l1aJIbHbIX ypaBHeHHH era .lI.BI1LKeHI1H.
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    BXO.ll.5IT: HCCJIe.ll.OBaHl1e rrOJIOLKeHI1H KpeCJIa nOCJIe KaTanYJIbTHpOBa-
    HH5I H HaXOLK.lI.eHHe I1CKJIIOqaIOIll.I1X
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    onaCHoe .lI.JI51 LKH3HH HCCJIe.ll.OBaHHe BpaIll.eHHij KpeCJIa, qTo6bI
    JIeTqHKa; I
    \\
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    LKeHHe rOJIOBOH Bnepe.ll. no nOJIeTY. ECJIH nOCJIe KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHH5I
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    nOCJIe Hero. TaK KaK CKOpOCTb nOJIeTa KpeCJIa B 3TQT .MOMeHT MOLKeT
    6bITb BeJIHKa, TO neperpY3KH B HanpaBJIeHHH Ta3 - rOJIOBa CMorY1
    npeB30HTH npe.ll.e_JIbHO .lI.OnYCTHMbIe .lI.JIH qeJIOBeqeCKOrO opraHH3Ma.
    TaK \037e qeJIOBeqeCKOrO
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    BpameHHH
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    003TOMY B 3a.ll.aqy KOHCTpYKTopa BXO.ll.HT 06eCneqeHHe XOTH 6'bI qa-


    CTHqHOH cTa6HJIH3all.HH KpeCJI8 .lI.O MOMeHTa OT.lI.eJIeHHH OT Hero JIeT-
    qHKa, T. e. YMeHbllIeHHe BpaIll.eHHH KpeCJIa .lI.O ,lI.OnYCTHMOH yrJIOBOH
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    .
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    .
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    CTpeJIHIDIll.erO
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    191)))
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    qepe3 Il,eHTp TH)KeCTH KpeCJIa CHRbI, pa3BHBaeMO\037 CTpeRHIOIl1 H M Me-


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    BpeM5I, T. e. B npOIl,eCce \037BH)KeHHH KpeCRa B\037OJIb, HanpaBRHlOIII.HX
    p.eRbCOB HRH B\037ORb .CTBORa CTpeRHIOI.I.Lero MeX8HH3Ma, Ha KpeCRO

    \037eHCTBYIOT a3pO\037HHaMHqeCKHe CHRbI H MOMeHT, KOTopbIe -TaK)Ke


    Y)Ke
    cnoco6CTBYIOT C03\037aHHIO HaqaRbHOH yrRoBoH CKOpOCTH. ITocRe nOR-
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    \037eHCTBYIOIII.HH Ha KpeCRO, TaK)Ke OCTaeTCH HeypaBHoBerneHHbIM Ii

    rrpO\037OR)KaeT BbI3bIBaTb BpaIII.eHHe KpeCRa npH ero CBo6o\037HOM \037BH-

    lKeHHH. ECRH KpeCRO cHa6)KeHO peaKTHBHbIM YCKopHTeReM, THra KO-


    Toporo B 06meM cRyqae He TOqHO npOXO\037HT qepe3 l(T, TO MOMeHT
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    KpeCRa.
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    BbI60p cpe\037cTB cTa6HRH3aIl,HH, TO cRe\037yeT paCCMOTpeT-b npH6RH*eH-


    HbIe cnoco6bI onpe\037eReHHH HaqaRbHbIX yrRoBbIx CKopOCTeH KpecRa B

    MOMeHT ero
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    .
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    .
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    ---KATAnynbTHPYEMOrO KPEcnA B MOMEHT
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    npOCTeHllIHH cRyqaH, Kor\037a


    PaCCMOTpHM B. MOMeHT cxo\037a C _Ha-

    npaBRHlOIII.HX peRbCQB KpeCRO oT\037eRHeTCH OT CTpeRHIOI.Il,erO Mexa-


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    napbI pORHKOB C HanpaBRHIOIl1J1X peRhCOB \037O cxo\037a nOCRe\037HeM napbI


    \\
    pORHKOB.
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    OCH nOCRe\037HeH napbI pORHKOB.

    BbI6epeM CHC;TeMY oceH Koop\037HHaT OX2Y2 C HaqaROM, COBna\037aq

    lOll1HM C OCb!Q nOCRe\037HeH napbI pORHKOB. OCb Y2 HanpaBReHa BBepx


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    .
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    /
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    CJIe,lI.HHMH napaMH POJIHKOB.,
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    C YCKOpeHHeM j, TO Ha KpeCJIO ,lI.eHcTByeT MOMeHT

    Mj===Onx T,

    r,lI.e G - CHJIa TH)KeCTH KpeCJIa;


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    7 1947 193)))
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    ,
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    o

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    CTpeJIHIOIII.eMY MexaHH3MY, CTaHOBHTCH MeHbllIe BeJIHIIHfIbI 1

    (pa\037cToHHHH OT TOlIKH Ao KpenJIeHHH CTBOJIa CTpeJIHIOIII.erO Mexa-


    HH3Ma K CaMOJIeTY .lI.O TOIIKH A, CBH3bIBaIOIII.eH KpeCJIO co CTpef\037HIO-
    III.HM MeXaHH3MOM), TO yrJIOBaH CKOpOCTb Tpy6bI CTpe-JIHIOIII.erO MeXa-
    HH3Ma 6Y.ll.eT MeHblile yrJIOBOH CKOpOCTH KpeCJIa npOnOpll.HOH.aJIbHO
    OTHOllIeHHIO 3THX BeJIHIIHH.
    ECJIH OTHOllIeHHe lI{/l He3HaqHTeJIbHO OTJIHqaeTCH OT e.ll.HHHIl.bT, TO
    13 rrpe.ll.BapHTeJIbHbIX nO.ll.CqeTaX MOJKHO npHHHTb
    . .
    === ===
    (01 &1 \0371)

    H)

    \037 ===
    &1 \037\037l.

    BeCb paCIIeT ,lI.JIH pa3JIHIIHbIX CKopocTei1 nOJIeTa caMOJIeTa 06bIll-

    HO Be.ll.YT B CJIe.ll.YIOIII.eM nOpH.lI.Ke.


    1. Orrpe,neJIHIOT HalIaJIbHble 3HaqeHHH CKOpOCTH KpeCJIa V H , yrJIa
    HaKJIOHa BeKTopa CKOpO CTH 8 H H yrJIa aTaKH aH no <popMYJIaM

    V H=== - V0 sin cas


    V(V C X)2 =t (V 0 y.)2,)

    . [) === V 0 cos 'X,


    SIll v H , (6. 10))
    VH

    a H === x - B .)
    H

    196)))
    2. Onpe,lI.eJI5IIOT K03<p<pI1Il.HeHT MOMeHTa a3pO,lI.1fHaMI1QeCKHX CI1JI

    OTHOCHTeJIbHO nOCJIe,lI.HeH napbI pOJII1KOB.

    A3p0,lI.I1HaMI1qeCKI1e xapaKTepI1CTI1KI1 KaTanYJIbTI1pyeMoH YCTa-


    HOBKI1 06bIqHO 3a,lI.aIOTC5I OTHOCI1TeJIbHO OCI1, npOxO,LIJlIneH qepe3
    3a,lI.aHHOe nOJIO)KeHI1e Il.eHTpa TH)KeCTI1, B BI1,lI.e K03<P<PI1Il.I1eHTOB

    I1
    cxS, cyS (mZSl)u..1'

    KaK <PYHKIl.I1I1 yr JIa aTaKI1 KpeCJIa.


    ,l:LJI5I 3a,lI.aHHbIX KOOp,lI.I1HaT ll.eHTpa TH)KeC\037I1 KpeCJIa OTHOCI1TeJIb\"
    HO CI1CTeMbI KOOp,lI.I1HaT C HaqaJIOM B TOqKe C (OCI1 BpaIll.eHI151 no..
    CJIe,lI.HeH napbI pOJII1KOB), a TaK)Ke ,lI.JI5I nOJIyqeHHbIX BbIIIle 3HaqeHI1H
    yrJIOB aiaKI1 aM I1 qI1CJIa M== VH/a HaXO,lI.I1M a3pO,lI.I1HaMI1qeCKI1e KO-
    3<p<PI1Il.I1eHTbI cxS, cyS I1 (mzSt) u. T.

    K03<p<pI1Il.I1eHT MOMeHTa OTHOCI1TeJIbHO OCI1, npOxO,lI.51IILeH Qepe3


    TOqKY C, onpe,lI.eJI5IeTC5I no <popMYJIe

    a -
    (mzSl)c===(mzSl)u..1'+ cyS (x 1' CDS H YT \037in a H )+

    + C xS
    (x 1' sin a H + Y1' cos a H ). (6. 11)')

    KaK YKa3bIBaJIOCb BbIIIle, ,lI.I1ana30H I13MeHeHI151 yrJIa aTaKI1 aH


    OQeHb MaJI. Ilo3ToMY ,lI.onycTI1MO B 3TOM ,lI.I1ana30He yrJIOB aTaKI1
    <l3pO,lI.I1HaMI1QeCKI1e K03<!?cpHIl.I1eHTbI KpeCJIa npI1HI1MaTb nOCT05lH-
    HbIM,I1.
    3. Onpe,lI.eJI5IIOT MOMeHT I1Hep\037I1I1 KpeCJIa 9THOCI1TleJIbHO OClI Bpa-
    m.eHI151 C, MOMeHTOB OT I1HepIl.I10HHbIX CI1JI, CI1JIbI T5ILKeCTH KpeCJIa
    H a3pO,lI.I1HaMI1QeCKI1X CI1JI.
    PaCCT05lHI1e Il.eHTpa T51)KeCTI1 KpeCJI a OT HaQaJIa KOOp,lI.I1HaT:

    '
    r===
    V x;+ Y;.
    YroJI \037, o6pa3yeMbIHr np51MOH r= CCi C OCblO Y2:
    Yr
    B
    I
    === arc cas .
    r)

    Tor,lI.a nJIeQO CI1JIbI T5I)KeCTI1 6Y,lI.eT


    , .

    lih\037r sin (\037-y.).

    ECJII1 MOMeHT I1HepIl.I1I1 KpeCJIa'c QeJIOBeKOM OTHOCI1TeJIbHO no-


    OCI1 Z2, npOXO,lI.HIneH Qepe3 T5I)KeCTI1 TO
    nepeQI:l0H Il.eHTp (U,T), I\037. T,
    MOMeHT I1Hepll.I1I1 KaTanYJIbTI1pyeMoro KpeCJIa OTHOCI1TeJIbHO none-
    ,peQHOH OCI1, npOXO,lI.51II1.eH Qepe3 OCb\037
    nOC\037e,lI.HeH. napbI pOJII1KOB,6Y,lI.eT
    2
    / c == /11..1' + mr .

    TaK KaK KpeCJIO ,lI.BI1)KeTC51 C YCKope\037I1eM, TO Hq Hero 6Y,lI.eT ,lI.eif-


    CTBOBaTb I1Hepll.I10HHa51 CI1JIa, npI1JIO)KeHHaH B n.elLTpe T51)KeCTI1 KaTa-
    nYJIbTI1pyeMoH YCTaHOBKI1 I1
    HanpaBJIeHHa51 B 06paTHYro CTOPOHY
    naD2JIJIeJIbHO HanpaBJI5IIOInI1M peJIbcaM.)

    197)
    \".'
    L)))
    ,lI,JI5I CHJIbI T5I)KeCTH KpeCJIa G H rreperpY3KH, ,Lle\037CTBYIOlll.eH Ha
    paCCMaTpHBaeMOM yqaCTKe ,LlBH)KeHH5I, n rrOJIyqHM

    .)
    Mj==Onx T

    MOMeHT OT CHJIbI TH)KeCTH)

    Ma==O..\\h.

    \037OMeHT OT a3pO\037HHaMHqeCKHX CHJI paBeH rrpOH3Be,LleHHIO K03\037-

    \037H\037HeHTa MOMeHTa (mzSt) OTHOCHTeJIbHO rrpHH5ITOH OCH Ha CKOpO-


    CTHOH HarrOp.)

    OnpeAeneHHe HaLlanbHblX yrnoBblX CKopOCTeH


    '
    (H CTBona
    H yrnoB OTKnOHeHHH ,
    Kpecna
    CTpenJII01qero MexaHH3Ma) B MOMeHT
    OT AeneHHSI Kpecna OT HanpaBnSlI01qHX penbCOB
    BCJIe,LlCTBH\037
    He3HaqHTeJIbHOrO H3MeHeHH5I yrJIa HaKJIOHa Kp\037CJIa
    B rrpo\037ecce ero ,LlBH)KeHH5I rro HarrpaBJI5IIO\037HM peJIbCaM rrOCJIe CXO,Ll3
    C peJIbCOB rrpe,LlrrOCJIe,LlHeH rrapbI pOJIHKOB MO)KHO rrpHH5ITb Bce ,LleH-
    CTBYIOIl1.He Ha KpeCJIO MOMeHTbI OTHOCHTeJIbHO OCH BpaIl1.eHH5I C B
    paCCMaTpHBaeMOM rrpOMe)KYTKe XO,Lla KpeCJIa rrOCT05IHHbIMH. Tor,Lla
    yrJIOBa5I CKOpOCTb KpeCJIa 6Y,LleT JIHHeHHOH \037YHKQHeH Bpel'YleHH 11

    MO)KeT 6bITb Bblpa)KeHa \037OPMYJIOH

    \037M
    0)==&== t. Jo.12))
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    ECJIH, HarrpHMep, paCCT05IHHe Me)K,Lly ,LlBYM5I rrOCJIe,LlHHMH rra-


    paMH pOJIHKOB 150 M, TO' rro rpacpHKY XO,Lla CTpeJI5IlOlll,erO Mexa-
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    .---
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    JI5IeTC5I COOTHorneHHeM)

    \037 M
    _
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    x-57 ,3 !!:..-. (6. 13))
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    YrJIOBa5I CKOpOCTb KpeCJIa H rrpHpaIl1.eHHe ero yrJIa HaKJIOHa B


    MOMeHT CXO,Lla rrOCJIe,LlHeH rrapbI pOJIHKOB C HarrpaBJI5IIOIl1.I1X peJIb-
    COB orrpe,LleJI5IIOTC5I BeCbMa rrpOCTO rro rrpHBe,LleHHbIM cpopMYJIal\\t1.
    pHC. 6.3 rrocTpoeHbI
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    CKOpOCTH KpeCJIa B MOMeHT CXO,Lla ero C HarrpaBJI5IlOlliJIX peJIbCOB
    B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CKOpOCTH rrOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa B MOMeHT KaTarrYJIb-
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    Wj
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    198)))
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    lll.He BbIBO,lI.bI.

    Bo-nepBblx, nO,lI.TBep,lI.HTb cnpaBe,lI.JIHBOCTb ,lI.OnYllI,eHH5I 0 MaJIO-


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    %
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    (.J, Tic
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    PRC. 6.3. COCTaBJl5IIOI.I.I.He yrJloBoH CKOpOCTH KpeCJla B MO.


    MeHT cxo\037a C HarrpaBJlHIOI.I.I.HX peJlbCOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
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    HeT04HOCTb B Onpe,lI.eJIeHHH CaMI1X a3pO,lI.HHaMHQeCKHX K03<p<pHIl,H-


    MO)KHO
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    Ta MOMeHTa mzSI OTHOCHTeJIbHO T04KH C H 3anHCaTb ee B BH,lI.e)

    (m.zSl)c ===
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    B-TpeTbHX, H3 cpaBHHTeJIbHOH OIl,eHKI1 Bcex MOMeHTQB, ,lI.eHcTBY-


    lOllI,HX Ha KpeCJIO B npOIl,eCce ero ,lI.BH)KeHH5I no peJIbCaM, MO)KHO
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    M.YJIa ,lJ.JI5I yrJIOBOH CKOpOCTH KpeCJIa rrpHMeT ynporueHHbIH BI1,lI.

    M a -M. ]
    WI
    === \037 t (6. 15)
    I c)
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    MJIH B pa3BepHYTOM BH,lI.e)

    Mz + Q (YT sin aH +' YT cos a H) - nOx T


    ===
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    ,\" T,lI.e t onpe,lI.eJI5IeTC5I H3 rpa<pI1Ka xO,lI.a CTpeJI5IlOllI,ero) MeXaHI13Ma.)

    199)))
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    CTpe\037HIOInHH MeXaHH3M C 60\037bIIlHM XO\037OM. B 3TOM c\037yqae rroc\037e
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    200)

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    \\
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    r,l(e T - KHHeTHqeCKa51 3HeprH5I cHcTeMbI;


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    cP H {t - COOTBeTCTBYIOllI.He yrJIOBbIe CKOpOCTH; .


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    HHX CHJI
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    mero MexaHH3Ma 51BJI5IeTC51 H3BeCTHOH cpYHKll.HeH BpeMeHH. COCTa-
    BHM BbIpalKeHHe JI.JI5I KHHeTijqeCKOH: 3HeprHH HarneH: CHCTeMbI, KOTO-

    pa51 6y.n.eT COCT05lTb M3 KHHeTHqeCKOH 3HeprHH CTpeJI5IIOII.J.erO Mexa-


    HH3Ma H KHHeTHqeCKOH 3HeprHH KpeCJIa.

    BBH.rr.y Toro qTO Macca CTpeJI5IIOII.J.erO MexaHH3Ma COCTaBJI5IeT He


    %
    \" DOJIee 5-6 MaCCbI KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoH YCTaHOBKH, JI.JI5I ynpOllI.e-
    HH5I BbIqHCJIeHHH He 6YJI.eM yqHTbIBaTb KHHeTHqeCKYIO 3HeprHIO CTpe-
    -
    ., JI51IOII.J.ero MexaHH3Ma.
    ,lJ,JI5I Haillero CJIyqa51 ypaBHeHH5I JIarpaHlKa 6Y,l(YT HMeTb BH,l(

    m \037 {l2\037
    - al & CDS (f) + V
    -
    )}
    \037
    ===
    \037)
    dt

    \037lQ cos \037- mai& cas (f)+ V- \037), (6. 18)

    m \037 [at sin (f}+v-\037)-al\037cos(f}+V-\037)+


    dt -

    & (6.19)
    +
    I\037 ]=Mz-aQcos(&+y)+mai&cos(&+y-\037):
    \\.)

    201)
    k
    i<:'

    \037.:')))
    Yr31bI H3MeH5UOTC5I B He6031blllHX npe.rr.e31aX,
    cp H 'it n03TOMY TPH-
    rOHOMeTpHqeCKHe <PYHKll.HI:I
    OT yr 310B cos (t} + 'V-cp) , cos cp, cos ('it + V)
    MOlKHO npHH5ITb nOCT05IHHbIMH TaK lKe, KaK MbI npHHHMaeM -nOCTO-
    5IHHbIMH a3po.rr.HHaMHQeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH KpeC31a B 3TOM .rr.Hana-
    30He H3MeHeHH5I yr310B aTaKH. I1HTerpHpY5I 3TH ypaBHeHH5I, n031Y-
    qHM)

    m [l2\037--al&cos(&+V-\037)]===Qcoscp ldi-
    \\
    u

    (6.20)
    -macos(&+V-q-}. 5b}df+C,
    m sin (&+ v- - & =
    q-) al\037
    cos (&+ v- q-) +
    [ai .l\037 1

    = (/Hz
    --
    aQ cas (&+ v)] f+ ma cos (& + v- q-) i&df+ C2. (6. 21)
    S

    npaBH310M HH:rerpHpOBaHH5I no QaCT5IM, HHTerpaJl


    . flo31b3Y5ICb
    I
    J lftdt MOlKHO 3anHcaTb B BH.rr.e ,

    i&df=i&- l&dt.)
    5 S
    nOCJIe BBe.rr.eHH5I 0603HaqeHHH

    al ==a cas (&+ v- \037),

    a 2 === a sin -
    (& -t- 'V \037),

    -
    /\\1 === [M z Qa cas (&+ V)])

    npe.rr.bI.rr.YIII.He yp aBHeHH5I np HMYT BH.rr.

    m [l2\037-ap\037] =Q cos q- mali&+


    5ldf-

    + mal Cl , (6.22)
    5Z&df+
    m (6.23)
    [a2i-all\037]+IA&=Mf+mali&-ma15l&dt+C2'
    TIocT05IHHbIe HHTerpHpOBaHH5I C 1 H C2 onpe.rr.e315IIOTC5I H3 HaQa31b.
    HbIX YC310BHH. TIpH t==O yr310BbIe CKOpOCTH H yr31bI HaK31qHa KpeC31a
    H CTpe315IIOIII.erO MexaHH3Ma ,[(315I HailleH 3a.rr.aQH COOTBeTCTBYIOT HX
    3HaQeHH5IM B MOMeHT cxo.rr.a nOC31e.rr.HeH napbI p031HKOB C HanpaB315IlO- ,
    III.HX pe31bCOB. TIYCTb npH t== 0
    &t=0===&1' \037t=--0===\0371' [t=0===[1'

    &t=0===&1' \037t=0===\0371' It=o==l\037.


    I
    TIo.rr.CTaB315I5I 3TH 3HaqeHH5I B ypaBHeHH5I (6. 22) H (6. 23), nOJ1Y-
    qHM C31e.rr.YIOIlLHe BbIpalKeHH5I .rr.315I nOCT05IHHbIX HHTerpHpOBaHH5I:

    C I === - a Il 1ft 1 + alll&I]'


    m [li\0371 (6.24)
    C 2 === m - - I
    [a 2 i l alll\037l ait\"I&I] + A &1. (6. 25))

    202)))
    . .
    Tenepb ypaBHeHH5I ,lI.JI5I Onpe,lI.eJIeHH5I t} H cp MO)KHO \037anHCaTb B BH,lI.e

    .2
    .
    11' . 11. .
    11
    ml -mall +mall &-\037&l-=
    ( <P--;-<Pl ) ( &-[&1
    . ) ( )

    = Q cos <P mal l&dt, (6.26))


    S ld!+ S

    1-
    mai( \037l )--:-mall(\037-+\037l)+fA(&-&l)-

    \037
    m;2 i - mal i&dt+ Mt. (6.27)'
    ( &--7&1)= S

    YMHO)KHB ypaBHeHHe (6.26) Ha aill 11 CJIO)KHB C Y12aBHeHHel\\1


    (6.27), nOJIyqHM ypaBHeHHe ,lI.JI5I onpe,lI.eJIeHH5I yrJIOBOH CKOpOCTH
    BpameHH5I KpeCJIa ,
    . . .
    --- ma 2 2 11 II
    [I A l] {}== {}1-n1a 1l 1 11 -[ CPl+
    [ lA-mall ] ( )
    a
    1- &--
    &1)-ma
    2 1-
    +ma/[ n ( \037l i( \037l )+

    r ldt a ..
    + Mt -mal \\ l&dt.) (6. 28))
    [ Qalcos<PT+ l ( 1-1 ) J

    06bIQHO Ha KOHll.eBOM YQaCTKe XO,lI.a CTpeJI5IIOIlI.erO MexaHH3Ma


    J{BH)KeHl1e KpeCJIa OqeHb 6JIH3KO K 6e3
    .paBHoycKopeHHoMY; n03ToMY

    60JIbIIIOH norpelllHocTH BeJIHQHHY l B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM ,lI.Hana30He


    XO,lI.a CTpeJI5IIOIlI.ero MexaHH3Ma MO)KHO npHH5ITb nOCT05lHHOH. Tor.n.a
    yrJIOBa51 CKOpOCTb BpaIll.eHI151 KpeCJIa H3 CPOPMYJIbI (6.28) 6Y,lI.eT
    . 1 II
    . 1 .
    &==. f 1--1-
    ) ./A-mai- &1-ma1l 1 CPl'-
    IA - mal
    2
    t [( I ) ( I )
    . a Idt
    - S
    mall l +Mt +
    ( 1-+ )
    &l+Qalcos<p
    l ]
    . \"
    1 al -- al \\
    + mall &
    mail 1 &dt-)
    ( -i ) ( -i,l \037

    (
    6. 29))
    -mi( 1-t)a+)
    \037

    4JIeHbI, 3aKJ1IOQeHHhIe B KBa,lI.paTHbIe cKo6KH, H MHO)KHTeJIH npH


    (t5 .f ftdt i H a2 51BJI5IIOTCH H3BeCTHbIMH CPYHKll.H5IMH BpeMeHH. 3anH-
    rne\302\245ypaBHeHHe (6. 29) B BH,lI.e

    .
    1
    {} ==
    F F 8 (t) {}d t - F '.
    - 2 {F 1 (f) + 2 (f) {} ,- \\
    4 (i) a 2},
    IA mal J)

    203)

    '\"
    \037\037)))
    FI(t) {)l-mall l 1-
    =((/\037-\037ai l: ) ( III )\037l-

    . [dt
    al S
    -mall l 1- \\
    cosr.p
    ( i )&I+Qa l
    l
    \037Mf\"
    1
    . ,
    al
    F ll 1- ,
    2 (f)==ma
    ( i, )
    ..
    al
    F3 (f)=== mall
    ( 1-[, )

    \"t\ F4 (f)==mi
    ( 1-\037)-
    [ ,
    Yro\037 HaK\037OHa Kpec\037a K ropH30HTY HaH\037eM nYTeM HHTerpHpoBa.
    HH5I KHHeMaTHqeCKOrO COOTHOllIeHH5I)

    d\037
    .
    -=={t.
    dt)

    Onpe\037e\037HB 3aBHCHMOCTb yr\037oBoH CKOpOCTH \037 H yr\037a HaK\037OHa


    /
    Kpec\037a \037 no BpeMeHII, MOlKHO nepeHTH K onpe\037eJI'eHHIO yr\037oBoH CKO\"
    - H yr\037a HaK\037OHa 3Toro
    pOCTH Tpy6bI CTpe\03751IOW:,ero M\037xaHH3Ma. ,LL\03751

    HYlKHO nO\037CTaBHTb HaH\037eHHbIe 3aBHCHMOCTH 1t H \037 B ypaBHeHHe


    (6. 26) H\037H (6. 27).
    OepBoe H3 3THX ypaBHeHHH MOlKHO 3anHcaTb B BH\037e

    .===\037.
    cP CPI +
    3- &-iL& -3-1- f}-.:..\037{t
    [2 [ ( [I ) [. [ ( [1 )+

    Q. CDS 'f' S ldt


    + ml [
    +....El..
    [[-
    --.L

    5
    {tdf.

    TaK KaK Bce qJIeHbI npaBOH lIaCTH trr.oro ypaBHeHH5I npH HaIllHX
    \037oJiYIlI.eHH5IX 51B\03751IOT.C5I
    H3BeCTHbIMH CPYHKll.II5IMH BpeMeHH t, TO
    HCKOMa51 Be\037HqHHa cp onpe\037e\03751eTC5I BeCbMa npOCTO. I1cno\037b3Y51 co-
    .
    d<p
    oTHorueHHe cP=== -, HaH\037eM H3MeHeHHe yrJIa HaKJIOHa OCH CTpe-
    dt
    \03751IOIlI.erO MexaHH3Ma.)

    6.4. \"IHCnEHHOE PEWEHHE YPABHEHHA


    ABH>KEHHSI KATAnynbTHPYEMOA YCTAHOBKH

    B nnOCKOCTH CHMMETPHH

    Onpe\037e\037IIB HaqaJIbH\037e 3HaqeHH5I yrJIOBOH CKOpOCTII II yrJIa Ha.


    KJIOHa KpeCJIa B MOMeHT OT\037eJIeHII5I OT CaMOJIeTa, MOlKHO nepeHTH K
    aHaJIII3Y \037BIIlKeHH5I KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoro Kpec\037a B CBo6o\037HOM nOJIeTe.
    ,LL\03751 3Toro 6y\037eM paCCMaTpHBaTb nO\037HYIO CHCTeMY \037HcpcpepeH-
    ll.Ha\037bHbIX ypaBHeHHH \037BHlKeIIH5I KaTanY\037bTHpy.eMOH YCTaHOBKII B

    204)

    \\ /)))
    nJIOCKOCTH CHMMeTpHH, COCTaBJIeHHbIX B npe,l(bIJI.y\037eH rJIaBe. BbInH-
    rneM 3TH ypaBHeHH5I B CKOpOCTHOH CHCTeMe KOOpJI.HHaT:)
    .
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    m ===
    Q -O sin e '
    dt

    dB
    mV -==p-O cose ')
    dt

    dwz .
    I Z ==M Z') (6. 30))
    dt

    d\037
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    dt

    {} === e a.)
    +

    PernaTb 3TH ypaBHeHH5I MOlKHO JIHrnb MeTO,l(OM qH'tJIeHHOrd HH-


    TerpHpOBaHH5I; KOTOpbIH, XOT5I H He npeJI.CTaBJI5IeT TeOpeTHqeCKOrO
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    no BnOlIHe onperr,eJIeHHOH cxeMe, HO HMeer BalKHoe rrpaKl'Hqe:Koe
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    ,
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    TIpH HHTerpHpOBaHHH ypaBHeHHH (6.30) YKa3aHHbIM MeTO,l(OM
    BX0JI.51IUHe B paCqeT napaMeTpbI nptlHHMaIOTC5I nOCT05lHHbIMH H8
    npOT5IlKeHHH BbI6paHHoro npoMelKYTKa BpeMeHH I1t H paBHbI 3HaQe..
    HH5IM 3THX napaMeTpoB B HaQaJIe npoMelKYTKa.

    TIpHpaIIleHH5I onpe\037eJI5IeMbIX napaMeTpoB 3a' paccMaTpHBaeMbIH


    npoMelKYToK BpeMeHH nOJI.CqHTbIBaIOTC5I no <popMYJIaM

    - dV - Q
    -- G sin e
    \037V \037t == \037t
    dt m'
    {J de P - G cos 6
    \037v =- t
    \037 == t
    \037
    dt mV'

    . O) z
    \037 ==-
    dw z
    \037t == -- M z t
    \037 ,
    dt Iz

    {}
    \037 ==
    O)z\037t.

    3HaqeHH5I napaMeTpOB B KOHll.e 3aJI.aHHOrO npOMelKYTKa BpeMeHI1


    OnpeJI.eJI5IIOTC5I J{aK CYMMa 3H.aqeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOllI.erO napaMeTpa
    B HaqaJIe HHTepBaJIa HerO npHpallI.eHH5I
    3a paCCMaTpHBaeMbIli npa-
    .' MelKYTOK. TIOJIyqeHHbIe KOHeqHbIe\0373HaqeHH5I 51BJI5IIOTC5I HaqaJIbHbIMH
    AJI5I CJIeJI.YIOllI.ero npOMelKYTKa BpeMeHH.

    CKOpOCTb JI.BHlKeHH5I ll.eHTpa T5IJKeCTH KpeCJIa V, yrOJI HaKJIOHa


    BeKTopa CKOpOCTH K ropH30HTY 8, yrJIOBa51 CKOpOCTb BpallI.eHH5I
    KpeCJIa BOKpyr ll.eHTpa T5IlKeCTH
    -
    {Dz, yroJI
    . .
    TaHraJKa {} H yroJI aTaKM
    KpeCJIa a onpeJI.eJI5IIOTC5I\037 JI.JI5I KalKJI.OrO npoMelKYTKa BpeMeHH no
    <popMYJIaM)

    205)))
    Vi+l==Vi+\037Vi; ei+l==6i+\037ei;
    WZ . ==W Z .+ Llwz.;
    l+ 1 l l \"{}i+l =={}i+ \037{}i;

    a i === {} \"- e .
    i i
    CKOpOCTH KpeCJIa, nOJIY4eHHbIe C Y4eTOM ero Bp a lIl.eHH5I, IIpaK-
    TH4eCKH He3Ha4HTeJIbHO OT
    nOJIY4eHHbIX 6e3
    OTJIH4aIOTC5I
    3Ha4eHHH,
    yqeTa BpalIl.eHH5I. flapaMeTpbI 8 J1 a 51BJI5IIOTC5I
    cKopee BcnOMora-
    TeJIbH?IMH
    JI.JI5I onpeJI.eJIeHH5I yr JIa TaHra)Ka 'it H yr JIOBofI CKOpOCTI1
    ffiz; ==1t, Heo6xoJI.HMbIX JI.JI5I onpeJI.eJIeHH5I neperpY30K.)

    ?JO
    - ,)
    100)

    o)

    r,c)

    -700)

    PHC. 6. 5. I13MeHeHHeyr JIa TaHra)Ka KpeCJIa B CBO-


    rrpo\037ecce
    60.rr.Horo '.rr.BH\037eHH5I npH pa3JIH4HWX CKOpOCT5IX CaMOJIeTa B
    MOMeHT
    KaTarrYJIbT\037pOBaHH5I (KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHMe BBepx)
    I
    Ha pHC. 6.5 nocTpoeHbI H3MeHeHH5I
    KpHBbIe HaKJIOHa YC-
    yrJIa
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    ropH30HTY cBo60JI.HOrO JI.BH)KeHH\037
    'RarrepBoM YllaCTKe TpaeKTopHH, T. e. C MOMeHTa OTJI.eJIeHH5I KpeCJI3
    OT CaMOJIeTa JI.O MOMeHTa ero
    npOJIeTa HaJI. KHJIeM (KaTanYJIbTHpO-
    BaHHe BBepx).
    113 liTO
    pHCYHKa CJIeJI.yeT, npH KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH Ha MaJIbIX
    CKOpOCT5IX nOJIeTa CaMOJIeTa yrOJI HaKJIOHa K
    KpeCJIa ropH30HTY
    BCJIeJI.CTBHe npe06JIaJI.aIOlIl.erO BJIH5IHH5I Ha4aJIbHOrO OT
    HMnYJIbCa
    CTpeJI5IIOlIl.ero \"MexaHH3Ma HMeeT 60JIbIIIHe OTpHuaTeJIbHbIe 3Ha4e
    HH5I. HaKJIOH5IeTC5I
    0
    KpecJIo 3arOJIOBHHKOM BnepeJI. Ha yrOJI nOp5lJI.Ka
    90 npH V c ==400 KM/4. 3aTeM KpeCJIO, JI.OCTHrHYB MaKcHMYMa no-
    BopoTa, nOBopa4HBaeTC5I 06paTHYIO B
    CTOPOHY. TOT cpaKT, 4TO yro.n
    HaKJIOHa {} npH 3TOH 0
    CKOpOCTH JI.OCTHraeT 90 , He HMeeT
    Horo cyw:eCTBeH-
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    neperpY3KH
    B HarrpaBJIeHHH Ta3 - rOJIOBa
    6YJI.yr HeBeJIHKH.
    npH KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH Ha 60JIbIIIHX
    CKOpOCT5IX nOJIeTa. caMO-
    JIeTa nOBopOT KpeCJIa 3arOJIOBHHKOM
    (<<KHBOK\302\273) BnepeJI. YMeHbIllaeT.
    C5I BCJIeJI.CTBHe B03paCTa\0371I1,ero BJIH5IHH5I a3pOJI.HHaMH4eCKoro MOMeH-
    Ta. flpH Ha. nOJIeTa V c == 1000 KMlq
    KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH CKOpOCTH
    MaKCHMaJIbHWH \302\253KHBOK\302\273
    0
    3arOJIOBHHKOM BnepeJI. OKa3WBaeTCH Bcero
    nOp5lJI.Ka 5-6 . 04eBHJI.HO, MO)KHO O)KHJI.aTb, liTO npH CKOpOCT5IX no-

    206)))
    JIeTa 60JIbille 1000 KM/q KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoe He
    KpeCJIO npaKTHqeCKH
    6YJI.eT nOBOpaqHBaTbCH 3arOJIOBHHKOM BnepeJI..
    Ha pHC. 6. 6 nocTpoeHbI KpHBbIe yr JIOBbIX CKOpOCTeH: KpeCJIa npI1
    KaTanYJIbT\037pOBaHHH BBepx. DpH M\037JIWX
    CKOpOCT5IX nOJIeTa BCJIeJI.-)

    CU
    z ,
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    10)

    o)

    -70)

    PHC. 6. 6. rpaqJ:HK H3MeHeHH.5I yr JIOBbIX CKopocTeH KpeCJIa B


    cBo6o.rr.HOM .rr.BH:/KeHHM rrpH pa3JIM4HbIX CKOpOCT.5IX rrOJIeTa ca.
    MOJIeTa B MOMeHT KaTarrYJIbTHpOBaHHH (KaTarrYJIbTMpOBaHHe
    .)
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    CTBHe He3HaqHTeJIbHOro a3pOJI.HHaMHQeCKOrO MOMeHTa B nepBbIe JI.OJIH


    ceKYHJI.W nOCJIe KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHH5I yrJIOBa51 CKOpOCTb MeJI.JIeHHO
    YM eHbill a eTCH.
    C YBeJIHqeHHeM CKOpOCTH CaMOJIeTa Ha6JIIOJI.aeTC5I 60JIee pe3Koe
    TopMOlKeHHe yrJIOBOH: CKOpOCTH BpaII.J.eHH5I KpeCJIa, a 3aTeM HanpaB-
    JIeHHe BpaI..U:,eHHH H3MeH5IeTCH, npHqeM yrJIOBa51 Ha..
    CKOpOCTb 6bICTpO
    paCTaeT H MOlKeT npeB30H:TH npeJI.eJIbHO JI.OnYCTHMYIO BeJIHqHHY.
    OnpeJI.eJIHB Bce KHHeMaTHqeCKHe napaMeTpbI JI.BH)f{eHHH
    KpeCJIa,
    MOlKHO nepeH:TH K
    paCqeTY neperpY30K, Ha qeJIO-
    B03JI.eH:CTBYIOII.J.HX
    BeKa.)

    6.5. PAC\"IET TPAEKTOPHH ABH>KEHHSI


    KATAnynbTHPYEMOrO KPEcnA C Y\"IETOM BPALl.\\EHHSI)

    DOJIyqHB 3aBHCHMOCTH CKOpOCTH KpeCJIa V H yrJIa HaKJIOHa BeK-


    Topa CKOpOCTH K ropH30HTY 8 H3 peIlleHH5I nOJIHOH: CHCTeMbI JI.H<p<p e -
    . peHll,H8JIbHbIX ypaBHeHHH: JI.BHFt\\:eHHH KpeCJIa, T. e. C H3MeHe-
    yqeTOM
    HH5I a3p0JI.HHaMHqeCKHX xapaKTepHcTHK KaTanYJIbTHpyeMOH: YCTa-
    HOBKH npH Bpa\037eHHH KpeCJIa' Bo\037pyr nOnepeqHOH: OCH Z, npQxoJI.51-
    II.J.eH: qepe3 ll,eHTp MOlKHO K OTHOCHTeJIb\037
    T5IlKeCTH,'\" nepeH:TH paCqeTY
    HOH: JI.BHlKeHH5I
    TpaeKTopHH u,eHTpa T51lKeCTH KpeCJIa.
    ,I:{JIH 3Toro onpeJI.eJI5IIOT COCTaBJI5IIOII.J.He a6COJIIOTHOH: CKOpOCTH
    KpeCJIa no OC5IM x H y no <popMYJIaM
    V x=== V cas B, (6. 31)
    V === V sin B.\".)
    l/ (6. 32))
    207)

    /. ')))
    COCTaBJI5II0lll.a51 CKOpOCTII KpeCJIa no OCII Xi OTHOCIITeJIbHO caMO-
    JIeTa onpe,l(eJI5IeTC5I Ha OCHOBaHIIII paBeHCTBa
    V xl == V c --:- V x. (6. 33) ,
    HHTerpIIpY51 qIICJIeHHO IIJIII rpacpIIqeCKII paBeHcTBa (6.31) II

    (6.32) no BpeMeHH, nOJIyqIIM OTHOCIITeJIbHOH


    KOOP.LI.HHaTbI TpaeKTo-
    pIIII ll.eHTpa T5IlKeCTII KpeCJIa no cpopMYJIaM
    t
    'Xl = V Xl dt ,
    S
    o
    t
    YI = V'!l1 dt .
    5
    o)

    '
    8p a 14etfu f/
    y,M C
    !I'IemO\037f
    --\037
    J --- ---

    5eJ !lC/\037lT7a 8pa'4etll1fl


    2 '-...-)

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    0
    a3PQ,lI,HHaMHqe\037KOrO MOMeHTa nJIaBHO TIOBOpaqI1BaeTC5I Ha 80--100
    3arOJIOBHI1KOM Ha3a,lI, 11 B TaKOM nOJIOLKeHI1I1 nepeJIeT-aeT qepe3
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    mz
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    PHC. 6.10. ,[{HarpaMMa m z= (a), y,u.oBJIeTBO-


    p5IIOIIJ.aH Tpe60BaHHHM cTa6HJIH3a\037HH KpeCJIa)

    ,L{JI5I Toro QT06bI 06ecneqI1Tb YKa3aHHbIH: peLKI1M ,lI,BI1)KeHI151 Kpec-


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    IlpI1 'yrJIe aTaKI1 a\03790\302\260 KpI1Ba51 MOMeHTOB ,lI,OJI)KHa nepexo,lI,I1TJ:
    B 06JIaCTb OTpI1IJ;aTeJIbHbIX 3HaqeHI1H:, QT06bI He ,lI,OnYCTI1Tb ,lI,aJIbHefI-
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    HeKOTopoe YBeJII1QeHI1e nOJIO)KI1TeJIbHorO K03<P<PI111.I1eH'.fa MOMeHT3


    npI1 nepexo,lI,e K OTpI1IJ;aTeJIbHbIM yrJIaM aTaKI1 BeCbMa LKeJIaTeJIbHO
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    rrpH KOTOpbIX Heo6xo\037HMO 06eCne'\302\243IHTb CnaCeHHe neTqHKa, TaKLKe CO-


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    IlleHHH. EcnH ll1,HTKH LKeCTKHe, TO HX pa3MepbI OrpaHI1'\302\243IeHbI pa3Me-


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    TenbHO ll.eHTpa THLKeCTH Kpecna.


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    Ka3aH Ha pHC. 6. 14, nY\037KTHpHOH:
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    )1ocTaTOQHO xopOIllee COBna\037eHHe 3THX KpHBbIX nO\037TBep)K\037aeT


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    215)))
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    PHC. 6. 11. BJIHHHHe cTa6HJIH3HPYIOIIJ.HX IIJ.HTKOB Ha K03<pq:HII.H.


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    PHC. 6. 12. BJIHHflHe IIJ.HTKOB Ha K03<P:I: H-


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    PHC. 6. 13. BJIH5IHHe cTa6HJIH3HPyroIIJ.HX lUHTKOB Ha K03+\037H


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    216)))
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    HeHIlleM lI,BHMeHHH rrap3IIIIOTa Ha Hero 6y,[(yr 1I,eMCTBOBaTb paCTHrH-
    B3IOllI,a5I CH JIa B coe,[(HHHTe7IbHOM 3B\342\202\254He,
    paBHa5I kx, 'CHJIa HHepU,HH,
    paBHaH GT1.x/g, H rrOCToHHH3H CH 11a a3pO,[(HHaMHqeCKOf'O conpOTHBJIe-
    HH.H cTa6HJIH3HpYICImero rrapalliIOtT'a P.)

    231)
    &.'
    1:',\
    ...)))
    :4.;..:....\037.
    C JIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO t ,n,I1<p<pepeHIIHaJIbHOe ypaBHeHHe .n.BI1)KeHI15I napa-
    IlIIOTa no.n. .n.eHCT\037HeM ynpyr::>H CHJIbI H nOCT05IHHOH CI1JIbI P 3anh-
    IlIeT'C5I B BH,lIe)

    On d 2x -
    --- - k X
    +p (7. 13))
    dt 2)
    g

    Ii .llI1)

    d 2x kx _ \037===O.
    + (7. 14))
    dt 2 mn m n)

    TIpH t='8 npHHHMaeM)

    x=o
    :i = VII.
    06111I1H I1HTerpaJI ypaBHeHHH (7. 14) 6y.neT

    k k
    x=== C1sih t+C 2 COS t-+\037. (7.15)
    mIl k
    V V mIl

    ,L(JI5I onpe,l{eJIeHI15I np0I13BOJIbHbIX nOCr05IHHbIX C 1 11 C 2 BOCrrOJII:\"

    3yeMcH YKa3aHHbIMI1 BbIIlIe Haq\037:17IbHbIMH yc TIOBH5IMH:

    p
    C 2 +-==O,
    k

    k
    Vn=C1l I .
    V nln)

    OT\037IOlIa HaXOAI1M t qTO)

    C1=V\" ,
    V :\"

    - p
    C2 === -.
    k

    Tcr,lIa ypaBH\342\202\254H,I1e (7.15) MOMHO 3arrHcaTb TaK:)

    x=== V II
    -';;-;.
    -SIn 1. / --';- - --cos
    P
    t
    -,;-
    -/,--.
    I
    P
    (7. 16))
    { k
    V mil If
    I
    / nZ II k)

    OQeBI1lIHO t MaKCI1MaJIbHOe HaT5IM\342\202\254HI1e B COerr,HHI1Te7IbHCM .3BeHe


    6y.n.er npI1 HaI160JIbIlIeM \342\202\254ro
    paCT5I)KeHHI1. ,L(JI5I' Toro qIo6bI HaHTI1
    X maXt
    \037o3bMeM np0I13BolIHYIC no BpeMeHI1 or (7. 1E.) 11 npHpaBH5IeM
    nOJIyqeHHOe BbIpaMeHHe HynlO. nOJIytIHM

    -,;- P. r-,;-
    V n cas
    / . -t + -.i
    -m k SIn ' -L===
    mil
    0, (7. 17))
    J mIl r n) V

    OTKy.n. a

    232)))
    . k Vrr
    Sin t = + '
    I mn
    I 2 \037
    V +
    I
    I n
    mnk

    P
    \037
    'k:\"'
    - 11mnk
    cos t === +
    - .
    Y mn p2
    2
    V n +-
    V mnk

    p'
    1 aK KaK BeJII1qHHbI Vir H nC,nO:>KHTeJIbHbI, TO BbIpa:tKeHHH
    V milk

    .
    Sin
    T
    - _ rT -
    t
    JI,JIH)
    /
    I t H cas HYMHO 6paTb C pa3HbI-)
    1 mIl
    V mil
    MH 3HaKaMH. 1l0AC'FaBHB 9TH BblpaMeHH5I B <POPMYJIY (7. Ie,), n\037'JIY-
    qHM Be TII1qHHY MaKCHMaJIf:HOrC paCT5I:tKeBH5I coeAHHHTeTIb\037OrO 3BeHa:)

    v\037
    Xmax:'=:::
    / :\" +
    : + : (7. .1.8))
    1 p2
    2 p2
    V n2 +- ,
    VII +-
    y mnk
    ;IV\037 mrrk)
    I1JIH)
    . 1 .
    ;' } 9))
    .X max (7.
    ===-'; ( P+l/ p2\037-mrrkV\037).)

    llpHHHMa51 BO BHHMaHHe, qTO


    EF
    k ===
    ,
    l$

    nOJIYt)HM MaKCHMaJIbHOe lIHHaMI1qeC\037Oe Ha rHLKeHHe B COeAHHHTeJIb-


    HOM 3BeHe)

    I mrrEFV\037
    T max === k')(max === p / p2 + .
    , + (7. \037O))
    .
    V I
    cP

    .OTCI<;>JXa K03cpcpHUHeHT YBeJIH1-1eHH51HarpY3KH)


    f
    T
    1] = = 1
    + 1 +
    mIIEFV\037
    . (7. 21))
    ;x \\/) I cP)p2

    3AeCb E - MC;IIYJIb ynpyrocTH; ..p


    F - ITJIOIIl.aLIb CeqeHHH coeAHHHTeJIbHOr0 3Be-
    rrOrrepelJ:HOrO
    Ha B M 2.
    BJIHHHHe MaCCbI \037oeAHHHTeJIbHCrO 3BeHa MCMHO yqeCTb rrpH6aB-
    JIeHHeM qaCTH ero MaccbI K Macce rrapallilOTa *.)

    *
    C. n. THMoUleHKo' H A. JlecCeJIbC. IlpI1KJIa.rr.HaH TeOpl1H ynpyroCTI1. JI., foc-
    TexH3.rr.aT, 1930, c. 241.)

    233)))
    CHJIY a3pC:LI,HHaMI1QeCKOrO COrrpOTHBJIeHI15I cTa6HlIH3HPYIOll1ler\037
    B BH,lI,e M\037)KHO 3arrHCaTb B BHrr,e
    rrapaIlIlCTa pa3\037epHYTOM

    QV\037
    P === C
    xnSn -.
    2,) J)

    TaK KaK rrpH 6eCKOHeqHO Manoft ,LI\037HHe COe\037HHI1TeJI\037HCTO 3BeHa


    napaIlIIOTa VII TaK:tKe CT'PeMMTcH K HYJIIO, TO
    (l<p---+\037') CKOpOCTb
    Tmax = 2P H K03<P<P M II.HeHt 11
    = 2.

    7. 7. HArpY3KH HA TEna '\"IEnOBEKA

    H HA nPHBSl3HYfO CHCTEMY

    PaccMqTpHM BJIHHHHe napaMeTpOB Kpe\037lIa Ha xapaKTep rreftcT-


    BYICIIl.HX Ha qeJIOBeKa HarpY30K.
    nOJIeTe JIeTQHK, B HeM\037 HC-
    IlpI1 CBc60JI.HOM KpeCJIa HaXO\037HllJI1HCH

    llbI'TbIBaer \037Ba BH\037a HarpY,30K:


    1) Herrocperr,cTBeHHoe B03\037eftcTBHe CKOpocTHoro Hanopa;
    2) neperpY3KY TOpMO)KeHHH.
    3TH B pa'3JIHQHbIX HanpaBJIeHHHX
    - CKOpO\"
    HarpY3KH ,rr,eHCTBYIOT
    CTHoii' HarrOp rrpH)KHMaeT qeJIOBeKa K KpeCJIY, a rreperpY3Ka TOpMO-
    2KeHM5I, Ha060pOT, OTTaJIKHBaeT ero OT KpeCJIa.
    nOBeAeHHH H QeJIOEeKa B KpeCJIe He-
    . llJI5I OII,eHKH CaMOqYBCTBMH
    06XO\037HMO Bcer\037a yqMTbIBaTb HX CM,,1JOBOe B3aMMo\037eftcTBMe. B03\037eft-
    CTBMe 3THX HarpY30K Ha rOJIOBY, KOHeQHOCTH (B rrepBYIO Oqepe\037b
    Ha

    HOrM) H Ha TYJIOBMIIl.e CJIe\037yeT paCCMaTpHBaTb' pa3\037eJIbHO


    B cHny
    pa3JIHqHbIX Tpe60BaHMft, rrpe\037'b51BJI51eMbIX
    K HarpY3KaM, rrpHJIO)KeH-
    HbIM K 3THM qaCTHM TeJIa.)

    B03AeHCTBNe CNn Hal ronOBY N HorN

    Ha pHC. 7. 7 npHBeLI,eHa cxeMa CHJI, \037eH:CTBYIO'll1JHX Ha qeJIOBeKa,.


    Haxo\037Hm,erocH B KpeCJIe. B 06C'HX CJIyqaHX (rrOJIaraH \037JIH
    rrp:cTo-
    TbY, 1.fTO I(eHTp TH)KeCTH H 1l,eHTp \037aBJIeHM5I COBrra\037aIOT, H CqHTaH, qTO
    rneHHce H KOJIeHHOe COqJIeHeHHH He HarpY/KeHbI) MO)KHO HanMcaTb)

    , ..)
    N=Q
    - On,)

    r.rr,e N - peaKII,HH KpeCJIa.. (B ,LI,aHHOM CJIyqae \037eH:CTBYlC'Ul,a51


    Ha rOJIOBY MJIH rOJIeHb\037 ;

    Q=cxSq
    - \037aBJIeHHH Ha
    pe3YlIbTHpYIOIIllaH a9p'QLIHHaMHQeCKOrO
    ,/ _ rOJIOBY HJIH rOJIeHb.
    EC,JIH N>e, TO rOJIOBa MlIH rOJIeH\037 rrpH)KHMaIOTCH K KpeCJIY. ECJIH
    N< 0, TO rOJIOBa HJIH rOJIeHb OT'XOLI,HT OT KpeCJIa. ECJIH HorH rrpH-
    BH3aHbI K KpeCJIY, TO B CJIyqae N < 0 3HaqeHHe N :)npe\037eJIHeT Ha-
    \302\267
    r PY3KY Ha CBH3b.

    ECJIH rOJIOBa He rrorr,THrHJ3aeTCH K 3arOJIOBHHKY, TO N <0 03I;Ia-


    qaeT OTpbIB rOJIC'BbI or 3arOJIOBHHKa, a N B 9TOM c.JJ:yqae onpe\037eTIHeT
    HarpY3KY Ha IlIeIO. ,LrJIH OII.eHKH \037eH:CTBYIOIIl.HX CMJI MO)KHO paCCMaT-
    pHBaTb rOJICBY KaK c<l>epy MaCCOH:. 7\0378 Kr, a Hory (JOJIeHb) KaK

    234)))
    U:HJIHH,TIP 8 Kr. T'aKHM 06pa3GM, CHna, ,lI.eiI-
    M_a\037coH pe'3yJihTHpYIO\037aH
    CTBYIOIII,aH Ha KOHellHOCT'H H'rolIoBYt' 3aBHCHT OT C.COTHCllIeHH5I Me)K-
    CHIH\342\202\254 bI,M H I
    \037Y P UjIfiOlHH IH
    a\\3'p O\037HIH aIMfH 1J:\342\202\254IClK'mM.H
    CfHJIaMH. DplH jBbI1JJIfICJH\037IHlHlH IrrepenpyJ3IKJH tMO)K-
    HO yq'eCTb )TIITpY,\037He IOHJIbI CTP\342\202\254JIH'ICIUI\\cT\\Ct
    Me-
    x aiHiH 3'M a t :\037CI'f\\ap hI e IHteCKOJI bKO YIM eH E /III a lOT
    ee.
    T p Yl,lIjHIJ' OIIT p'e,lI e,JI!H'Tb H alHIB bIIfIO\037IH eM llI'e\037 N Q

    'OcO'r'HOlllIlclH'He Me)K)[(,Y Q ]1 On, HrO :EO IBICHKJO!\\1

    cvryqae 'HeOCXICl[I;,lfM10, .'\302\243I'Tlo6bI Q> On} 'T. e.


    QT0'6bI 1M 'r'OJIO'Ba IH IHOlnH \\IIlpIH2KlHlM aJIlH,Cb K
    IEpeCJIY, TaK IKalK ,B '3TOM ICJlyrqae !IIrCl3a JIeNH-
    Ka ICT alHClB H'TICH I\037)n
    PevJ:.eJI 8HH rOH IH HarM [IlP e-
    )1,oxpaHelHbI 'OIl pa.36polca. C JJ!P'YDOH /CT:Ip'O-
    1HbI, 9'TO (IT'PIH)K!l1iM aICI!-U'ee 'Y'0H.JlHlc lHle JI;OJI.lKIHO
    BbI3btBaTb 6JIJIeBbIX 'OIll,Yl.Il;el!HH
    IH lllpelIISlT'CT-
    B'\037BaTb nIQIKIH,L{aIHHIO (yrqIH'TbI\\Ba5I,
    IKp'\342\202\2541CJIa 1J:TO PRC. 7.7. CxeMa CRJI, Aei1\037

    nOIKla\037,aIHIHe CTBYIDlll.RX Ha JIeTqRKa B


    Kjpearra JI,OJI)KjHrO Inp'O\037H'CX/o.lIIHTb
    Ha MaJIbIX T. e. ICIHJIb(HO 'KpeCJIe
    IOKIC,POCTHX t [tP\\H

    Y'MeHbIIlIelHHbIX HarpY3\\Kax).)

    B03AeHCTBMe CMn Ha Kopnyc (TynoBMlL\\e)) \"\

    TYJIoBHwe JIETqHKa BCer,lI.a npHKpeITJIeHO Kpecny npHEH3HO\037 K

    CHCTeMOH. B 3aBHCHMC'CTH OT COOTHOllIeHHH Macc KpeCJIa H ner1J:lIKa


    Ii a3pOlIHHaMH1J:eCKHX CHJI, ,lI.eHCTBYlOlIl,HX Ha HHXt pe\037KIl,HH KpeCJI3
    6YlIer HMeTb pa3JIH1J:HbIe 3Ha1J:eHHH H H\037npaBJIeHHH.

    ,IIpyrHMH CJIOBaMH t JIeT1J:HI\\ 6Y,lI.eT npHJKHMaTbCH HJIH K CTIHHe


    KpeCJIa liJIH K npHBH3HOM CHCTeMe. \\

    PeaKII,HH KpeCna onpe,lI.eJIHeTCH T\037M JKe ypaBHeHHeM

    N=Q - On.

    , PaCCMOr'fpHM rrpe,lI.eJIbHbIe CJIyqaH:


    1) 1'l = 0, qTO CCOTBeTC'fBY\037T KpeCJIY 6eCKOHe1J:HOH MaCCbI;
    2) N = Ot qTOCOClT'BeT'CTByeT OTCYTCTBHlO CHJIOBOrO B3aHMO,lI.eHC'r-
    BHH Me\037lI,y KpeCJI:}M H 1J:e.JIOBeKOM; _

    3) Q=Ot N=-nO t 1J:TO COCffBeTcTByeT KaTanYJIhTHpOBaHHIO B


    3aKpbIToM KOHTeHHepe HJIH KanClOlIe (HJIH B oTJ(eJIHeMOH Ka6HHe),
    KOf'lIa Ha 1J:eJIOBeKa He lI,eHcTByeT 'CKOpOCTHOH Hanop.
    PeaKIJ,HH KpeCJIa N \037 -nO B 9TOM CJIY1J:ae 03Ha1J:aeT HarpY3KY Ha

    JIpHBH3HYlC CHC.TeMY. .
    YBeJIH1J:eHHe MaCCbI KpeCJIa 3<P<P\037KTHBHO CHH:>KaeT HarpY3KH, ,TI,eii-

    CTBYIO'IIl,Me npHBH3HYIC Ha CHcreMY, O,lI.HOBpeMeHHO YBeJIH1J:HBaH HX


    npOTIo.iIJKHTeJIbHOCTh. ..'
    1'PY.lI.HO CKa3aT'b t HaCKOlIbKO 3TH BHlI,bI HarpYJKeHHH O'r.lIHQalClfC5I
    no nepeHOCHMOCTH HX 1J:eJIOBeKOM. Bce JKe M02KHO npe,lI.TIOJIO}KliTb, qTC
    qeM MeHhllIe J(ecpopMalI.HH 1J:eJIOBe1J:eCKOrO TelIa t Tew1Ier1J:e nepeHOCHr-
    CH \037arpY)KeHHe.)

    235)))
    ,
    ECJIH rrpeACTaBHTb Kopnyc lJeJIOBeKa KaK OAHOpOAHbIH: yrtpyrHH
    CTepMeHb, TO nOJIYlJHM, lJTO B nepBOM CTa-
    CJIYlJae (n=O) CTepMeHb
    THlJeCKII HarpYMeH nOCT051HHOH:
    CIIJIOH:, npIIJtOMeHHOH:, K OAHOMY
    KOHIJ,y II ypaBHoBerneHHOH
    peaKIJ,lIeH: OnOpbI (CnIIHKII).
    Bo BTOpOM CJIyqae (N\037C) a9poAIiHaMlIlJeCKa51 HarpY3Ka ypaBJt C
    -
    BernI1BaeTCH IIHepIJ,IICHHbIMII CRJIaMII, H, CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, A1I5I 9KBIIBa-
    JIeHTHOro CTepMH51 9nlOpa C)KIIMaICIU,IIX CIiJI Blin
    IIM\342\202\254eT
    rpeyrOJIb-
    HIiKa.)

    Rpu8R3Hafl CI1.CmeMO)

    N==G>O) {1=0)

    N) (j) N nG)

    \037 ')
    I..\037.
    I .) 05\037 UlL CIl Yl/all
    \037'\037';'.('il \037:

    N>O) #<0)
    I')

    \\) N) fl+ N J)

    -
    PHC. 7. 8. .9IIIOpbI C)KHMaIOIIJ.HX CHJI .rr.JIH pa3,JIH1JHbIX CJIyqaeB
    HarpY)KeHHH (.rr.JIH p a3JIHQHblX .) COOTHOll1eHHH Me)K.rr.y
    Q H nO)

    TpeTIIH: CJIYlJaH (Q\037O) COOTBeTcTByeT KaTanYJIbTlipOBaHIiIO .


    B
    3aKpbITOM KOHTeHHepe, npH 3TOM
    cOCpeAOTDl.JeHHa51 HarpY3Ka TIpl1-
    JIOMeHa K npIIB5I3HOH: CHCTeMe H ypaBHoBernHBaeTC51 IIHepn,HCHHbIMH
    CI1JIaMH.
    B o6rir.eM CJIYlJae, Korna N=I=O, Q=I=\037', 11=1=0, 3lllOpa, eCJIII.N>G..
    HMeeT BHA TparreIJ,HH 11, eCJIH N < 0, - BHA TpeyrOJIbHI1Ka.
    B nOCJIe,lIHeM CJIyqae BHernHlIe CHJIbI - CHJIa
    a3pOAHHaMlIlJeCKa51
    Q 11
    peaKIJ,I151 KpeCJIa (HaT5IMeHHe npI1B513HCH: ClicreMbI)
    -
    HarrpaB-
    JIeHbI B o.nHY CTOPOHY.
    Ha pliC. 7. 8 I1pHBeneHb\037 3rrlCpbI C)KIIMaICIllHX CHJI AJIH Bcex CJIY-
    lJaeB. ECJIH nplIH51Tb AecpopMaIJ,HlO OAHopoAHoro CTepMH5I, 3KBHBa-
    JIeHTHOro Kopnycy 3a
    lJeJIOBeKa, Mepy nepeHocHMoCTH lJeJIOBeKOM
    HarpY30K, TO nOJIYlJHM, lJTO OAHHaKOBbIX 3HalJeHII51X
    npH Q HaHMeHb-
    rna51
    AecpopMa!-(H51 6YAeT rrpl1 N = 0 (B 3TOM CJIYlJae AecpopMaIJ,HH
    npH N = Q).
    B 2 pa3a MeHbrne, lJeM
    \037/PyrI1MH CJIOBaMH, HaHMeHI::Wee CMaTHe lJeJIOBelJeCKOro re1I3
    B03HHKaeT npH CHJIOBOrO
    OTCYTCTBHH B3aHMOAeH:CTBH51 MeM,lJ,Y' Kpec-
    233)))
    JIOM H qeJIOBeKOM. T aKHM 06pa30M t MOJKHO C,lI-eJIaTb BbIBO,lI., qTQ
    co BceX TOqeK 3peHHH HaHJIYtIlIlHM HBJIHeTCH KpeCJIO, B KOTOpOM

    OTCYTCTB\037eT
    CHJIOBOe B3aHMO,lI.eHCTBHe MeJK,lI.Y qeJIOBeKOM H KpeCJIO\037l.)

    7. 8. OCO&EHHOCTH PAC\"IETA KPECnA. HA npO\"lHOCTb)

    He KacaHCb cncco6oB paClJeT'a HarpY30K, I1CTIbIf'bIBaeMbIX Kpec-


    JIOM B npoII,ecce HOpMaJIbHOrO nOJIeTa t OTMe1HM lI,Be oco6eHHocTM
    pacqera KpeCJIa Ha cJIYlJan aBapHHHoro nOKH,lI-aHHH.

    DepBaSl oco6eHHOCTb - KpeCJIO ,lI.OJ)JKHO paccMaTpHBaTbcH B -3TOM


    clIyqae KaK arperaT 0:lI,Hopa30Boro npHMeHeHHH; T. e. 3anac npoq-
    HOCTH Y KpeCJIa MOJKeT 6bITb MHHHMalIf:HbIM. HarpY3KH, .rr.eHcTBYIG'
    Lll.He Ha KpecJio, MO)l(HO pa36HTb Ha ,lI.Be rpynnbI: BbI3BaHHble 'pa6o-
    rOH: CTpenSllOlliero MexaHH3Ma H BbI3BaHHbIe a3pO,l{lfHaMHlJeCKHMI-f
    CHlIaMH. DepBaH rpynna HarpY30K He H3MeHHerC5I npH H3MeHeHHH
    CKCpOCI'H,
    - nelIHKCM 3aBHCH'f OT CKOpOCTH nOJIeTa.
    BTC'paSl
    MHHHMaJIbHbIH 3arrac npOqHOCTH E COOTBeTCTBHH C HarpY3KaMH,
    BbI3BaHHbIMH a3PQlI,HHaMHqeCKHMH CHJIaMI1, COOTBeTcTByeT KaTa.
    nYJII:THpOBaHHIO Ha npe,lI.eJIbHGH CKOpOCTH, T. e. CJIyqaEO MaJl.OBepOSlT-
    HOMY. n03iOMY IJ,elIecoo6p\037a3H\037) BbI6Hparb pa3lIHqHble 3anaCbI npoq-
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    %
    npHMep, B 9C CJIyqaeB KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH KpeClIO OKa3bIBa lIOCb
    paBHOnpOqHbIM.
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    9JIeMeHTOB KpeCJIa 3TH HarpY3KH lJaCrHq\037O ypaBHoBelIlHBa\037T ,lI.pyr
    rrpyra. D03TOMY zIJISI HHepIJ,HOHHbIX \037arpY30K paCqeTHbIM CJIyqaeM
    HBJISleTCSI KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHe Ha MaJIbIX CKOPOCT5IX t a ',lI.JI5I a3pO,lI.H-
    HaMHqeCKHX - Ha 60JIblIJHX.
    , .
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    HarpY30K. 3,1I,eCI: ClIe,lI.yeT OTMeTHTb OlJeHb 6bICTpoe npHlIomeHHe
    a3p0,lI.HHaMHQeCKHX HarpY30K B npOll\037cce BWX8\037a KpeClIa B rrOTOK.
    [{JI5I paCqeTa Ha npOq\037OCTb
    TaKoe npHJIO)KeHHe HarpY30K MOlKHL
    3a H era -
    npHHHMarI= M\037HOBeHHoe yqHTbIBaTb BBe,lI.eHHeM KO=><P<P H
    U,l1eHTa ,lI,HHaMHlIHOCTH.

    HHaqe 06CTOHT ,lI\037JIO.C HarpY3KaMH npH BBO,lI.e B rreH:CTBHe na-


    palIJIOTOB H npH
    paCKpbITHH II.I.HTKOB. B 3TOM CJIyqae napalIlIOTbI HJI!'I
    WHTKH B npOIJ.ecce BBOlI,a HX B ,lI,eH:CTBHe rrpHc6peTaIOT KHHeTHqe-

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    n.aBJIeHHeM nopOXOBbIX ra30B. B 60JIblIlHHCTBe crrYlJaeB ee M02KHO
    npHHHMaTb paBHOH: YCHJIHlO, Cp\0373aIOII.I.eMY lIlaif6y H\037llH lIlnHJIbKY.

    237)))
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    llIaH6a IfJIH HX HeT BOBCe, ,l(JI5I, onper
    MaKCHMaJIbHOrO JlaBJIeHHSl
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    TeXHHqeCKHH paCqeT nYllIKH.
    ,L{HHa\037lftleCKHH xapaKTep HarpY30K CJIe,n,yeT yqHTbIBaTb He TOJIb-
    KO npH paCtIeTe Ha rrpOtIHOCTb, HO H npH BbIo\037pe MaTepHalIOB ,il,1I5I

    3JIeMeHTOB KpeCJIa. \\

    llpHHIiHnHaJIbHO, KpOMe paCqeTa Ha npOIIHOCTl:, CJIe,il,OBarro ObI


    paCqeTOM onpeJleJIHTb Jle<popMalI.HH, qTOObI ObITb YBepeHHbIM, qTO
    JlecpopMHpOBaHHoe COCTOHHHe KpeCJIa He BbI30BeT OTKa30B B CHCTeMe

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    OT,LleJIbHO CTOHT Bonpoc 0 paCqeTe npHB5I3HOH CHCTeMbI. MaK-


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    '
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    paCT5I)KeHHI1. ,L(JI5I' Toro qIo6bI HaHTI1
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    1) MaHeBpa caMo\037eTa;
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    3} BpeMeHH, Heo6xOLI,HMoro ,lI.JlH


    j
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    5) CKOpOCTH, Ha KOTGpOH B03MO)KHO BBe,lI.eHHe B ,lI.eHCTBHe KynO-
    Jla cnaCaTeJlbHOrO napallllClfa;
    -
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    CKOpOCTH npH3eM neHHH.
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    \037'-) 239)))
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    IloTepH BpeMeHH C MOMeHTa BBe,lI.eHHH B ,lI.eH:CTBHe OCHOBHcro


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    HHH 9KHna)Ka)

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    BBelI,eHHH ero B lIeHC'TBlie H rrC'JIeTa.
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    240)))
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    1) CHJIa JIeTl\302\243HKa CHap5I)KeHHeM KpeCJIa GJI
    = 1100 H;
    2)cHJIa T51)KeCTH JIeTqHKa BMeCTe C KpeCJIOM G=200,0 H, fIpH
    3TOM rraZI,eHHe
    paccMaTpHBaeTC5I C TOpM03HbIM rrapallilCToM, KOTO-
    pbIH G,lJ.HOBpeMeHI{o HrpaeT pOJIb cTa6HJIH3aTopa.
    JIJI5I clIYQa5I na,lI.eHH5I KpeCJIa C TOpM03HbIM rrapalliIOToM ypaB-
    HeHHe ,lI.BH)KeHH\037 npHHHMaeT BH,lL)

    dV
    m -==O-cxSq-(cxS)nq, (8. 4))
    dt)

    T. e. 1I,06aBJI5IeTC5I cHJia corrpOTHBJIeHH5I TOpMo3Hore nap-allilOTa.


    Ha pHC. 8.3 nocTpoeHbI KpliBbIe CKOpO(TeH na,lI.eHH5I JIeTQHKa 6e3
    TOpMo3Horo napalliIOTa B <PYHKll1HH BbICOTbI. BCJIe.ZI,cTBlie MaJIOH. nJIOT-
    HOCTH B03,ZI,yxa Ha 60JIbIIIHX BblCOTax CKOpOCTb rra,ZI,eHH5I CHaqalIa
    GqeHb 6bICTpO Hap,acTaeT. Do Mepe CHH)J{eHH5I I1a\037alOlliero Tella
    UJIOTHOCTb B03,ZI,yxa B03paCTaeT, CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, B03paCTaeT Ii CKO-

    poc. THOH Hancp. HaKoHeu\" HacTynaeT MOMeHT, KOr,lI.a a3po.U,HHaMHqe-


    CKoe conpOTHB lIeHHe nan,alO'llJ.ero '1'ena CTaHOBHTC5I 60JIbIIIe ero CHJIbl
    T5ILKeCTH. Ha JIeT'tIHKa 6Y.l:f,eT ,n,eHcTBoBaTb OTpHLI,areJIl:HOe YCKopeHlIe,
    HaQHHaeTC5I TopMOlKeHHe.
    MaKCijMaJIbHa5I CKOpOCTb, KOTOpyIC MO/KeT pa3BHTb CHCTeMa npH
    CBo6oZIHOM na,lleHHH, ,lI.JI5I pa3HblX HaqaJIbHbIX BbICOT pa31IHQHa. 4eM
    60JIbllIe HaqalIbHa5I BbICOTa-- na,lLeHH5I, TeM 60JIbllIe MaKCHMaJIbHa51
    CKOpOCTl: CHH')KeHH5I. .

    .JIo6oBbIe cxS H\302\243OJII1pOBaHHoro


    corrpOTHBJIeHH5I JIerqHKa H .1IeTQIi-
    Ka C KpeClICM He31{aQHTeJIbHO
    pa3H5ITC5I MelK,lI.y C060H. D03TOMY JI,O-
    CTaTOl\302\243HO 6JIH3KOe COBnaAeHHe KpHBbIX MaKCHMaJIbHbIX CKopocTeii
    rra,lLeHH5I ,lI.JI5I CHJIbI T5I)KeCTH JIeTl\302\243HKa G JI = 1100 H H JIeTQHKa B
    =
    KpeCJIe G 2000 H (CM. pHC. 8.4) MOlKHO 06'b51CHI1Tb' TOJIbKO HaJIH-
    qHeM TOpMo3Horo nap a III lOT a, CHlIa a3pqn,HHaMHQeCKOrO conpOTHB-
    JIeHH5I KOToporo. ypaBHoBeIIIHBae'T T5ILKeCTH
    ,llonOJIHHTeJIbHYIO CHJIY
    .
    243)))
    1000 H CHCTeMbI JIeT1:lHK --
    nOp5I,lI.Ka KpeCJIo. HeTPY,lLHO 3aMeTHTb,
    QTO BbICOT3, Ha KOTOpOH IIOCTHraeTC5I M3KCHMaJIbH3H co-
    CKOpC.CTb,
    CTaBJI5IeT npHMepHo \037,85 H31:laJIbHOH BbICOTbI rra,lLeHI15I.
    H 3 pHC. e. 4 npI1BeneHbI I1JI
    rpacpI1KI1, JIIOCrpl1pYIO'III.I1e 3aBHCH\"
    MOCTl: BpeMeHI1 cBo6onHoro na,lLeHH5I OT BbICOTbl. 113 rpacpHKCB CJIe-)

    If, K11
    100)

    Li')
    c:::;)
    \"
    \037)

    50)

    o.)

    PHC. 8.3. K H3MeHeHHIO CKOpOCTH na.rr.eHHH JIeTqHKa 6e?


    TOpM03Horo napallllOTa no BbICOTaM)

    :u.yeT, tITO Bp.eM5I na,lLeHI15I JIeT1:lI1K3 MeH5IeTC5I He npOnOplI.HCH3JIbHO


    H3MeHeHHIO Ha1JaJIbHOH BbICOTbI. T aK, npI1 I13MeHeHI1H Ha1JaJIbHOH BbI-
    COTbI naneHH5I C H o == 15 KM ,lLO f1o==30 KM, T. e. B 2 pa3a, Bp\037MH
    na,lI.eHH5I I13MeH5IeTC5I npI1MepHO B 1,35 p333.
    CnycK JIe:r1:lI1Ka C OCHGBHbIM nap3IIIlOTOM H3 M3JIbIX BbICOTax
    MO)KHO paCCMaTpI1BaTb KaK YCT3HOBI1BIIleeC5I ,lLBI1JKeHHe, npI1 3TOM
    \037a CI1.lIY JIC60BOro conpOTHBJIeHI15I Q cJIe,lLyer npI1HHlVIaTb CI1JIY, neM-
    CTBYIOlIIYIO H3 KynOJI rrapalIllOTa.
    YpaBHeHI1e (8.4) B 3TOM cJIyqae' npHHI1MaeT BI1n,
    dV
    m -===OJI-Q \037O.
    dt

    CKOpOCTb CI{HLKeHI15I JIeT1:lI1Ka npI1 3TOM npI16JII1LKeHHO c-npene-


    JI5IeTC5I CPOPMYTIOH)

    r-- 20
    V= /
    R
    .
    \037
    cxSQ)

    244:)))
    ECJIH CKOpOCTb CHHmeHH5I JIeTlIHKa C OCHOBHbIM napallIEOTOM CC-
    CTaBJI5IeT 6-7 M/C, TO BpeM5I CHHLKeHH5I C BbICO'TbI H .
    40\037C M paBHC

    npHMepHo 10-11 MHH.

    Ha pHC. 8. 5-8. 8 npHBe,lJ.eHbI 3aBHCHMOCTH BpeMeHH cnycKa JIeT-


    lJ:HKa 6e3 napalllIOrra C
    pa3JIHlIHbIX HaqaJIbHbIX BbIcor lIO H == 10 \037tJO,

    8000,6000 H 4000 M, a 3aTeM cnycK Ha OCHOBHOM napallIIoTe.)

    H,XM)

    20)

    70)

    o) 100) t, c)

    PHC. 8.4. BpeM5I na.rr.eHH51 JIeTtIHKa H JIeT4HKa C Kpec\037


    JIOM H TOpM03HbIM napalllloToM C pa3JIHtIHbIX BbICOT:
    \037f') -CIIJIa =
    0 1100 H (6e3 TOpMo3Horo
    \037...)
    rrapaililoTa; - -
    T5DKeCTI1
    - - - JIeTtII1Ka
    CI1JIa T5DKeCTI1 JIeTtII1Ka 0=2000 H
    \037 (c KpeCJIOM 11 TOpM03HhIM rrapalliIOToM))
    \037.\037
    h,')

    3THMH rpacpHKaMH MO)KHO nOJIb30BaTI:C5I ,lJ.JI5I paC4eTa: BpeMeHI1


    npe6bIBaHH5I JIeTlIHKa B pa3peLKeHHOH aT'MOCcpepe C Il,eJIbIO OnpelI,e-
    ,JI\342\202\254HH5I
    Heo6xo,lJ.HMOrO 3anaCa KHCJICpOlIa. AHaJIOrHlIHblH BH,lJ. RMeIOT

    'KpHBble CnYCKa !leTlIHKa C KpeCJIOM H TCpM03HbIM napalliIOTOl\\i (\037o


    OTKpbITH5I OCHOBHOro). BBlf,lJ.Y He6oJIblIIOH pa3HHLI,bI MeLK,lJ.Y YKa3aH-
    HbIMH CepH5IMH KpHBbIX KpHBbIe CI1Y,CKa
    C TOpM03HbIM nap alII IC TOl\\1
    He npHBO,lJ.5ITC5I. \037
    Ha pHC. 8.9 nOKa3aHa 3aBHCHMOCTb CKOpocTHoro Hanopa OT Bbl-
    COTbI, H3 KOTOpOH BHJ(HO, liTO C YBeJIHlIeHHeM HallaJIbHOH
    \037 BbICOTbI naJ(eHH5I' qmax MeH5IeTC5I He3HaQHTeJIbHO. CJIeJ(OBaTeJIbHO,
    , H COnpOTHBJIeHHe BC3J(yxa npH rra,lIeHHH JIeTlIHKa C pa3HbIX BbICOT
    ..
    '
    (6e3 napallilOTa) MeH5IeTC5I HeCYlII,eCTBeHHO H C HeKOTOpOrO MOMeHTa
    >, CTaHOBHfC5I OlIHHaKOBhIM He3aBHCHMO OT HallaJIbHOH BbICOTbI na,lJ.e-
    \" r
    t.-:'
    HH5I.
    .
    p.0-
    !\037
    245)))

    t)
    -
    H, Hf1
    20 t
    /')

    \037

    \\- --
    1
    \\ 2
    ....
    10) -.,..... \"\"'-
    :----. /; 1, /'
    \"\"'--... \037
    \\- \037 , .........\037-
    ...... \"\"'- -r-- ...... - --
    \\ -l \"\"'- - ........
    ........
    ....1-_ ' - \037- --
    - i- 1- 1-............. - \"- -- - to-...... ......
    \\
    - 1-0-.. 1\"'-.. -- -.. -- -- - \037-..-- - I-- 1--.
    \037 1-0_ .\\ .- - to_ ,- - ........ \"'\"--....-)
    o) 5) 70) 75) 20) I1UN)
    t\037

    PIfC. 8.5. BpeMH rra.rr.eHIfH JIeTtIIfKa C BblCOTbl H 0 = 15 KM:

    l-r;e3 napamIDTa: 2-c napamIOTOM)


    ./)

    i, 1<11

    JO)
    \\
    \\
    \\ - '--1

    , I I

    \\ i I I
    10) I I
    r-o.... I
    \" ...\"\"\"
    'ii/I , I I I
    \037.. \037- i I
    \037 -..:: \037jj
    ........r--... ! I I I
    .........
    - - \037..... ......
    j
    !
    \037... 14 '- --t-.. ...' ......
    --
    i
    -- i-.L. -
    ,-.... --
    \037-\"\"- -- -- -
    1\\. 1-;.. --i-l- I
    -. -...\037-) I
    -.\037.. - -.
    \\. r--_ \037.LJ-+--
    I- I
    -- 100_ 10._ \037- 1\"-.. -- - -I-
    '1) 5) 10) 75) 20) i, tfUII)

    PIfC. S. 6. B peMH n a.rr.eHHH JIeT4HKa C BbICOTbI H 0= 20 KM:

    1-6e3 napamID.Ta; 2-c napamIDTOM)

    If, /(11)
    I
    \037
    -,
    1\\ ,'-
    , '!r j
    10)
    - I

    \\ I
    ,
    \"..1

    \037 ,\0372

    \\ V'ir/
    10) .J ........
    , :\037\037l
    --I. '.. ........
    \037- \037/..\"\" \"\"- ..
    '......I-L '- \"\"- \037- ...... \"\"'-
    \037 ...t.. - - -... ......
    , -- ...... - - - -.
    .. ....-
    .. ....L..-.. -- !...... -.. - \037- ......'- ,
    10...
    -- I'-_ - --
    -- - \"- -
    \\. 10-_ '-
    - '- --+:: - -- !........-- -)
    o) 5) 10) 15) 20) t J I1I1Jf)

    PIfC. 8.7. BpeMH na.rr.eHHH JIeTtJHKa c' BbICOTbI Ho=25 KM:


    1-0e3 napamIDTa; 6-c napamIDTOM)

    246)))
    .)

    H,KM)

    20)
    I
    ,I)

    70)

    ...........
    -------
    -.I....
    \"\"\"'-
    ----
    -- ----
    --)
    --
    o) 5)

    PHC. 8.8. rra)1.eHHH JIeTqHKa C BbICOTbl H 0 = 30 KM:


    BpeMH
    1-oe3 rrapallIIOTa,; 2-c rrapallIIOTOM)

    H, /(/'1)

    20
    Ho =75/fM

    10
    \",-)

    o) 500) 1000) 1500) 2POO q, na)

    PHC. 8. 9. I(pHBble CKOPOCTH'bIX HarropoB rrpH rra)1.eHHH


    JIeTtIHKa C pa3JIHtIHbIX BbICOT. (CHJIa TH)KeCTH .1IeTtIHKa
    6e3 rrapaIllIOTa G JI = 1100 H))

    I)

    ff\"I(U)
    = JO XM
    ffo
    25

    20)
    20)
    PHC. 8. 10. neperPY3KH, HCITbITbl-
    BaeMble JIeTqHKOM npH rra)1.eHHH' C

    pa3JIHtIHbIX BbICOT. [CHJIa TH)Ke-


    CTH JIeTtIHKa G JI = 1100 H (rra)1.e-
    ) HMe 6e3 rrapaIllIOTa)])
    70)
    -----)

    o) 0,5) 1,0) n)

    247)))
    Ha pHC. 8. 10 npencTaB.JleHa 3aBHCHMOCTb neperpY30K, .rr.eMcTBY-
    IOlru,HX Ha JIel'qHKa npH narreHHH C pa31IHQHbIX HaqaJIbHbIX BbICOT.
    MaKCI1Ma lII:HaH neperpY3Ka TopMOLKeHHH nplI na,lJ.eHHH C BbICOT no-

    pHrrKa H 0 == 30 KM He npeBbIlliaeT 1,3.)

    8. 4. CnYCK nET\"IHKA C KPECnOM


    C O\"lEHb 60nbWHX DblCOT)

    I1CClIe,II.ORaHHH crraceHHH
    B03MO)KHOCTH JIeTQHKa C OqeHb 6CJIb-
    10:)-2GO * B CBH-
    llIHX BbICOT (rropHllKa KM) nI>=',II.CTaBJIHIGrT HHTepec
    3H C B03MO/KHbIM HCrrOJIb30BaHHeM paKeTOrIJIaHOB.
    IlpfI na,II.eHHH C T'aKHX BbICCT CHJIbHO pacTyr CKOpOCTH CHHLKeHHH
    I
    KaTanYJIbTHOH YCTaHOBKH. EClII1 npH na,II.eHHH C BbICOTbI H 0== 25 KlVI
    CKOpOCTb V max ,II.OCTHraeT 180-20.) M/C (CM. pHC. 8. 3), TO C BbICO-
    TbI Ho=== laC KM OHa nOCTHraeT YLKe 9.5C-I0:::0 M/c. 9TO 06'bHCHHeTcH
    pe3KHM narreHHeM nJIOTHOCTH B03,II.yxa C YBeJIHqeHHeM BbICOTbI. T aK,
    eCJIH Ha BbIcore 30 KM nJIOTHOCTb B03nyxa B 100 pa3 MeHblIIe, qeM Y
    3eMJIH, TO Ha BbIcoTe'l G:) KM OHa MeHblue npHMepHC' B 1 OO\037 OC8 pa'3.
    B COOTBeTCTBHH C H3MeHeHHeM CKOpOCTH na,II.eHHH H nJIOTH0CTH
    no BbICOTe MCHHeTCH H CKOpOCTHOH Hanop, a BMeCTe C HHM H nepe-
    rpY3KH, ,II.eiIcTBYlOlIl,He Ha cpraHH3M JIeTqHKa.
    TIp\302\273naneHHH KaTanYJII:THOM YCTaHoBKH C BbICOT ,lJ.0 3J KM nepe- \\
    rpY3KH He
    npeBbIllialOT 1,3, a II lIH HaqaJIbHCH BbIcorbI H 0==
    = 100 KM OHI1 nOCTHraIOT 5. XOTH 3TH rreperpY3KH HeBeJIHKR, HO npo-

    ,II.OJILKHTeJIbHOCTb HX ,II.eMCTBH51 COCTaBJI51eT 5-10 c, H 3TO MO)l{eT


    OKa3aTbCH TpY,II.HOnepeHocHMbIM ,II.JIH qeJIOBeKa.
    Ha pHC. 8. 11 npellCTaBJIeHa 3aBHCHMOCTb rreperpY30K no BpeMe-
    HH ,lJ.lIH JIeTqHKa, na,II.alOllI.ero Ha TCpM03HOM napalIIICTe C BbICOfbI

    Hv=== 1 QO KM.

    OqeBHnHO, liTO C YBeJIHqeHHeM HaqalIbHOH BbICCTbI naneHHH


    06bIllHble MeTO,lJ.bI cnaceHHH JIeTqHKa, T. e. KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHe c
    BBonOM MaJICrO cTa6I1lIH3HPyromero napalliIOTa H .naJIbHei1llIHH
    crrYCK Ha TOpM03HOM napaillIOTe MorYT CKa3aT'bC5I He,II.OCTaTOQHbIMH.
    I( lIH KaqeCTBeHHoro conOCraBJIeHHH Bcex <paKTOPOB, xapaKTepH-
    3YIOllI.HX GC06eHHOCTH na,II.eHHH C OqeHI: 60JIbIllHX BbICOT, Ha

    pRC. 8. 12 npHBe,II.eHbI .3aBHCHMOCTH CKOpocTHoro HanGpa, qHCJIa M.


    CKOpCCTH naneHHH H rreperpY30K llJIH HaqaJIbHOH BWCOTW naneH\037H
    H o =200 KM no BpeMeHH.
    MaKCHMaJIbHa.5I CKOpOCTb naneHHH V max no TeOpeTHqeCKHM pac-
    qeTaM ,lJ.CCTHraeT Y:lKe rrpHMepHo 178C-IEO\037 M/C, a qHCTIO M===5.
    113rH6 KPHB'OH M===f(H) B ,II.Hana30He BbICOT 50-70 KM 061:5IC-
    HHeTCH cBoe06pa3HbIM H3MeHeHHeM Te]\\1nepaTypbI B03,lJ.yxa no BbI:
    COTe, TaK KaK TeMnepaTypa B03,II.yxa,51BJIHeTC51 onpe,II.eJIHlOllI.efI ,II.JIH

    CKOpOCTH \037BYKa.

    TIpH IIBHLKeHHH B nOTOKe Ha nBHLKYllieMCH TeJIe nOHBJIHIOTCH 06-


    TIaCTH: f,II.e npOHcxonHT nOJIHOe TOpMO)KeHI1e I.IOTOKa. TIoCJIelIHee co-)

    *
    ARS, 1959, vol. 29, No.6.)

    248)))
    n)

    = 100/fM)
    Ho
    It)

    J)

    2)

    1)

    o) ..r;o) 700) 150 C)


    t,

    PHC. 8. 11. IleperPY3KH, .u.eif-


    CTBYIOI.IJ.He Ha JIeTtIHKa npH na-
    l1.eHHH C BbICOTbI H = 100 KM)

    n tf,lrH)

    10)

    150)

    5 700)

    50)

    0
    0 700
    I
    ?OO t,c
    0 I I
    50J ' I
    1Offo
    I V, M/C
    0 1 2 I
    3 4 5I 6'
    r
    M
    0 70000 217000 JOOOf) f!, na)

    PHC. 8. 12. XapaKTepHcTHKH rra.u.eHH51 KaTa.


    nYJIbTHQH YCTaHoBKH Ha TOpM03HOM napaIllIOTe
    C BbICOTbI H =200 KM)

    249)))
    npOBOLK,l1.aeT'CH MeCTHbIM HarpeBDM ,l1.D DlIeHb BbICOKHX TeMrrepaTYp.
    OpH na,lLeH11M Tena C DlIeHb 6DJIbllII1X 'BbICCT TDpM02KeHI1e nDTDKa
    MD)KeT BbI3BaTb rrDBbIllIeHI1e TeMILep aTypbI rr,D BeJIHlIHHbI, He rrepeHD-
    CI1MOH lIeJIDBeKOM. B 3TOM cJlyqae He06xO,rr,I1MO npHMe,HHTb crreUI1-
    \037
    aJIbHbIe TepMOCTOHKI1e KOCTICMbI, crroc06HbIe orparr,I1TI: lIenOBeKa OT

    neMCTBHH BbICOKI1X T'eMnepaTYp.

    J
    8.5. cnACEHHE H\037 60nbWHX CKOPOCTSIX nOnETA

    B CBH3H C pOCTGM CKopOCTeH rrOJleTa B03HI1KJlH ,l1.0rrOnHI1TeJIbHbIe

    np06JIeMbI: cTa6HJIM3allHH KpeCJla iIa 60nbllII1X CKOpOCTH\037, BBO,[l B


    JI.eHCTBHe CCHOBHoro cnaCaTeJIbHOrO rrapalliIOTa \"
    H 3aIII.I1Ta neTlIHKa
    OT BJIHHHHfI Harrop a *.
    CKOpOCTHoro
    DpI1 KaTanYJlbTI1pOBaHHI1 Ha 60JlbllIHX CKOpOCTHX C MOMeHTa Ka..
    TanynbTHpOBaHI1H ,[l0 MOMeHTa, KOr,[la CKOpOCTb KpeCJla rrorallIeH3
    HaCTOJlbKO, 1JTO B03MOLKHO 6e30rraCHoe BBelIeHI1e B LI,eHCT\037I1e OCHOB-
    Horo HJIH TOpM03Horo napallIIqTa (npH 60JlJ:llIHX BbICOTax KaTarrYJlb--
    TI1pCBaHHH), npoxorrHT BpeMH, H3MepHeMoe HeCKOTIbKMMI1 ceKYHu'a-
    MH. 31'0 BpeMH 6yn,eT TeM 66J1bllIHM, qeM 60JlbllIe CKOpOCT'b,- npI1 KO-
    TOpOH cOBepllIaJlOCb KaTarrynbTI1pOBaHHe'\". TaK, HanpHMep, rrpI1 CKO-

    pOCTI1 rro.rreTa CaMOJleT'a B MOMeHT KaTarrYJlb1'I1pOBaHM.H 108G' KM/q H

    BBe,l1.eHHH B .lI.eHCTBHe cnaCaTeJlbHOrO napalliIOra npM CK\037pOCTH


    600 KM/q BpeMH TOpMC)KeHI1H COCTaBJlHeT OKOTIO 2 c. 06eCrrellI1Tb
    cTa6HJlI13all,I110 KpeCJla B TeqeHHe HeCKOJlJ:KI1X ceKYH,[l 3a,lLa1Ja TPYLT,-
    Ha5I. DOKa HaI160Jlee yrr,CBJleTBOpHTeJlJ:ijo OHa pelliaeTCH BBerr,eHHeM
    CTaCI1J1H3I1pYIOU1,ero napalliIOra, KOTOp-bIH rr,OJllKeH 6bITb OlleHb rrpoll-
    Ha 60JlbllIHX '
    HOll KOHCTp YKIl,I1 11, TaK KaK eMY npHXO,U.I1TCH pa60raTb
    CKOpOCTHX. KpoMe Toro, lIr06bI TaKOH uapalliIOT 6bIJI 3<p<peKTMBeH,
    OR He ,l1.0Jl)KeH nOna,[laTb B 3aTeHeHHYIC' 30HY. 06bIlIHO cTa6HJlI13I1PY-
    IOUJ,Ifii I1apalliIOT BBO,[lHTCH rrpI1HY,[lI1T'eJlbHO. Pa3MepbI ero ManbI, TaK

    KaK npI1 60JlbllII1X CKOpOCT5I\037 11 npI1 rrJlOIU,an,H B HeCKCJlbKO rreC5ITbiX


    HOJleH KBarrpaTHoro Merpa OR C03,naeT ,[l(')CTaTClIHO 60JlI:llII1e cTa6I1-
    to
    JIH3HpYIOIII.I1e MOMeHTbI.

    ,n\037H
    3<p<peKTI1BHOrO CrraCeHI1H lIerllI1Ka B IlII1pOKOM ,[lI1ana30He
    BbICOT 11
    CKopOCTeH HcnCJlb3YIOT TPH THrra rrapallilOTOB: CT'a6I1J1H3I1-
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    BBeCTI1 B ,[leHCTBHe -
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    CKOpOCTblO.
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    B
    CTpeHry nJlH\037GH OKOJlO 1,5 M. CTpeHra 3aKaHlJI1BaeTCH KOYllIeM,)
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    *
    Flight, 1956, vol. 70, No. 2497, p. 856:

    250)))
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    251)))
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    30 M (B %):)
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    BO,lJ5IHbIX napoB. C 11 ,lJ.0 32 KM TeMnepaTypa 3TMoccpepbI nOlITH


    nCCTOHHHa (-56,EO C). Bblwe 32 KM BCJIerrCTBHe nor JIOlll.eHHH 030-
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    JIa, H3XO,lJ5IIll,erOCH Ha 3TOH BbICOTe, 6yrreT 3HalIIITe.nhHO HH)Ke.


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    HYlO pa60Tocnoc06HoCTb qeJIOBeKa Ha JII060H BblCOTe nOlIeTa npI1


    MHHHMaJIbHCH 06w,eH Macce 3Toro 060PyuoBaHH5I Ha CaMCJIere.

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    1872 r. lJ,. 11. !v1eHLIeJIeeBbIM.)

    *
    TIo ;L8I-llIbI\\1 [47], TOulIlI,HII8
    PereHep3 CJIOH 030II3, cOJI,ep)Kaw.erocH H3 )LaH-
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    KOTopble o6.rr3JI,aIOT repMeTH4HocTbIO (B03JI,yxoHerrpoHHu.aeMocTbIO) II 3KCrIJIyaTH-
    PYIOTC5I C BHYTpeIIHHM H36bIT04HbIM JI,3BJIeHHeI\\1 OTHOCHTeJIbHO oKPYLKaIOIIJ.eH aTMO-
    ccpepbl)

    265)))
    COBpeMeHHbIe repMeTHtIeCKHe Ka6HHbI CaMOrreTOB, BeHTH.lIHpye-
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    HHH ,lI.aB.lIeHHH. npOlI.eHTHOe COLIepLKaHHe KHCJIOpO.lla BO B,lLbIXaeMCM

    B03nyxe nOBbIlliaeTCH HH,l1.HBI1lIya.lIbH_bIMH KHCJIOpOLIHbIMH npH6opaMH..


    repMeTHIIeCKHe Ka6HHbI KOCMI1tIeCKHX Kcpa6JIeH 060pY,lLOBaHbi
    CI1CreMOH pEreHepaUHI1 B03,lLyxa. ,II,JIH Op6HTaJIbHbIX nCJIeTOB npH-
    MeHHlOTCH Ka6HHbI C HOpMaJIbHbIMH 3eMHbIM ,lLaBJIeHI1eM H COCTaBOM

    B03,lLyxa (Kopa6.lII1 \302\253BOCTOK\302\273,


    \302\253Bocxo,lL\302\273,
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    276)))
    Toro, JIerKa51 MaCKa MeHblIle ,lLaBHT Ha JIHIl.O. C,lLBHra MaCKH npH Ka-
    H OO,lLYBe MOLKHO H30eLKaTb COOTBeTCTBYlO-
    TanYJIbTHpOBaHHH
    I1.LHMH KpenJIeHHeM H KOHcpHrypaIl.HeH ee Kopnyca. OT CJ],BHra MaCKYI

    BHH3 npe,lLOXpaH51eT BepXH5151 Il.eHTpa\037bHa51 CTpYHa. CJ],BHry BBepX


    H nOMHMO OOKOBbIX TeCeMOK, npen51TCTByeT HHLKH5151 4aCTh
    BOOK,
    M aCKH, OOJIeralOI1.La51 nOLlOOpO,lLOK. OT Ha pYlIleHH51 repl\\1eTHLIHOCTH
    LKeCTKHH HaK\037aJ],HOH Kopnyc MaCKH.
    OOJ],YBe XOpOlIlO 3aI1.LHI1.LaeT
    rW\037
    .
    K MaCKaM H
    KHCJIOpOJ],HbIlVI npHOOpaM, npeJ],Ha3Ha4eHHbIM ,lL\03751

    ,j naCCaLKHpCKHX CaMOJIeTOB, He npeJ],D51B\03751eTC51 CneIl.Ha\037bHbIX Tpeoo-


    BaHHH, CB513aHHbIX C KaTanY\037bTHpOBaHHeM H OOJ],YBOM nOTOKOM.
    ,LLJI51 HHX r\037aBHbIM 5lBJI51eTC51 TpeOOBaHHe 3KOHOMHH B pacxoJ],e KHC-
    JIopoJ],a H npOCTOTbI OOpaIl.LeHH51 C MaCKOH. Ha pHC. 9.6 nOKa3aHa
    cxeMa oTe4ecTBeHHoH KHC\037OpOJ],HOH l\\1aCKH KM-19 C J],OIlOJIHHTe\037b-
    HOH el\\IKOCTblO, npHMeH51eMOH B KOMfIJleKTe C KH(,\037OpO,lLHbIM npHoo-
    pOM Ko\037\037eKTHBHoro IIOJlb30BaHH5l I<.n-32 (J],\03751
    20 4e\037oBeK) Ha
    caMo\037eTax.
    \037naccaLKHpcKHX
    -
    J5 M 19
    J.,... iVlacKa paooTaeT c\037eJLYIOIl.LHM oopa30M.

    nOJ],aeTC51 HenpepbIBHbIM nOTOKOM no TOHKOMY


    KHC\037OpOJ],
    IIl\037aHry
    7 H nepcpopHpoBaHHoH TpyoKe 6 B J],blxaTe\037bHbIH (pe3HHo-
    BbIH) lYlelIlOK 5. TIoc\037e,LI,HHfI IlIHpOKHM naTpyoKOl\\1 4 Coe,lLHHeH C KOp-

    nycoM l\\1aCKH 1.

    TI pH BbIJ],oxe nepBa51 nOpIl.H51 B03JI.yxa, oo,nee OOraTa51 KIlC\037OpO-

    JI,OM, HanO\037H51eT MelliOK 5; OCTacJlbHOH BbIJ],blxaeMbIX B03J],YX, HaCbI-


    K\037a-
    I1.LeHHbIH yr\037eKHc.TIOTOH, BblnYCKaeTC51 4epe3 )J,Ba nopHCTbIX
    naHa 3. B MOMeHT B,lLOXa 4e\037OBeK BcaCbIBaeT Bce CO,lLepLKHMOe
    MelIlKa n\037lOC KHC\037OpOJ]\" nOJ],aBaelYlbIH npHoopoM. T aKHM oopa30M,
    MelIlOK YMeHbllIaeT conpOTHBJleHI1e BJ],OXY H n03BO\03751eT cOKpaTHTb
    HOPMY pacxo,lLa KHc\037opoJ],a (CM. Ta6\037. 9.5).
    ,LL\03751 nOJ],rOHKH Kopnyca MaCKH no nepeHOCHLLe CJIYLKHT npOBO-
    a JI.\0375I KpeII\037eHH51 MaCKH Ha rO\037OBe
    - TeCbMa 8.
    \03704Ha5I ,lLYLKKa 2,
    Ha COBpeMeHHbIX naccaLKHpCKHX caMo\037eTax B03MOLKHO ObICT-
    poe HaJ],eBaHHe MaCKH, TaK KaK C\037Y4ae naJ],eHH51 J],aB\037eHH51
    B B Ka-
    OHHe MaCKa aBTOMaTH4eCKH Bw6pacWBaeTC51 H3 5l4eHKH, pacno\037o-
    LKeHHOH no,lL nOTO\037KOM Ka6HHhI, H nOBHcaeT Ha CBoeM IIlJIaHre ne- II
    peJ], \037HIl.OM naccaLKHpa.
    TI pHHLLHnHaJIbHa51 cxeMa MaCKH C H30bIT04HbIM ,lLaBJIeHHeM H30-
    opaLKeHa BMeCTe C KHC\037OpOJJ,HbIM npHoopoM Ha 9.9.
    pHC. OOI1.LHII
    BHJ], MaCKH, npHMeH51eMOH B C04eTaHHH C KOMneHcHpylOIl.LHM KOCTIO-
    MOM, nOKa3aH BMeCTe C 3aIl.LHTHbIlVI lIlJleMOM (CM. pYlc. 9.62). Kop-
    nyc MaCKH COCTOHT H3 MOHOJIHTBOH pe3HHbI C M51rKHM oOTlOpaTo.
    pOlY! J],JI51 repMeTH4Horo npH\037eraH1151 K \037HLLY. B Kopnyce Hl\\1eeTC51
    cpHrYPHa51 CTa\037bHa51 cKooa, Ha KOTOpOH MOHTHpyeTC51 TeCbMa Kpen-
    JIeHH51 MaCKH. CKooa, KrOMe Toro, npe,lLOXpaH51eT MaCKY OT ,lLecpop-
    MaIl.HH noJ], ,lLeHCTBHeM BHYTpeHHero H30bIT04Horo J],aB\037eHH51 HJIH
    BHellIHero nOTOKa.
    TIpHHLLHnHa\037bHa51 cxeMa KJlanaHa BbIJ],oxa MaCKH, paOOTalOIl.LeH
    C H30bIT04HbIM J],aB\037eHHeM, npHBe,lLeHa Ha pHC. 9. 7. KHC\037OpO,lL no-

    277)))
    CTYIlaeT B MaCKY BO BpeM5I B,!J,OXa qepe3 rOcppHpOBaHHbIH lliJIaHr H

    KJIarraH B)].OXa. IlocJIe)].HHH COCTOHT H3 C06CTBeHHO pe3HHO'BOrO KJIa-


    naHa TapeJIbqaTOH cpOpMbI II rrJIaCTMaCCOBOrO ce)].JIa.
    KnarraH BW)].OXa rrpe)].Ha3HaQeH )].JIH YJJ.aJIeHHH BW)].WXaeMOH ra-
    30BOH Cl\\leCH KaK rrpH OTCYTCTBHH, TaK H rrpH HaJIHqHH H36bITOqHOrO
    .LIaBJIeHHH B MaCKe. ,QJI51 3Toro JIe-
    /(/lOI7(JH DooxtJ) rrecTKoBwft KJIarraH Bw)].oxa 2 rro)].-
    ,KHMaeTCH Qepe3 rrpY)I{HHKY 9
    K CBoeMY ce)].JIY pe3HHOBbIM KJIarra-
    HOM-Mel'v16paHOH 5, BHYTpeHHHH rro-
    .nOCTh KOToporo Tpy60QKOH coe)].H-'
    HHeTCH C JIHHHeH B)].oxa HJIH C pe-
    rYJIHTOpOM )].aBJIeHHH MaCKH. Kor,rr.a
    J Ha BWCOTax 60JIee 12 KM B MaCKY
    4-
    IlocTynaeT KHCJIOpO)]. C H36bITOQ-
    S
    6 HbIM )].aBJIeHHeM, TO )l{e )].aBJIeHHf
    ..7) ):LeHcTByeT H3HYTPH KJIarraHa-MeM-
    6paHbI 5, ypaBHoBelIlIIBaeT )].aBJIe-
    HHe B MaCKe, H KJIarraH He MO)l{eT
    caMorrpOH3BOJIbHO OTKpbIBaTbCH.
    reM 60JIee OH 6y)].eT 3aKpbIT BO

    BpeMH B)].oxa, Kor)].a B MaCKe rrOHH-


    PRC. 9. 7. I(JIanaH BbI,lI.oxa MaCKH /KaCTCH )].aBJIeHHe. Il pH BbI)].Oxe
    C M36bITOtIHbIM JI.aBlreHHeM: n.aBJleHHe B MaCKe rrOBbIlliaeTC51,
    I-HarrpaBJIHIOm.aH BTYJlKa; 2-JIerreCT- JIeneCTKOBbIH KJIarraH 2 H KJIarraH-
    KOBblH: KJIarraH; 3-raH:Ka; 4-Koprryc 5 OT ce)].JIa, H
    KJ1arraHa BbI)J.oxa; 5-KJIarraH-MeMopa- Mel\\10paHa OTXO)].51T
    Ha; 6-KOJlbu.eBoit aMopTH3aTop; 7- BbI,ll.bIXaeMa51 CMeCb Qepe3 OKHa
    HaKH)J.Ha51 raitKa; 8-KpbIIlIKa; 9-
    rrpY)KHHa)
    B Koprryce KJIarraHa y)].aJIHeTCH
    B aTMoccpepy. IlpY)I{HHa 9 crroc06-
    cTByeT repMeTH3a\037MM KJIarraHa 2 rrpH B)].oxe H YCTpaHHeT B03MO)l{-
    HOCTb rrpHJIHrraHHH ero K KJIarraHY-MeM6paHe.

    ,[(JIH 60JIee repMeTHQHOrO rrpHJIeraHHH MaCKH K JIH\037Y CJIY)I{HT


    KOMrreHcaTop HaTHra, 3aKperrJIeHHbIH Ha llIJIeMocpoHe. Il pH C03)].a-
    HHH H36bITOQHOrO )].aBJIeHHH B MaCKe pe3HHOBbIe KaMepbI KOMrreH-

    .caTopa pa3)].YBaIOTCH H HaTHrHBaIOT TeCbMY KperrJIeHHH MaCKH.


    KHCJIOpO)].HbIe MaCKH, rrpHMeHHeMbIe C JIerOQHbIMH aBTOMaTaMH
    )].JI51 rrOJIeTOB )].0 BbICOTbI 12 KM, OTJIHlIaIOTCH OT orrHcaHHOH TeM, lITO
    HMeIOT rrpOCTOH KJIarraH BbI)].oxa, COCTOHlI(HH H3 TOHKoro CJIIO)].H-
    Horo )].lfCKa, rrO)].)I{aTOrO K rrJIaCTMaCCOBOMY ce)].JIY rrpY)I{HHKOH.
    COBpeMeHHbIe MaCKH HMeIOT CJIe)].YIOlI(YIO Maccy:)
    MaCKa ,lI.JI5I nOJIeTOB ,lI.0 .12 KM . ............. 0,35-0,5 Kr
    MaCKa C H36bITOtIHbIM JI.aBJIeHHeM (6e3 perYJI5ITOpa .rr.aBJIeHHSl) \037O,6 Kr)
    MaCKa C H36bITOtIHbIM JI.aBJIeHHeM (BKJIIOQa5I pery JI5ITO p .rr.aBJIe-
    HH5I H KOMneHcaTOp HaT5Ira) . . . . . ..........) 1 ,2-1,7 Kr)

    ,[{Jl51 Toro QT06bI Bec perYJIHTOpa


    H lIlJIaHrOB He rrepe)].aBaJICH Ha
    rOJIOBY JIeTQHKa, perYJIHTOp npHKperrJIHIOT K peMHIO nO)].BeCHOH CH-
    CTeMbI napalIlIOTa 6bICTpOpa3'beMHbIM 3aMKOM.

    .278)))
    MaCKH ,1I}I51 CKa<t>aH,lXpOB aHaJIOrHtIHbI MaCKaM .nJIH BbICOT .no
    12 KM, HO 60JIee 06JIerqeHHbIe, TaK KaK OHH He ,lXOJI)KHbI npOTHBO-
    CT051Tb B03,lXYIllHOl\\tIY rrOTOKY. ,L:LJI51 YMeHbIlleHHH ra6apHTOB MaCKH,
    Ha,lXeBaeMOM BHYTPb IllJIeMa, KJIarraHbI B,lXOXa H BbI,lXOXa rrepeHOC51T
    HHor,lXa COOTBeTCTBYIOlI(He IllJIaHrH.
    C MaCKH Ha
    Oc060 CJIe,lXyeT OCTaHOBHTbC51 Ha rrp06JIeMe rrpHeMa BO,lXbI JIeT-

    tIHKOM, rrOJIb3YIOlI(HMCH KHCJIOpO,lXHOM MaCKOM. fIo JIHTepaTypHbIM


    ,lXaHHbIM *, JIeTqHK CTpaTerHqeCKOrO CaMOJIeTa TepHeT BCJIe,lXCTBHe
    HcrrapeHH51 B TeqeHHe 8-9 q HeCKOJIbKO KHJIOrpaMMOB CBoeR MaCCbI.
    ,L:LJI51 coxpaHeHHH Yl\\tICTBeHHOM H <pH3HtIeCKOM pa60Tocrroco6HOCTH
    eMY Heo6xo,[HM rrpHeM BO,lXbI H rrHlI(H. KpaTKOBpeMeHHoe CHHTHe
    MaCKH pa3peIllaeTC51 rrpH \302\253BbICOTe B Ka6HHe\302\273 He 60JIee 6 KM. ,[{JIH
    rrHTaHHH JIeTqHKa Ha 60JIbIllHX BbICOTax rrpHMeH51IOTC51 MaCKH'

    (IllJIel\\1bI), B rrepe,lXHeH qaCTH KOTOpbIX Ha ypoBHe pTa YCTaHOBJIeH


    Crre\037HaJIbHWH repMeTHqH\037H KnarraH. STOT KJIarraH rrpHHY,lXHTeJIbHO
    OTKpbIBaeTC51 rrJIaCTMaCCOBbIlVI MYH,lXIllTYKOM, Coe,lXHHeHHbIM Tpy6KOH
    C TepMOCOM, CO,lXep)l{allI.H1V1 qaM, KotiJe, MOJIOKO, BO.ny, rrHTaTeJIbHbIe'
    )l{11,lXKHe CMeCH.)

    &OpTOBble (CTau.HOHapHble) KHcnopOAHble npH60pbl


    (\"'/
    OCHOBHbIM H HaH60JIee pacrrpOCTpaHeHHbIM TlIrrOM 60pTOBoro'
    { KHCJIOpO,lXHorO rrpH60pa 5lBJIHIOTC51 rrpH60pbI C rrepHO,lXHqeCKOM rrO,lXa-

    I qeM. B qHCTOM BH,lXe rrpHHIl.Hrr JIerOqHOrO aBTOMaTa, T. e. rrO,lXatIa


    \037
    no rroTpe6HOCTH BO Bpel\\tI51 tiJa3bI B,lXOXa, rrpHMeHHeTC51 TOJIbKO ,lX0 Tex
    nop, rrOKa \302\253BbICOTa\302\273
    B Ka6HHe He rrpeBbIIllaeT 12 KM H KHCJIOpO,lJ.HaH
    MaCKa repMeTHqHO rrpHJIeraeT K JIHIl.Y. B OCTaJIbHbIX cJIyqa51x 60pTO-
    BOM rrpH60p C rrOMOI\037bIO ,lXOrrOJIHHTeJIbHbIX MexaHH3MOB HerrpepbIBHo
    rrO,lXaeT KHCJIOpO,lJ.. rrOBblillaeT Ha,lXe)l{HOCTb
    STO rrHTaHHH KHCJIOpO-
    \037OM H 06eCrretIHBaeT 6e30rracHocTb BblCOTHoro rrOJIeTa.
    THTIOBa51 rrpHHIl.HrrHaJIbHa51 cxeMa KHCJIOpo,lXHOro rrpH60pa THrra
    JIerOQHOrO a'BToMaTa rrpHBe,lXeHa' Ha pIlC. 9.8.
    .
    fIpa60p ,lXeHcTByeT CJIe,lXYIOII.LHM 06pa30M. Pa3pe)l{eHHe, B03HH-
    KaIOlI(ee B MaCKe rrpH B,lI.OXe, pacrrpOCTpaH51eTCH rro IllJIaHry B KOp-
    rryc rrpH6opa, 3JIaCTHqHa51 MeM6paHa 1 rrporH6aeTcH H Ha)l{HMaeT
    Ha pblqar 2 JIeroqHOro aBTOMaTa. PbPlar 2 Qepe3 3BeHb51 rrepe,lJ.aqH
    OTKpbIBaeT KJIarraH 4, H KHCJIOpO,lI. rrpOXO,lXHT K corrJIY HH)I{eKTOpa 6
    H
    O,lI.HoBpeMeHHo K IllTy[(epy HH,lI.HKaTopa. CTPY51 KHCJIOpO,lXa, BbITe-
    KaIOlI(a51 H3 corrJIa 6, C03,lXaeT B Koprryce HH)I{eKTOpa pa3pe)l{eHHe
    H
    Qepe3 06paTHbIH K.n3rraH 8 nO,lI.CaCbIBaeT HapY)l{HbIH B03,lXYX, 06pa-
    3Y51 KaCJIOpO,lXHO-B03,lXYIllHYIO CMeCb. CocTaB CMeCH
    perYJIHpyeTcH
    aBTOl\\1aTHtIeCKH KJIarraHOM 9, CB513'aHHbIM C rraKeTOM aHepOH,lJ.oB 10.
    TI pH YBeJIHqeHHH BbICOTbI aHepOH,lXbI paCIllHp51IOTC51 H YMeHbIllaIOT
    rIJIOlI(a,lI.b rrpOXO,lXHoro CeqeHH51 ,lXJI51 B03,lXyxa. I-Ia BbICOTe OKOJIO 9 KM
    KJIarraH 9 rrO.TIHOCTbIO
    3aKpbIBaeTcH, H B l\\1acKY rrocTyrraeT qHCTbIH

    KHCJIOpO,lI..)

    *
    Flying, 1957, vol. 61, No.1, pp. 31, 84-89.)

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    280)))
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    TIpH BbI,lI.OXe ,lI.aBJIeHI1e B pa60qeH KaMepe npH60pa YBeJIHqH-

    BaeTC51, MeM6paHa 1 H pbIqar 2 OTKJIOHHfOTC51 BJIeBO (no pHC. 9.8),


    KJIanaH 4 3aKpbIBaeTc51 H I10,lI.aqa KHCJIOpO,lI.a npeKpalll.aeTC51 ,lI.O CJIe-

    ,lI.YlOlll.ero B,lI.oxa.
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    xpaHHTeJIbHOrO KJIarraHa, 3aKpbIBaeMoro npY)KHHOH


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    KOTOpa51 B He3HaqHTe\037bHOM KO\037HqeCTBe MO:IKeT COAep:IKaTbC51 B KHC-

    \037opoAe. Y npH6opOB C COnJIOM 3aMep3aHHe 6o\037ee Bep051THO, TaK KaK

    npOll,eCC a,LLHa6aTHqeCKOrO HCTeqeHHH lI3 con\037a conpOBO:IKAaeTCH


    3HaqHTe\037bHbIM nOHHLKeHHeM Tel'vlnepaTypbI *.
    B c\037yqaHX KorAa oTAe\037eHHe \037eTqHKa OT KaTanY\037bTHpyeMoro
    Kpec\037a npeAYCMOTpeHO Ha BbICOTax TO\037bKO HH:lKe 5 KM, aBapHHHbIH
    3anac KHc\037opoAa MO:IKeT 6bITb pa3MeIILeH Ha KpeCJIe. B 3TOM C\037Y-
    qae pacxOA A03HpyeTC51 eAHHbIM perY\03751TOpOM nOAaqH KHCJ10pOAa,
    YCTaHOB\037eHHbIM B Kpec.ne H\037H Ha \037eTqHKe H BbInO\037HHIOIII.HM CBOlf

    cpYHKll,HH KaK B llITaTHOM no\037eTe, TaK H npH KaTanY\037bTHpoBaHHH.


    B HaCTOHIILee BpeM51 B OCHOBHOM npHMeH51IOTCH 6e3peAYKTopHbI\342\202\254\"
    na palliIOTHbIe KHC\037OpOAHbIe npH6opbI, pa3MeIILaeMbIe Ha \037eTqHKe

    H\037H nOABecHoH CHCTeMe napalliIOTa, a TaK:lKe KHC\037OpO,LLHbIe CH-


    CTeMbI C pa3MeIILeHHeM aBa pHHHoro 3anaca KHc\037opoAa Ha Kpec\037e.)

    KOMnOHOBKa H KOHCTPYK4H\037
    napaWfOTHblX KHCJlOPOAHblX npH6opOB
    H HX pa60Ta npH KaTanYJlbTHpOBaHHH

    TIapallilOTHbIe KTI KOMnOHYIOTC51 H.nH C OAHHM 6a\037\037OHOM, H\037IJ

    C 6aTapeeH 6a\037\037OHqHKOB, CMOHTHpOBaHHbIX B n\037OCKOH Kopo6Ke.


    TIepBbIH BapHaHT KOMnOHOBKH OCYIII.eCTB\037eH B aHr\037o-aMepHKaH-
    CKHX np'H6opax. Ha ropJl0BHHe 6a\037\037OHa, HMeIOIILero BO,LL51HYIO eM-
    KOCTb 0,4-0,7 \037, YCTaHaB\037HBaloTcH 3anopHo-nycKoBoe YCTPOHCTBO\037

    M3.Tlora6apHTHbIH MaHoMeTp, A03HpYloIILee con\037o C cpH\037bTpOM nepe,l!


    HHlVI H paCXO,LLHbIH H 3ap5IAHbIH llITYll,epa. TaKoH napalliIOTHbIH npH-
    Gop nOMeIILaIOT B MHrKHH 'lIexo.II, KOTOpbIH nr-\037acTerHBaeTcH peMH51MH
    K nOABecHoH CHCTeMe napalliloTa OKO\037O n051ca H\037H HenocpeAcT-
    seHHO K 6eAPY \037eTqHKa (CM. pHC. 9.3, a). Kpen\037eHHe 6a\037\037OHa AO\037-
    }RHO 6bITb AOCTaTOqHO npOqHbIM H HCK\037IOqaTb B03MO:IKHOCTb ero
    cpbIBa npu KaTanY\037bTHpOBaHHH.

    TIpH60p BK\037lOqaeTC51 aBTOMaTHqeCKH 6apOMeTpHqeCKHl\\1 ,LLaTqH-


    KOM npH AaB\037eHHH, COOTBeTCTBYlOmeM BbICOTe OKO\037O 13 KM. TI pe,LL-

    YCMoTpeHo TaK:lKe PyqHOe BK\037IOqeHHe npH60pa (CM. Ha pUC. 9.3, a


    TpOC C
    llIapHKoM OKO\037O \037eBOH PYKH).

    BTOpa51 KOMnOHOBKa npHl'vIeHeHa AJI51 OTeqeCTEeHHbIX napallilOT-


    -
    HbIX
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    npH6opoB npHBe,LLeHbI Ha pHC. 9. 11. KHC\037OpOA COAep:IKHTC51 B 6aTa...
    pee H3 noc\037eAOBaTe\037bHO COe,LLHHeHHbIX Me\037bxHopOBbIX 6an\037OHqH-
    KOB 06meH eMKOCTblO OKO\037O 0,83 \037 C HapY:lKHbIM AH3l\\1eTpOM
    20,5 MM H TO\037IILHHOH CTeHKH 1,25 MM. Pa60qee ,LLaBJIeHHe 15 MTIa.
    Becb npH60p CMOHTHpoBaH B Aypa\037IOMHHHeBoH Kopo6Ke BbICOTOM)

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    CKaH 060JIOQKa, B KOTOpOH. npOXO)J,HT TpOC BKJIIOQeHHH npH60pa l(D-27M B pa6oTY; 15-
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    287)))
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    a C - 5 11 Kanl1JIJI51pHa5l TPy6Ka 6 (ee napa-
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    coe JIJ1 He Hac 3 a n 0 p H 0- n Y C K 0 B bI M Y C T po H CT BO M.
    fl p 1160 P BK.n 10 Q a eTCH
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    fl p1160pbI Kfl-23 11 Kfl-27 M l1MefOT HeKOTopbIe KOHCTPYKTHBHbIe
    pa3JIl1lJl15l B OCHOBHOl\\1 B Cl1CTeMe 3anopHo-nYCKOBoro YCTPOHCTB3

    (nepeK.TIfOlJaTeJI5l), 06YC/IOBJIeHHbIe TeM, lJTO nepBbIH 113 Hl1X npHMe-


    H51eTC51 Ha KpeCJIaX, He HMefOIIIHx 06'be,l.ll1HeHHbIX pa3'beMOB KOMMY-
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    p a3'beM a 1\\111.

    BTopoe IIpl1HIl.Hnl1aJIbHOe OTJ111lJl1e np1160pa Kfl-27M OT l(fl-23


    3aKJIfOlJaeTC5l B TOM, lJTO Y IJepBOrO 11l\\1eeTC5! ,l.lOnOJIHl1TeJIbHbIH 6aJI-
    .nOHlJl1K 06'beMOM 0,046 JI, COe,lI.l1HeHHbIH
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    YCTpoHcTBa KOMneHCl1pYIOll1.ero KOCTfOMa B MOMeHT KaTanYJIbTl1pO-
    BaHl15l.

    B BepxHeH QaCTl1 pl1C. 9. 11 nOKa3aHO npHCOe;Xl1HeHl1e napallifOT-


    HbIX Kl1CJIOpO,l.lHbIX np1160pOB K 60pTOBOH CHCTel\\1e.
    Y np1160pa Kfl-23 KHCJIOpO,l.lHbIH llIJIaHf, COe,lI.HH5lfOIILl1H 60pTO-
    BOH np1160p C Kl1CJIOpO,l.lHOH MacKoH, npoxolLHT Qepe3 nepeKJIIOlJa-
    TeJIb, cHa6lKeHHbIH 3anopHbIM KJIanaHOM 11 6bIcTpOpa3'beMHbIM
    3aMKOM (pl1c. 9.12). B MOMeHT nOKl1,l.laHl15l ,TIeTlJl1KOM CaMOJIeTa
    OTCOe,l.ll1HeHl1e 60pToBoro 1lI.TI3Hra H nepexo,l.l Ha nHTaHl1e OT napa-
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    (Il.enOlJKa HJIl1 TpOC), lllnl1JI bKl1 p a3'be,lI.l1H l1TeJI5l 14 BbI,l.leprH Ba 10TCH
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    pbIQara 6 H lllTOKa 10 lllJIaHr 60pToBoro np1160pa oT6pacbIBaeTc5L

    OlLHoBpeMeHHo npY}KHHa 5 HalKl1MaeT Ha TOJIKaTeJIb 4, OTKpbIBaer


    3aI10pHbI\037I KJIanaH 3, 11 KHC.TIOpOLl YCTpeMJI5leTC5l H3 6aTaperi lJepe\037\037

    Kanl1.TIJI5lpHYfO TPy6KY B IUJlaHr MaCKIL 06paTHbIH KJIanaH 9 npe-


    n5lTCTByeT YTelJKe KIIC\"lopo;La H3 Kopnyca nepeK/lfOlJaTeJl5l B aTlYIO-

    ccpepy. flo Mepe 113paCXO,l.lOBaHl15l 3anaca KHCJ10pOlLa H YMeHbIlleHl1H


    ero TIO}:tDlJH, Kor,rra RO BpeM5l B,l.lOXa B MaCKe MOlKeT B03HHKHYTb
    p a3pelKeHHe, He06xOlLl1l\\1bIH lLJI5l ,lLbIXa HH5l B03LlYX nOlLcaCbIBa eTC5l

    lJepe3 C.TIfOLl5lHOH KJIanaH 9.


    Kl1CJIOpO,l.lHbIH llIJIaHr TIPH COelLl1HeHl1l1 ,l.lBYX lJaCTeH nepeKJIfOQa-
    Te\"TJ:5l
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    )Kl1MaeTC5I BHHTOM-MYCPTOH 15 nOCJIe Toro, KaK llInl1JIbKl1 14 6Y,l.lYT
    BCTaBnelIbI B KOHYCbI 11.
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    B CTopOHe OT npI160pa) H HMeeTC5l TOJlbKO nYCKaTeJlb lLJI51 3BTOl\\la-
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    l-Q>HJIbTp; 2, 5, 8-npYlKHHhI; 3-3anopHhIA KJIanaH; 4-TOJIKaTeJIh; 6-phIlIar; 7-nOBo,11.0K;
    9-o6paTHhIA KJIanaH; JO-lliTOK; l1-BTYJIKa C KOHycoo6pa3HhIM BhIcTynoM; 12-npYlKHHa;
    13-pe3HHoBa51 npOKJIa,11.Ka; 14-mnHJIbKa pa3'be,11.HHHTeJI5I; 15-BHHT-MY<PTa; 16-u.enollKa
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    C
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    Ha CaMOJIeTe, a BepXH5I5I qaCTb pa3'beMa BMeCTe
    \302\253YXO)J.HT\302\273 C JIeTqH-
    KOM. PaCnOJIOlKeHHble B IlITYII.epaX BepXHeH KOJIO)J.KH 06paTHble
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    Kuc//(}flotl
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    1-4>HJIbTp; 2, 5, 9-npY)KHHbI; 3-KJIanaH; 4, 6-TOJIKaTeJIh; 7-npOKJIa,11.Ka;
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    COe,11.HHSleMbIA K 60PTOBOA KOJIO,11.Ke OO'be,11.HHeHHOro pa3'beMa; 15-PYlIHoe
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    B MaCKY H KOMneHCHpYIOIII.HH: KOCTIOM HenOCpe)I.CTBeHHO npHCOe,nH- tt
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    HHKa Ha yqaCTKe Me\037)I.Y BepXHeH: qaCTblO 06De)I.HHeHHOrO pa3'beMa
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    o6pa30M. I1pH BbI)I.eprHBaHHH ipoca 14 qeKa 13 H3


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    mnHJIbKH 12. BCJIe)I.CTBHe .9TOrO llITOK


    10, KOTOpbIH Y)I.ep)KHBaJIC51
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    H Kn-27 M Ha. napaWfOTe H B Kpecne

    I1pH6opbI KI1-23 H KI1-27M npHMeH5iIOTC5I C napalliIOTaMH,


    paH\037bI KOTOpbIX HMeIOT cnerr,HaJIbHbIl1: Ka pMaH )I.JI51 pa3MeIII.eHHSI
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    BalOT B Ka pMaH na pallIIOTa C nepe)I.HeH CTOpOHbI, T. e. nYCKaTeJIeM
    B 2TOPOHY JIHIl,a JIeTqHKa. O)I.HaKo )I.OnYCTHMO H npOTHBOnOJIO\037HOe

    pacnOJIO\037eHHe npH60poB. B CJIyqae YKJIa)I.KH KI1-23 IIIJIaHfaMH


    B CTOPOHY cnHHKH KpeCJIa He06xo)I.HMO HMeTb B qaIIIKe .CH)I.eHb5I ,n0-
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    -
    BbICOTHO-KOMneHCHpYIOIII.He (BKK) KOCTIOMbI
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    C fepMeTHqeCKIIM IlIJIeMOM (CM. pHC. 9.3, a). B \037nepBoM cJIyqae npe-
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    nO)J.rOHKe KOCTIOMa. HH)J.eKcbI: a-
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    nnKlIoro YCTpdAcTBa)

    liTO BKK He 06eCrreQHBaeT rrOJIHOH KOMrreHCaII.HH a6COJIIOTHO BceR


    rrOBepXHOCTH TeJIa. YllaCTKH, KaK rrO,lI.MbIllIellHbIe
    TaKHe Ii Me)KJIOrra-
    TOllHbIe Brra.lI.HHbI, rr.JlXOBa51 06JIaCTb, JIOKTeBbIe H KOJIeHHbIe CYCTaBbI,.
    He rrOJIYllaIOT .lI.OCTaTOllHoro rrpOTHBO.lI.aBJIeHHH, liTO MO)KeT BbI3BaTL.
    OTJIHB KpOBH K KOHellHOCT51M. ,QJIH rrpe.lI.OTBpaIII.eHHH 3Toro H9raM
    .lI.aeTC51 rrOBbIllIeHHoe 06)KaTHe. ,lLJIH PYK .lI.HaMeTp KaMep CTapaIOTCH
    CHJIbHO He rrOBbIIlIaTb, / lIT06bI He CreCHHTb J1.BH)KeHHH . H He YBeJIHlIH-
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    '
    Y pa3JIHlIHbIX THrrOB BKK, BbIrrYCKaeMbIX HHOCTpaHHbIMH <pHP-
    MaMH, COOTHOllIeHHe .lI.aBJIeHHH Me}KJJ:Y repMOllIJIeMOM H HaTH}KHbIMIt.

    KaMepaMH BbI.lI.ep)KHBaIOT OT 1 : 5 .lI.0 1 : 10.


    OKOHlIaTeJIbHbIH BbI60p COOTHOIlleHH51 .lI.aBJIeHHH Me)K.lI.Y repMo-:
    llIJIeMOM H KaMepaMH 3aBHCHT 'eIII.e OT raoapHToB Ka6HH, JIIO.KOB
    H KpeCeJI.

    296)))
    ,
    \037/.
    , Ha pHC. 9. 17 nOKa3aHo KaqeCTBeHHoe OTJIH<JHe q,aKTHqeCKOrO
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    )J.aBJIeHH5l B HaT5I)KHbIX KaMepax. ilYHKTHpHa5l np5lMaH 1 OTBeqaeT


    -<popMYJIe (9. 12). BBH,lJ.Y HaJIHqHH TpeHH5l Me:>K,lJ.Y BKK H 6eJIbeM
    .JIeTtIHKa, a TaK)Ke B CKJIa,lJ.KaX tIeXJIa HaT5l)KHOH KaMepbI JI.aBJIeHHe
    Ha TeJIO OTCTaeT OT paCtIeTHOrO npH nOBbIllIeHHH ,lJ.aBJIeHH5l B KaMe-
    pax (KpHBa5I 2a), a npH CHH)KeHHH JI.aBJIeHH5I, Hao6opoT, HMeeT _
    t()OJIee JI.aBJIeHHe, tIeM npH ero nOBbIllIeHHH
    BbICOKoe (KpHBa5l 26).
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    XOJI. TeCbMbI HaT5l)KHOrO, YCTpOHCTBa MeHbllIe CJIa6HHbI KOCTIOMa
    :\037:' (HanpHMep, BCJIeJI.CTBHe CJIHIlIKOM CBo60JI.HOH nOJI.rOHKH). B 3TOM
    \037f.[ CJIYtIae npOHCXOJI.HT HeJI.OCTaTOtIHOe 06LKaTHe TeJIa (HeJI.OKOMeHca-

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    BToro
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    \0371:, BKJIIOtIHTb JI.B\037 HJIH TPH nOCJIeJI.OBaTeJIbHO COeJI.HHeHHbIx HaTH)KHbIX


    'f
    YCTpOHCTBa OJI.HHaKoBoro .JI.HaMeTpa, TO COrJIaCHO <popMYJIe (9: 7)\"
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    \302\243::
    1.ITo6bI He YB,eJIHtIHBaTb ra6apHTbI KOCTIOMa, BJI.OJIb Kopnyca BKK,
    KaK npaBH,7IO, YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT JI.Be npO,II,OJIbHbIe HaT5I)KHbIe KaMepbI
    Ha PYKaBax H IlITaHHHax OrpaHHtIHBaIOTC5l OJI.HOH KaMepOH. Pacno.
    JIOLKeHHe HaT5I)KHbIX KaMep BHJI.HO H3 pHC. 9. 18.

    PaccMoTpHM Bonpoc 0 HarpY)KeHHH JI.bIXaTeJIbHOH MycKYJIaTypbI.


    \037aMeHHB B <popMYJIe (9. 13) BeJIHtIHHY q ee 3HatIeHHeM H3 <}>OPMYJIbl

    (9.9) H YtIHTbIBa5l 3aBHCHMOCTb (9.7), nOJIYtIHM

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    ::}f;.;',.cooTBeTcTByeT \037\037JI.OMOH
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    npE MYCKY-
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    \037_,(9. 13 a) nOMeHHIOTC5I !vleCTaMH, H MbI nOJIYtIHM H3BecTHYIO <POPMY.hy
    \037HJIepa,
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    JIaT\037l roi1Y C\037\037\037\037B\037\037e\037allI\037\037\0375I \037\037AA\037\037\037:\037oHJIO


    T\037\037\037\037\037\037: n:\037\037\037\037\037
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    1)

    PHC. 9. 18. THnoBoe paCIIOJIOlKeHMe HaT5DKHbIX KaMep Ha


    KOMTIeHcMpYIOIIl.eM KOCTIOMe. (00}KaTMe Ka}KJ{oH PYKM H HO-
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    \037BYM5I) :
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    4-pe3HHoBbIA IlIJlaHr HaTSI>KHOrO YCTpoAcTBa; 5-11ITyu.ep HaTSI>KHoro
    YCTpoikTBa: 6-11ITyu.ep npOTHBoneperpY30QHOrO KOCTIOMa)

    YMeHbllIaeT HarpY3KY Ha ,II.bIXaTeJIbHYIO MycKYJIaTYPY;


    o6eCneqHBaeT cBo6o,II.HOe Be,II.eHHe pa,II.HoCBH3H;

    YMeHbrnaeT ra6apHTbI nOrrepeqHOrO CeqeHHH Koprryca (TaR


    KaK rr03BOJIHeT OTKa3aTbCH OT HaTHlKHbIX YCTPOHCTB C rrpO,II.OJIbHbIMH
    \037HJIHH,II.pHqeCKHMH KaMepaMH Ha TYJIOBHIII.e).

    298)))
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    MepbI, T. e. HerrOCpe,U.CTBeHHO K TeJIY JIeTlIHKa.


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    rpY,U.HOH KJIeTKH rrpH B,U.OXe H BbI,II.OXe. OlleBH,II.HO, liTO KOCTIOM,
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    KOHCTpyK....MJI BbICOTHO-KOMneHCMpYlOlqero KOCTIOM8

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    PMC. 9. 19. 3JIeMeHT HaT5DKHoro
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    :)-) .c 3aCTeLKKaMH \302\253MOJLHMH\302\273.


    u l-IIIHYPOBKa; 2-000JlOQKa KOCTIOMa; 3-TeCb-
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    'CTOMT M3 rrHeBMaTHlIeCKoH
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    .
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    pe'3HHoBYIO KaMepy, BJIOLKeHHYIO B


    KarrEoHoBbIH HJIH HeHJIOHOBbIM
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    3
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    (CM. pHC. 9.26).


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    300)))
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    * r No.
    Aviatiot;l Magasine, Febr., 1960, 292; Flight, 22 June, 1956; Flight.
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    6apoMeTpHtJecKHH perYJIHTOp 9} KOTOpbIH aBTOMaTHtJeCKH BKJIIO\037aef


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    '
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    * Interavia, 1957, vol. 12, No.7, p.,688.)

    312)))
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    *
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    ...-------J 061l\\He. CBeAeHHSI H KnacSHcIIHKa....HSI

    BbICOTHbIH - 3TO repMeTHqeCKHH KOCTIOM C IlIJIeMOM\037


    CKa<paH,lI.p

    c-H\0376:tKeHHbIH: llIapHHpaMH
    B MeCTax pacnOJIO:tKeHH5I OCHOBHbIX CYCTa-

    * Aviation
    Medicine, vol. 30, Apr. 1959, No.4. .
    Naval Aviation News, Aug. 1958.
    Aviation Week, June 22, 1959. '
    AviaUon Week & Space Technology, yo!. 90, No.1, 8, 9, 15, 1969.)

    313)
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    * \302\253Aviation Medicine\302\273, vol. 30, No.4.)


    1959,

    314)))
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    * CBeJI.eHMH 0 KOHCTPYKII.MM CM. KH. C. M. AJIeKceeBa


    nOJI.p06HbIe CKa<paH,npOB
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    t
    1973.
    HHe\302\273,
    \037- ** Aviation
    i\037
    Week, June 22, 1959.
    Missiles ,and Rockets, Nov. 16, 1959.
    \037,
    \037 Aviation Week & Space 1968, vol. 88, No. 23.
    { Tech\037ology,

    f 11 1947 821

    (,)))
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    HbIX- qaCTeH 060JIOqKH, K YMeHbllIeHHIO ee 3anaCa npOqHOC!H Ii K

    npHqY,[(JIHBbIM OTKJIOHeHH51M OT OLKH,[(aeMOH <pOpMbI.


    B MeCTaX, COO1:BeTCTBYIOIII.HX paCnOJIOLKeHHIO CYCTaBOB qeJIOBe-
    qeCKOrO TeJIq, Ha 060JIOqKe YCTaHaBJIHBalOT IIIapHHpbI (CM. pHC.
    9.3, 6 H 9.30), B pe3YJIbTaTe nOJIyqaeTC5I y,[(oBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHa51 no,[(-
    BHLKHOCTb KaK 6e3' H36bITOQHOrO ,[(aBJIeHH5I, TaK H C pa60QHM nepe-
    na,[(OM ,[(aBJIeHHH: MeLK,[(Y 060JIOQKOH: H aTMoc<pePOH:.)

    ....)

    /\

    PHC. 9. 30. 06IIJ.MH BM.lIt cKa<paHJI.pOB q;HpMbI rYJI.pMlI H3 npope3M-


    HeHHOH TKaHH C Il1apHMpaMM TMTIa rapMOIl1KH. IllJIeM nOBO,pallM-
    BaeTC5I Ha repMOnOJI.llIHTIHHKe:
    ,
    oopa3u.a 1956 r.; 6r-cKa4>aH)J.p Oopa3u.a 1958 f.)
    a-cK\0374>aH)J.p

    O,[(HOH H3 Cy'\037eCTBeHHbIX OC06eHHOCTeH: TKaHeBOH 060JIOQKH '(B


    OTJIHQHe OT MeTaJIJIOB) 51BJI5IeTC5I ee 3HaQHTeJIbHOe Y,IT.JIHHeHHe nO,il.
    .a.eHCTBHeM BHYTpeHHerO .llaBJIeHH5I. ECJIH He OrpaHHQHTb 3TO Y,[(JIH-'
    HeHHe, TO IlIJIeM CKa<p aH,[(p a 3Ila QHTeJIbHO nO,[(HHMeTC5I H a,[( rOJIOBOH

    qeJIOBeKa, a- npOHMbI 6Y,[(YT pe3aTb


    PYKaBOB noJ1. MbIlliKaMH. n03TO-
    MY KaLK,[(a51 060JIOQKa HMeeT
    perYJIHpyeMYIO no ,[(JIHHe CHJIOBYIO CM..

    CTeMY H3 TOHKHX IlIHypOB, KOTOpa51 npen5lTCTByeT \302\253BbIpaCTaHHIO\302\273 _

    4CKaQ:>3H,[(pa H CJIY)KHT ,[(JI5I HH,[(HBH,[(yaJIbHOH: no,[(rOHKH 060JIOQKH na-


    POCTY II ,[(JIHHe KOHeQHOCTeH:.-
    !, CYIII.'eCTBYIOT OCHOBHbIX THna -M5IrKHX 060JIOQ-
    ,[(Ba KOHCTPYK\037HH: '
    kn' CKa<paHhpa:
    1) e,[(HHa51 060JIOQKa H3 repMeTHQHOH: (06WQHO npope3H\037eHHoM)
    , u u U U.
    ABYX- HJIH TpeXCJIOHHOH
    .
    TKaHH C HaJIOLKeHHOH nOBepx Hee CHJIOBOH
    \"
    cHcTeMoH Ii .. , , -)

    3\037\037)))
    2) cKacpaH,lI.p C pa3,lI.eJIbHbIMH 060JIOqKaMH, Y KOToporo, BHYTpeH-
    H5IH pe3HHOBa51 060JIOqKa
    06eCrreQHBaeT, repMeTHqHOCTb, a BHeIlIHH51
    060\037OqKa 51BJI5IeTC5I CHJIOBOH H 3a\037HTOH 01 CJIyqaHHM\037 MeXaH\037qe-
    CKHX rrOBpeLK,lI.eHHH. 3Ta BHeIlIH5I5I 060JlOqKa MOLKeT 6bITb o 6'be,lI. 11-
    HeHa C rrO,lI.BeCHOH CHCTeMOH napallIIOTa, a B CJIyq(le H3rOTOBJIeHHH
    H3 HerOpIOqeH aJIIOMI1HHpOBaHHOH TKaHH
    \037OnOJIHHTeJIbHO 3a\037H\037aeT

    qeJIOBeKa OT \037yqHCTOrO
    TenJIa B CBepX3BYKOBOM nOJIeTe
    . H OrH5I npn
    .
    \302\267
    B03HHKHOBeHHH nO)Kapa.
    IlpH H3rOTOBJIeHHH 060JIOqKH nepBoro THna - H3 npope3HHen-
    HOH TKaHH -. n9Bepx CKacpaH,lI.pa BO Bcex CJIyqaHX l1.eJIeC006pa.3HO
    Ha,lI.eBaTb JIerKYIO O,lI.eLK,lI.Y ,lI.JI5I 3amHTbI ero OT CJIyqaHHbIX l1. a panHH
    \302\267
    H Ha,lI.pbIBOB. .

    repMeTHqHaH 060JIOqKa 'MHOrOCJIOHHOrO CKacpaH,lI.pa ,lI.OJILKHa 06-


    JIa,lI.aTb'BbICOKHM OTHOCHTeJIbHbIM Y,lI.JIHHeHHeM, TaK KaK B 3'TOM CJIY-
    qae HeonaCHbI MeCTHbIe 3aIII.eMJIeHHH, MOHTa)KOM 06YCJIOBJIeHHble
    apMaTypbI HJIH 06pa30BaHlIeM CKJIa,lI.OK npH Ha,lI.eB3HHH. Do,lI. .IT-eHc.T-
    BHeM H36blTOqHOrO ,lI.aBJIeHH5I TaKa51 3JIaCTHqHa51 060JIOqKa nOJIH'O-
    CTbIO onHpaeTC5I Ha CHJIOBYIO. BnOJIHe Ha,lI.e)KHOH 51BJIHeTC5I' o60JIoq-
    Ka H3 TOHKOH pe3HHbI (TOJIIII.HHOH 0,4-0,5 MM), HMeIOIII.a51 OTHOCH-
    %
    TeJIbHOe Y,lI.JIHHeHHe ,lI.0 500-800. .
    B03MOLKHO 'TaK)Ke npHMeHeHHe npope3HHeHHoro TpHKOTa)Ka HJIH
    LI.PyrHx repMeTHqHblX MaTepHaJIOB npH 06513aTeJIbHOlVI YCJIOBHH, qTO
    B MeCTax crH60B, llIapHHpOB H YCTaHOBKH cpJIaHl1.eB BCTaB.JIeHbI KOM\037

    neHcaTopbI, ,T. e. yqaCTKH repMeTHqHOH .060JIOqKH


    \0373
    3JIaCTHI.J:nOH

    pe3HHbI:
    I1Hor,lI.a B KaqeCTBe 060JIOqKH
    CHJIOBOH HCnO.ITb3YIOT TKaHYIO ceT-
    KY (H3 HHTeH, nO,lI.BePTHYTbIX npe,lI.BapHTeJIbHOH ,BbITH}KKe), 0pHeH-
    THpOBaHHYIO TaKHM 06pa30M, liTO OT,lI.eJIbHble HHTH COBna,lI.aIOT C
    \"HanpaBJIeHHeM JIHHHH aeH3MeHHOH ,lI.JIHHbI Ha reJIe qeJIOBeKa. TaKa51
    KOHCTPYKl1.HH YJIyqllIaeT nO,lI.BH)KHOCTb CKacpaH,lI.pa H qaCTHqHO

    YMeH\037llaeT npO,lI.OJIbHOe \302\253BwpaCTaHHe\302\273 060JIOqKH no,lI. ,lI.eHCTBHeM


    BHYTpeHHero ,lI.aBJIe\037-1H5I 112]. B CJIyqae npHMeHeHHH CeTqaTOrO 'CJI05J
    '--
    MeLK,lI.Y HHM H repMeTHqHOH 060JIOQKOH YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT 3aIII.HTHbIH,
    TpHKOTa)KHbIH CJIOH H3 paCT5IrHBaIOIII.erOCH MaTepH3JIa, KOTOpbIii
    npe,lI.oxpaHHeT 060JIoqKY OT 3aIII.eMJIeHHH II Ha,lI.pbIBOB; rroBep\037
    ceTKH Ha,lI.eBaeTCH 3aIII.HTHa51 O,lI.e)K,lI.a.
    CYIII.eCTByeT MHoro KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX pellIeHHH H cnoc060B Ha.u.e-
    BaHH5I cKa<paHp.pa. HaH60JIee pacnpocTpaHeH .IT-JIH 3TOH l1.eJIH rrepe,LI.-
    HHM pacnax, KaK Y 06blqHOrO KOM6HHe30Ha, qTO ,lI.aeT B03MO)KHOCTt>

    \037eTqHKY caMOMY Ha,lI.eTb H CHHTb cKacpaH.IT-p. repMeTH3HpyeTC51 pac-


    nax 06blqHO c nOMOIII.bIO BllIHTOH B lIero llIHpOKOH l1.HJIHH,lI.pHQeCKof!
    rOpJIOBHHW (T3K Ha3WBaeMoro anrreH,lI.HKca) H3 TOHKOH ra30Henpb\037
    HHl1.aeMOH TKaHH, KOTOpa51 CKpyqHBaeTCH H nepeB5I3WBaeTCH nOCJIe
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    . MeTH3al1.HH
    MOpCKHX cnaCaTeJIbHbIX KOCTIoMOB.

    CYIII.eCTBYIOT KOHCTPYKl1.HH repMeTHqHbIX H CHJIOBI>IX 3aCTelK\037!<


    THna \302\253MOJIHH5I\302\273,
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    11*)
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    )KecTKHe
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    \037:o _) 1)

    1) 2
    PHC. 9. 31. C;xeMa II1HpHHpa THna
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    3\ 6-co-
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    a))

    I.I1 a p H H P bI C K a <p a H ,lI. P a 51BJIHIOTC5I HaH60JIee TPY,lI.HbI1VIM


    3JIeMeHTaMH ero KOHCTPYKIl.HH. npOIII.e ,lI.PyrHx BbInOJIH5IIOTCH nOK.
    reBbIe KOJIeHHbIe
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    0
    Ha yrOJI He DOJIee 120-160 C. H3rH6 ,lI.OCTHraeTC5I C nOMOIII.blO ,lI.0.
    nOJIHHTeJIbHOH CJIa6HHbI 060JIOqKH, 06pa3YIOIII.eH rO<PPbI. BbInOJIHe-
    HHe IlIapHHpoB C ro<ppaMM B03MO)l{HO HeCKOJIbKHMH cnOC06al\\iM:
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    HO nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 9. 31, JIH60 nYTeM npHIlIHBKH K \"CHJIOBOH 060-
    JIOqKe CHCTeMbI KOJIb\037eBbIX nOnepeqHbIX IlIHypOB H npO,lI.OJIbHbIX
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    pHaJIa no 3THM IlIHypaM H JIeHTaM. B03MO)KHO H3rOTOBJIeHHe ro<p-


    pHpoBaHHbIx mapHHpoB B npecc<popMax. Bo Bcex CJIyqa5lX CHJIOBbIC
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    o6pa3YIOIII.HM, ,lI.JIHHa KOTOpbIX He I13MeH5IeTC5I npH crH6e.


    06eCneqeHHe nO,lI.BH)KHOCTH nJIeqeBblX H Ta306e,lI.peHHbIX CYCTa-
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    T5I)KaMH, CKOJIb35IIII.HMH no pOJIHKaM HJIH HanpaBJI5IIOIII.HM (CM. '

    pHC. 9.30).
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    324)))
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    ,
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    \037p=26,5 Kna (0,27 Krc/cM 2); 6-pa6oTa A III B )J.Hana30He yrJloB 4--\037Oo
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    repMonO,lI.llIHnHHKH B nJIeqeBOM H JIOKTeBOM (HJIM


    YCTaH'aBJIHBalOTCH
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    Ho-onopHoro nO,lI.llI-HnHHKa, a repMeTHqHOCTb - CKOJIb3HmHMIi KJIa-

    naHaMH. BHYTpeHHHM KJIanaH 06eCneqHBaeT repMeTHqHOCTb


    no ra3Y,
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    .1 ,6-2,5 H. M = 30-;.-40 KDa.
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    npH pa60Te \037 cKa<paH,lI.pe \037 H36bITOqHblM ,lI.aBJIeHHeM, O,lI.HaKO rrpu.
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    060JIOqKe.
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    JIeTqHKY HOpMaJIbHYIO pa60Tocnoc06HoCTb B HcrrpaBHoI\037f repMeTHqe-
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    HHpaMH, qT06bI MaCCa 060JIOqKH 6blJIa MHHHMaJIbHOH H l.J:T06bI B Heif
    6bIJIO Y,lI.06HO pa60TaTb B OCHOBHOM 3KCrrJIyaTa\037HoHHOM peLKHMe,.
    T. e. B 3arepMeTH3HpOBaHHOH Ka6HHe.
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    .
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    ,[(JI5I YMeHbIIIeHH5I ,lI.HaMeTpa PYKaBOB H IIITaHHH Ha HHX HHOr,lI.\037


    CTaB5IT IIIHypOBKY. YMeHbIIIeHHe ,lI.HaMeTpa crroco6C.TByeT YM\037HbIIIC-
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    pOBKH 06JIerQaeT Ha,lI.eBaHHe 060JIOQKH.


    HaH60JIee ra6apHTOM
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    KOCTIOMa 52-54, 3Ta IIIHpHHa paBH5IeTC5I ,660-685 MM. ,LLJI5I CKa-

    cpaH,lI.pOB C rrJIeQeBbIMH rrO,lI.IIIHrrHHKaMH IIIHpHHa B rrL1JeQaX ,lI.OCTHra-


    eT 750 MM *. Ilo3ToMY IIIHpHHa Ka6HHbI ,lI.OR)KHa 6bITb He MeHee
    800 MM. DOTpe6HbIe ra6apHTbI Ka6HijbI rro BbICOTe YBeJIHQHBalOTCa
    Ha 30-40 MM.
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    .
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    B CJIyqae ,KOr,lJ.a OTCYTcTByeT npHToK ra3a B cKacpaH,lJ.p, MrHO-


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    dO
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    V dp
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    no <popMYJTe
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    Moro BpeMeHM na,lJ.eHM5I ,lJ.aBJIeHM5I B cKa<paH,lJ.pe. no M3BeCTHbIM fSl\\B
    'f M V. BeJIMqMHa faRB onpe,lJ.eJI5IeTCSi
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    fSKI
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    OT 7 ;6b1TOtIHOr 0 ,lI.aBJIeHH5I COe,lJ.HHeHHH, TaK KaK nJIOIII.\037,lJ.b OTBep-
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    C03,lJ.aHH51 M36bITOqHOrO ,lJ.aBJIeHM5I.
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    L< 1,89 M Ha 60JIbIllOH BblCOTe L> 1,89. 3aMeHHM B <P O PMYJI8X


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    B CB5I3H C HeKoTopoH CJIO)l{HOCTbIO TOqHOH OII.eHKH CBOOO,lI.HOrO


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    BwnycKHoro npe,lI.OXpaHHTeJIbHOrO KJIanaHa ,lI.O HeKoToporo 3a,lI.aH.


    ,Horo ,lI.aBJIeHH51. 3Ta npoBepKa npOH3BO,lI.HTC5I npH nOJIHOCTblO BW-
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    *)
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    -.

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    AJIH ,lI.BH)KeHHH, ObIJIH HeBeJIHKH,. Cl\\acpaH,lI.pbI IlIbIOTC5I' pa3JIHqHbL'(
    pa3MepOB ,lI.JI5I l'IH,lI.HBH,lI.yaJIbHOrO nO,lI.oopa. TIOJIHOe Ha,lI.eBaHHe CKa-
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    '
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    * Naval Aviation News, 1958.)


    Aug.

    334)))
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    V E =
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    HeHHeM ,lI.aBneHHH B03,lI.yxa MeJK,lI.y 3KpaHaMH; nOCne,lI.Hee TpeoyeT
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    ,LLnH perynHpoBaHHH K03<p<PMII.HeHTOB nyqHCTOrO TennoooMeHa Ha
    KOCMHqeCKHX Kopa6n5Ix npHMeHHIOT nO,lI.BM:>KHbIe :>KanlO3H (illTOp-
    KH), npMKpbIBalOInMe TennoooMeHHMKH. ,LLnH KOCMHqeCKMX cKa<paH,lI..
    pOB 3Ta M,lI.eH, npe,lI.nOJKeHHaH eIne K. 9. ll.HonKoBcKHM, Haillna

    KOHCTPYKTHBHoe BOnnOIneHMe B ,lI.BYX BHeIIIHHX cBeTo<pHnbTpax, yr-


    .
    TaHaBnMBaeMbIX Ha repMoillneMe.
    HMJKe pacc\037aTpHBalOTcH TonbKO Te cnOCOObI M Cpe,lI.CTBa pery-.;
    JIHpOBaHHH TennOBoro peJKHMa B CHap5I:>KeHMH, KOTopble ,lI.OCTaTOlJ-
    HO IIIHpOKO npHMeHHIOTcH Ha npaKTMKe.)

    3.HepreTH'IeCKHH 6anaHc 'IenOBeKa

    L(nH TennOBoro napaMeTpoB


    pa\037qeTa Tenn03a-
    H 9npe,lI.eneHHH

    \037HTHoro CHapH:>KeHMH KOnHqeCTBO 3HeprHH,


    He06xo,lI.HMO Bbl-3HaTb
    paoaTwBaeMoH QenOBeqeCKMM orpaHM3MoM, cnocoow OTBo\037a 3TOll

    . 3HeprHH H BHeIIIHMe TennOBble HarpY3KH.


    CBH3b Me:>K,lI.y KOnHqeCTBOM TennOTbI, BbI,lI.en5IeMOH ,qenOBeqeC-
    KMM TenOM (TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH
    TennOnpO,lI.YKII.HeH), $M3HqeCKOM Ha-
    rpY3KoH (MexaHMqeCKOH paooToH) H OOInHMH 3HeproTpaTaMH opra-
    HH3Ma YCTaHaBnHBaeTCH ypaBHeHHeM 3HepreTHqeCKOrO 6anaHca*.
    -
    OqeBH,lI.HO, qTO OOInHe 3HeproTpaTbI opraHM3Ma Qa.T CKna,lI.bIBaIOTC5f
    113 TennOnpO,lI.YKnHH QenOBeKa QT.II H COBepIlleHHOH BHeIIIHeH paoo-
    TbI N:)

    Qa.T = QT.II+N.) (9.29))


    * B
    \037aHH\037M pa3Aene paccMaTpHBaeTcH TonbKO pacxo\037HaH \037aCTb 3HepreTH\037e-
    CKoro 06MeHa \037enoBeKa, npH KOTOpOM 9HeprHH nepe,l{aeTCH B <popMe TenJIOTbI II
    pa60TbI. TIpH 3TOM BO Bcex ypaBHeHHHx 3HeprHH (TenJIOTa H pa60Ta, Bblpa)l{eHHble
    B ,l{)I{oyn5!x) OTHeceHa K e,l{HHHII.e Bp\037MeHH ceKYHJI.e H, CJIeJI.OBaTeJIbHO, Bce CJIarae- .
    Mble B iopMYJIaX BbIpa:>KalOTCH B BaTTax.)

    340)))
    ilpM OTCYTCTBMM BHelliHeM MeXaHMqeCKOM paOOTbI (3aKJIIOt.taIO-
    III.eMC5I B nO,lI.'beMe rpY3a, npeO,U.OJIeHMM
    CMJI TpeHM5I MJIM COOOrneHHlt
    .n.PyrOMY TeJIY KMHeTMqeCKOM 3HeprMM) BCfl M3paCXO,lI.OBaHHa51 opra- \"
    HM3MOM .9HeprM5I nepeXO,lI.MT B COOTBeTCTBYIOlI(ee KOJIMqeCTBO TenJIa.
    3HeprOTpaTbI qeJIOBeKa COCT05lT M3 CJIe,lI.YIOII(MX OCHOBHbIX tIac-
    Tefl.)

    CTaTH4eCKHe 3HeprOTpaTbi

    1. OCHOBHOM OOMeH - TenJIOnpO,lI.YK\037M5I OMOXMMMtJeCKMX npo-


    \037eCCOB, nO,lI.,lI.epLKMBaIOII(MX LKM3Hb opraHM3Ma, onpelI.eJI5IeMa51 B CO-
    CTOSlHMM nOJIHOrO nOK051 B nOJIOLKeHMM JIeLKa B KOM<pOpTHbIX YCJIO-
    BM5IX. /
    2. CTaTMtIeCKa5I - coxpaHeHMe n03bI M paBHOBeCH5I Te-
    paooTa
    JIa; no.rr..rr.epLKaHHe rpY3a 3a CqeT Hanp5ILKeHM5I MbIIlI\037.
    3. PaooTa MexaHM3Ma TepMoperYJI5I\037MM, OOYCJIOBJIMBaIOlI(a5I co-
    xpaHeHMe HOpMaJIbHOM TeMnepaTypbI TeJIa (QT.p).)
    \ '\

    AHHaMH4eCK'He 3HeprOTpaTbi

    1. PaooTa conpOTMBJIeHMH (Deon), Ha3bIBaeMa51 HHOr,lI.a <pM3HO-


    JIOraMM \302\253oTpH\037aTeJIbHoM\302\273 (HanpMMep, onycKaHMe rpY3a, cnyCK qe..
    JIOBeKa no JIeCTHM\037e MJIM YKJIOHY M T. n.).
    2. BHeIlIH5I5I MeXaHHtIeCKa5I paooTa (N).
    3. 3HeproTpaTbI opraHM3Ma, con.YTcTBYIOII(He BbInOJIHeHMIO BHellI-
    HeM MeXaHMqeCKOM paOOTbI (QN).' COCT05lT M3
    paCXO,lI.a .9HeprHM HH
    npeO,lI.OJIeHMe TpeHHH B MbIIlI\037ax M CYCTaBax TeJIa, Ha H3MeHeHHe
    CKOpOCTH M Hanp aBJIeHH5I ,lI.BHLKeHM5I, Ha i1epeMelI(eHMe MaCCbI p a-
    OOTaIOII(MX qaCTeM TeJIa, Ha \302\253XOJIOCTOM\302\273
    XO,lI. MbIIlI\037 M T. n. 9TM CJIa.
    raeMbIe M conYTcTBYIOlI(a51 HM qaCTb CTaTHqeCKoM.paOOTbI npaKTH-
    qeCKM Hepa3JIOLKMMbI, H MbI yqTeM MX C nOMOlI(bIO OTHOllIeHH5I BHeIII-
    ,
    HeM MeXaHMtIeCKOM paOOTbI N (B e,lI.HHH\037Y BpeMeHM) K TepMHqeCKO-
    MY K03<p<PH\037MeHTY nOJIe3HOrO .rr.eMCTBM5I fl. CJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHO, .9HeprO-
    TpaTbI, conYTCTBYIOII(He MeXaHHqeCKOM' p aOOTe, 0Y,U.YT)

    QN==\037- N.
    '1)

    PaOOTa
    conpOTMBJIeHM5I (Deon) M CTaTMqeCKa5I paOOTa ( Dc.p) \037e-

    t\037. 'JIMKOM nepeXO,U.5IT B TenJI<? OHH MorYT ObITb onpe,lI.eJIeHbI p a3,lI.eJib-


    \037. H<? TOJIbKO B pe,lI.KHX CJIyqaHX, nO.9TOMY HX MOLKHO OO'be,lI.HHHTb H
    .
    L 0003HaqMTb ' .
    \037'\"
    \037\\
    I .
    t\037
    D=Deon+De.p.
    \037'\\) ..P)

    TaKHM ,lI.JI5I npaKTMqeCKMX paCqeTOB OOII(Me 3Hepro-


    \037: oopa,30M,
    TpaThI qeJlOBeKa
    N
    \037.
    MO}K\037\037.TBbI \037::\037T:\037\037e+ . (9.30'
    '1)

    r,lI.e Qo TenJIOnpO,lI.YK\037H5I qeJIOBeKa B COCT05IHHM OTHOCMTeJIbHOrO


    .TIOK05l,
    .\037:' CKJIa.rr.bIBalOlI(aHC5I H3 OCHOBHoro oOMeHa M HeKoTopoM .nOJIH
    /\037\037

    '\\;- \037))) 341


    CTaTMIIeCKOM -paOOTbI; B Qo BXOJI.HT TaKlKe 3aTpaTbI Ha TepMOperYJI5I-
    \037MIO B KOM<pOpTHbIX YCJIOBM5IX.
    Ha MHOrOIIMCJIeHHWX OrrWTOB
    OCHOBaHMM
    BeJIMIIHHY TerrJIOrrpo-
    J(YKl(MH B COCT05IHHH rrOK05I (rrOK.oR CHJI.5I), OTHeCeH\037YIO K 1 M
    2
    rro-
    BepxHocTH TeJIa, JI.JI5I B3pOCJIbIX MYlKIIHH rrpHH5ITO CIIHTaTb rrOCTOHH-
    HOM H P aBHOR) .
    ,)
    = 58 BT/M2 2
    qo (50 KKaJI/M .II).)

    IJ. /fKaJ1
    rp, 0-1
    Bm) . - 2
    1./)
    PRC. 9. S5. 3aBHcHMoCTb 3Hepro..
    TpaT Ha TepMoperYJIH1\037HIO OT
    0-3)
    100) cpe\037HeB3BeII1eHHOH TeMnepctrYPbJ
    KO:>KHOrO nOKpoBa (B nOKoe):
    100)
    I-no ,ZI.aHHbIM pa()OT [7, '8]; 2-no
    ,ZI.aHHbIM BHTTe [18]; 3-no ,ZI.aHHbIM
    50) 5apToHa [10] (Ka)K,ZI.aSl TOQKa -
    cpe,ZI.\037
    50) HHA. pe3YJIbTaT no rpynne HcnbITye\037
    MbIX))

    ()) 76
    24-) 28) 32) VI t K, or/,)

    B ,.J{aJIbHeHIIIeM OYJI.eM OTHOCHTb BCe HalliH paCIIeTbI K HeKOTOpO-


    MY \302\253CpeJI.HeMY\302\273JIeTIIHKY, B _ KaIIeCTBe KOTOpOrO R03bMeM MYlKIIHHY
    B B03paCTe 20--40 JIeT MaCCOM 70 Kr pOCTOM 170 CM C rrJIOll{aJI.bID
    110BepXHOCTH TeJIa F-q= 1,81 M 2 . ,.[{JI5I TaK\037ro CTaHJI.apTHOro lIeJIOBe-
    Ka TerrJIOrrpOJI.YKl(H51 B rrOKoe COCTaBHT

    Qo = qoF-q
    = 58 \302\267
    1,81 ==-105 BT (90 KKaJI/II),
    \037TO COOTBeTcTByeT YJI.eJIbHOM TerrJIOrrp0JI.YKl(HH 1,5 BT Ha 1 Kr M.ac-
    -CbI TeJIa.
    Ha OCHOBaHHH reOMeTpHQeCKHX C006pa:>KeHHH HeTpY,ZJ.HO nOKa3aTb [4], GTO ,lJ.JIS1
    JIIO,lJ.eii HOpMaJIbHOrO TeJIOCJIO)KeHHH C MaCCOH, OTJIHtIalOlUeHCH OT G q = 70 Kr, AJUJ
    :>npe,lJ.eJIeHH5! Qo H nJIOIlI.a,lJ.H TeJIa tIeJIOBeKa F q MO)KHO npHMeH5!:rb CJIe,lJ.YIO.IIJ.He
    .)
    ROppeJIHQMH:
    .\
    2
    , 3/ aq
    Qo = 185 B T, (9. 31)
    V (, 70' )

    F\"
    = 1,81 M2. (9.32)
    V ( \037\037r
    ,[(orrOJIHHTeJIbHbIe .3 H e pro 3 a T paT bI HaT e p MOp e r Y JI 51-
    \037 H.IO (QT.p) rr05IBJI5IIOTC51 B Tex CJIyqa5IX, KOrJI.a CpeJI.HeB3BeIIIeHHafI
    *
    TeMrrepaTy pa rrOBepXHOCTH KOlKM.OTJIMqaeTC51 OT HOpMaJIbHOrO 3Ha-
    * C
    pe\037HeB31JeUIeHHaH TeMuepaTypa nOBepxHocTH TeJIa ou'pe,ZJ.eJIHeTC5I no saMe-
    paM TeMnepaTypbI B 11 TOtJKax .no <popMYJIe t K =0,3886 t rOJIOBbl+O,340 t TYJIOBM-
    w.a+0,134 (0,5 t DJIetJa+O,5 t npe,ZJ.nJIetIbH) +0,045 t KHCTH+O,203 (0,5 t 6e.ltpa+
    +0,5 t HrO.ltHQ) + 0, 125 t rOJIeHH + 0,0644 t CTon. npH 9TOM TenJIOUp0.ltYKnHH TY JIO-
    :aHIIJ.a 6epe'fc5I KaK cpe,ZJ.HH.H apH<pMeTHtleCKaH no TpeM TOtJKaM: rpY,ZJ.b, cnHHa It
    JKMBOT.)
    .
    342)

    \\)))
    0
    qeHH5I C oOJIee qeM Ha + 1,5\302\260
    32,5 C. Ha pHC. 9.35 rrpHBeJ{eHbJ
    QrrblTHbIe rrOKa3bIBarornHe
    J{aHHbIe, 3aBHCHMOCTb 3HeprOTpaT Ha
    TepMoperYJI5III.HIO B COCT05lHHH rrOK051 OT cpeJ{HeB3Bellle!-IHOM TeMrre-
    paTypbI KO)KH *.
    rIpH OXJIa)KJ{eHHH JI.orrOJIHHTeJIbHbIe 3HeprOTpa1'bI BbI3.BaHbl
    rJIaBHbIM o6pa30M XHMHqeCKOM TepMoperYJI5III.HeM
    - rrOBbIllleHHeM

    flHTeHCHBHOCTH OKHCJIHTeJIbHbIX rrpOII.eCCGB, B TOM qHCJIe BCJIeJ{CT-


    BHe MbIllleqHOM J{pb*H. fIPH rreperpeBe J{orrOJIHHTeJIbHbIe 3Hepro-
    rpaTbI 06YCJIOBJIeHbI YCHJIeHHOM pa60TOM rrOTOBbIX )KeJIe3, cepJ{II.a,.
    JIerKHX H J{PyrHx opraHOB.
    p a 6 0T a C 0 rr pOT H B JI e H H 51 3aBHCHT OT CKOpOCTH J{BH)KC-
    HH5I H MO)KeT COCTaBJI51Tb OT 30 J{O 100 % aHaJIOrHqHOM rrOJIO)KH-
    reJIbHOM pa60TbI. rIo orrbITaM cppaHII.Y3cKoro cpH3HOJIOra IlloBO [4J,.
    npH orrYCKaHHH rpY30B co CKOpOCTbIO \037,05-0,12
    M/C

    D corr =0,52N.

    K03cpcpHII.HeHT rrpH N YMeHblllaeTC5I rrpH YBeJIHqeHHH CKOpOCTH H;


    Hao6opoT, B03pacTaeT rrpH ee CHH)KeHHH.

    C TaT Hq e C K a 51 p a 6 0 T a rrpH YJ{ep)KaHHH T5I)KeCTH 3a Cqe.T


    HarrpH)KeHH5I HerrOJ{BH)KHbIX MbIlllII. Ha OCHOBaHHH orrbITOB lIloBO (r-

    rpY3aMH MaCCOM J{O 5 Kr, YJ{ep)KHBaeMbIX 6HII.errCOM PYKH B Teqe-


    HHe 2 MHH) MO)KeT 6bITb rrOJ{CqHTaHa rro 3MrrHpHqeCKoM'
    , , cpOp\0371Y-
    .ne (B BT)
    D c . p =3,5M,)

    rJ{e M - OT BHelllHHX
    MOMeHT CHJI, ypaBHoBelllHBaeMbIM corrpoTHB-
    .
    .'>) JIeHHeM BbIpa)KeHHbIM B HbIOToH-MeTpax.
    MbIlllII.,
    CTaTHqeCKaH pa60Ta rrpHBoJ{HT K 6bICTPOMY YTOMJI_eHHIO, TaK KaK
    f B HarrpH)KeHHbI:X MbIlllII.aX cY)KaIOTC5I KarrHJIJI5IpHbIe COCYJ{bI H rrpH\"
    \037;
    '.\\
    \\)
    rOK KpOBH CTaaOBHTC5I HeJI.OCTaTOqHbIM '.z:(JI5I CHaO)KeHH5I MbIlllII. KHC-
    JIOpOJ{OM H oTBeJ{eHH51 rrpOJI.YKTOB o6MeHa.
    -
    it YpaBHeHHe 3Hepro6aJIa'HCa (9.30), cTporo rOBOp5l, He 51BJIHeTCH

    t BbIpa>KeHHeM rrpOCTOM apHcpMeTHqeCKOH CYMMbI OTJI.eJIbHbIX BHJ{OB


    .9H\037prOTpaT, T\037K KaK B opraHH3Me qeJIOBeKa B npon.ecce paOOTbI H
    OTJ{bIxa rrpOHCXO,QHT rrepepacrrpe)J.eJIeHHe YPOBHeM 06MeHa Me)K,II.Y'

    \037\"
    _
    pa3JIHqHbIMH opraHaMH, H COCTaBHbIe qaCTH 3HeprOO\037JIaHCa rrOJ{Bep-
    \037' >KeHbI B3aHMHOMY BJIH5IHHIO.
    \037:.: KpOMe Toro, BbIpa)KeHHe He (9.3{))
    yqHTbIBaeT nepeXOJ{HbIX pe..
    !)
    \\\037 /KHMOB OT rrOK051 K pa60TeH oopaTHO, rrOBbIllleHHoro (HCKYCCTBeH':
    i,')
    '{;'.... Horo) corrpOTHBJIeHH51 lI,brxaHHIO H \037HeprOTpaT, 3MOII.HO.. BbI3BaHHbIX
    \037...
    h-
    i';.: HaJIbHOM HarPY3KOM **. OJ{HaKO
    J{JIi{ TeXHHqeCKHX TerrJIOBbIX pacqe-
    t.;;/
    \037h
    fr TOB, 'Tpe6YIOrnHX KOJIHqeCTBeHHoro orrpeJ{eJIeHH5I 3HeprOTpaT, TaKaJJ)
    \037'.
    ''
    \"
    .i
    \037 . '
    t..... * Ha
    TIpH BbInOJIHeHHH pa60TbI Ha XOJIone ,ltonOJIHHTeJIbHbIe 3HeprOTpaTbI
    \037,:
    \037!..)
    repMoperYJIHII.HIO YMeHbllialOTcH [7.5].
    ** tJTO HepBHa5I HarpY3Ka
    , )KIOJIb AMap [4] CtJHTaeT, YBeJIH1JHBaeT 3HeproTpaTbT
    .
    .\037;. He 60JIee tJeM Ha 3-5 % ; JJ.pyrHe aBTopbI npe,ltnOJIaraIOT, tJTO B cHTyanHH, yrp0)Ka-
    {\037:,IOlUeH )KM3HM JIeTtJMKa, 3 H eproTpaTbI Qo MorYT KpaTKoBpeMeHHo BoapacTaTb B
    -)
    a
    \037.\037
    1,5-2 paaa.

    343)))
    ynpOllI.eHHa51 MO\037eJIb paCXO\037HOH tIaCTH 3Hepr06aJIaHCa BrrOJIHe rrpH-
    B
    \342\202\254MJIeMa KaqeCTBe rrepBOrO npH6JIH)KeHH5I.
    Tep M H q e C K H H K 0 3 <p <p H IJ; H e H T n 0 JI e 3 H 0 r 0 \037e H C T.
    B H 51 1) Y\03706HO Orrpe\037eJIHTb H3 TaKHX OnbITOB, B KOTOpbIX rrpOH3BO\037
    )J.HJIaCb TOJIbKO nOJIO)KHTeJIbHaH ,lI.HHaMHqeCKa51 pa60Ta, a BeJIHtIHHhJ
    D H QT.P 6bIJIH 6JIH3KH K HYJIIO. l(JI5I 3Toro CJIyqa51 H3 (9.30) rrOJIY-
    .)
    qHM
    N
    11 =. - . (9. 33)
    Q9.T Qo

    o 6 llI. H e 3 H e pro T paT bI Qa.T, He06xo\037HMbIe \037JI5I BbIqHCJIe-


    HH5I 1) rro cp<?PMYJIe (9.33), orrpe,lI.eJIHIOTC5I 3KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHO Me\037o-
    lI.OM Herrp5lMOH KaJIOpHMeTpHH rro KOJIHqeCTBY nOrJIOllI.eHHOrO opra-
    'HH3MOM KHCJIOpo\037a. H3BecTHo, tITO 1 JI KHCJIOpO,lI.a (oTHeceHHbIH H

    lI.aBJIeHHIO 101,325 Klla H TeMrrepaType 0\302\260


    C), OKHCJI5I5I OpraHHtIe-
    CKoe TOnJIHBO - rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M H B
    )KHpbI yrJIeBO\037bI,- C03\037aeT

    opraHH3Me OT 19,3 )J.O 21 K,[()K (OT 4,6 \037o 5 KKaJI) TerrJIa B 3aBHCH-
    MOCTII OT HHTe.HCHBHOCTH pa60TbI, COCTaBa rrHTaHH51 H, BeJIH1JHHbI ,lI.bI-

    XaTeJIbHOrO K03<P<PHIJ;HeHTa.
    B cpe\037HeM MO)KHO rrplIHHTb 3HepreTHqeCKHM .:IKBHBaJIeHT 1 HJJ

    20 aIr - 14 K,[(LK.
    KHCJIOpO\037a K,[(\037, KHCJIOpO\037a
    B 3TOM cJIytIae 06llI.He 3HeproTpaTbI qeJIOBeKa, BbIpaLKeHHbIe tIC-
    pe3 KOJIHtIeCTBO n6rJIOllI.eHHOrO KHCJIOpo,lI.a;)
    .
    20
    lOOOV O 2 \037 O 2 ,BT,) (9. 34))
    Q9.T=60 33\037V

    r,n:e V O 2 BbIpa)KeHO B HOpMaJIbHbIX JIHTpaX B 1 MHH. (V 0 11 =4,2-:-


    0
    5,7 /0 OT BeJIHqHHbI JIerOqHOH BeHTHJI5I-

    l'J.)
    IJ;HH (40]) .
    Ha pliC. 9. 36 rrOKa3aHa 3aBHCH-
    MOCTb 1) OT HHTeHCHBHOCTli BHellIHeH
    \0372) (rrOJIOLKHTeJIbHoH) p a 60TbI, rrOJIyqeH-
    Ha51 HaMH rrYTeM 06pa60TKH orrbITOB
    Abbot' a (61], rrpoBe\037eHHbIx Ha BeJIO-
    0,7)
    3prOMeTpHqeCKOM CTeH\037e. CJIe\037yeT
    yqHTbIBaTb, qTO rrOJIYtIeHHbIe BeJIHqHHbI

    crrpaBe\037JIHBbI TOJIbKO ,lI.JIH JIIO\037eH, Tpe-


    ()) 50) JOO) 150) 200 N, 8m)
    HHpoBaHHbIx B orrpe\037eJIeHHOH pa6oTe'
    H BbIrrOJIHHIOllI.HX ee \037o np05lBJIeHH5I
    PMC. 9.36. 3aBMcMMoCTb TepMH.
    qeCKOrO K. n. )t. 11 OT
    YTOMJIeHH5I (y JIIO\037eH HeTpeHHpOBaH-
    MHTeHCMB.
    HbIX P acxo\037 3He p rHH MO)KeT 6bITb BbI-
    HOCTM MeXaHMQeCKOH pa60T\037 N
    llIe B 2 pa3a H 60JIee).
    rpacpHK 1)=t(N), H306pa)KeHHbIH
    Ha p\037c.
    9. 36, MO)KeT 6bITb arrnpoKCHMHpoBaH CPOPMYJIOH
    = 0,25 I-e- xN
    1] ( ),)
    .
    r\037e)
    N
    x=O,023+0,075e-o,03 .)

    344)))
    3,lI.eCb N - HHTeHCHBHOCTb MeXaHHqeCKOH pa60TbI (nOJIe3Ha51 MOIII..

    HOCTb) B BT.

    CYMMapHbIe 3HeprOTpaTbI
    06bIqHO onpe,lI.eJI,HIOTCH 3KCnepHMeH'
    TaJIbHO ,lI.JIH Ka)K,lI.OrO KOHKpeTHOrO BH,lI.a npO<}?eCCHOHaJIbHOrO TPY-
    .u.a. Ha pHC. 9.37 npHBe,lI.eHbI 3HeproTpaTbI qeJIOBeKa, pa6oTaBIIIero
    B .JIerKOM KOM6HHe30He, a TaK)Ke B cKa<}?aH.lI.pe. BHeIIIHHH MexaHH-
    .
    qeCKaH pa60Ta B 060HX cJIyqa5Ix
    ObIJIa O,lI.HHaKOBoH H 3a,lI.aBaJIaCb
    Ha BeJI03prOM\037Tpe.
    113 ,lI.HarpaM- {)J.T'
    MbI BH,lI.HO, qTO ,lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIe 8m
    . 3HeprOTpaTbI, COnpOBO)K,lI.aIOIII.He
    BbInOJIHeHHe pa60TbI, npHMepHO 800
    YTpoeHHOH BHeIIIHeH pa6o-
    8)
    paBHbI
    Te. Op,lI.HHaTbI Me)K,lI.Y JIHHHHMlf
    400)
    1 H 2 nOKa3bIBaIOT, HaCKOJIbKO fi)
    4(10
    YBeJIHqHJIHCb 3aTpaTbI 3HeprHI1
    npl1 C03,lI.aHHH B CKa<}?aH,lI.pe H36bI' If)
    TOqHOrO ,lI.aBJIeHHH 2 1(\\5 KIla
    2 200)
    (0,27. KrC/CM ) .
    2)
    06CJIe,lI.OBaHHeM YCT\037HOBJIeHW

    CJIe,lI.YIOInHe 3HeprOTpaTbI qJIe- qo


    HOB .9KHna)KeW B BT:)
    o) 40 80 120 760 N, 8m
    ,Z:{JIH .rreTtfMKa, llMJIOTMPYIO-
    flo/leJtlan MOll.//focm6)
    llJ,ero CaMOJIeT ...... 130-,28\037

    ,LLJIH IIJTypMaHa, pa,lI.McTa. 12()-,180


    PMC. 9. 37. .):(MarpaMMa 9HeproTpaT
    Il paKTHQeCKI1H HHTepeC npe,lI.- Ha BeJIO-
    Qa. T qeJIOBeKa, pa6oTalOlUero
    CTaBJIHIOT ,lI.a'HHbIe 0 MaKCHMaJIb- 9proMeTpe:
    HOM MOIII.HOCTH, KOTOPYIO MO)KeT (-O\037lIl.He 3HeprOTpaTbI HcnbITaTeJHI, O.lI.eTOrO
    ':\
    qeJIOBeK B aBapHHHOH B JIerKHit KOMOHHe30H (3aUITpHXOBaHHble 06-
    pa3BHTb naCTH - COCTaBHble qaCTH 3HeprOOaJIaHca);
    CHTyall,HH: Ha pHC. 9.38 {81] npH- 2-3HeprPTpaTbI B cKa<l>aH.lI.pe npH Ap=
    ==26,5 KDa (0,27 Krc/cM 2); 3-3HeproyPaTbJ
    Be,lI.eHbI' 06InHe 3HeproTpaTbI B cKa<l>aH.lI.pe oe3 H30bITOQHOrO .lI.aBJIeHHH)
    \\:)
    qeJIOBeKa, pa60TaIOInerO Henpe-

    pbIBHO ,lI.O nOJIHOrO YTOMJIeHHH.


    DOJIe3HaH MOInHOCTb (HHTeHcHB-
    %
    HOCTh MeXaHHqeCKOH pa6oTbI) 06bIqHO He npeBbIlliaeT 20 OT 06InHX

    3HeproTpaT, npH 3TOM cYIneCTBeHHoe 3HaqeHHe HMeIOT <}?H3HqeCKaH

    rrO,lI.rOTOBKa H TpeHHpoBKa qeJIOBeKa.

    TIpH OqeHb 60JIbIIIHX <}?H3HqeCKHX HarpY3Kax qeJIOBeK He MOlKeT

    \037 nOrJIOTHTb H3 B,lI.bIXaeMoro B03,lI.yxa HY)KHOrO MbIIIIll,aM KOJIHqeCTBa


    ,. 'KHCJIOpO,lI.a, TaK K\037K OHO OrpaHHqMBaeTC51 06'beMHbIM paCXO,lI.OM KpO-
    BH qepe3 JIerKHe H Y JIyqIIII1X cnopTCMeHOB He npeBbIlliaeT 5,5 JI

    \037\" B 1 MHH. Ilo3ToMY npH cBepx60JIbIIIHX HarpY3Kax pa60TaIOInHe


    MbIIIIIJ:bI nOTpe6JIHIOT KHCJIOpO,lI.\037 pacTBopeHHbIH B TKaHHX. B pe3YJIb-
    \037
    f TaTe B KpOBH o6pa3yeTcH T,aK Ha3bIBaeMbIH KHCJIOpO.rr.HbIH ,lI.OJIr, KO-

    k TOpbIH nOCTeneHHO B03MeInaeTCH nOCJIe YMeHbIIIeHHH HarpY3KH.


    ,t'. CJIe,lI.yeT nO,lI.qepKH)rTb, qTO KpHBbIe Ha PHC\" 9.38 xapaKTepH3YloT
    BepxHHH ypoBeHb ,lI.JIH HaH60JIee CHJIbHbIX JIIO,lI.eH, H rpaHHIJ:a, oqep-)
    345)))
    qeH-Ha51 2} nO-BlIJI.HMOMY, SlBJIHeTC5I TeM npeJI.eJIOM, KOTOpbIM
    KpHBOH
    MOrYT BbI.llepLKaTb CpeJI.HHe no <p1I3HQeCKOM rrOJI.rOTOBKe JIeTQlIKH.
    HliLKe npHBOJI.lITC5I
    QHCJIOBOM npHMep nporH031IpOBaHH5I 3Hepro-
    TP aT.)

    f1
    .7.1; 0, 25 0,5, J 2 J S
    \302\267
    IfBm 18

    5 15
    :t::
    :::::s
    ,\037
    4 \"12 \037
    ...
    \037
    <;::)
    J 9\037
    \037
    ::::s
    \037

    o \037
    2 :t::
    (U
    \037
    (U
    1 J\037
    <;::)
    \037

    o
    07
    1) 0,3 0,5 1 J 0 10 30 50 10
    2
    J' 70 2 10 J Mlilf

    PHC. 9.38. l1pe.u.eJIbHbIe 3HepreTpaTbI tIeJIOBeKa B 3aBHCHMOCTH


    OT BpeMeHH HenpepbIBHOH: pa60TbI:
    I-J].Jl5I TpeHHpOBaHHbIX cnopTCMeHOB; 2-Jl..Jl5I 3Jl..OpOBbIX JlIOJl..eft)

    npHMep paCqeTa 3HeproTpa,T. OnpeJI.eJIHM 9HeproTpaTbI HcnbITaTeJI5!, pa60Ta-


    Ha B JIerKOM KOM6HHe30He R B cKacpaHJI.pe C t!p=
    lOI.UerO BeJI09prOMeTpe *
    = 26,5 KTIa npH nOJIe3HOH cpH3HtIeCKOH HarpY3Ke 50 JJ.)K/c (npH pa60Te B CKa-
    tIaCTOTa 40 06/MHH). TIpHMeM, tITO TenJIOnpo-
    <}JaHJI.pe BpaI.UeHH5! BeJI09prOMeTpa
    .n;YKII.HH HcnbITaTeJIH
    B C.oCTOHHHH nOKOH 105 BT.
    1. 3 H e pro T paT bI H C n bI TaT e JI 51 B JI e r K 0 M K 0 M 6 H H e 3 0 H e.

    OnpeAeJIHM 9HeprOTpaTbI .nJIH BbInOJIH-eHHH MeXaHHtIeCKOH paOOTbI, BKJIlOqaSl caMY


    no rpaq.HKY .pHC. 9.36 HaH.ZI.eM TepMHtIeCKHH K. 11. A.,
    pa60TY. TIpe.ZI.BapHTeJIbHO
    KOTC pbIH ,ltJI5! N = 50 \037T paBeH 0,22:
    N 50
    -=-=227 BT.
    1] 0,22)

    Qnpe.ZI. eJIMM oOlllHe 9HeproTpaTbI


    HcnblTaTeJIH no topMYJIe (9.30), CtIHTaH,

    QTO GraTMtIeCKHe 9HeproTpaTbI D H QT. p OTCYTCTBYIOT:)

    Q3.T = Qo-+
    -N = 105 + 227 = 332 BT.
    \037 1])

    3 H e pro T paT bI H C n bI TaT e JI 51, P a 0 0 T a 10 I.U e rOB C K a <p a-.u .ZI.-


    2.
    H 3 6 bI T 0 tI H hI M JI. a B JI e H HeM. K BHellIHeH MeXaHHtIeCKOH pa60Te HeoG-
    P e C
    H KOJIeHHOrO llIapHHpoB CKa-
    XOJI.HMO JI.06aBHTb pa60TY crHOaHH5! Ta306e.ZI.peHHOro
    $aHApa (tIHCJIO crH6aHHH KOHe4HocTeH
    , paBHO YJI.BOeHHOH tIaCTOTe Bparn.eHHH
    .)
    ne...

    * 1 1 BT=O,S6 KKaJI/tI=6,12 KIC. M/MHH.)


    JJ.)K/c=

    346)

    .t)))
    JI.aJIeif). BeJIMtIMHY pa60TbI 6epeM M3 pMC. 9.32 npM L\\p=26,5 Kila: Am =20 JJ.1K
    J{JIH Ta306eLI.peHHOro H :5 ,Q2K JI.JIH KOJIeHHOrO mapHHpa.
    06I.UaH BHelUH5IH pa60Ta HcnbITaTeJIH 6YJI.e-r
    40.2
    N o6m
    = 50 + (20 + 5) = 83,3 BT.)
    60
    Onpe.u.eJIMM TepMMtIeCKMH K. n. ,lI.. pa60TbI no rpaq.MKY pMC.' 9.36. ,QJIH N =)
    \302\267
    = 83,3 BT K. n. JI.. 11 = 0,24.
    McnbITaTeJIH B
    Orrpe.u.eJIMM 9HeproTpaTbI cKa<paH,lI.pe:
    N 83 3
    Q 3.T = Q \302\260
    +
    o6m
    .
    = 105 + --..!.- = 452 BT.)
    1} 0,24)

    TennOBOH 6anaHC 'IenOBeKa

    OCHOBHbIMM rrOKa3aTeJIHMM TerrJIOBOrO COCT051HMH lleJIOBeKa HB-


    JIHIOTCH TeMrrepaTypa TeJIa' M rroBepxHoCTM KO}KHOrO rroKpoBa, lJac-
    TOTa rrYJIbCa M BeJIMIIHHa Bo\037orroTepb llepe3 KO}KHbIH rroKpoB. Kpo.
    Me Toro, rrpM HOpMaJIbHOM COCTOHHMM B opraHH3Me OTCYTCTByeT Ha-
    KOrrJIeHMe MJIM \037eq)l1[(MT TerrJIa.
    4eJIOBeK B KOMHaTHOH o\037e}K\037e, HaXO\037HrnMHCH B COCTOHHMM OT-
    HOCMTeJIbHOrO rrOKOH
    (rrOKOH CH\037H) rrpH TeMrrepaType CTeH H B03\037Y\"
    0
    xa 21 C, ero CKOpOCTH 0, I, M/ C M OTHOCMTeJIbHOH BJIa}KHOCTM \"\"\" 50 %
    ,.
    \037
    OT\037aeT TerrJIO, 06pa3YIOrneecH B opraHM3Me rrpM 06MeHe BerneCTB,
    CJIe\037yI{jrnMMM rrYTHMM (B %): .)

    KQHBeKnMeH . 34
    .
    - 38
    M3JIYtIeHHeM
    M,cnapeHHeM) 28)

    DpM YBeJIMlleHMM CKOpOCTM B03\037yxa OTHOCMTeJIbHO TeJIa lleJIOBe-


    Ka ,lI.OJIH TerrJIOOT\037aqM KOHBeKII.MeM B03paCTaeT, a \037OJIH TerrJIOOT,lI.a1:Ja
    H3JIYlleHMeM YMeHblllaeTC5l.
    KOHBeKII.MeH M M3JIYlleHMeM opraHM3M He TOJIbKO OT,lI.aeT TerrJIO,
    HO rrpM M3BeCTHbIX YCJIOBMHX (Kor\037a TeMrrepaTypa OKpY}KaIOrnerO
    B03\037yxa M orpaLK\037eHMH BbIwe TeMrrepaTypbI rrOBepXHOCTM lleJIOBe-

    Ka) rrOJIYllaeT ero M3 BHelllHeM Cpe\037bI. B rrOCJIe\037HeM CJIYllae Tep-


    MoperYJIHII.MH MO}KeT rrpOMCXO\037HTb TOJIbKO 3a ClleT McrrapeHHH (eCJIH
    He rrpMMeHHeTCH HCKYCCTBeHHoe KOH\037YKTMBHoe OXJIa}K\037eHMe).
    DpMHHTO --CIIMTaTb, lITO B TelleHMe HeCKOJIbKMX llaCOB \037orrYCTI1!\\J
    TaKOH TerrJIOBOH pe}KMM JIeTIIMKa (6e3 BOcrrOJIHeHMH Bo\037orrOTepb)\037

    npM KOTOpOM Ha \037OJIIO TerrJIOOT\037alJM McrrapeHMeM rrpMXO,lI.MTCH He


    %
    60JIee 60 06rneH 3HeprHM, a Bo\037orroTepM
    rroTepM H'e rrpeBbIllIaIOT
    2
    250 r/ll Ha 1 M
    rroBepxHocTM TeJIa \037T. e. OKOJIO 0,5 Kr/ll \037JIH B3pOC-
    JIoro lleJIOBeKa} M B KOHII.e pe}KMMa COCTaBJIHIOT He 60JIee .1-1,5\302\260/0-
    MaCCbI TeJIa.

    npM 60JIbllIOH rrpO\037OJI)KMTeJIbHOCTM cIIMTaeTcH HOpMaJIbHbIM, Kor-


    '. lJ,a BJIarOrrOTepM qeJIOBeKa (6e3 BOCrrOJIHeHHH) COCTaBJI5lIOT OKOJIO
    \037.
    ; 50-70 r/ll B COCTOHHMM rrOKOH M He rrpeBbIlllaIOT 150 rill rrpM pa-
    I)
    6oTe. CMCTeM3TMllecKoe BOcrrOJIHeHMe Bo\037orroTepb rr03BOJIHeT YBeJIlI-
    iI':
    !? qMTb 3TM HOpMbI B 2-3 pa3a.)
    to:
    \037
    \037
    341)))
    .\037;\"'c
    ...
    \037
    :l';:':\037)
    B KOMcpOpTHbIX YCJlOBMHX BbI,lI.eJIeHHbIM nOT ,lI.OJI:)KeH nOJIHOCTblO
    Mcna pHTbCH.
    Yp a BHe H MeT e n JI 0 B 0 r 0 6 a JI a H C a 0 p r a H H 3 MatI e-
    JI 0 B e Ka MOLKHO npe,lI.CTaBHTb B ynpo\037\037HHOM BH,lI.e:

    Q T.n
    -
    Q .l(bIX
    - Q HCfi.K +
    - Q A -+
    I1Qq
    -_ 0 , 35 )
    ( 9 \302\267)
    1111

    r.n..e ,QT.n
    --
    TenJIOnpO,lI.YKIJ:MH opraHM3Ma;
    - TenJIO, OT,lI.aHHOe JIerKMMM rrYTeM McnapeHM51 BJIarn H
    Q\037bIX

    nO,lI.OrpeBa B03,lI.yxa B JIerKMX;


    - TenJIO, OT,lI.aHHoe nOTa C
    QUCll.R McnapeHHeM nOBepXHOCTlI
    KOLKM; ,
    QA - TenJIO, OT,lI.aHHOe (MJIM nOJIYtIeHHoe) TeJIOM nYTeM KOH-
    \\
    BeKIJ:MM M H3JIYtIeHMH;
    \037IQ1J
    - H3MeHeHMe TeJIa tIeJIOBeKa B ,L:{LK 33
    TenJIOCO,lI.epLKaHMH
    BpeMH \037X'B C. _
    Bce BeJIMtIMHbI Q OTHeceHbI K e,lI.HHMIJ:e BpeMeHH 't', T. e. BbIpa-
    \037eHbI B BT.
    ECJIM TenJIOnpO,lI.YKIJ:HH opraHH3Ma H BHeIlIH51H TerrJIOBaH HarpY3-
    Ka paBHW KOJIHtIeCTBY Oi,lI.aBaeMOro tIerrOBeKOM TerrJIa, a Cpe,lI.HHH

    TeMrrepaTypa TeJIa HOpMaJIbHa, TO \037IQ\037=O.


    PaCCMOTpMM, tIeMY paBHa KaLK,lI.aH M3 BeJIMtIIIH, BXO,lI.H\037MX B

    ypaBHeHMe (9.35).
    BbIllie 6bIJIO rrOKa3aHO [CM. <POPMYJIbI (9.29) H (9. 30)], tITO Terr-
    JIOrrpO,lI.YKIJ:MH opraHM3Ma paBHa 06\037HM 3HeprOTpaTaM 3a BbItIeTOM .

    BHelliHeM MeXaHMtIeCKOM p'a6oTbI, M, CJIe,lI.oBaTeJIbHO,

    QT.n=Q9.T\"' N =Qo+QT.p+D+N -1 (9.36)


    (-; )-
    HBHO Bbl-
    .-
    ECJIM 3a,lI.aHbI o6\037Me 3HeprOTpaTbI opraHM3Ma Qa.T rrpM
    paLKeHHoM BHelliHeM MeXaHMtIeCKOM pa6oTe, a CTaTMtIeCKa51 M \302\253OT-

    pMIJ:aTeJIbHa5.l\302\273 pa60Ta .rrpeHe6peLKMMo MaJIbI, TO


    TerrJIOrrpo.rr.yKI{\037IO
    MOLKHO paCCqHTbIBaTb rro rrpM6JIMLKeHHOM <popMYJIe

    QT.n===Q9.T- 0,2 (Q3.T- Qo)===0,8Q3.T-t- 21 BT. (9.37)


    T e rr JI 0, 0 T ,lI. a B a e M 0 e e 3 JI e r k M e rr p M
    tI e p ,lI. bI X a
    H M M (Q;r:I.bIX), COCTOMT M3 TerrJIa, 3aTpatIeHHOrO Ha McrrapeHMe BJIa-
    rM (QHCII. JI)' M TerrJIa, M3paCXO,lI.OBaHHoro Ha HarpeBaHMe (HJIM OX- I
    JI aLK,lI.eHMe) B03,lI.yxa B JIerKMX (QHarp):)

    === +
    Q.l(bIX QHCtt.JI QHarp. (9. 38)
    CocTaBHbIe tIaCTH ypaBHeHMH (9.38) orrpe,lI.eJIHIOT, rrpMHHB, tITO

    B,lI.bIXaeMbIM B03,lI.YX rrpMo6peTaeT TeMrrepaTYPY JIerKMX M HaCbI\037aeT-


    %
    C5I rrapaMH BO,lI.bI AO 100 npH TOM LKe TeMnepaType.
    TIpM 3TOM YCJIOBMM TerrJIO (B BT), 3aTpatIeHHOe Ha
    H C rr ape H H e B JI arM B JI e r K M x,
    2420
    -
    '
    QHcn..'I === V JI( E Hac E a), (9. 39))
    3600)

    348)))
    r\037e 2420 ,L()I{/r
    - TenJIOTa napoo6pa30BaHH51 1 r BO\037bI TeMrre-
    npH
    paType 3]0 C;
    V JI
    -- JIerOlIHa51 BeHTHJIHIJ:HH B M 3jlI;
    E - BJIa)l{HOCTb
    Hac a6COJII<?THaH B03\037yxa, HaCbIlI(eHHO\037O
    BO\037HHbIMH \"napaMH npH TeMnepaType JIerKHX (npn
    3
    C BeJIHtIHHa
    37\302\260 E Hac =43,8 r/M );
    Ea - a6COJIIOTHa51 BJIa)l{HqcTb B\037bIxaeMoro B03JI-yxa B
    '
    r /M 3 .
    ECJIH napIJ:HaJIbHOe \037aBJIeHHe napOB BO\037W 3a\037aHO B naCKanHX,
    TO Ha a6COJIIOTHYIO BJIa)l{HOCTb ero, nepeClIHTbIBaIOT no ypaBHeHHIO
    COCTOHHHH ,n:JIH H\037eaJIbHOrO ra3a
    '
    PE 3= PE.10 3
    Ea Kr/M riMS, (9.40)
    RH'J.\"OT a 462T a

    r\037e PE
    - \037aBJIeHHe BO,n:bI B TIa;
    napOB
    \037
    Ta TeMnepaTypa B03\037yxa B K,
    RH 10=462 \037)I{/(Kr.K) -y\037eJIbHa51 ra30BaH' nOCT05lHHaSr napOB
    BO \037bI.

    OnbITHbIe \037aHHbIe 0 \037aBJIeHHH H nJIOTHOCTH HaCbIlI(eHHOrO BO,n:5I-


    Horo napa npHBe\037eHbI- B Ta6JI. 9.8.
    BeJIHlIHHY JIerOlIHOH BeHTHJIHIJ:HH, BXO\03751Ill.YIO B <POPMYJIY (9.39),
    MO)l{HO onpe,n:eJIHTb KaK <PYHKIJ:HIO 3HeproTpaT cJIe\037YIOlI(HM o6pa-
    30M. H3BeC1HO, tITO pa3HOCTb co\037ep)l{aHHii KHCJIOpO,lla EO B,n:bIxae-
    MOM H BbI,n:bIxaeMOM B03,U.yxe \037(60'J. B cpe,n:HeM COCTaBJI5IeT 5 0/0; 3Hep-
    reTHlIeCKHH 3KBHBaJIeHT 1 HJI ra3006pa3Horo KHCJIOpo,n:a KaH=
    =20 K,QJK [59]. 4To\"6bI paCCqHTaTb 3Hepr\037THlIecKHH 3KBHBaJIeHT JIe.
    10
    rOlIHOH BeHTHJIHIJ:HH (oTHeceHHoH K TeMnepaType f1=37 C H HaCbI'
    W.eHHoMY'BJIa)l{HoMY B03,n:yxy), ee 'BeJIHlIHHY npMBo,n:51T K CTaH,n:apT-
    HbIM = 101,3
    YCJIOBHHM (to=O\302\260 C, ,Do Kna) H CYXOMY B03n.yxy.
    YlIHTbIBaH CKq33HHOe BbIllle, MOlKHO 3anHCa1'b:)

    VJI Ae o (273 + to) (Po


    -
    !- K '. 103. PH 20)
    Q 3T = .
    3H
    60 100 (273 + t) Po

    5.20.10 3 273 (101,3


    - 6,3)
    V JI = 13,8V JI'
    60.100 (273 '+,37) 101,3)

    OTKy.rr. a)

    V JI =0,0725Q3T' (9.41)

    rJI-e V JI Bblpa)l{eHa B JI/MHH H QaT


    - B BT.
    PaClIeT no <popMYJIe (9.41) \037aeT Y\037OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOe COBna,n:e-
    HHe C onbITHbIM;H ,n:aHHbIMH npH 3HeproTpaTax tIeJIOBeKa OT 83 ,n:o
    900 BT, lITO COOTBeTcTByeT JIerOlIHOH BeHTHJIHIJ:HH OT 6 AO 65 JI!MHH.
    \037 TenJIo, H3'pacxq\037oBaHHoe Ha HarpeBaHHe (ox-
    t: n a )I{ \037e H He) B A bI X a e M 0 rOB 0 3 ,n: Y x a, B BT
    -- - ta),
    QHarp= CpV JlQ\037(!p fa) + O,OOlc n . B V JlEa (t p (9. 42))

    ?,) 349)
    +,
    fi)))
    COCTaBJIHTb 500/0 06IIJ.eH npOJI.o\0371JJKMTeJIbHOCTM
    nOJIeTa. 3anac KMCJIOpO;J.a 6epeTcH B
    )KM,ZJ.KOM BM,ZJ.e B ra3M:j:HKaTopax.
    P e 1lI e H H e. HOpMbI pacxo,ZJ.a KMCJIOpo,ZJ.a 6epeM M3 pMC. 9. 69
    - KpIIBble 1 If 4.
    II.JIH CaMOJIeTa C 60\"TIblilOH rrpo,ZJ.OJIJKHTeJIbHOCTblO nOJIeTa MO)KHO orpaHII4MTbCjJ oc-
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    }KeHHe ,nJIH paCnOAa2aeMOU xOAoi)onpou38oi)uTeAbHocTU B BT:)

    -
    t\037 t\037 '
    == If \302\267 (9. 85))
    Qx.P k\037KBL
    - ' - tK
    t)K
    In ,
    ( - t K) )
    t>K

    KOMnJIeKC, B3HTbIH B ypaBHeHHH (9. 85) B KpyrJIble CKo6KH,


    C060H MHqeCKHH TeMnepaTypHbIH Ha-
    npen,CTaBJIHeT cpe,ll,HeJIOrapH<I

    nop H MO:>KeT QbITb (c norpelliHocTblC ,no 2 %} 3aMeHeH npH6JIHlKeH-


    HOM BeJIHtIHHOH (fI{
    - f m ), nOCJIe lIero
    nOJIY\037HM'

    k 3KB L (t -
    Qx.p== K (9. \0376)
    \037>K)'
    I
    r,ne f m =O,5(f m
    '
    + f m \")
    - cpe,nHeapHcpMeTHqeCKaH TeMnepaTypa
    >KHll,KOCTH.
    ,
    npH YCTaHoBHBIIIeMcH TenJIOBOM pe/KHMe EeJIHqHHa Qx o,nHHaKO-
    Ba BO Bcex Tpex ypaBH'eHHHX (9. 82), (9. 83), (9. E6), T. e.
    \" , . -
    == == 0 -) == k L (t K --
    Qx === Qx.n Qx.P )I{c (t>K t>K) 3KB t>K). (9. 87)
    ,

    PemaH (9.87) OT'HOCH1eJIbHO o611IefI \037JIHHbI TPYCd'\037


    ypaBHeHHe
    L H npHHHMaH BO BHHMaHHe, tITO

    t>K \037 \037\037


    + O, 5At >K)
    H)

    Qx
    At )K == ' (9. 82a))
    0 )KC)

    nonytIHM paCqeTHYro cpopMyny ,nnH onperr\037neHHH nOTpe6HoH ,UJIHHH

    (B M) Tpy60K KBO:)
    Qx.ry
    L== _ Qx.n_
    . (9. 88))
    k 3KB (t K -- t)K)) I QX.TJ
    k 3KB tK - -
    t)K
    ( 20)Kc) )

    OrpaHHqHMCH npH6nH2KeHHbIM aHa.nH30M xapaKTepHCTHK KBO


    C HCnOJI130BaHHeM
    \037 .9KCIIepHMeHTaJIbHbIX
    3HatIeHHH o6mero (3KBHBa-
    '
    JIeHTHoro) KO.9tP<pHII,HeHTa TenJIOnepeJI,HtIH BO,lIHHbIX Tpy6oK. _

    H3 ocpa6oTKH OIIbITHbIX ,U,aHHbIX [64; 73] nOJIyqeHa epe\037HHH Be-


    JIHqHHa 9KBHBaJIeHTHOro K03<PCPHnHeHTa TenJIOnepeZla1JH k 3H-B (oTHe-
    ceHHaH K TeMIIepaType K02KH 33\302\260\037)
    B Br/(nor. M.K)*:
    '
    ,lI.JIH Tpy60K .llHaMeTpOM 3,2X 1,7 MM . . . . O,2\037
    I
    TO }Ke 5 12 X 3,3 MM . . . . .' .) .... ....) . . .) 0,325)

    *
    TeOpeTMtIeCKM M 9KcnepMMeHTaJIbHO .llOKa3aHO, qTO HaqMHaH C onpe.lleneHHO-
    ro -pacxo.lla }KMLI.KOCTH k 3H.B OCT3eTC5I npaKTMtIeCKM nOCTOHHHbIM .llJlH .')
    Ka:>K.llOrO P83-
    Mepa Tpy60K [48]; KBO pa60TaeT M.MeHHO B TaKOM pe}KMMe.

    381)))
    Ha pac.
    9.49 npHBe,n,eHbI pe3YJIITaTbI paClIeTa no cpopMyrre

    (9.88) npH t H =33\302\260 C \037JIH nHTH 3HaqeHHH: nOTpe6HOH: XOJIO\037OnpOH3-

    BO,llHTeJIbHOCTH. H3 pHCYHKa BH\037HO, Ql0 npH HeKoTopoM


    '
    3aU,aHHOM
    IKH\037KOCTH (npHHHTO Om 1,: JI/MHH) no-
    (onTHMaJIbHoM) pacxo\037e
    BbIlIleHHe TeMnepaTypbI IKHUKOCTH Ha pXOl1e B KOCTIOM CBbIIl1\037 15-
    20\302\260C Tpe6yeT pe3Koro YBeJIHqeHHH
    \037JIHHbI T py 6oK, qTO BeAeT' K YBeJIH- 700)
    \037t \302\260C
    1/(,
    qeHHlO 2KeCTKOCTH H MaCCbI KOCT\037-
    Ma. Ilo3TOMY B cOBpervleHHbIX KBO
    8)
    06blqnO 06IIJ.aH \037JIHHa TPy60K)

    4)
    L/1)

    o
    3PO) t\037,/C)

    30)

    200)
    20
    --1
    ,
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    i
    I
    I I
    I
    I I
    ,)
    I I
    o
    5 70 15 20 25 t'I/O) \302\260L o) 200) 400
    ()x, 8m)

    PMC. 9.49. CYMMapHaH p.J;IMHa BO.lI.5IHbIX PMe. 9. 50. 3aBMcMMoCTb nepena;1.3


    Tpy60K L B 3aBMeMMOCTM OT TeMnepa- reMnepaTYP /\037.til< M TeMITepaTypbl BO-
    /
    TypbI BO,lI.bI t a/ Ha BXO,lI.e B KBD M no- ,lI.bI t iI< Ha BXO,lI.e B KBD OT rroTpe6-
    rpe6HoH xOJIo,lI.OnpOM3BO,lI.HTe,TIbHOeTH Horo CDeMa Ten.na Qx M paenoJIarae-
    Qx [Oil< =90 Kr/4, =
    k\037H\\B MOM npoM3Bo,lI.MTeJIbHOeTH Hacoea 0 H:
    = 0,27 [L = 90 M,
    M . ,lI.JIH TMnOBoro KOCTIOM3
    BT/ (nor. K)])
    k S l\\B=0,27 BT/(nor.M.K)])

    . He npeBbIlIlaeT 90-100 M, a nOTpe6HbIH: TenJIOC'beM o6eCneqHBaeTCH


    COOTBeTCTBYlOIIJ.HM- BbI6opOM TeMnepaTypbI 2KH\037KOCTH Ha Bxo.rr-e
    B KOCTlOM.
    PaCqeTHYlC CPOPMYJIY IJ;JIH orrpe,n,eJIeHHH nOTpecHoH reMnepary-
    pbI BO\037bi- (B \302\260C)Ha BXOll,e, npH KOTOpOH ,U.O\037THraeTCH 3a.l(aHHaH
    XOJIO,lIonpOH3BO\037HTeJIbHOCTb, nOJIyqalCT COBMerneHHeM ypaEHeHHH
    (9. 82) H (9. 84) :)

    ===t K)-
    Qx.lI
    i' (9. 89))
    }I{
    k3KBL
    a )Kc
    G )KC (1 - e )
    H3 ypaPHeHHH (9. 89) MQ)KHO nOJIyqHTb npocTYlO npH6JIH2KeH-
    HYIO CPOPMYJIY. II,JIH 9Toro pa3JIO)KHM 3KcnoHeHTY B pH,lI., OrpaHHlIHM-
    CH nepBbIMH TpeMH 1I.neH3MH p5Ina H nOJIytIHM

    - Qx.n
    i'
    1K
    ==t K) (9. 90))))
    k3KBL
    k 3KB L 1-
    ( 2G)Kc) )

    382)
    ,IT pyroH nYTb nOJIytJeHHH npHCJIHlKeHHOH CPOPMYJIbI ,U,JIH. Onpe,lI,e-
    '
    JIeHHH t iR (OC) ,gaKJIlCQae'TC5I B COBMeCTHOM peIIleHHH ypaBHeHHl1
    (9. 8\037) H (9.86):)

    '
    - k 3KB L
    tK- -
    Qx.rr f>.t)K Qx.rr
    t')K === === t
    K
    1 + . (9. 91))
    k 3KB L 2 k 3KB L ( 2G)Kc) )

    HeTPY\037HO y6e,lIHfbCH, tITO ctoPMYJIbI (S.90) H (9.91) ,lIaICT


    k 3KR L
    n- p aKTHlJeCKH A
    OTTHHaKOBbIH P e3 Y JIb\037aT , TaK KaK eCJIH \0370
    ...\037 ,2, TO
    2G)KC
    1 k 3KR L
    \037 I +
    k 3KB L 2cO)K
    1-
    / 2cG)K

    C pa3HHU,eif, He rrpeBbIIllaIOII.J.eH 4 %. IlpH 3TOM oIIlH6Ka B


    onpeLIe-
    '
    JIeHHH TeMnepaTypbI t iR (no cpaBHeHHlO C TOqHOH CPOPMYJIOH:) He
    \302\260 k 3KB L
    rrpeBbImaeT 1 C. B Tex CJIyqaHX Kor\037a > 0 2 2, Heo6xo\037HM.O
    - 2cG)K
    . nOJI130BaThCH CPOPMYJIOM (9. 89).
    3HaqeHHH TeMnepaTypbI tiR\" nOJIyqaeMble no TOqHOH: cpopMYJIe
    . (9. 89), HaxO,LI,HTC5I MeLKLIY BeJIHqHHaMH, nOJIyqaeMbIMH no cpOPMY-
    JI aM (9. . \"'
    90) H' (9. 91)
    Pe3YJIbTaTbI pacqera no cpopMYJIaM (9. 82) H (S. 91) \037JIH THno..
    Boro KBG C eYMMapHOH: \037JIHHOH: Tpy60K L=90 M npHBe\037eHbI Ha
    pHC. 9. 50, H3 KOToporo BH\037HO, qTO YBeJIHqeHHe npoH3EOU,HTeJIbHO-
    CTH Hacoca CBbIlIle 90-120 Kr /q np aKTHtfeCKH. He. ,lI,aeT BbIHrpbIllla
    '
    ,LIJI5I nOBbIllIeHH5I t iR HJIH ,lIJIH C'beM a TenJI a. MaJIbIH: p acXO,ll, BO\037bI

    (30.Kr/q If MeHblIle) npHBoAHT K OTHOCHTeJIbHO 601IblIlHM nepena-


    LIaM TeMnepaTypbI )KH\037KOCTH Me)KlLY EblXOlIOM H3 KOCT.lCMa H BXO-,
    n,OM B Hero (CM. ,l1t iR Ha BepXHeM -qaCTH pHC. 9. 50), llTO BocnpHHH-
    MaeTCH KaK OTCYTCTBHe KOM<popTa. K.poMe Toro, .npH MaJIOM p\037cxo-
    JI.e )KH,lIKOCTH 3aTpYAH5IeTC5I perYJIHpOBaHHe TeMnepaTypbI. ,
    T aKHM ocpa30M, npH nOCT05lHHOH LIJIll.He TPy60K KOJIHqeCTBO CHH'\"
    MaeMoro C 1JeJIOBeKa TerrJIa CJIe\037yeT perYJIHpOBaTb rJIaBHbHvI o6pa-'
    30M H3MeHeHHeM TeMnepaTypbI LKH,lIKOCTH Ha BxoAe P KOCTECM. Cy-
    ruecTBeHHoe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT XOpOIIlHH KOHTaKT Me)K'uY Tpy6KaMH U

    TeJIOM qeJIOBeKa. .
    ITJI5I npOCTOTbI KOHCTPYKll,HH CHCTeMbI' K.BG ee BO,lI5IHOH Hacoc
    .1IOJILKeH pa60TaTb B nOCTOHHHOM pe)KijMe. Ilo3TOMY Hacoc paCCtIH-
    TbIBaIOT Ha Heo6xo\037HMbIH
    MaKCHMaJIbHbIH: pacxo\037, BOl{bI, a .TeMnepa-
    TYPY XJIa\037are\037Ta Ha BXO,LIe B KOCTlOM p-erY.!IHpYICT rrepenYCKOM qa-
    eTH BOAbI qepe3 06BO\037HYlO JIHHHlO B o6xo\037 TenJIoo6MeHHHK3

    (pHC. 9. 51) . \037

    PerYJIHpOBaHHeM TerrJIOC'beMa nO\037LI,ep)KHBaeTC5I HOpMaJIbHaH pa-


    6oTocnoco6HoCT1, T. e. He AonYCKaeTC5I neperpeB TeJIa H COXpaH5IeT-
    C5I eCTeCTBeHHa51 HanpaBJIeHHOCTb 6H03HepreTHqeCKHX peaKnHH
    opraHH3Ma (B qaCTHOCTH, 3TO 03HaqaeT, qTO npH aKTHBHOH q;H3H-
    1JeCKOH HarpY3Ke nOJIe3HO He3HatIHTeJIbHOe nOPbIlIleHHe cpe'AHeH
    reMnepa1ypbI TeJIa).)

    383)))
    COBpeMeHHI>Ie
    KOCTIDMbI C >KH)I,KOCTHbIM OXJIa1KJ{,eHHeM .paCCtIHTa-
    HbI Ha XO.i'O,nOnpOH3BO,nHTeJIbHOCTb ,no 350-6'00 BT, HMelOT Tpy6KH
    ,ll.HaMeTpoM 1,7-3,3 MM C 10JI-
    H\037 nOJIHXJIOpBHHHJIa BHYTpeHHHM
    IIJ:HHOH CTeHOK cooTBe'i'cTBeHHo 0,75-0,95 MM. 06\037aH npOTHLKeH-
    HOCTb TPYOOK 70- 1100 M (c llIarOM COOTBeTCTBeHHO 20-15 MM)..
    Tpy6KH npo,lI.eBaECTC5I CKB03b HtIeH:KH Ce11JaTOrO KOCTIOMa (iiJIH cne..
    \037HaJIbHbIe qeXJIbI) H YKJIa.ll.bIBalCTcH1_) \037OJIHHCTbIMH
    JIHHH51MH C o6xo..
    ..
    .;i*\
    7) 3) 6) 5)

    -0)

    -0)

    PHC. 9. 51. BJI9K-CXeMa CHCTeMbI perY\037MpoBaHH5I TeMrrepaTyphl


    1KM.lI.KOCTH B KOCTIOMe OXJIa)K.lI.eHM5I B JIYHHOH Ka6MHe KOCMHtJe.
    CKoro Kopa6JI5I \302\253AnOJIJIOH\302\273
    (cnJIOlUHblMM JIHHH5IMH nOKa3aHCl
    CHCTeMa .lI.JIH Ol{Horo tJeJIOBeKa, lUTPHXOBOH - npH no:nKJIlOtJe.
    HMM BToporo KacTIOMa):
    I-BO,Zl.HlfoA Hacoc; 2--perYJIHTOp HanpH>KeHHH; 3-rH,ZI.pOaKKYMYJlHTOP;
    4-BO,Zl.OrJIHKOJIeBbIA TenJIoo6MeHHHK; 5-TpeXXO,Zl.OBOA KPaH ,ZI.JISI pery-
    nHpOBaHHH, TeMnepaTypbI >KH,ZI.KOCTH; 6-,ZI.103bI ,ZI.JIH ypaBHeHHH pacxo.
    ,ZI.OB: 7-Tpy6qaTbli% KOCTIOM c >KH,ZI.KOCTHbIM OXJIa>K,ZI.eHHeM)

    ,lI.Oivl MeCT crH6a CYCTaBOB' (CM., pHC. 9. 48). MaJIoe rH,npaBJIHqeCKOe


    conpOT,HBJIeHHe KOCTIOMa (ripHMepao 8-19 Kna HJIH eoo-
    1900 MM BOl(. CT. npH pacxO,u,e E9u,bI 100 Kr/H) ofeCrreqHBaeT'C51 ,no..
    CTaTOqHbIM KOJIHtIeCTPOM rrapaJIJIeJIbHO BKJIIO'lIeItHbIx JIHHHH (20-
    88). MeHbllIee 'lIHCJIO JIHHHH H 60JIee HH3Koe conpOTHBJIeHHe coor-
    BeTcTBYICT TPy6KaM C BHYTpeHHHM ,l(HaMeTpoM 3,3 MM H OOJII:llIee-
    TPycKa\037 C BHYTpeHHHJ-\"! ,nHaMeTpqM 1,7 MM. PacnpOCTpaHeHHe nOJIY-
    qHJIH KOCTIDMbI C 60JIee TOHKHMH Tpy6KaMH, TaK KaK TaKOM KOCTIC1v1
    JIer'lle H MHrqe.
    \037KOCTIOM C }KH)I,KOCTHbIM OXJIa:>K,lIeHHeM MOLKet 6bITb HerrOJIb30-

    BaH H 'L(JI51 ooorpeBa 'lIeJIOBeKa rrpH HH3KHX TeMrrepaTypax oKpy*a1C\"


    meR Cpe,l(bI. TeMITepaTypa LKHllKOCTH Ha BXOjI,e B KOCTICM He 1l,OJILKHa

    npeBbIllIaTb 45\302\260
    C, qTo6bI He BbI3bIBaTb HerrpH51THbIX Olll\037eHHH
    neperpeBa B MeCTe KOHTaKTa Tpy60K C rrOBepXHOCTblO TeJIa. ,
    P,acrrOJIaraeMYIO TenJIOrrpOH3Bo,nHTeJIbHOCTb KOCTIOMa QT.Pac MO)J(-

    HO rrpHH51B, qTO TerrJlO,


    rrOJI.CqHTaTb, OT,naBael\\:10e nOBepXHOCTbEC TPy\"
    OOK, 06pa\037eHHOH HapYLKY, npOrrOpll.HOHaJIbHO pa3HOCTH TeMrrepaTYP
    (t m - t CTs ). B 3TOM CJIyqae Ha OCHOBe
    '
    npH6JIHLKeHHOro ypaBHeHHSI
    (9. 90) MO)KHO BbIBeCT\037 cpOPMYJIY
    '
    , tl( + t CT2 k 9K\" L
    - -
    QT .pac = k 9KB L t>K
    1 , (9. 92))
    ( 2 ) ( 2cO)l\\) )

    384)))
    ,\037''il-1-
    B
    CJIyqaHX,TaKIIX qT06bI COXpaHIITb lli.II3Hb JIeTqIIKa 11 06ecI1e..\"
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    BbICOTHOe CHapHlli.eHIIe. '-
    B HaCTOHI.I(eM KHIIre onIICaHbI Cpe,IT.CTBa, 06eCneQIIBaIOI.I(IIe 6e30- -.\037
    naCHOCTb nOJIeTa.
    Bo BTOpOe II3,IT.aHIIe KHIIrI1 BHeCeHbI CYI.I(eCTBeHHble II3MeHeHIIH
    H ,IT.OnOJIHeH,II51. B QaCTHOCTII, paCIlIIIpeHbI HeKOTOpbIe pa3,lI.eJIbI
    o Cpe,IT.CTBaX aBapIIHHOrO nOKII,IT.aHHH CaMOJIeTa, a TaKlli.e 0 3 a I.I(HT\",
    HOM, B TOM QIICJIe BbICOTHOM CHapH2KeHIIII.
    ABTOpbI npIIHOCHT 6JIarO,IT.apHOCTb CBOIIM KOJIJIeraM no pa60Te
    3a nOJIe3HbIe COBeTbI, C,IT.eJIaHHbIe HMII no <;O,lI.eplli.aHIIIO
    KHHrH..
    Bce KpHTIIQeCKIIe 33.MeQaHHH- II nOlli.eJIaHIIH npOCboa HanpaBJIHTb
    no
    :.t> a,lI.pecy: MOCKBa, B-78, I-H BaCMaHHbIH ne\037., ,IT.. 3, II3,lI.aTeJIbCTBO
    '\037 .)
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    .
    (...\037rapKax, TaHKax, rrpH xHpypmqeCKHX orrepaII.H5IX (AJISI OXJIa2K.lI.eHHSI
    .
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    TeJla), ropHo-crraCaTeJlbHbIX pa60Tax, B \\..)
    BO,lI.OJla3HOM- ,lI.eJle H
    l. T:,lI..
    \037...
    .
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    \" C B03AYWHbiM H BOASlHblM oXnaH<AeHHeM
    W,
    I.,) .)
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    \037:.
    \037::
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    r BeHTHJlHpyeMbIH: KOCTECM rrpH 60JlbIIlHX 'fenJlOBbIX HarpY3Kax . \037)
    \037-;\"CHHMaeT' C 'IeJlOBeKa TenJlO rJlaBHbIM ocpa30M 3a ClleT BbICOKOH HH-

    J;
    TeHCHBHOCTH nOToor U,eJleHHH, QTO H HBJlHeTC5I ero OCHOBHbIM He,lI.D.
    \037:- CTaTKOM.
    ,
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    OXJIa2KAeHHeM cocrOHT' B YMeHbllieHHH rrOTOOT.lI.eJIeHHSI BCJIe,u,CTBHe
    \037.)
    \" 60Jlee HH3KOH
    TeMrrepaTypbI KO)KHOrO 'rrOKpOBa. ,[La*e rtpH O'IeHI:
    60JIblliHX \ 3HeprOTpaTax (450-500 BT) Bo,uorroTepH /)
    . OpraHH3Ma He
    \\'
    npeBbIIIlaIOT 0,15-0,25 KrIll [73], qeM y\037aeTcH H3ceLKarb CHHJKeHHH

    pa6oTocnoco6HoCTH, EbI3BaHHoro o6e3BomHBaHHeM opraHH3Ma.


    \037... B COlleTaHHH' C repMeTHllHbIM CHapH2KeHHeM KOCTlOM C BO,lI.HHbIM
    \037;.
    OXJlalK,U,eH!'IeM o6eCne'IHBaeT JleT'IHKY KOMcpOpT H JlY'IllIee OXJlaJKIle-
    HHe.
    -
    B BeHTHlIHpyeMoM CHapH2KeHHH rrpH c.pe,lI.HeM K03cpcpHII.HeHre
    TenJIOOT:U,atIH OT TeJla B03,lIYXY 7 BT/ (M 2 . K), ,lI.OCTa rO'IHO
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    10\302\260

    1 .\302\2452
    nOBepxHocTH TeJla 'IeJlOBeKa 3a CtIeT KOHBeKII,HH MO)KHO CHHTb)
    '
    tK + ta 33 + 10
    _ t K- 2
    qKOHB-aK =7 3:}- =80 BT/M,
    ( 2 ) ( 2
    , ) .

    a Bcero C lleJlOBeKa - He 60Jlee

    QKOHB=qK(JH\037F..=80.1,81 = 145 BT.


    )
    \037 (<I>aKTHtIeCKH TenJlOC'beM 6Yll.eT MeHbIIle, TaK KaK 'IaCTb XOJIo,U,a 3a-
    Ha OXJIa2K.lI.eHHe BHelliHeH: 060JIOQKH CItapSl.>KeHHSI.)
    ,
    .
    4) t1paQHBaeTCSI
    \037 385
    t
    r\037(\037\037))) .....)))
    CHCTeMa KBG cnoc06Ha OTOCpaTb OT qeJIOBeKa ,no 600 Br. CJIe-'
    LI,OBaTeJlbHO, qT06bI BeHTHJIHpyeMbIH KOCTICM, (c. K03,<p<P HII ,HeHToM
    HCnOJIb30BaHH5I nOTa 0,8) CH5IJI CTOJIbKO )Ke TenJIa, \037KOJIb\037O KBO,
    He06xo\037HMO HCnap5lTb C nOEepxHocTH TeJIa qeJIOBeKa BJIary B KO-
    JI HtI eCTBe)
    (600-145)3600 ==840 r/q '
    0,8.2430
    QTO 3HaqHTeJIbHO rrpeBbIlliaeT ,[(onycrHMYIO HOPMY BOllonorepb
    450 r/q. ,

    TeOpeTHqeCKHH: aHaJIH3 H HaTypHbIe HcnbITaHH5I nOKa3bIBaIOT, qTO

    CHap5l)KeHHe, BeHTHJIHpyeMoe C)KaTbIM aTMoc<pepHbIM. B03,[(YXOM


    B KOJIHqeCTBe ,[(0 400 JI/l\\1HH, COXpaH5IeT TenJIOBOH: 6aJIaHC JIeT-
    llHKa npH TenJIOBOH: HarpY3Ke ,[(0 230-280 BT (200'-240 KKaJI/q) _

    (clC,[(a MeTa60JIHqeCKOe
    BXOJIHT TenJIO nJIIOC BHellIH5I5I TenJIOBaH Ha -.
    rpY3Ka) npH \037 OCIneH TenJIOBOH HarpY3Ke CBbIllie 250-280 BT, ,lIeH-

    cfBYIGIlleH: \037JIHTeJIbHO (.n.o HeCKOJIbKHX tIaCoB), \037eJIeC006pa3Ho npH-


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    HbIH: cKa<paHllp B YCJIOBH5IX BbICOKOH TeMnepaTYPbI oKpYlKaICnieH
    Cpe,lI.bI H IIPH BbICOKOM ypoBHe 3HeproTpaT.
    MOI.IJ.HOCTE ,lI.JIH rrpOKaqKH 1 Kr ,E03,lIyxa B
    elI,HHHIl.Y. BpeMeHH Ha-
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    p. 0 II,hI.
    PaCqeT nOTpe6HOH: MOUIHOC1H 3JIeKrpOnpHBona Hacoca (B BT)
    HJIH BeHTHJI5ITOpa npoH3Bo,UHTC5I ITO <popMYJIe)

    Gv\037p
    N .J:B
    ===
    , (9. 93))
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    r,lI.e G v - no,ZI aqa (oC1:eMHbIH: p acxo,lI.) JKHll.KOCTH HJIH ra3a B M


    3
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    pa60qero KOJIeCa Hacoca Ha K. TI. ,lI.. 3JIeKTpO\037EHra-


    TeJIR.
    B Ta6JI. S'. 12 B KaqeCTBe npHMepa npHBerreHbl cpaBHHTeJIbHbIe
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    MbIM B CHCTeMax )KH3He06ecneQeHHH cKa<paHrrpoB. npHBeIIeHHbIe B
    ra6JIHlI.e K. n. II. HBJI5IlCTC5I THnHqHbIMH JIJI5I MaJIora6apHTHbIX arpe-
    raTOB, Y KOTOpbIX K. n. \037. 06bIqHO TeM HHlKe, qeM MeHcllIe arperaT. -
    KpoMe 3KOHOMHH B 3JIeKTp03HeprHH, CHCTeMa BO,lI.5IHOrO OXJIa}K-
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    386)))
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    *
    MOpCKOH cnacaTenbHblH KOCTIOM

    \037oj)
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    1) CbITb Bon,oHenpoHHU,aeMbIM;
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    *
    Aviation Medicine, 1955, vol. 26, No.1, p. 56-60.)

    387)))
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    B Ha JIeTHOe
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    390)))
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    * Life aircrews. Safety, 1971, V, 6--9.)


    Support for Aerospace p.

    401)))
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    *)
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    pOM

    repMeTHqeCKHM IIIJIeM C KOMrreHCHpYIOIIJ.HM KOCTIOMOM 1000-1100


    BbICOTHbIM CKacpaHJI.p 1100-1200
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    *
    ,lJ,onycn'IMbIe CKOpOCTH KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH )I,aHbI no nepeBO)I,HbIM HCTOlJ.HHKaM H HB-
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    pHC. 1. 10.)

    *
    USA full pressure space suit is light permits free movement. Aviation
    Week, vol. 67, 1957, No. 23, p. 29, ill. 1.

    402)))
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    pOBaHH5l, a npH BXO,LJ.e B 60JIee nJIOTHble CJIOH aTMoc<pepbI.
    fpaHHqHa51 KpHBa51 2 (no MaKCHMaJIbHOH TeMnepaType nOBepx-
    HOCTH) 3anpelIl.aeT KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHe npH CKOpOCTH 60JIbIlIe'
    2,5 M Ha BblCOTax 11-50
    \037 K1V1.

    fpaHHqHaH KpHBaH 3 (no ,LJ.OrrycTHMoMY CKOpOCTHOlVIY Hanopy)


    IIOKa3bIBaeT, lITO B6JIH3H 3eM.T1H I1pe)LeJIbHaH CKOpOCTb KaTanYJIbTH-)

    * PaclleT
    rp aHH4HoH KpHBOH 1 BblnOJIIIeH J1. 5I. J1I06HHbIM.)

    406)))
    COOTBeTcTByeT M\037 1 *. 06JIaCTb A, paCrrOJIOlKeHHaH
    JIe-
    pOBaH11H
    Bee HBJI51eTC51 30HOH 6e30rraCHoro KaTany.HbTH-
    rpaH11qHbIX Kp11BbIX,
    4 (orpaH11QeHHe
    no neperpY3Ke nX2\03740) OKa3a-
    pOBaHH51. KpHBa51
    rro C Kp11BOH 3.)
    \"naCb HepaCqeTHOH cpaBHeH11lO

    H,KM)

    PHC. S. 64. rpaHHu.bI 6e30naCHoro . 80)


    KaT3nY\037bTHpOBaHH5I B OTKpWTOM
    KpeCJIe:
    60)
    /-orpaHHlleHIre no B03,l1.ei1cTBHIO npo-
    HHK31OllLero i erVIOBoro nOTOKa (q -<
    1400 BT/M\037B TelleHHe 15 c);
    \037 2-orpa-
    8HqeHHe no nHKoBoA TeMnepaType 40)
    BI-IeWHeH: rroBepxHocTH (T \037450 K);
    J-orpaHHlleHHe no CKOpOCTHOMY Ha-
    nopy (V c i \0371203 KM/q); 4-orpaHH- 20)
    qeHHe no neperpY3Ke cnHHa--rpynb
    (n x -< 40). ') A--6e30nacH351 06JIaCTb
    2

    o) 1) 2) J) It) M)

    OueHKa BJIHHH11H
    rreperpY3KH rOJIOBa - Ta3 H HaQaJIbHOH CKOpO-
    CTH Ha 6e30rraCHOCTb KaTanYJIbT11pOBaH11H B ,LLaHHbIH aHaJI113
    KpeCJIa
    He BKJIIOQeHa, TaK KaK COOTBeTCTBYlOIlI.ee COQeTaH11e xapaKTepHCT11K
    MeXaH113Ma 11 rIP LL (nopOXOBoro peaKTHBHoro ,LLB11-
    <::TpeJ1HI-OIlI.erO
    06eCneq11BaeT 6e30naCHbIH nepeJIeT qeJIOBeKa C KpeCJIOM
    raTeJ1H)
    . CaMOJIeTa C YMepeHHOH rreperpY3KOH B MOMeHT KaTa-
    Qepe3 KHJIb
    nYJ1bTHpOBaH11H.)
    \037
    9.9. 3AIJ.(HT A 'fEnOBEKA OT AEACTB\037SI

    L\\EHTPOCTPEM\037TEnbHbIX YCKOPEH\037A

    BnHSlHHe YCKopeHHH Ha opraHH3M 'IenOBeKa


    H cnoco6bl YMeHbweHHSI HX BpeAHoro AeHCTBHSI

    B OTJIHq11e OT npon,ecca KaTanYJlbTHpOBaH11H, KOrL(a YCKopeH11e


    OT n11pOnaTpOHa H YCKopeHHe OT 3aTOpMaLK11BaH11H CKOpO-
    B3pbIBa
    CTH nOJIeTa rrOCJIe OT,LLeJ1eH11H OT CaMOJIeTa \037eHcTByeT Ha QeJIOBeKa
    B TeQeH11e 0,1-0,2 c, np11 cp11rYPHoM rrOJ1eTe YCKopeH11H ,LLeHcTBY101
    ,LLJ1HTeJ1bHO
    - OT HeCKOJIbK11X ,LLO ,LLeCHTKOB ceKYH,LL.
    LLOBOJIbHO

    TIpH KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHH KpaTKoBpeMeHHble \302\253y.rr.apHbIe\302\273rrepe-

    rpY3KH (eCJ1H He cpHKC11pOBaTb Te.TJO qeJIOBeKa) MorYT np11BeCTH


    K Q11CTO MeXaHHqeCKHM nOBpeLK\037eHHHM BHTypeHH11X opraHOB 11 no-
    3BOHOQHHKa (oco6eHHO n051CHIIQHbI': TI03BOHKOB). BOJIee 11J111 MeHee

    .ILJ1HTeJIbHOe ,LLeI1CTBHe rreperpY3K11, ,LLaLKe 3HaQ11TeJ1bHO MeHblliefl


    BeJIHLIHHbI, QeM
    rrpH KaTarrYJIbTHpOBaH1111, CHH}KaeT pa60Tocnoco6-
    HOCTb J1eTQHKa BCJIe,LLCTBHe BpeMeHHoro ,LLecp11lI,11Ta B KpOBOCHa6LKe-
    H11H l\\103ra. Cy6'beKTHBHO 3TO MOLKeT BOCnp11HHMaTbCH KaK rrOTel\\l-)

    *
    DOJI.pa3YMeBaeTC5I, tITO rOJIOBa 3a IIJ.HIIJ.eH a repMOllIJIeMOM If KOHe4HOCTH
    3acpHKCHpOB3HbI aT pa36poca.)

    407)))
    HeHHe B rJIa3aX. nO\037 BJIH5IHHeM YCKOpeHHH npOHCXO,ll,HT OTJIHB
    KpOBH OT rOJIOBbI H rpY,ll,HOH KJIeTKH B 06JIaCTb OpraHOB 6plOUlHOH'
    nOJIOCTH H HH:>KHHX KOHe\"llHOCTeH. 3TO nO,LLTBep:>K,ll,aeTCH OnbITalVIH Ha
    I(eHTpH<Pyre, npH KOTOpbIX 06HapY:>KeHO YBeJIHqeHHe 06'bel\\la rOJIeHII
    H
    O,ll,HOBpeMeHHO YMeHbUleHHe 06'beMa YUlHOH paKOBHHbI. OnHCaHHOe
    5IBJIeHHe COnpOBO:>K,ll,aeTCH nOHH:>KeHHe1\\1 KpOBHHOrO ,ll,aBJIeHH5I B CO-
    cY,ll,aX M03ra H YBeJIHqeHHeM BeH03HOrO ,ll,aBJIeHH5I KpOBH B HII}KHHX
    KOHeQHOCTHX, a TaK)Ke ,LLpyrHMH napYIIIeHHHMH perYJI5II(HH KpOBO-
    c()paIlI.eHHH.
    CKa3aHHoe onpe,ll,eJI5IeT MeTO,ll, 3 a IlI.HTbI JIeT4HKa OT :J,eiicTBHH
    nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIX neperpY30K BO BpeM5I KpHBOJIHHeHHOro nOJIeTa.
    Heo6xo,ll,HMO BOCnpen5ITCTBOBaTb OTJIHBY KpOBH B HH:>KHHe KOHeq-

    HOCTH, a TaK:>Ke He ,ll,OrrYCKaTb Cl\\IeIlI.eHIIH H YCHJIeHHOrO KpOBeHanOJI-


    HeHHH opranOB 6plOIIIHOH nOJIOCTH. llpH 3TOM Ba:>KHO, qTo6bI B MO-
    MeHT n03HIIKHOBeHH5I IIeperpY3KII 06}l{aTHe ro.TIeHeH Ha ,LLOJII1

    ceKYH,LLbI onepe:>KaJIO 06:tKaTHe 6e,ll,ep H :>KHBOTa HJIH no MeHbIIIetf

    Mepe npOHCXO,LLHJIO O;:I.HOBpel\\1eHHO. 3TO ,LLOCTHraeTC5I C rrOlVIOIlI.bK)


    npOTHBoneperpY304HbIX YCTpofICTB (TIrI\037r).
    TI pe:>K;xe 4elVI nepelITH K onHcaHHIO HX KOHCTPYKI(HH, nOJle3HD
    03HaKOMHTbC5I C YCTOHQHBOCTbID opraHH3Ma npOTHB \037JIHTeJIbHO ,LLeA-
    CTBYI-OIlI.HX YCKopeHUrI. I1 pH 06bI4nOH BepTHKa.nbHOH (c HaKJIOHOM
    Ha3a,ll, Ha 15-20\302\260) pa60'lleH n03e JTeT4HKa H ,ll,eHCTBHH MexaHH4e-
    CKHX CHJI B HanpaBJIeHHH rOJIOBa - Ta3 KpaTKoBpeMeHHaH (1-2 c)
    neperpY3Ka ,ll,O e e,LLHHHI( 60.nbIIIeH QaCTblO rrepeHocHTcH 6e3 3Q.J.
    MeTIIoro CII!!)KeHH5I pa6oTocnoco6IIoCTH. 'I'peHHpoBaHHbIe JIeT4HKff
    Y,LLOBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHO nepeHOC51T B TeQeHHe ,LLOJIefI ceKYH,LLbI nepe-
    rpY3KY,LLO 7-8, II rrpH 3TOM TOJIbKO Y HeKoTopbIX H3 HHX rr05IBJI51eTCH
    KpaTKoBpeMeHHoe nOTCl\\1HeHHe B rJIa3ax. TaK :>Ke Y,LLOBJIeTBopH'\"
    TeJIbHO nepeHocHTcH HMH .n:JIHTeJIbHa5I neperpY3Ka ,ll,0 4-5 e,ll,HHHD..
    npO,LLOJI:>KHTeJIbHOCTblO B 15-20 c. TI pH ,ll,JIHTeJIbHOH neperpY3Ke
    CBblUle 5 H KpaTKoBpeMeHHoH - CBblIIIe 8-9 06bIlJHO HaCTynalOT
    CYIlI.eCTBeHHble <PYHKI(HOHaJIbHble paccTpoHcTBa BnJIOTb ,ll,O KpaTKo-
    BpeMeHHoH rrOTepH 3peHHH H C03HaHH5I.
    TI pOTHBoneperpY304Hble YCTpoHcTBa rrOBbIIIIalOT BbIHOCJIHBOCTh.

    opraHH3Ma HJIH, HHbIMH CJIOBaMH, CHH)KalOT Bpe,ll,HOe ,ll,eHcTBHe nepe-


    rpY3KH npHMepHo Ha 2,5-3 e,ll,HHHI(bI. TaKHM o6pa30M, eCJIH Hal

    CaMOJIeT ;xefIcTByeT rreperpY3Ka 9, TO <pH3HOJIOrHQeCKH JIeT4HK KaK


    6bI BocrrpHHHMaeT neperpy3KY B 6 eJl.HHHI(. CJIe,LLyeT rrO,LL4epKHYTb.
    QTO 3aIll.HTHble CBOHCTBa rrpoTHBoneperpY304HbIX YCTPOHCTB Mory'\302\243'
    6bITb IIcnOJIb30BaHbI TOJIbKO B CJIY4ae neperpY30K, ,LLeHcTBYlOIlI.HX
    B HanpaBJIeHIIH rOJIOBa - Ta3. TITIY He ,LLalOT nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHOrO

    3<p<peKTa rrpH lVlfHOBeHHbIX neperpY3Kax, B03HHKalOIlI.HX npH BbJ-

    CTpeJIe KaTarrYJIbTHpyeMoro KpeCJIa.)

    KOHCTPYKL\\HSI npOTHBoneperpY30'lHbiX YCTPOHCTB [19]


    KOMrr\037eKT rrpoTHBorreperpY304Horo YCTpoHcTBa COCTOHT H3 ,ll,BY\037
    OCHOBHbIX QaCTei1:)

    408)))
    1) npoTHBoneperpY30qHOrO (pHC. 9.65), KOCTJOMa
    HBJI5IIOIII.erOCfi

    HH,LLHBH,LLyaJIbHbIM JIeTqHKa;
    CHap5I:>KeHHeM
    2) cneU,HaJIbHOrO aBTOMaTa (TaK Ha3bIBaeMoro aBTOMaTa ,LLaB4
    JIeHH5I), perYJIHpYIOIII.erO ,LLaBJIeHHe B03,LLyxa B llHeBMoKaMepax
    KOCTIOl\\1a
    npOnopIJ,HoHaJIbHO BeJIHqHHe neperpY3KH.
    ABTOl\\13T ,lLaBJIeHHH YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH cTaUHoHapHo Ha 60PTY
    CaMOJIeTa H nHTaeTCH C:>KaTbIM B03,LLYXOM
    01' KOl\\1npeCCopa ,LLBHraTeJI5I.
    11 pOT H BOn e per p Y 3 0 q H bI H K 0-
    \037T IO M (TITIK) C03,LLaeT MeXaHHqeCKOe
    06:>KaTHe HH:>KHHX KOH6qHOCTeH H :>KHB01'd
    11 BbITIOJIH5IeTC5I C HaTH:>KHbIMH
    YCTPOHCT-
    BaMI1 T3KHX )Ke THnOB, KaK Y KOMneHCH-
    PYIOITLHX KOCTIDMOB (CM. pHC. 9.14).
    l{aBJIeHHe B03,LLyxa B KaMepax H HX reo-
    MeTpHqeCKHe pa3MepbI BbI6HpaJOTcH Ta-
    ,.\"
    KHMH, qTOObI ypaBHoBecHTb YBeJIHqeHHe
    rH,lI,pOCTaTHqeCKOrO ,LLaBJIeHHH KpOBH B
    HH)KHHX KOHeqHOCT5IX, BbI3BaHHoe ,LLeH-
    CTBHeM neperpY3KH.
    Ha pHC. 9.66 rrpHBe,LLeHbI npHMeH5Ie-
    MbIe ,LLaBJIeHH5I B03,LLyxa B ,LLBYX THnax Ha-
    TH:tKHbIX YCTPOHCTB B 3aBHCHMOCTH 0 r

    neperpY3KH. ,QJI5I KOCTIOMa, BblnOJIHeH-


    Horo no cxeMe pHC. 9. 14, a (c KpyrJIbIMH

    KaMepaMH), rroTpe6Hoe ,LLaBJIeHHe npl!


    neperpY3Ke 10 COCTaBJIHeT 147--
    2 9.65.
    157 KTIa (1 ,5-i,6. KrcjcM ). ,[{JIH KO\" PHC. 06IIJ.HH BHJI, rrpo-
    CTIOMa C IIJIOCKHMH THBoneperpY30tIHOrO KOCTIOMa
    KaMepaMH nOTpe6- Ha 4eJIOBeKe
    Hoe ,LLaBJIeHHe MeHbllIe H npI1 .nepe-
    rpY3Ke 8 He npeBbIlliaeT 64 KTIa
    2
    (0,65 KrcJCM ). 3TH BeJII1qHHbI 5IBJ1HIOTC5I TeMH MHHI1MaJIbHbIMH ,LLaB-
    JIeHHHTvlH B03,LLyxa, KOTopbIe KOHCTPYK1'OP CaMOJIeTa ,LLOJI:>KeH 06ec-
    neqHTb Ha BXO,LLe B aB1'OMaT TITIY.
    TIpoTHBoneperpY30qHbIe KOCTIOlVlbI BbInOJIH5IIOTCH JIH60 OT,LLeJIbHO.
    JIH60 KOHCTPYKTHBHO 06'be,LLHHHIOTC51 C BbICOTHbIM
    KOMneHCHpYIOIII.HM
    KOCTIOM01\\1. CaMOCT05ITeJIbHbIe KOCTIOMbI
    npOTHBoneperpY30QHble
    BbInO.,TIH?iIOTC5I HJIH 1'OJIbKO C nJIOCKHMH
    KaMepa\037IH (CM. pHC. 9.65)
    I1JIH C !<:olVI6HHaUJlei1 a HrvreHHo
    Ka:Mep, Kpyr JIbIe KaMepbI CTaBH1'CH
    lI.JI5I 06)J{aTH5I Hor (HKp H 6e,LLep), a rrJIOCKa5I - ,LLJIH :>KHBOTa.
    BBHJI.Y Toro lfTO 6pIOlliHaH Ka Mepa HMeeT nJIOIII.a,LLb Ii
    60JIbllIYIO
    npH rrO,LLaqe ,LLaBJIeHHH MOLKeT paCIlIHpHTbC5I 60JIbllIe, qeM HY:>KHO,
    ee CTaBHTCH
    BHYTPH IlIHypbI-orpaHHqHTeJIH. 3TO n03BOJIHeT nO,LLaBaTb
    B 6pIOlliHYlO KaMepy TaKoe :>Ke BblCOKoe ,LLaBJIeHHe, KaK H B KpyrJIbIe
    KaMepbI.
    ECJIH KOCTIOM BbInOJIHeH C rrJIOCKHMH
    npoTHBoneperpY30qHbIH Ka-
    Mepal\\'lH H \037p\03764 KTIa, TO IlIHypbI-orpaHHQHTeJIH B 6pIOlliHOH Ka-
    Mepe He CTaB51TC5I, qTO nOBbIlliaeT 3<p<peKTHBHOCTb KOC1'IOMa.)

    409)))
    ilpOTHBorreperpY30LIHbIe
    06bIqHO
    KOCTIOMbI H3rOTaBJIHBaIOTCH H3
    HJIH HeHJIOHOBOH TKaHH H BbInYCKaIOTC51 IlleCTH pOCTOB.
    KanpOHOBOH
    ,QJISI HH,LJ.HBH,LJ.yaJIbHOH 110,lJ.rOHKH no ,LJ.HaMeTpy CJIY)KHT IllHypOBKa,
    npOXO,LJ.H\037aSI qepe3 I1HCTOHbI. KOCTIOM C nJIOCKHMH KaMepaMI1
    06blqHO HMeeT n51Tb nHeBMaTHqeCKHX KaMep: no O,LJ.HOH Ha 6e,LJ.pax,)

    - \037c
    '/(, eM\
    -1 \037,
    p,Kf!o) :

    140)
    1.4)

    \037
    \037 720
    \037 7. Z)
    \037
    t:;::j
    \037
    100
    10)
    \037)
    5ptOtlitfon lfaMepa)

    \037 80
    \037
    \037
    \037
    50)
    Cl,)
    \037
    Q.j
    \037 40
    \037
    \037
    20)
    0,2)

    o
    7) 2) J 4 5 fj 7 8 !J 70) 1;')

    flepecp'yJlla 8 tfanpa8/1etfuu 20/108a -mOJ)

    9.66. H36blT04Hoe JI,aBJIeHHe B03JI,yxa (B KD3) B H:l-


    PHC. IloTpe6Hoe
    KOCTIOMa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
    T5DKHbIX KaMepax npoTHBorreperpY30tlHOrO
    neperpY3KH H THrra KaMepbI:
    !-Jl.JI5J. DJIOCKHX KaMep; 2-Jl.JI5J. KpyrJIbIX (U.HJIHHJl.pHtIeCKHx) KaMep)

    HKpax H Ha )KHBOTe, BblnOJIHeHHbIX KaK O,LJ.HO \037eJIoe. ,L{JIH O,LJ.HOBpe-


    MeHHoro 06)KaTHH rOJIeHeH, 6e,LJ.ep H )KHBOTa H npe,LJ.OXpaHeHHH Ka-
    OT CJIHnaHHH BHYTPb Kal\\tlep BKJIa,QbIBaeTCH CTaJIbHa51 CnHpaJIL
    Mep
    B KanpOHOBoM qeXJIe. Macca npoTHBoneperpY30QHOrO
    KOCTIOM3

    OKOJIO 1,5-2 Kr.


    AB TOM a T ,Q a B JI e H H 51 B CJIyqae B03HHKHOBeHH51 nepe-
    rpY3KH,,lLeHCTBYIOllJ,eH B HanpaBJIeHHH rOJIOBa - Ta3, ,LJ.OJI)KeH aBTO-
    MaTHqeCKH H 6e3 3ana3,LJ.bIBaHH51 nO,LJ.LLep)KHBaTb
    B KaMepa:\037
    KOCTIOMa ,lI.aBJIeHHe B COOTBeTCTBHH C rpa<pHKaMH pHC. 9.66. TIpHH-
    \037HnHaJIbHaH cxeMa aBTOMaTa H306pa)KeHa Ha pHC. 9.67. TIpH60p
    COCTOHT H3 Kopnyca 1, B KOTOpOl\\1 BepTHKaJIbHO nepeMellJ,aeTC51 30-
    JIOTHHK 2. CBepxy Ha 30JIOTHHK ,LJ.aBHT rpY3 3, Bec KOToporo npH
    4. TIpl1
    OTCYTCTBHH neperpY3KH ypaBHoBelIIHBaeTcH CHJIOH npY)KHHbI
    3TOM OKHO BXO,LJ.HOrO IllTyuepa 5 3aKpbITo 30JIOTHHKOM 2, H B03,LJ.YX
    He MO)KeT nonaCTb B KaMepbI KOCTIOMa. HeKOTopoe KOJIHQeCTBO

    B03,Qyxa, KOTopoe npOCaQHBaeTCH Qepe3 3a30pbI Me)K,ILY KopnycoM

    410)))
    11 30JIOTHI1KOM, BbIXOAI1T HapYlKY tIepe3 ApeHa)KHbIe OTBepCTHH,
    npeJI,YClVIOTpeHHble Ha Kopnyce.
    B I\\IOl\\ICHT B03HHKHOBeHH51 rreperpY3KH HHepl.I,HOHHbIe CHJIbI rpY3a
    11 30,,10THIIKa CLKI1MaIOT rrpY)KHHY 4 H rrepeMeIIl,aIOT 30JIOTHHK BHH3.
    npH 3TOI\\1 TparreUHeBH,lI.Hafl rrpOT01.IKa Ha 30JIOTHHKe OTKpbIBaeT rrpo-

    XOJI, JI,.H51 C}K3 Toro B03,lI.yxa, H rrOC,}1e\037HHH no IIIJIaHry YCTpeMJI51eTCH)

    4 8

    5
    \037

    \037-

    a) 0))

    Puc. 9.67. CxeMa M pa60Ta aBTOMaTa JI.aBJIeHH5I npoTMBoneperpy.


    304Horo YCTpoHcTBa:

    a-neperpY3KH HeT; 6-neperpY3Ka .n.eAcTByeT; l-Kopnyc; 2-30JlOTHHK;


    3-rpY3; 4-npY)KHHa; 5-BXO.lI.HOA llITYU.ep; 6-pe3HHOBbIA KOJInaQOK;
    7-npe.lI. OXpaHlneJ1bHblii KJ1anaH; 8-npY)KHHa; 9-llITYU.ep BblnYCKa B03-
    .lI.yxa B nill()

    B KaMepbI KOCTIOlVIa. qacTb tIeped


    rrpOTHBorreperpY30qHOrO B03Ayxa
    OTBepCTH51 B 30JIOTHHKa
    IIIeHKe rrpOXO,lI.HT B HH)KHIOIO KaMepy rro,lI.

    30JIOTHHKOM, rJI,e C03JI,aeTCH ,lI.aBJIeHHe, CTpeM51IIl,eeC51 nOJI,HHTb 30JIOT-


    HHK KBepxy. B pe3YJIbTaTe 30JIOTHHK YCTaHaBJIHBaeTC51 B HeKOTO-

    pOM paBHOBeCHOM rrOJI02KeHHH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIIl,eM BeJIHqHHe JI,aHHOH


    neperpY3KH 11 YTeqeK B03)J.yxa 113 aBTOMaTa.
    Pa3JIHQHbIe xapaKTepHCTHKH BbIJI,aBaeMbIX aBTOMaTOM ,lI.aBJIeHHH
    B03,lI.yxa (rrpH ero rrpoeKTHpOBaHHH) rrOJIyqalOT H3MeHeHHeM MaCCbI
    rpY3a 11 JI,I1aMeTpa 30,IIOTHHKa. I1MeIOT\03751 aBTOMaTbI, B KOHCTPYKUHIO
    KOTOpbIX BBe,aeHbI )J.Ba rpY3a, rrpHQeM JIeTqHK MO)KeT rro 2KeJIaHHIO
    BKJIlOqaTb O,lI.HH HJIH o6a rpY3a nOBopOTOM rOJIOBKH aBTOMaTa. ,3TO
    lI.aeT B03MO)KHOCTb nOJIYQaTb OT O)J.Horo aBTOMaTa ,lI.Be pa3JIHQHbIe
    xa paKTepHCTHKI1.
    Ha caMO.lIeTe aBTOMaT ,lI.aBJIeHHH YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT CTporo B Bep-
    T\037'!KaJlbHOM nOJIO)KeHHH. ,LLJI51 Ha,LLe)KHOH H 6e30TKa3HOH pa60TbI rrpH-
    60pa Heo6xoJI,I1MO, QTo6bI nocTynaIOllI.HH B Hero B03)J.YX He cO)J.ep-
    )h'aJI IlbIJII1, BJIarH 11JII1 MaCJIa. f103TOMY rrepe)J. aBTOMaTOM YCTaHaB-
    JIHBalOT crreUHaJIbHbIH cpHJIbTp, a BepXHIOIO 1.IaCTb aBTOMaTa

    3aKpWBaIOT MHrKHM pe3HHOBWM KOJInaQKOM 6 AJIH npe)J.oxpaHeHHH

    411)))
    OT rrOrra,lJ,aHH5I rp5I3H Me)K,lJ,Y 30JIOTHHKOM H KOpnYCOM. KOJInallOK
    LleJIalOT 3JIaCTHqHbIM ,lJ,JI5I TOrO, QT06bI rrOCJIe 3anYCKa ,lJ,BHraTeJIH

    JIeTQHK Mor Ha)KaTHeM rraJIbl.I,a Ha rpY3 rrpOBepHTb HcnpaBHOCTb aB-


    TOMaTa H CBoero rrpOTHBoneperpY30qHOrO KOCTIOMa.)

    9.10. CPABHHTEnbHASI OU.EHKA H O&nACTH nPHMEHEHHSI


    PA3nH\037HbIX 'BHAOB BblCOTHoro CHAPSlH<EHHSI.
    PAC\037ET 3AnACA KHcnOPOAA)

    CpaBHHTenbHaJi 3KcnnyaTau.HOHHaJi ou.eHKa


    *
    BblCOTHoro CHapJlH<eHHJI

    KOHCTPYKTOP JIeTaTeJIbHOrO annapaTa ,lJ,OJI)KeH npaBHJIbHO BbI-


    6paTb KOMrrJIeKT 3aIIl,HTHOrO CHap51)KeHH5I B COOTBeTCTBHH C JIeTHO-
    TeXHHqeCKHMH H 3KCnJIyaTal.I,HOHHbI\0371H xapaKTepHCTHKaMH caMOJleTa.
    JIeTHbIH H TeXHHqeCKHH COCTaB ,lJ,OJI)KeH 5ICHO npe,lJ,CTaBJI51Tb ce6e
    npHHl1,Hn pa60TbI, B03MO)KHOCTH H rpaHHl.I,bI npHMeHeHH5I Toro HJII1

    HHoro BH,lJ,a CHap51)KeHH51 H


    annapaTypbI. OCHOBHble xapaKTepH-
    CTHKH BbICOTHoro CHap51)KeHH5I (,lJ,OnYCTHMble BbICOTbI H rrp0,lJ,OJI)KH-
    TecJlbHOCTb nOJIeTa) npHBeJI,eHbI B Ta6JI. 9. 14.
    3THX
    \302\245I3 ,lJ,aHHbIX BH,lJ,HO, KaKHM BpeMeHel\\f pacrrOJIaraeT JIeTqHR
    B cJIyqae p33repMeTH3al1,HH KaoHHbI Ha 60JIbIIIOH BblCOTe. n PI}
    nOJIb30BaHHH BbICOTHbIM KOMrreHCHpYIOIIl,HM KOCTIOl\\10M H JI,bIXaHHH
    noJI, H36bITOqHbIM JI,3BJIeHHeM B pacnOp51)KeHHH JIeTqHKa HMelOTCH

    HeMHorHe MHHYTbI, KOTOpbIX, O,lJ,HaKO, ,lJ,OCTaTOqHO, qTo6bI CHM3HTbC5I


    Ha 6e30naCHYIO BbICOTY 12 KM.
    JI,onycTHMoe BpeM5I nOJIeTa Ha BblCOTax 10-12 KM npH ,lJ,bIXaHHH
    qHCTbTM KHCJIOpOJI,OM 3aBHCHT OT HHJI,HBHJI,yaJIbHbIX CBOHCTB opra-
    HH3Ma, ero BbICOTHOH YCTOHqHBOCTI1. CBOH B03MO)KHOCTH Ka)K,lJ,bli1
    JIeT1.IHK ,lI.OJI}KeH 3HaTb Ha OCHOBe TpeHHpoBKH B 6apoKaMepe.
    O,lJ,HaKO He peKOMeHJI,yeTC5I HaXO,lJ,HTbC51 Ha BbICOTe 12 KM 60JIee
    30 MHH. Ha BblCOTe 11 H TeM 60.nee 10 KM qeJIOBeK COXpaH51eT HOp-
    MaJIbHYIO pa6oTocnoco6HoCTb (npH ,lJ,WXaHHH qHCTWM KHCJIOpO,lJ,OM)
    B TeqeHHe MHorHX qaCOB, eCJIH OH lIe OIIl,YIIl,aeT BbICOTHbIX 60JIeH.
    ,LLJI5I nOJIeTa HeOrpaHHqeHHOII npO.LI.OJI)KHTeJIbHOCTH Tpe6yeTcH BbI-

    COTa He 60JIee 7,5 KM, KOTOpYIO MOJKHO o6eCneqHTb (noMHMo rep-


    MeTHqeCKOH Ka6HHw) TOJIbKO npHMeHeHHeM BWCOTHoro CKa\037aH,lJ,pa.
    KpoMe BbICOTbI, Heo6xoJI,HMO
    JI,JI51 TaK)Ke C03JI,aTb
    qeJIOBeKa COOTBeT-

    CTBYIOIIl,He TeMnepaTypHbIe YCJIOBH5I B Ka6HHe CaMOJIeTa HJIH MHKpO-


    KJIHMaT C rrOMOIIl,blO BeHTHJIHpyeMoH H
    TerrJIOH30JIHpYIOIIl,eH O,lJ,e)K,lJ,bI.

    3alll.HTH\037Ie CBOIICTBa pa3JIUqHOrO CHa p5I)KeHH51 B OTHorneHHH


    CKOpoCTHoro Hanopa 6bIJIH npHBe,lI.eHbI B Ta6JI. 9. 13. CKa\037aH,lJ,p rrOJI-
    HOCTblO 3aIIl,HIIl,aeT qeJIOBeKa npH CKOpOCTH nOJIeTa (npHBeJI,eHHOH
    K 3eMHbIM YCJIOBH51M) 1200-1300 KMjq H
    npeBOCXO,lJ,HT B 3TOM OTHO-
    rneHHH Bce ,lJ,pyrHe BH,lJ,bI HHJI,HBHJI,yaJIbHOrO CHa p51)KeHH5I.)

    * Na /:11 Aviation News, 1958.)


    Aug.

    412)))
    Ta6JIM\037a 9.14
    * H
    BbICOTa nOJleTa npH nOJlb30BaHHH
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    TeJIbHOH eMKOCTbIO)

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    *
    ,lJ,onycTHMYIO BbICOTY npMMeHeHH5I BblCOTHoro CHap5I)KeHM5I CJIe.u.yeT onpe\037e-
    J15lTb C Y4eToM B03MO)KHOrO pa3pe)KeHH5I B Ka6HHe, KOTopoe 3aBlICHT OT \302\243pOpMbl
    \037I03eJI5I)Ka H :poHap5I M MO)KeT )I.OCTMraTb 35% nOJIHOrO CKOpOCTHoro Hano-
    pa qrnax.
    HanpHMep, nYCTb pa3peLKeHHe B Ka6HHe paBHo 30% qrnax, a HH,lI.HKaTOpHa5I CKO-
    pOCTh nOJIeTa V ci = 600 KM/4 Ha BblCOTe 11 KM.
    ,lJ,JI5I 3Toro CJIY4aH (tIHCJIO M \037 1) nOnpaBOtIHbIH Ha C)KHMae-
    K09\302\243p\302\243pH\037HeHT
    MOCTb B03\037yxa (CM. pMC. 7. 1) paBeH 1,3 M

    QoV\037i 1 ,225 600


    - 2
    qmax=
    2
    kC}K=
    2
    1,3=22,1 Kfla;
    ( 3,6) )
    413)))
    pa3pe:iKeHMe B Ka6HHe

    -\037p=O,3. qmax=0,3. 22,1 =6,63 KDa

    H, CJIeJ{OBaTe,JIbHO, a6COJIIOTHOe J{aBJIeHHe B Ka6HHe Ha BblCOTe 11 KM (\037H


    =
    =22,(9 l{TIa))

    D Ha G=22,69 - 6,63= 16,06 KTIa,)

    4TO cooTBeTcTByer BbICOTe 13,2 K1\\1, T. e. B Ka6HHe


    \302\253BblCOTa\302\273 rrpeBbIlliaeT BbICOTY
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    414)))
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    PHC. 9. 68. Orrpe,l1.eJIeHHe OrrTHMaJIbHOrO ,l1.aBJIeHHH KMCJIOpO-


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    qHM ,lJ,aBJIeHHeM 40-50 MIla.
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    JIeHHeM 200,150 H 30 Krc/cM
    2
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    10 Krc/cM 2 (\0371 MIla).
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    JI.JI5I aJIIOMHHMeBblX 6aJIJIOHOB Ha 3 MIla . . ........... 10
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    d:IOCTM n \0373) . . . . . . . . . . ................ 8
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    3
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    BOBaHbI: KpHBble 1 H 4 nn5I cKacpaH\037poB H3 pHC. 9.28;KpHBaH 5--
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    418)))
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    npH cpa3ax ,lIbIxaHHH Ha 66\037bllIYlC Be\037HqHHY, tIeM B repMollI\037eMe


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    419)))
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    ,ilJIH peJKHMOB Ha60pa BbICOTbI H CrrYCKa paCXOlI, KHCJIOpO)Ia


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    CHHLKeHHH CaMOJIeTa BCJIe,nCTBHe 3arra3ilWBaHHH aHepOHllHWX Mexa-
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    rpelllHOCTH B HopMe pacxo.n,a KHCJIOpO\037a, B H3MepeHHIi'

    cpaKTHqeCKOrO KOJIHqeCTBa ero H np.;


    G noTP - orrpe.n.eJIHeTCH no cpopMYJIe (9. 95) B JI;
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    420)))
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    K03q:<p M Il.MeHT 3anaca k ,lJ.JI5I Hcrpe6MreJIeH: M rrepeXBaTqHKOB


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    P6 min COCTaBJI5IeT 2-3 MTIa B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT THrra KHCJIOpO.LLHO-
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    arrrrapaTypbI OrpaHHQMBaIOTC5I P6 min==2 MIla.


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    424)
    c n V1 C 0 K 11 V1 T E PAT YP bl)

    1. A6paMoB H. n. iYleToAHKa pac4eTa HeKoTopbIX rrapaMeTpoB CHCTe;\\I o6el2-


    neqeHH5I ra30Bofi cpe,ZJ.bI KOCMH4eCKoro cKacpaHJI,pa.
    - \302\253KocMH4eCKa5I 6HO,10rH5I a
    1972,
    MeJI,H\037HHa\302\273, NQ 3, c. 83-87.
    2. AraA>KaHSlH H. A., BaKap M. H. HAP. ,LLeKoMrrpeCCHOHHa5I TKaHeBafI 3Mcpn-
    3eMa H MeTOJLbI ee rrpe.=r.yrrpe:tKJI,eHH5I. - \302\253BoeHHO-MeJI,H\037HHCKHH .lKypHa T\302\273,1958,
    N2 12, c. 45-48.
    3. AAOJIbcp 3. <}). HAp. <PH3HOJIOrH5I 4eJIOBeKa B rrYCTbIHe. Ilep. C 3Hr JI. \037v1.).
    HJ1, 1952, 360 c.
    4. AMap )l(IOJIb. 4eJIOBe4eCKa5I MallIHHa. HaY4Hble OCHOBbI npocpeccHoHa\037lbHoro
    TpYAa. Ilep. C cppaH\037., M. - J1., fOcH3JI,aT, 1926,472 c.
    5. ApMcTpoHr f. ABHa\037HOHHa5I MeAH\037HHa. Ilep. C aHrJI., M., yLTI, 1947, 522 c.
    6. A<fJaHacbeBa P. <1>., Ka3aHu.eBa JI. D., KOMapoBa JI. n. 3aBHCH;\\10CTb TeTl-
    JI03aIIJ.HTHbIX CBOHCTB O,ZJ.e:tK,ZJ.bI OT ee B03,ZJ.yxorrpoHH\037aeMocTH.
    - \302\253lIlBerIHa5I npo-
    NQ 5, c. 24-27.
    MbIIIIJIeHHOCTb\302\273, 1 967,
    7. A.paHacbeBa P. <1>., ,Ae)J.eHKo H. H., OKYHeBa C. f. 0 HeKoTopbIX rrOKa3a-
    TeJI5IX, xapaKTepH3YIOIIJ.HX npeJI,e,}1 nepeHocHMoCTH 4eJIOBeKOM TerrJIOBbIX narpy-
    30K. - \302\253KocMH4eCKa5I 6HOJIOrH5I H M eJI,HII.HH a\302\273, 1970, NQ 4, c. 48-52.

    8. A.paHacbeBa P. <1>., OKYHeBa C. f. OnpeJI,eJIeHHe .rr.eqHfII.HTa TeI1\037'Ia B


    HH3Me 4eJIOBeKa rrpH ero OXJIa:tK,ZJ.eHHH.
    - \302\253fHrHeIIa H caHHTapH51\302\273, 1971, 0pr\037-u\\Q I..
    c. 38-42.
    9. AUle D. M., MaKcHMoB f. A. OTOrrJIeHHe H BeHTIIJI5IlXH5I, T. 2. BeHTIIoIl5III.I1}J
    H B03JI,YIIIHoe OTOrrJIeHHe. J1. -LV1., CTpOHH3JI,aT, 1940, 472 c.
    10. DapToH A., 3AXOJIM o. 4eJIOBeK B YCJIOBH5IX XOJIOJI,a. 1.,
    \037 I1Jl,.
    1957, 334 c.
    11. DepKOBHq E. M. 3HepreTH4ecKHfi 06MeH B HOp Me H naTOJIorHH. 1\\'1., \302\253l\\\\eJI,H-
    1964,
    II.HHa\302\273, 335 c.
    DaKHHeeB
    12. <1>. f., CpeJI,CTBa HHJI,HBHJI,yaJIbHOfi 3aIIJ.HTbI cJIyxa OT rnYl\\Ia.-
    B KH.:
    Eopb6a C IIIYMOM. IloJI, peJI,. E. 51. ICJI,HHa. M., CTpofIH3JI,aT, 1964. 701 c.
    13. Do6KOB B. f.t ,AeMHH B. n. H )J.p. PaJI,Ha\037HOHHa5I 6e30rracHocTb rrpn KOC....
    MH4eCKHX rrOJIeTax. M.; AToMH3AaT, 1964, 372 c.
    14. 6blKOB JI. T., EropoB M. C., TapacoB n. B. BblcoTHoe o60pY,ZJ.oBaHHe ca-
    MOJIeTOB. 1\\1., 060poHrH3, 1958, 392 c.
    15. 610THep K. H. TerrJIOBbIe HarpY3KH B cOBpeMeHHoM CaMOJIeTe. - B KH.:-
    4eJIOBeK B YCJIOBH5IX BbICOTHoro H KOCMH4eCKoro rrOJIeTa. M., I1JI, 1960, 462 c.
    16. BaccepMaH A. A., Ka3aBQHHCKHH 51. 3., Pa6HHOBHQ B. A. TerrJlo<pH3H4e-
    CKHe cBoficTBa B03JI,yxa Hera KOMrrOHeHTOB M., \302\253I-Ia 1966, 376 c.
    YKa\302\273,
    17. BHHorpa)J.oB M. H. <PH3HOJIOrH5I T:P yJI,OBbIX rrpa\037eccoB. M., \302\253MeJI,H\037HHa\302\273)-
    1966, 367 c.
    18. BHTTe H. K. TerrJIOBOfi 06MeH qeJIOBeKa Hero rHrHeHH4eCKoe 3Ha4eHHe.
    fOCMe,ZJ.H3JI,aT YCCP, KHeB, 1956, 148 c.
    19. Bonpocbl aBHa\037HOHHOH MeAH\037HHbI. M.. I1J1. 1954,283 c.
    20. BOpOHHH f. H. CHcTeMbI
    KOH,ZJ.H\037HoHHpOBaHH5I B03Ayxa Ha JIeTaTeJIbHbIX
    arrnapaTax. M., \302\253MaIIIHHocTpoeHHe\302\273, 1973, 442 c.
    21. fJIH3MaHeHKo ,A. JI. IlOJIY4eHHe,T:HCJIOpOJI,a. M., 1972,
    \302\253XHMH5I\302\273, 752 c.
    22. f03YJIOB C. A. 0 rrepeHocHMoCTH B03JI,YIIIHoro rrOTOKa, JI,eficTBYIOIIJ.erO Ha
    JIeT4HKa npH KaT any JIbTHpOBaHHH.
    - \302\253BoeHHO-MeJI,H\037HHCKHfi )KypHaJI\302\273, 195\037, N'2 12.
    c. 41-44.
    23. fOPOAI1HCKHH C. M. K xapaKTepHcTHKe 030na KaK rrpOMbIrn\0371JeHHOrO HAa.-
    \302\253fHrHeHa H caHHTapH5I\302\273, 1955, N2 2, c. 28-32.
    24. fOPOAHHCKIiH C. M. CpeJI,CTBa HHAHBHJI,yaJIbHOfi 3aIIJ.HTbI JI,JI5I C pa-
    pa60T
    .rr.I10aKTHBHbIMH BeIIJ.eCTBaMH. M., AToMH3,ZJ.aT, 1967, 295 c.)

    425)))
    25. rOpO)J.HHCKHH C. M., 6aBpo B. u )J.p. K HOpMMpOBaHMlOr. M!fKpoK.JI!fMaTa
    iI30JI!fpYIOIIJ.!fX cpe,lI.CTB !fHJI,!fBHJI,yaJIbHOM 3aIIJ.!fTbI. - B KH.: Me,lI.!fKO-TeXH!fqeCK!fe
    np06\037leMbI !fHJI,!fBMJI,yaJIbHOfi 3aIIJ.MTbI qeJIOBeKa, BbIn. 6, M!fH3JI,paB, 1970, c. 3-18.
    26. rOpO)J.HHCKHH C. M., 6aBpo r. B. u )J.p. <P!f3!fOJIOrO-rMr!feH!fqeCK!fe MCCJIe-
    !I.OBaH!fH no BbI60py KOHCTPYK\037!f!f KOCTlOMa LKM.lI.KOCTHoro OXJIaLKjI.eH!f5I. - B KH.:
    MeJI,!fKO-TeXII!f4eCK!fe np06JIeMbI !fHJI,!fB!f,lI.yaJIbHOii 3aIIJ.!fTbI qeJIOBeKa, BbIn. 6, MMH-
    .3JI,paB, c. 116-123.
    27. rYMeHep n. H. 113Y4eH!fe TepMoperYJI5IIJ.!f!f B r!fr!feHe !f cp!f3!fOJIOrH!f TPY\"
    ..n.a. Nt, 1\\1eJI,rH3, 1962,231 c.
    28. Ae)J.eHKo H. H., rHoeBaSi H. K., HBaHoB B. C. TIpeJI,eJIbI nepeHOCI1MOCTH
    \037eJIOBeKOM HHcppaKpacHoM pa,lI.!fa\037!f!f np!f MeCTHOM 06JIyqeH!fM.
    - \302\253KoCMYi4eCKa51
    .o!foJIorn5I II 1968, NQ 3, c.
    MeJI,II\037!fHa\302\273, 73-77.
    29. AOpO)J.HH\037blHa A. A., llleneJIeB E. 51. TenJI006MeH qe\03710BeKa B yc.nOB!f5IX
    npe6bIBaHH5I np!f BbICOK!fX TeMnepaTypax. - \302\253<P!f3!fOJIOrMqeCK!fM LKypHaJI CCCP\302\273

    XL, VI, 1960, N2 5, c. 607-612.


    30. 3apy6HH B. A. TeMnepaTypHbIe nOJI5I B KOHCTPYK\037MM JIeTaTeJIbHblX anna-
    paToB. lv\\\" \302\253lVlallIHHoCTpOeH!fe\302\273,1966, 213 c.
    31. HBaHoB A. H., XpOMYUlKMH A. H. C!fCTeMbI LK!f3He06ecnetIeHMH tIeJIOBeKa
    np!f BbICOTHbIX !f KOCM!fqeCK!fX nOJIeTax. M., \302\253.NlallI!fHOCTpoeHMe\302\273,1968, 250 c.
    . 32. HH>KeHepHaSi nCHXOJIOrUSI B np!fMeHeHMM K npoeKTMpoBaHMIO o6opYJI,OBa-
    H!f5I (cnpaBo4Hoe PYKOBOJI,CTBO). TIep. C aHrJI. M., \302\253MallI!fHOCTpoeHMe\302\273,1971, 488 c.
    33. KaH)J.pop H. C., PanonopT K. A. ra3006MeH y qeJIOBeKa npM MbIllIeqHOll
    pa60Te B yc.nOB!f5IX OXJIaLKJI,eH!f5I. - \302\253<P!f3!fOJIOrMqeCK!fM LKypHaJI CCCP\302\273, 1957,
    T. 43, NQ L c. 60-64.
    34. KeKqeeB K. X. K03cpcp!f\037!feHT nOJIe3HOro ,lI.eMCTB!f5I tIeJIOBeqeCKOrO TeJI 1.
    JLonOJIHeH!fe [4].B KH!fre
    / 35. KHSl3eB B. H. OCHoBHbIe BonpocbI KMCJIOpOJI,HOrO 06ecne4eHM5I BbICOTHbIX
    nOJIeTOB. l\\1., BOeH!f3JI,aT, 1947, 184 c.
    36. KOJIeCHHKOB n. A. TenJI03aIIJ.HTHble cBoficTBa OJI,eLKJI,bI. M., \302\253J1erKa71HHJI,Y-
    1965, 346 c.
    CTp!f5I\302\273,
    37. KOJIeCHMKOB n. A., A4>aHacbeBa P. <1>. TIpoeKT!fpOBaH!fe npoM3BoJI,cTBeH-
    Hofi !f cne\037!faJIbHOfi 3!fMHefi OJI,eLK,lI.bI .rr.JI5I pa3JIMtIHbIX YCJIOB!fM TpY,lI.a M K\037TJ!fMaTa.
    JIeHIIHrpaJI,CKMM ,lI.OM. HayqHO-TeXH. nponaraH,lI.bI (J1,IT.HTTI), 1970, 30 c.
    38. KOMpO A. r. U )J.p. JIerKMe. KJIMHM4eCKqH cp!f3MOJIOr!f5I M <PYHKIJ.!fOHaJIbHbIe
    np06bI. M., IVleJI,r!f3, 1961, 196 c.
    39. KOH,lI.paTbeB r. M. TIp!f6JI!fLKeHIIbIM TenJIOBOfi paCqeT OJI,eLK,lI.bI. HaYllHO-!fC-
    CJIeJI,OBaTeJIbCK!fe TPY,lI.bI BHl1l1 llIBefiHOM npOMbIllIJIeHHOCT!f, c6. NQ 6, M., 1957;
    c. 22-45.
    40. KOHpa)J.H r. n., CJIOHHM A. A., <l>aP4>eJIb B. C. 06IIJ.Me OCHOBbI cpM3!fOJIO-
    {'!fII TpY,lI.a. Nt
    - JI., D!fOMe,lI.r!f3, 1934, 672 c.
    41. KpaTK!ffi CnpaBOqH!fK no KOCM!fqeCKOI1 6!foJIor!f!f !f Me,lI.H\037!fHe. Ilo,lI. pe,lI..
    A. 11. BypHa35IHa M ,lI.p., M., \302\253Me,lI.!f\037!fHa\302\273,
    1967,368 c.
    42. KpHqarHH B. H. IIp!feMbI !f MeTOJI,bI Op!feHT!fpOB04HbIX pac4eToB nepeHo-
    C!fMOCT!f t.leJIOBeKOM BbICOK!fX !f HH3K!fX TeMnepaTYP BlIellIHeM cpe,lI.bI.
    - \302\253BoeHH0-
    MeJI,!f\037!fHCKHM LKypHaJI\302\273, 1965, NQ 10. c. 30-38.

    43. KY3He\037 E. H., EpUloBa T. M. M<PM3HOJIOr!fqeCKaH


    ,lI.p. xapaKTepHCT!fK3
    npeJI,eJIbHbIX TenJIOBbIX COCT05IH!fM qeJIOBeKa B pa3JI!f4HbIX YCJIOBMHX TenJio06Me-
    Ra. - B KH.: MeJI,!fKO-TeXH!fqeCK!fe np06JIeMbI !fHJI,!fB!fJI,yaJIbHOH 3aIIJ.MTbI tIeJIOBeKa,
    BbIn. 6. M!fH3JI,paB, 1970, c. 19-33.
    44. KY3bMHHCKHH A. C., JIe>KHeB H. H., 3yeB 10. C. OK!fCJIeHMe KaY!-IYKoB M

    pe3IIH. M., fOCX!fM!f3JI,aT, 1957, c. 319.


    45. KYHO 51. C. TIepcn!fpa\037!fH y tIeJIOBeKa. M., 11J1, 1961, 384 c.
    46. MalfHHcKHH B. A. TenJIOTeXHMqeCKMe OCHOBbI CTpO!fTeJIbCTBa. M., CTpOHM3-
    n.aT, 1949, 326 c.)

    426)))
    47. MHTpa C. K. BepXH5I5I aTMoccpepa. !Vt, I1JI, 1955, 639 c.
    48. MOJIO)J.\037OB A. H., Kopa6JIeBa H. JI., qe6b1meBa H. A. K TeIIJIOBoMY pac-
    qeTY KOCTIOM3 )KHJI,KOCTHoro OX.la)K.rr.eHH5I.
    - B KH.: Me.rr.HKo-TexHHqecKHe IIpo6.rle-
    MbI IIHJI,HBHJI,ya.nbHofi 3aIIJ.HTbI 4eJ10BeKa\302\273, BbIII. 3, MHH3JI,paB, 1969, c. 86-94.
    48. OnnJI A., )l(OKJI M.
    H3MepeHHH MHKpOKJIHMaTHtIeCKHX
    MeTo.rr.HKa YCJIOBIlH
    B rHrHeHHlJeCKOii Me,n;rH3, 1962, 122 c.
    !Vt,
    IIpaKTH\302\245\037.
    50. npOKocpbeBa H. A. ATMoccpepHbIM 030H. M. - JI., AH CCCP. Cepll5I \302\253I1TO-
    rH H npo6.1eMbI cOBpeMeHHofi HaYKH\302\273,1951, 231 c.
    , \"\0371. ,nbIHeeB H. K. ,lJ,ei\"'IcTBH5I 3KHIIa)Ka CaMOJIeTa, BbIHY)K.rr.eHHo IIOIIaBlllero B
    '\037e3JIID.n:HYIO l\\IeCTHOCl b. M., BoeHH3.rr.aT, 1957, 194 c.
    52. CaBeHKoB H. f., KYJIHKOB C. B. KHC,TIOpo.rr.Hoe 06opy,n;oBaHHe Cal\\IO.leTOB.
    M., ,lJ,OCAA<p, 1953,212 c.
    53. CMHpHOB A. A. B.1JIf5IHHe BbICOKHX TeMIIepaTYP M BJIa)KHOCTH B03.l1.yxa H3
    CKOpOCTb IIeperpeBaHIIH opralIH3Ma.
    - \302\253fHrHeHa H caHHTapMH\302\273, 1961, NQ 10.
    c. 16-19.
    54. CYKoMeJI A. C., HCaqeHKO B. n., OCHnoBa B. A. TeIIJIonepe.rr.a4a. !Vt,.
    1969,
    \302\2533HeprH5I\302\273, 440 c.
    55. YMaHcKHH C. n. 4eJIOBeK B KOCMoce. M., BoeHM3.rr.aT, 1970, 192 c.
    56. \037H3HOJIOrHS1 H rHrHeHa BbICOTHoro IIOJIeTa. [C60pHHK cTaTei:r]. M., BHO--
    MeJI,rH3, 1938, 180 c.

    57. XacpcpHep A. H. 5I.rr.epHoe H3JIYQeHHe H 3aIIJ.HTa B KOCMoce. M., A.TOMH3\"


    LLaT, 1971, 319 c.
    58. U.H\037eHKo f. B. PaCtIeTHbIfi MeTO.rr. oIIpe.rr.eJIeHHH xapaKTepHcTHK T0n.TIOBorc)o
    COCT05IHH5I QeJIOBeKa. T py.rr.bI f JIaBHOfi feocpH3HtIeCKOfi 06cepBaTopIHI (frO) ,
    BbIII. 139. fHJI,pOMeTeOH3JI,aT, JI., 1963.
    59. lIIeppep )1(. <PM3HOJIOrH5I Tpy.rr.a (3proHOMH5I). Ilep. C cppaHLI.. lvL, \302\253\037vleJI,H-
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    l.I.HlIa\302\273, 496 c.
    60. 3proHoMHKa. [C60pHHK cTaTelI]. llep C IIOl[bCKoro. 1971, 422 c.
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    OrJIABJlEHI1E)

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    no.rr.T5Ira . ...................... 65
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    .!
    nYJIbTHYIO YCTaHOBKY . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    5. 5. HaQaJIbHbIe YCJIOBH5I . . . . . . . . . .
    5. 6. YpaBHeHH5I JI,BHLKeHH5I KaTany,nbTHofi YCTaHoBKH .
    5. 7. 'lJHCJIeHHOe HHTerpHpoBaHHe ypaBIIeHHfi JI,BH)KeHH5I KaTaIly.1bTHofJ
    YCTaHoBKH .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    5. 8. n
    pH6JIH)KeHHbIe CPOPMY JIbI JI,JI5I onpeJI,eJIeHH5I TpaeKTopHH ,IJ.BH)Ke-
    HH5I KaTanYJIbTHOH YCTaHoBKH . . . . . . . . .
    5.9. BJIH5IHHe paSJIH4HbIX napaMeTpOB Ha TpaeKTopHIO JI,BH)KeHH5I K3-
    TanYJIbTHOfi YCTaHOBKH . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    5. 10. JlHHefiHbIe YCKopeHH5I H neperpYSKH . . . . . . . . .
    5. 11. KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHe Ha pe)KHMe BepTHKaJIbHOrO MaHeBpa caMO.neT3
    \\ 5. 12. CnaceHHe 3KHna)Ka CaMOJIeTa BepTHKaJIbHOrO BSJIeTa H nOCaJI,KII .

    CnHcoK JIHTepaTypbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    r JI a B a 6. PaCQeT cTa6HJIH3au.HH )J.BHJKeHHSI KaTanYJIbTHpyeMorQ KpeCJIa .

    6. 1. 06IIJ.He SaMeQaHH5I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)
    6.2. YrJIOBa5I CKOpOCTb HaKJIOHa KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoro
    H yrOJI Kpec\037a B
    MOMeHT CXOJI,a ero C HanpaBJI5IIOIIJ.HX peJIbCOB ........
    6.3. YrJIona5I CKOpOCTb H yro\037 HaKJIOHa KaTanYJIbTMpyeMoro Kpec\037a B
    MOMeHT OTJI,eJIeHH5I ero OT CTpeJI5IIOIII.erO MexaHH3Ma . . . . . . .
    6.4.) 'lJHCJIeIIHOe pellIeHHe ypaBHeHHM JI,BH)KeHH5I KaTany,nbTHofi YCTaHoB-
    KH B nJIOCKOCTH cHMMeTpHH . . . . . . . . . . .
    6.5.) Pac4eT TpaeKTopHH ,flBH)KeHH5I KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoro KpeCJIa C YLIe-
    TOi\\! I3p<1ULeIlH5I . . .................
    6.6. Ilpn6JIH:>KeHIIOe BbI4HCJIeHHe yr.1JoBofI CKOpOCTH BpaIIJ.eHH5I H yrol13
    HaKJIOHa KaTanYJIbTHpyeMoro KpeCJIa . . . . . . . . . . .
    6.7.) IleperpysKn, JI,eficTBYIOIll.He Ha JIeTQHKa npM CJIO)KHOM JI,BH)KeH;'H!
    KaTanYJIbTHOII YCTaHOBIGi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)

    430)))
    Crp.)
    6. 8 BJIH5IHHe nOJIO)KeHH5I T5I.lKeCTH Ha BeJIH4HHY a9paJI.HHaMH\037
    \037eHTpa
    4eCKoro MOMeHTa KaTanYJIbTHofi YCTaHoBKH . . .)
    212
    6.9. . . .)
    Cpe.rr.cTBa cTa6HJIH3a\037HH KaTanYJIbTHOfi YCTaHoBKH 214)
    r JI a B a 7. Onpe.IJ.eJIeHHe .IJ.eHCTBYIOI.U.HX Ha KaTanYJlbTHpyeMoe KpeculO
    aapO.IJ.HHaMHlfecKHx HarpY30K . . . \302\267
    \302\267 . .) 221
    7. 1. 06IIJ.He SaMeQaHH5I . \302\267
    \302\267 .
    . . . . . . . . \302\267 221
    7. 2. BbI60p paC4tTHOfi BbICOTbI . . . . .' . \302\267\302\267
    \302\267 \302\267
    \302\267.
    222
    7.3. PacnpeJI.eJIeHHe .rr.aBJIeHH5I no KpeCJIY C MaHeKeHoM 223
    7. 4. A3pOJI.HHaMH4eCKa5I Ha KpeCJIO ITO Mepe BbIXOlI,a era B
    HarpysKa
    nOTOK npM .IJ.BM}KeHMM no HanpaBJI5IIOIII.HM peJIbCaM \302\267
    \302\267
    \302\267
    . . , 225
    7. 5. LI.eHTpbI .rr.aB.neHI1fi a3pOJI.HI;IaMH4ecKHx HarpysoK Ha BbIcTyna I-OU\037ae
    4aCTH Ka Tany JIbTHpyeMoro KpeCJIa . .' ...... 221
    7. 6. HarpysKH Ha saMOK cTa6HJIHSHPYIOlU ero napallI IOTa 229
    7.7. Ha TeJIO 4eJIOBeKa .
    HarpysKH H Ha npHBHsHYlO cHcTeMY 234
    7.8. Oco6eHHocTH paC1JeTa KpeCJIa Ha np04HOCTb
    ..... 237
    r JI a B a 8. CnaceHHe Ha 60JIbUlHX CKOpOCTSIX C MaJlbIX H 60JIbUlHX BbICOT 239
    \\J 8. 1. CnaceHHe C MaJIbIX . . . . . .
    BbICOT . . .) 239
    './ 8. 2. CnaceHHe C 60JIbIIIHX BbICOT . . . . \302\267
    \302\267 . .
    . .) 241
    8. 3. Pac4eT cnycKa JIeT4HKa . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .) 242
    8. 4. CnycK JIeT4HKa C KpeCJIOM C 04eHb 60JIbllIHX BbJCOT 2-18
    V 8. 5. CnaceHHe Ha 60JIbIllHX CKOpOCT5IX nOJIeTa . .. . \302\267 250

    r JI a E a 9. 3aI.U.HTHOe CHapSl>KeHHe JIeTlfHKa 253


    9. 1. HaSHaqeHHe M KJIaCcHcpHKa\037H5I salUHTHoro CHapH)KeHMH . . .) 253
    9.2. BJIH5IHHe BbICOTHbIX yc,noBHfi Ha opraHHsM qeJIOBeKa . 254)
    9. 3. IlpHH\037HnHaJIbHbIe cnoc06bI II TeXHH4eCKHe cpe.IJ.CTBa Sa1I..{MTbI 4eJIO-
    BeKa OT BJIH5IHM5I aTMoccpepbI 60JIbIIIHX BbICOT . . \302\267 .
    \302\267 265
    9. 4. KHCJIOpOJI.Ho-.rr.bIxaTeJIbHa5I annapaTypa . . . . 269
    \"'. 5. BbICOTHo-KoMneHcHpYIOlUHe KOCTIOMbI . . . . . . . 290
    9. 6. BbIcoTHbIe cKacpaHJI.pbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313)
    9. 7. 3aiuHTa 4eJIOBeKa OT .rr.eMcTBH5I HHSKHX M BbICOKMX TeMnepaTYP,
    JIY4UCTOM 3HeprHH H nepeoXJIa.IK.rr.eHH5I B Mope ....... 336)
    9. 8. 3aIIJ.HTa qeJIOBeKa OT CKOpocTHoro Hanopa, KHHeTHqeCKOrO Harpe-
    Ba H nep\037rpysoK TOpMO)KeHH5I npH KaTanYJIbTHpOBaHHM HS caMO-
    JI eT a.. . ...................... 399
    9. 9. 3alUHTa 4eJIOBeKa OT .rr.eI1CTBH5I \037eHTpocTpeMHTeJIbHbIX YCKopeHHM 407
    9. 10. CpaBHHTeJIbHa5I o\037eHKa H 06JIaCTH npHMeHeHH5I paSJIH4HWX BH.rr.OB
    BbICOTHoro CHapH.lKeHH5I. Pac4eT sanaca KHCJIOpo.rr.a 412
    CnHcoK JIHTepaTypbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) -125)))
    40 x,l1)
    . \037.
    II
    )')
    PHC. 5.27. BJIH5!HHe C2KHMaeMOCTH B03JI.yxa Ha TpaeKTopHIO
    KpeCJIa [H=O; V c =1000 KM/4; m=160 Kr (0=160 Krc);
    %=20\302\260; V o =20 MjC; x
    (c S)o=0,7; cyS = -0,1])
    ,A
    Ha pHC. 5. 27 MuxailAOBult
    CeMeH ,lI.JIH RICOB
    npH\037e,lI.eHbI AAeICCeeB, cpaBHeHHH TpaeKTopHH
    BAa8UMupOBUlt EaAICUHO, ,lI.BH)KeHHH
    B eHU aMUH CeMeHOBUIt
    II.eHTpa TH)KeCTH
    AAelCCaHOp MUPOHOBUlt repWICOBUIt,
    KaTanYJIbTHPyeMoH YCTaHoBKH npH V c = 1000 KM/q.
    EpeMUH,
    COAOMOHOBUIt
    AAelCCaHOp llOBUtflCuil , HaYM .nbBOBUIt YMaHCICU4
    BH,lI.HO H3 rpacpHKa, Ha. yqaCTKe I, TpaeKTopHH ,lI.O Xl = 37 M C)KH-
    KaK r)

    \037aeMocTb OKa3bIBaeT OTpHII.aTeJIbHOe BJIHHHHe, nOHH)KaH TpaeKTo-


    CPE.ltCTBA CnACEHHSI SKHnA)KA CAMOJIETA)= -)
    pHIO, npHqeM HaH6oJIbJ).Iee nOHH)KeHHe npH Xl 10-;.-12 M paBHo.
    0,3 M. Ha ,lI.aJIbHeHllIeM yqaCTKe TpaeKTopHH, B HallieM cJIyqae npH
    x>37
    PeAaKTOp M, C)KHMaeMOCTb
    H3AaTeJlbCTBa M. f/J. E020MOAOBQ
    B03,lI.yxa OKa3bIBaeTTeXBBqeCKBA T. C. C'l'GpblX
    nOJIO)KHTeJIbHOe
    y)Ke pe,Zl.aKTOp
    BJIHHHHe E.- ll.nOBbIlliaeT
    Xy,u.O)KBHK rpOMOB)
    TpaeKTopHIO.
    KoppeKTopbl
    TaKHM E. ll. KapHayx,
    o6pa30M,
    .n. E. XOXAOBa)
    60JIbllIHX
    ,lI.JIH
    CaMOJIeTOB,
    C,u.8BO r,lI.e paccToHHHe
    B Ba60p 14/X-1974 r. OT Ka6HHbI
    nO,Zl.DHCaBO K ,lI.O KHJIH
    DeqaTB 23/IV-1975 r.
    npHMepHo 35-40T-07428 M
    .opllaT BJIHHHHe
    H 6oJIee,6OX901
    /UI BYllara 16
    C)KHMae\302\245OcTH
    2 neq. Jr. 27,0TpaeKTopHH }1q.-B3,Z1..
    k Ha BbICOTY MaJID.JI. 25,85
    THpa)K Ha3200neperpY3KH
    9K3.
    TOpMO)KeHHH
    H3,Z1.. 3aK. 3021
    BJIHHHHe C)KHMaeMOCTHlteBa 1 p. 52 K.B03.lLyxa
    .
    TOJIbKO H3,Z1.aTenbCTBo cMamHBoCTpoeBBe:.. 107885 B-78, t-I BaCKalUlJJlA
    MocKBa, Dep., 3.
    OTpHII.aTeJIbHoe. TIeperpY3KH TOpMO)KeHHH YBeJIHqHBalOTCH
    npOnOpII.HOHaJIbHO MOCKOBCKaSl THlIorpatu
    YBeJIHqeHHIO .Nt 8 CCOI03DOJIHrpatUPOlla:.
    k, yqHTbIBaIOIILero
    K03cpcpHII.HeHTa
    COBeTa
    DpH rocy,u.apCTBeBBOIl KOIIHTeTe MRBHCTJ)OB CCCP
    BJIHHHHe C)KHMaeMOCTH.)
    DO ,u.enall B3,Z1.aTeJlbCTB, DOJIHrpatBH H KBIDKBol TOprOBJIH.
    XOXJlOBCKBA Dep., 7. THD. aaK. 1947)))
    178)))

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