English Lesson Note For Grade 12

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2023/24 Academic Year English Lesson Note for Grade 12
16 Tenses in English Grammar (Formula and Examples)

1. Simple Present Tense
Simple Present Tense is a type of sentence that has a function to express an activity or fact that occurs in the
present, and structurally or its arrangement, simple present tense uses only one verb.
Present Tense is one of the forms of verb tenses. It simply describes the actions, truths(facts), future and
situations. It is very easy to form and uses base form of the verb.
Structure / Formula
Formula of the simple present tense affirmative is,
Subject + Base Form(V1)+‟s‟ or „es‟ + rest of the sentence
If the subject is he, she or it, there is addition of „s‟ or „es‟ with base form. For example, He eats apples daily.
If the subject is you, we, they or any plural form, only base form is used. For example, They eat apples daily.
Simple Present Tense Negative
Subject + do not / does not + base form + rest of the sentence.
With the singular subject we use „does not‟ while with the plural, we use „do not‟. For example,
 He does not eat apples daily.

 They do not eat apples daily.
Simple Present Tense Interrogative
Do / Does + subject + base form + rest of the sentence +?
Interrogative sentences start with „do‟ or „does‟. For example,
 Does he eat apples daily?

 Do they eat apples daily?
Usage
Use the Present Simple in English for:
1. Something which is true or fac]tual –
1.1 General – “Chinese people eat a lot of rice.”

1.2 Permanent – “I am a teacher.” “He is a father.”
1.3 Mathematical/scientific – “One plus one equals two.” “Water freezes at 0c.”
1.4 Habitual – “I drink coffee every day.”
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English Lesson Note for Grade 12
1.5 Recurring – “It snows every winter.”
1.6 Eternal/Unvarying – “The Bible says „You must not kill‟.”
1.7 Mental state – “I think she is very kind.”
2 Describing Feelings and Senses – “I feel very cold.” “Im freezing.”
3 Giving instructions, directions or demonstrations – “Open the box on the table, take out the hand beater
and beat the eggs until they are creamy.”
4 Media (newspapers, radio announcements, television broadcasts) – “Earthquake hits New Zealand.”
5 Timetables – “The train leaves at midnight.”
6 After „when‟ or „if‟ to form a time clause (also called the „General or Zero Conditional) – “I like to ski
when it snows.” “When it snows, I like to ski.” Note the comma in the second example.
Examples
Affirmative Sentences
 My friend helps me.
 Teacher talks to his students regularly.
 I walk daily early in the morning.
 They discuss literature with each other.
 She takes exercise regularly.
Negative Sentences
 I do not like mathematics.
 He does not fall in the category of eligible candidates for a job.
 The garden does not look attractive.
 He does not attend his class regularly.
 They do not talk to each other.
Interrogative Sentences
 Do you like Mathematics?
 Does he belong to Rome?
 Do they perform their duties honestly?
 Does he attend his class regularly?
 Does she take exercise daily?
1. Do you ________ how to speak German? (know)
2. She ________ as an Accountant in a private firm. (work)
3. I do not _______ Mathematics. (like)
4. The sun _______ in the west. (set)
5. He does not _______ novels. (write)
2. Present Continuous Tense
Present continuous tense expresses the ongoing action or task of the present. It is also called present progressive
tense. For example, I am eating the meal.
Subject + is/am/are + Present participle (-ing) form
Positive Sentences
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To make the positive sentences, we use same structure,
Subject + is/am/are + Present participle (-ing) form

Examples of positive sentences
 Julia is making a sponge cake right now.

 He is going to the hill station next week.
Negative Sentences
We add „not‟ after auxiliary verb to make the sentence negative.
Subject + is/am/are + not + Present participle (-ing) form

Examples of negative sentences.
 Julia is not making a sponge cake right now.

 He is not going to hill station next week.
Question Sentences
To make the question, auxiliary verb come at the start of the sentence and question mark at the end.
Is/am/are + Subject + Present participle (-ing) form + ?

Examples of question sentences.
 Is Julia making a sponge cake right now?

 Is he going to hill station next week?
Usage
Usage Example
To express actions that are happening now. He is playing tennis now.
To express actions that are planned. He is watching movie with his friend next Sunday.
For changing situations. The climate is getting hotter each year.
To express time at the moment of speaking We are performing our duty at the moment.
Example Sentences
 The laborer is pushing the cart.
 He is flattering the boss.
 She is kneading the flour.
 He is spending the holidays in Switzerland.
 I am taking the examination this month.
 John is writing an essay on education.
 Peter is running on the jogging track.
 He is reading his favorite book.
 The police are catching the thief.
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 They are playing badminton right now.
Passive Voice
Usually, passive voice of present continuous tense is made when the subject is not known. For example,
 Flowers are being plucked. (affirmative)

 Flowers are not being plucked. (negative)
 Are the flowers being plucked? (question)
Structure of passive voice sentences,
Object + is/am/are + being + Verb(v3)

3. Present Perfect Tense
Structure:
Subject + Has/have + Verb (v3)
Present perfect tense expresses the completion of the action or task of the present. For example, I have
taken two doses of medicine.
Signal Words
 for
 since
 yet
 still
 already
 ever
 till now
Structure / Formula
Subject + has/have + Past participle (v3)
Subject (He/she/it) has Past participle(V3)
Subject (I/We/They) have Past participle(V3)
Positive Sentences
To make the positive sentences, we use this structure,
Subject + has/have + Past participle (V3)

 Julia has made a sponge cake.

 He has gone to the hill station.
Negative Sentences
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Subject + has/have + not + Past participle (V3)
 Julia has not made a sponge cake.

 He has not gone to the hill station.
Question Sentences
Has/have + subject + Past participle (V3) + ?

 Has Julia made a sponge cake?

 Has he gone to the hill station?
Usage
Usage Example
I have been at work for

How long? six hours.
He has just
The work that has recently been completed. cooked the meal.
Time period that has not finished. She has drunk two cups of tea today.
We have lived in this house

To describe the specific moment of time. since 2015.
Example Sentences
 The laborer has pushed the cart.
 She has kneaded the flour.
 I have traveled to Rome.
 He has spent all his money.
 I have taken the examination this month.
 John has written an essay on education.
 Peter has rescued the cat.
 He has read his favorite book.
 The police have caught the thief.
 They have played badminton.
Passive Voice
Usually, passive voice of present perfect tense is made when the subject is not known. For example,
 Flowers have been plucked. (affirmative)

 Flowers have not been plucked. (negative)
 Have the flowers been plucked? (question)
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Object + has/have + been + Verb(v3)

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Structure:
Subject + Has/have + been + Verb(+ing)
Example:
1. I have been completing my assignment for the last three days.
2. She has been working in this department since 2017.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense (present perfect progressive tense) is used to express the action or task
that started in the past and continues in present.
Signal Words
 for two hours,
 for ________
 how long
 since morning,
 since ______
Structure / Formula
Subject + has/have + been + Base form(+ing)
I Have been travelling.
Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verb Base form of

Subject (present tense) (past participle) verb+ing
Positive Sentences
Subject + has/have + been + V1(+ing) + …

 He has been playing football for two hours.
 The child has been studying since morning.
 She has been kneading the floor.
 I have been playing my favorite game.
 They have been working in this office since last year.
Negative Sentences
To make the sentence negative, we add „not‟ after auxiliary verb (present tense).
Subject + has/have + not + been + V1(+ing) + …

 Julia has not been making a sponge cake.
 He has not been reading his favorite book.
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 She has not been planting for three hours.
 They have not been studying since morning.
 I have not been traveling.
Question Sentences
Auxiliary verb (present tense) come at the start of the sentence and question mark at the end.
Has/have + subject + been + V1(+ing) + … +?

 Has he been studying since morning?
 Has she been planting for two hours?
 Have they been traveling for two days?
 Has the farmer been ploughing the fields?
 Has he been smoking since 2011?
Usage
Usage Example
Emphasis on duration of action. I have been learning French since I went to school.
To express anger and irritation Why have you been disturbing me?
1. He has been watching TV for two hours.

Time bound expressions (since, for, lately, how long) 2. He has been smoking since 2015.
5. Simple Past Tense

Structure:
Subject + Verb (v2) or irregular verb:
Example:
1. He completed the assignment.
2. I read the newspaper.
Simple past tense is used to express the actions that happened in the past or happened one after the other. For
example, The baby crawled.
Signal words
 Last night
 Yesterday
 Last Monday
 In 1998
 An hour ago
Structure / Formula
Subject + V2 + Object
I solved the sum
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Subject Simple Past (V2) Object
Positive Sentences
See the structure to make affirmative/positive sentences.
Subject + Past(V2) + Object

 Julia made a sponge cake.

 He went to the hill station.
Negative Sentences
We use „not‟ after auxiliary verb to make the sentence negative.
Subject + did + not + Base form (V1) + object.

 Julia did not make a sponge cake.

 He did not go to the hill station.
Question Sentences
Did + subject + base form (V1) + object + ?

 Did Julia make a sponge cake?

 Did he go to the hill station?
Usage
USAGE EXAMPLES
Action that happened at definite time. She went to the park an hour ago.
Actions that happened one after the other. He ordered pizza. He received the pizza at home. He ate it.
The actions or states that finished in past. His mother used to wash his clothes.
Example Sentences
1. He drew the old man out of the ditch.
2. She used to wash clothes daily.
3. He wrote an interesting story.
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4. The child completed his homework.
5. Did he live in this house?
6. His mother would wash clothes.
7. Did he write a letter?
8. We paid tribute to our national poet.
9. The boys recited the national anthem.
10. She did not sleep.
6. Past Continuous Tense

Structure:
Subject + was/were + Verb(+ing)
Example:
1. He was reading the book.
2. I was going to the park for a morning walk.
Past continuous tense expresses the actions or task that were ongoing in the past. We cannot determine when
the action started or finished. For example, When I was walking yesterday, it started raining.
Signal Words
 when
 as long as
 while
 yesterday.
Structure / Formula
Subject + was/were + Present participle (-ing) form
He Was Drawing a sketch.
Subject Auxiliary verb Present Participle(ing) object
Positive Sentences
To make the positive sentences, see the following formula.

 He was traveling to Venice.

 She was eating a burger.
Negative Sentences
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Subject + was/were + not + Present participle (-ing) form

 He was not traveling to Venice.

 She was not eating a burger.
Question Sentences
Was/were + Subject + Present participle (-ing) form + ?

 Was he traveling to Venice?

 Was she eating a burger?
Usage
Usage Example
To express actions that were ongoing in past He was playing tennis yesterday.
Two or more ongoing past actions at the same time. He was watching movie while he was was eating chips.
Time expression He was driving car at 05:00 pm yesterday.
Example Sentences
1. He was drawing the old man out of the ditch.
2. He was writing an interesting story.
3. Was he living in this house?
4. I was not reciting the national anthem.
5. John was traveling to Venice.
6. She was driving the car.
7. They were eating mangoes.
8. The naughty boy was not teasing the old man.
9. Was the hero fighting with cannibals?
10. They were not signing the agreement.
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Negative Sentences


Question Sentences


Usage
Usage Example
Example Sentences
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Negative Sentences


Question Sentences


Usage
Usage Example
Example Sentences
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Passive Voice
Usually, passive voice of past continuous tense is made when the subject is not known. For example,
 Mangoes were being eaten. (affirmative)

 Mangoes were not being eaten. (negative)
 Were mangoes being eaten? (question)
Object + was/were + being + Verb(v3)

7. Past Perfect Tense
Structure:
Subject + had + Verb (v3)
Past perfect tense indicates the finished or completed actions of the past. For example, I had taken two
doses of medicine before the fever vanished.
Signal Words
 before yesterday
 already
 when
 until that day
Structure / Formula
Subject + had + Past participle (v3)
He had traveled last year.
He/she/it /I/we/they had Past participle(V3)
Positive Sentences
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Subject + had + Past participle (V3)

 The players had lost heart before the match finished.

 Chris had completed the assignment before he went to school.
Negative Sentences
Subject + had + not + Past participle (V3)

 The players had not lost heart before the match finished.
 Chris had not completed the assignment before he went to school.
Question Sentences
To make the question, „had‟ come at the start of the sentence and question mark at the end.
Had + subject + Past participle (V3) + ?

 Had the players lost heart before the match finished?

 Had Chris completed the assignment before he went to school?
Example Sentences
1. He had drawn the sketch of a map.
2. The match had finished when I reached the stadium.
3. Had she lived in this house?
4. I had not planted the flowers.
5. John had traveled to Venice until last month.
6. They had eaten mangoes.
7. The hero had not fought with cannibals.
8. He had read his favorite book before yesterday.
9. The players had lost heart before the match finished.
10. I had drafted my plan before I started work.

View also: Past Perfect Tense Practice Test
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8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Structure:
Subject + had + been + Verb(+ing)
Example:
1. He had been completing his assignment for the last two hours.
2. I had been playing football since morning.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to express the action that started in the past and continued in the past
for some time. It is also called Past Perfect Progressive Tense.
Signal Words
 for two hours,
 for ________
 All day
 since morning,
 since ______
Structure / Formula
Subject + had + been + Base form(+ing) + object + time reference
I Had been travelling.
Base form of
Subject Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verb verb+ing
Positive Sentences
Subject + had + been + Base form(+ing) + object + time reference

 He had been playing football for two hours.
 The child had been studying since morning.
 She had been drafting the plan for a meeting for two hours.
 I had been playing my favorite game.
 They had been working in this office since last year.
Negative Sentences
To make the sentence negative, we add „not‟ after the auxiliary verb.
Subject + had + not + been + Base form(+ing) + object + TR

 The mechanic had not been fixing my bike since morning.
 He had not been reading his favorite book.
 She had not been planting for three hours.
 I had not been traveling.
Question Sentences
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Auxiliary verb „had‟ come at the start of the sentence and question mark at the end.
Had + subject+ been + Base form(+ing) + object + T.R. +?

 Had he been studying book since morning?
 Had she been planting for two hours?
 Had they been traveling for two days?
 Had he been smoking since 2011?
Usage
Usage Example
Emphasis on duration of action or task that finished in I had been learning French for two years before I went t
past college.
Time expressions (since, for, lately, how long) He had been drafting a plan for two days before the meeting.
9. Simple Future Tense

Structure:
Subject+ will/shall+ verb(v1)
Simple future tense is used to express the actions in the future. These can be decisions, assumptions or
predictions, etc. For example, It will be summer soon.
Signal words
 tomorrow
 next month
 in a month
 next week
Structure / Formula
Positive Sentences
Use this structure to make affirmative sentences.
Subject + will + Base form(V1) + object

 Julia will complete her assignment.

 He will attend the meeting tomorrow.
Negative Sentences
We use „not‟ after auxiliary verb to make the sentence negative.
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Subject + will + not + Base form(V1) + object
 Julia will not complete her assignment.

 He will not attend the meeting tomorrow.
Question Sentences
Will + subject + Base form(V1) + object + ?

 Will Julia complete her assignment?

 Will he attend the meeting tomorrow?
Usage
USAGE EXAMPLES
Used to express predictions about future. There will be next-generation robots in 2050.
To express future decisions. I will attend a meeting next Monday.
To express promise or offer. I will help you cook meal.
To express actions that are not in our control. It will be Sunday tomorrow.
Example Sentences
1. He will work to improve his communication skills.
2. She will go to the market tomorrow.
3. John will buy a torch.
4. Shall I book a room for you?
5. She will be 10 years old next week.
6. They will go to the beach on the weekend.
7. He will adore her.
8. He will learn how to speak French.
9. I will travel around the world.
10. Will you marry me?
11. I will call you back later.
12. She will buy him a present.
13. My bike won‟t start. I will fix it.
14. Will you help me with my homework?
15. What shall I do next?
10. Future Continuous Tense
Structure:
Subject + will be/shall be + verb(+ing)
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Example:
1. He will be playing football.
2. We shall be eating the meal.
Future continuous tense expresses the action that will be ongoing at some time in the future. It is also
called future progressive tense. For example, I will be studying in this college.
Signal Words
 tomorrow morning
 in one year
 Next Monday
Structure / Formula
Positive Sentences
Subject + will be+ Present participle (-ing) form
Subject (I/he/she/it/we/they ) will be Present participle(-ing)+object
 It will be raining all day tomorrow.

 She will be learning French.
Negative Sentences
We add „not‟ after the auxiliary verb to make the sentence negative.
Subject + will + not + be+ Present participle (-ing) form

 It will not be raining all day tomorrow.

 She will not be learning French.
Question Sentences
Will + subject + be+ Present participle (-ing) form +?

 Will it be raining all day tomorrow?

 Will she be learning French?
Usage
Usage Example
To express ongoing actions at a specific future time He will be playing football at 10:00 am tomorrow.
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To express an action that will definitely happen in the future. He will be attending a webinar next Monday.
Time expression I will be watching TV later this evening.
Example Sentences
 He will be enjoying the holidays in December.
 She will be going to the market tomorrow.
 The children will be learning lessons in the classroom.
 I will be taking tea until 5 o‟clock today.
 It will be storming tomorrow.
 When will the farmers be sowing crops?
 Will not he be driving the car?
 The passengers will be passing on the railway bridge.
 I will be traveling around the world next year.
 I shall be reading the book.
 I will be taking the exam next month.
 Nimra will be writing an interesting story.
 Peter will be running on the jogging track the next morning.
See also: Simple Future Tense(Formula, Examples)
11. Future Perfect Tense
Structure:
Subject + will have + verb(v3)
Example:
1. He will have played football.
2. I will have completed my assignment.
Future perfect tense is used to express the action that will be completed in future at some time. For example,
I will have studied the French language.
Signal Words
 by next year
 by the end of next month
Structure / Formula
Positive Sentences
Subject + will + have+ Past participle
Negative Sentences
Subject + will + not + have+ Past participle

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 He will not have locked the door.

 She will not have studied the grammar rules.
Question Sentences
Will + subject + have+ past participle +?

 Will he have locked the door?

 Will she have studied the grammar rules?
Usage
Usage Example
To express an action that will be completed before some stated

time in future. I will have taken tea by 7 o‟clock.
They will not have finished their work

To show time expressions: by then, until. until then.
Example Sentences
 By the end of this year, I will have completed my degree.
 She will have gone to the market by 7 o‟clock.
 The children will have studied grammar lessons.
 The farmers will have sown the crops.
 The passengers will have reached their destination.
 By the end of next month, I will have traveled to Venice.
 I will have taken the exam.
 Tom will have completed his degree before January begins.
 She will not have made this mistake.
 The rain will have stopped before we reach home.
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Structure:
Subject + will have been + verb(+ing)
Example:
He will have been watching the football match for over fifty minutes.
Future perfect continuous tense is used to express the ongoing action that will be completed in future before
a certain time. For example, I will have been studying in this college for one year.
Signal Words
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 for the last two days
 all day long
 for the last three hours
Structure / Formula
Positive Sentences
Subject + will have been + Present participle (-ing) form + time reference
 It will have been raining all day long.

 She will have been learning French for two weeks.
Negative Sentences
Subject + will + not + have been + Present participle (-ing) form + time reference
 It will not have been raining all day long.

 She will not have been learning French for two weeks.
Question Sentences
Will + subject + have been + Present participle (-ing) form + time reference
 Will it have been raining all day long?

 Will she have been learning French for two weeks?
Usage
Usage Example
To emphasize the duration of some action that will be By the end of this year, I will have been
completed at some another point in the future. completing my graduation for two years.
I will have been watching TV for two hours by the

Time expression time he comes home.
Example Sentences
 He will have been enjoying the holidays.
 The children will have been learning lessons in the classroom for two hours.
 The farmers will have been sowing crops for one month.
 She will have been performing duties since 2017.
 I will have been traveling around the world for five years.
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 Peter will have been solving the equation for two hours.
 I will have been enjoying the holidays by the end of this month.
 Jon will have been teaching English Grammar since morning.
 Our firm will have been making progress by leaps and bounds.
 He will have been wandering in the street since night.
 She will have been blogging for two years.
 The doctor will have been treating patients since 2018.
Example:
He said that I should have been working here for two hours by that time.
Tenses Structure / Formula Examples
Simple Past Affirmative S+V2+… He read a book yesterday.
Simple Past Negative S+Did+not+V1+… He did not read a book yesterday.
Simple Past Questions Did+S+V1+…+? Did he read a book yesterday?
Simple Present Affirmative S+V1+„s‟ or „es‟+ … He reads a book daily.
Simple Present Negative S+Do/Does+not+V1+… He does not read a book daily.
Simple Present Questions Do/Does+S+V1+…+? Does he read a book daily?
Simple Future Affirmative Will/Shall+V1+… He will read a book tomorrow.
Simple Future Negative S+Will/Shall+not+V1+… He will not read a book tomorrow.
Simple Future Questions Will/Shall+S+V1+…+? Will he read a book tomorrow?
Past Progressive Affirmative S+was/were +He was reading a book yesterday.
(V1+ „ing‟)+…
Past Progressive Negative S+was/were + not+He was not reading a book yesterday.
(V1+ „ing‟)+…
Past Progressive Question Was/were+S+ Was he reading a book yesterday?
(V1+ „ing‟)+…+?
Present Progressive Affirmative S+is/am/are +He is reading a book.
(V1+ „ing‟)+…
Present Progressive Negative S+is/am/are + not+He is not reading a book.
(V1+ „ing‟)+…
Present Progressive Question Is/am/are +S+Is he reading a book?
(V1+ „ing‟)+…+?
Future Progressive Affirmative S+Will/Shall+ be+ (V1+‟ing‟)+… He will be reading a book tomorrow.
Future Progressive Negative S+Will/Shall + not+ be+(V1+‟ing‟)+… He will not be reading a book tomorrow.
Future Progressive Question Will/Shall+S+ be+(V1+‟ing‟)+…+? Will he be reading a book tomorrow?
Past Perfect Affirmative S+Had + V3+… He had read a book.
Past Perfect Negative S+Had+not+V3+… He had not read a book.
Past Perfect Question Had+S+V3+…+? Had he read a book?
Present Perfect Affirmative S+has/have+V3+… He has read a book.
Present Perfect Negative S+Has/have+not+V3+… He has not read a book.
Present Perfect Question Has/have+S+V3+…+? Has he read a book?
Future Perfect Affirmative S+Will/Shall have +V3+… He will have read a book.
Future Perfect Negative S+Will/Shall+not+ He will not have read a book.
have +V3+…
Future Perfect Question Will/Shall+S+have +V3+…+? Will he have read a book?
Past Perfect ProgressiveS+had+been + (V1+ing)+… He had been reading a book since morning.
Affirmative
Past Perfect ProgressiveS+had+not+been +(V1+ing)+… He had not been reading a book since
Negative morning.
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Tenses Structure / Formula Examples
Past Perfect ProgressiveHad +S+been+ (V1+ing)+…+? Had he been reading a book since
Question morning?
Present Perfect ProgressiveS+has/have+been+ (V1+ing)+… He has been reading a book since morning.
Affirmative
Present Perfect ProgressiveS+has/have +not+ been + (V1+ing)+… He has not been reading a book since
Negative morning.
Present Perfect ProgressiveHas/have+S+been + (V1+ing)+…+? Has he been reading a book since
Question morning?
Future Perfect ProgressiveS+will/shall have + been+(V1+ing)+… He will have been reading a book since
Affirmative morning.
Future Perfect ProgressiveS+will/shall+not+have He will not have been reading a book since
Negative +been+(V1+ing)+… morning.
Future Perfect ProgressiveWill/shall+S+have+ Will he have been reading a book since
Question been+(V1+ing)+…+? morning?
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English Lesson Note For Grade 12

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English Lesson Note For Grade 12

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2023/24 Academic Year English Lesson Note for Grade 12

16 Tenses in English Grammar (Formula and Examples)

Subject + Base Form(V1)+‟s‟ or „es‟ + rest of the sentence

 He does not eat apples daily.

Interrogative sentences start with „do‟ or „does‟. For example,

 Does he eat apples daily?

1. Something which is true or fac]tual –

1.1 General – “Chinese people eat a lot of rice.”

5 Timetables – “The train leaves at midnight.”

Subject + is/am/are + Present participle (-ing) form

 Julia is making a sponge cake right now.

Subject + is/am/are + not + Present participle (-ing) form

 Julia is not making a sponge cake right now.

Is/am/are + Subject + Present participle (-ing) form + ?

 Is Julia making a sponge cake right now?

To express actions that are happening now. He is playing tennis now.

For changing situations. The climate is getting hotter each year.

 Flowers are being plucked. (affirmative)

Object + is/am/are + being + Verb(v3)

Subject (I/We/They) have Past participle(V3)

Subject + has/have + Past participle (V3)

 Julia has made a sponge cake.

 Julia has not made a sponge cake.

Has/have + subject + Past participle (V3) + ?

 Has Julia made a sponge cake?

I have been at work for

We have lived in this house

 Flowers have been plucked. (affirmative)

Object + has/have + been + Verb(v3)

Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verb Base form of

Subject + has/have + been + V1(+ing) + …

Subject + has/have + not + been + V1(+ing) + …

Has/have + subject + been + V1(+ing) + … +?

1. He has been watching TV for two hours.

5. Simple Past Tense

Subject + Past(V2) + Object

 Julia made a sponge cake.

Subject + did + not + Base form (V1) + object.

 Julia did not make a sponge cake.

Did + subject + base form (V1) + object + ?

 Did Julia make a sponge cake?

2. She used to wash clothes daily.

3. He wrote an interesting story.

5. Did he live in this house?

6. His mother would wash clothes.

7. Did he write a letter?

8. We paid tribute to our national poet.

9. The boys recited the national anthem.

10. She did not sleep.

6. Past Continuous Tense

Subject Auxiliary verb Present Participle(ing) object

Subject + was/were + Present participle (-ing) form

 He was traveling to Venice.

Subject + was/were + not + Present participle (-ing) form

 He was not traveling to Venice.

Was/were + Subject + Present participle (-ing) form + ?

 Was he traveling to Venice?

Time expression He was driving car at 05:00 pm yesterday.

2. He was writing an interesting story.

3. Was he living in this house?

4. I was not reciting the national anthem.