3-4 Lecture (Equal Employement Opportunity, Diversity and Inclusion) - AM 322 - HRM in Aviation

Equal Employment
Opportunity, Diversity and

Inclusion in the Workplace
RESOURCE PERSON: Mr. SUBJECT: Human Resource

Bilal Ahmad Management in Aviation
(AM322)
University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

Institute of Aviation Studies (IAS), BS Aviation Management (BS.AM)
Reference Book: Dessler, G. 2020. Human Resource Management. 16th ed. Pearson.
Reference Book: Machado, C., & Davim, J. P. (2017).
Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource
Management. Springer International Publishing.
1
Equal Employment Opportunity, Diversity and Inclusion in the Workplace
Reference CLO
CLO (3): Analyze issues related to workplace discrimination, ethics and
dynamic interaction between organization and its employees while
managing the diverse human resource in variety of settings.

Institute of Aviation Studies (IAS), BS Aviation Management (BS.AM) 2
2
Equal Employment Opportunity, Diversity and Inclusion in the Workplace
TOPICS COVERED
1. What is Equal Employment Opportunities?
2. EEO Laws
3. Defenses Against Discrimination Allegations
4. Diversity and Inclusion in Workplace

3
Equal Employment
Opportunities

4
Equal Employment Opportunities
EEO speaks of the equality of every human

being irrespective of gender, religion, caste,
ethnicity, color, age, physical disability etc..

5
THE CASE
Most companies use recruiters, supervisors, and/or HR
professionals to do their hiring, so if an applicant suffers
discrimination it’s usually pretty clear who did it. But what do
you do when you’re a gig worker, doing work through a gig
economy company like Uber, Task Rabbit, or Fiverr? Here
the people doing the “hiring” are usually Task Rabbit, Uber,
or Fiverr users, and they’re hiring based on reviews compiled
from previous users, or from photos in your profile.
According to one study, black service providers at Fiver or
Task Rabbit got more negative reviews than did white ones.
Because the rating algorithms are then based partly on prior
customers’ reviews, the black service providers were usually
less likely to get new gigs. 6
6
PROBLEM
What stops users of Fiver and Uber

from illegally discriminating?

7
EEO Laws

8
EEO Laws
EEO Law in Pakistan

“(1) No citizen otherwise qualified for appointment in
the service of Pakistan shall be discriminated against
in respect of any such appointment on the ground only
of race, religion, caste, gender, residence or place of
birth”
Article (27) - Safeguard Against Discrimination in Services

9
EEO Laws
2. Age Discrimination in
1. Equal Pay Act Employment Act of 1967
of 1963
6. Genetic Information
Nondiscrimination Act
EEO Laws 3. Pregnancy
(GINA) of 2008 in USA Discrimination
Act of 1978
4. Uniformed Services Employment

and Re-employment Rights Act 1994
5. Religious
Discrimination
10
EEO Laws
EEO Laws
in USA
1. Equal Pay Act of 1963
It is unlawful to discriminate in pay on the basis of gender

when jobs involve equal work; require equivalent skills,
effort, and responsibility; and are performed under similar
working conditions.

11
EEO Laws
EEO Laws
in USA
2. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
It is unlawful to discriminate against employees or applicants

who are between 40 and 65 years of age

12
EEO Laws
EEO Laws
in USA
3. Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978
It prohibits using pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions

to discriminate in hiring, promotion, suspension, or discharge,

13
EEO Laws
3. Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978
THE CASE
“A Chipotle restaurant let go a pregnant employee. She told the jury that
despite a history of positive performance feedback, her manager
allegedly began harassing her when she said she was pregnant. For
example, she was made to announce bathroom breaks to coworkers and
told she couldn’t leave early for doctors’ appointments. The jury awarded
her actual losses plus $500,000 in punitive damages.”

14
EEO Laws
EEO Laws
in USA
4. Uniformed Services Employment and Re-
employment Rights Act 1994
Employers are required to reinstate employees returning from

military to positions comparable to those they had before
leaving.

15
EEO Laws
EEO Laws
in USA
5. Religious Discrimination
The law protects not only people who belong to traditional, organized
religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and
Judaism, but also others who have sincerely held religious, ethical, or
moral beliefs.

16
EEO Laws
EEO Laws
in USA
6. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
(GINA) of 2008
It prohibits discrimination by health insurers and employers based on

people’s genetic information. It includes information about any disease,
disorder, or condition of an employee’s family members.

Useful link: https://www.eeoc.gov/youth/genetic-information-faqs#Q1
17
EEO Laws
6. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination

Act (GINA) of 2008
EXAMPLE
It is illegal for an employer to refuse to hire an applicant

because her grandmother has cancer and the employer is
afraid that the applicant will be diagnosed with cancer,
causing the employer's health insurance costs to
increase.

18
Defenses Against
Discrimination Allegations

19
Intentional Unintentional
Discrimination Discrimination
1. Disparate Treatment 2. Disparate Impact
Where an employer treats an An employment practice or

individual differently because policy that has a greater
that individual is a member of a adverse effect on the
particular race, religion, gender, members of a protected
or ethnic group. group regardless of intent.

20
1. Disparate Treatment 2. Disparate Impact
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
“We don’t hire “Employees must have college
drivers over 45 years degrees to do this particular
of age” job”. Because, in USA, more
white males than some
minorities earn college degrees.

21
Defenses Against Discrimination Allegations
Defense Against Defense Against

Disparate Treatment Disparate Impact
Bona Fide Occupational Qualification Business Necessity
“It should NOT be an unlawful It requires showing that there is

employment practice for an an overriding business
employer to hire an employee on the purpose for the discriminatory
basis of religion, gender, or national practice and that the practice is
origin in those certain instances therefore acceptable.
where religion, gender, or national
origin is a BFOQ reasonably
necessary to the normal operation
of that particular business or
enterprise.”

22
NATIONAL ORIGIN AS A BFOQ

An employer who is running the Chinese pavilion at a fair
might claim that Chinese heritage is a BFOQ for persons to
deal with the public
Bona Fide Occupational

Qualification
EXAMPLES
GENDER AS A BFOQ RELIGION AS A BFOQ
For positions like actor, model, and When hiring persons to teach in a
restroom attendant religious school
AGE AS A BFOQ
FAA sets a compulsory retirement
age of 65 for commercial pilots.

23
Business Necessity
The Case: A Successful Defense
A minority candidate sued United Airlines. He said that its
requirements that pilot candidates have 500 flight hours and
college degrees were unfairly discriminatory. The court agreed
that the requirements did have an adverse impact on members
of the person’s minority group. But it held that in light of the
cost of the training program and the huge human and
economic risks in hiring unqualified candidates, the
selection standards were a business necessity and were job
related.
24
Diversity and Inclusion in
Workplace

25
Diversity and Inclusion in Workplace
2. Winning the
Talent War
To sustain a 3. Improved
1. Cost competitive advantage Innovation and
Savings Creativity
By reducing the Employees can use
negative impact of Benefits of Diversity their diverse
the mismanagement experiences and
and Inclusion perspectives to find
of diversity i.e.,
Staff Turnover innovative
Costs, Higher solutions.
4. Increased
Absenteeism Rates
Flexibility
Managing diversity, and supporting employees, likely
requires some adaptation of flexibility which enables
organizations to react to environmental changes
faster, and at less cost

26
6. Business Growth
(a) Diverse workforce have an increased
understanding of the market demographics.
(b) Sales representative from a minority
5. More
sometimes get more sales from their own
Effective culture
Leadership
Diversity in higher
levels of the
Benefits of Diversity
organization improve and Inclusion
leadership effectiveness 7. Increased
as diverse leaders are Commitment
better able to 8. Enhanced Employee
understand and reflect Confidence, Morale and Job
the rest of the Satisfaction
organizations
population, These would positively impact
employee performance

27
2. Lack of Senior
Management Support
A lack of top management
support will symbolize that
diversity is not important 3. Change and
Complexity
Challenges Associated (a) Many are
1. Increased uncomfortable with
Costs
with Diversity and change, so resist it.
Inclusion (b) Managers with a
If upgrading buildings or
infrastructure. The cost diverse workforce
of training, record- may now have to
keeping processes and interpret different
4. Tension perspectives on the
communication of new
policies. It arise as a result of same problem which
culture clashes. consumes time

28
5. Group
Agendas
Challenge arises if various groups believe
diversity is only important to their group.
6. Tokensim Challenges Associated

When an individual is with Diversity and
hired over more qualified Inclusion
candidates, either in an 7. Reverse
effort to address the Discrimination
concerns of stakeholders,
Discriminating
or to fulfil quota numbers.
against nonminority
applicants and
employees.

29
8. Reverse Discrimination
THE CASE
Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978),
The University of California at Davis Medical School denied admission

to white student Allen Bakke, allegedly because of the school’s
affirmative action quota system, which required that a specific number
of openings go to minority applicants. In a 5-to-4 vote, the U.S. Supreme
Court struck down the policy that made race the only factor in
considering applications for a certain number of class openings and
thus allowed Bakke’s admission.

30
How to Provide Diversity?
Rent A Minority
http://rentaminority.com/

31
How to Provide Diversity?

An Innovative Ways to Provide Diversity and Inclusion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELKmKQCwPuI
32
How to Manage Diversity?

1. Top-Down Diversity Management Programs
Provide Strong
A Leadership
Assess the
B Situation
Provide Diversity Training

C and Education
Change Culture and

D Management Systems
Evaluate the Diversity

E Management Program
33
33

Provide Strong
A Leadership
By becoming a role model for the

behaviors required for the change.

34

Assess the
B Situation
Tools for assessing a company’s diversity include

equal employment hiring and retention metrics,
employee attitude surveys, and focus groups

35

Provide Diversity
C Training and Education
Class Activity
Let’s do a training exercise to
understand the importance of
Diversity

36

Change Culture and

D Management Systems
Example: Change the performance appraisal

procedure to appraise supervisors based partly on
their success in reducing intergroup conflicts.

38

Evaluate the Diversity

E Management Program
Example: Do employee attitude surveys and

indicate any improvement in employees’
attitudes toward diversity

39

2. Beware of the Unconscious Bias
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDgLQN2bdtw
40
Equal Employment
Opportunity, Diversity and
Inclusion in the Workplace
Thank You
Questions
Institute of Aviation Studies (IAS), BS Aviation Management (BS.AM)
41

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Equal Employment

Opportunity, Diversity and

RESOURCE PERSON: Mr. SUBJECT: Human Resource

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

1. What is Equal Employment Opportunities?

3. Defenses Against Discrimination Allegations

4. Diversity and Inclusion in Workplace

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

EEO speaks of the equality of every human

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

What stops users of Fiver and Uber

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

EEO Law in Pakistan

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

4. Uniformed Services Employment

It is unlawful to discriminate in pay on the basis of gender

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

It is unlawful to discriminate against employees or applicants

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

It prohibits using pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

3. Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

Employers are required to reinstate employees returning from

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

It prohibits discrimination by health insurers and employers based on

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

Useful link: https://www.eeoc.gov/youth/genetic-information-faqs#Q1

6. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination

It is illegal for an employer to refuse to hire an applicant

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

Where an employer treats an An employment practice or

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

1. Disparate Treatment 2. Disparate Impact

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

Defense Against Defense Against

“It should NOT be an unlawful It requires showing that there is

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

NATIONAL ORIGIN AS A BFOQ

Bona Fide Occupational

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

6. Tokensim Challenges Associated

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978),

The University of California at Davis Medical School denied admission

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

How to Provide Diversity?

University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore

How to Provide Diversity?

How to Manage Diversity?

Provide Diversity Training

Change Culture and

Evaluate the Diversity

How to Manage Diversity?