Disorder Diagnostic Criteria Prevalence

The exact
 Motor coordination will be greatly proportion of
reduced, although the intelligence people with the
of the child is normal for the age. disorder is
 The difficulties the child unknown since
Developmenta experiences with motor the disorder can
l coordination coordination or planning interfere be difficult to
disorder with the child’s daily life. detect.
Approximately
 The difficulties with coordination 5%-6% of
are not due to any other medical children are
condition affected by this
condition.

SMD occurs in
 A motor disorder with onset in about 3%-4% of
childhood involving repetitive, children.
nonfunctional motor behavior (e.g., Stereotypies
hand waving or head banging), that often represent a
markedly interferes with normal physiological
activities or results in bodily and transient
Stereotypic injury. finding, up to
movement 60% of
 To be classified as SMD, the
disorder neurologically
behavior in question must not be
typical children
due to the direct effects of a
showing some
substance or another medical
stereotypic
condition.
movements or
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ster
behaviors
eotypic_movement_disorder>
between two
and five years.

Tourette’s  have two or more motor tics (e.g., Tic disorders are
Disorder blinking or shrugging the more common
shoulders) and at least one vocal among males
tic (e.g., humming, clearing the than females. At
throat, or yelling out a word or least one in five
phrase), although they might not children
always happen at the same time. experience some
form of tic
 have had tics for at least a year.
disorder, most
The tics can occur many times a
frequently
day (usually in bouts) nearly every
between the
day, or off and on.
ages of seven
 have tics that begin before age 18 and twelve.
years.
  have symptoms that are not due to
taking medicine or other drugs or
due to having another medical
condition (for example, seizures,
Huntington disease, or postviral
encephalitis).

 have one or more motor tics or

vocal tics but not both.
 have tics that occur many times a Tic disorders are
day nearly every day or on and off more common
throughout a period of more than a among males
year. than females. At
Persistent  have tics that start before age 18 least one in five
(chronic) years. children
motor or experience some
vocal tic  have symptoms that are not due to form of tic
disorder taking medicine or other drugs, or disorder, most
due to having a medical condition frequently
that can cause tics (for example, between the
seizures, Huntington disease, or ages of seven
postviral encephalitis). and 12.
 not have been diagnosed with
Tourette’s.

 have one or more motor tics or

vocal tics (could be both)
 have been present for no longer Tic disorders are
than 12 months in a row. more common
among males
 have tics that start before age 18 than females. At
years. least one in five
 have symptoms that are not due to children
Provisional tic
taking medicine or other drugs, or experience some
disorder
due to having a medical condition form of tic
that can cause tics (for example, disorder, most
Huntington disease or postviral frequently
encephalitis). between the
ages of seven
 not have been diagnosed with and 12.
Tourette’s or persistent motor or
vocal tic disorder.

Convergent vs. divergent thinking

Convergent thinking focuses on finding a well-defined solution to a problem by embracing
clear solutions and structure.

For example, if a copy machine breaks at work, someone identifying as a convergent thinker
would quickly call a technician to fix the machine.

Usually, project managers embrace convergent thinking without even knowing it, so you
might already be familiar with this mentality.

Benefits of convergent vs. divergent thinking:

 There is no room for ambiguity.

 You tend to find solutions more quickly.
 Perfect for linear processes and organization.
 It allows you to align teams, plan projects, and create workflows in the most efficient
way possible.
 It’s a straight-to-the-point kind of approach to problem-solving.

Divergent thinking refers to the creative solutions you could find for a problem. This type of
thinking allows for more freedom and helps you generate more than one solution by typically
using brainstorming as the cognitive method.

Although the means differ from convergent thinking, the end goal is the same — to find the
best idea.

For example, a divergent thinker would try to find the cause and develop a fix for that broken
copy machine from the previous example.

They might even send a company-wide email to check whether any employees have fixed
copy machines before.

Benefits of divergent vs. convergent thinking:

 Using creativity to find solutions to problems.

 Analyze ideas from different angles.
 Identify and apply new opportunities.
 Helps the user adopt a learning mindset.
 Stand out from competitors by implementing creative ways to solve common
problems.
 Helps you learn and understand other people’s perspectives when brainstorming.

Loss:
Certainly, when discussing the cognitive aspects of divergent thinking and potential factors
that might contribute to its loss, we can delve into more specific cognitive processes. Here are
some cognitive-based factors:

1. **Executive Function Impairment:** Divergent thinking relies on various cognitive

processes, including working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control.
Conditions or situations that impair these executive functions, such as attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or certain types of brain injuries, can affect one's ability to
engage in divergent thinking.

2. **Cognitive Load:** High cognitive load, which occurs when an individual is dealing with
a lot of information or complex tasks, can limit the cognitive resources available for divergent
thinking. When the mind is overloaded, it may focus more on managing the existing
information rather than generating new and diverse ideas.

3. **Neurotransmitter Imbalances:** Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in cognitive

functions, including creativity. Imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and
serotonin, have been associated with changes in cognitive processes and creative thinking.
Medications or medical conditions that affect these neurotransmitter levels may influence
divergent thinking.

4. **Neuroplasticity Changes:** Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize

itself and form new neural connections. Changes in neuroplasticity, whether due to aging,
stress, or other factors, can impact the brain's flexibility and its capacity to generate a wide
range of ideas.

7. **Cognitive Aging:** As individuals age, there can be changes in cognitive abilities.

While some aspects of wisdom and expertise may increase, certain cognitive functions,
including fluid intelligence, which is associated with problem-solving and novel thinking,
may decline with age.

It's important to note that these factors are interconnected, and cognitive processes are highly
complex. Interventions to enhance or preserve divergent thinking may involve cognitive
training, lifestyle adjustments, and, in some cases, therapeutic approaches. Additionally,
maintaining overall cognitive health through activities that stimulate the brain, such as
puzzles, learning new skills, and staying physically active, may positively influence divergent
thinking abilities.
Divergent thinking involves complex cognitive processes that are distributed across various
regions of the brain, including the cortex. Here are some aspects related to the cortex that can
influence divergent thinking:

1. **Prefrontal Cortex Involvement:** The prefrontal cortex, particularly the dorsolateral

prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), is crucial for executive functions such as cognitive flexibility,
working memory, and problem-solving. Damage or dysfunction in this area can affect the
ability to generate diverse ideas and consider multiple perspectives.
2. **Default Mode Network (DMN):** The DMN is a network of brain regions, including
the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, that becomes active when the
mind is at rest or engaged in spontaneous, self-referential thinking. This network is associated
with creative thinking and idea generation, and disruptions in its activity may impact
divergent thinking.

3. **Hemispheric Interaction:** The right hemisphere of the brain is often associated with
creative thinking and divergent ideas. Effective communication and collaboration between
the left and right hemispheres, facilitated by the corpus callosum, are important for
integrating logical and creative thinking processes.

4. **Temporal Lobe Activation:** The temporal lobes, especially the right temporal lobe, are
implicated in processes related to creativity, including the generation of novel ideas and the
ability to make remote associations. Disruptions in temporal lobe function may affect
divergent thinking abilities.
7. **Cortical Thickness and Connectivity:** Structural aspects of the cortex, such as cortical
thickness and connectivity between different regions, may influence cognitive abilities.
Research suggests that individuals with thicker cortex in certain areas may exhibit better
cognitive performance.

impaired response inhibition and inflexible behaviour

Impaired response inhibition and inflexible behavior are often associated with difficulties in
executive functioning, particularly within the prefrontal cortex. Let's explore these concepts
and their potential causes:

1. **Impaired Response Inhibition:**

- **Prefrontal Cortex Role:** Response inhibition involves the ability to suppress or stop a
preplanned or ongoing action. The prefrontal cortex, particularly the anterior cingulate cortex
and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, is crucial for response inhibition.
- **Neurotransmitter Involvement:** Neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine play a
role in regulating response inhibition. Imbalances in these neurotransmitters may contribute
to difficulties in inhibiting inappropriate responses.
- **Conditions:** Impaired response inhibition is a common feature in conditions such as
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and certain impulse control disorders.

2. **Inflexible Behavior:**
 - **Prefrontal Cortex and Cognitive Flexibility:** Cognitive flexibility is the ability to
adapt and change one's thinking or behavior in response to new information or changing
circumstances. The prefrontal cortex, particularly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, is
involved in cognitive flexibility.
- **Neurotransmitter Function:** Similar to response inhibition, neurotransmitters like
dopamine and serotonin play a role in cognitive flexibility. Imbalances may contribute to
inflexible behavior.
- **Neuroplasticity:** The brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself (neuroplasticity) is
crucial for flexibility. Environmental factors and experiences that support neuroplasticity can
enhance cognitive flexibility.

3. **Potential Causes and Factors:**

- **Neurological Conditions:** Brain injuries, neurodevelopmental disorders, and
neurodegenerative conditions can affect the prefrontal cortex and contribute to impaired
response inhibition and inflexible behavior.
- **Genetics:** Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to difficulties in
executive functions, including response inhibition and cognitive inflexibility.
- **Environmental Factors:** Early life experiences, exposure to stress, and a lack of
cognitive stimulation may impact the development of executive functions.

4. **Interventions:**
- **Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT):** CBT techniques can be effective in addressing
difficulties in response inhibition and inflexible behavior by promoting awareness and
providing strategies for self-regulation.
- **Medication:** In cases where conditions like ADHD are diagnosed, medications that
influence neurotransmitter levels may be prescribed to improve executive functions.
- **Environmental Modifications:** Creating an environment that supports cognitive
flexibility and provides cues for appropriate responses can be beneficial.

Understanding the neural basis of impaired response inhibition and inflexible behavior is
crucial for designing targeted interventions. Interventions often involve a combination of
cognitive training, behavioral strategies, and, in some cases, pharmacological approaches,
depending on the underlying causes and individual needs.

poor temporal memory

Neuroscientifically, poor temporal memory can be understood in terms of brain structures and
processes involved in the encoding, storage, and retrieval of temporal information. Here are
key aspects to consider:

### Neuroscientific Basis of Temporal Memory:

1. **Hippocampus and Medial Temporal Lobe:**

- The hippocampus, a structure within the medial temporal lobe, is crucial for the formation
of new memories, including those related to time and events. Damage or dysfunction in this
region can impact temporal memory.

2. **Neural Networks:**
- Temporal memory involves the coordination of neural networks that span across various
brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and parietal cortex. These
networks facilitate the encoding and retrieval of temporal information.

3. **Neurotransmitters:**
- Neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and glutamate, play a role in synaptic
transmission and plasticity, affecting the strength of connections between neurons involved in
temporal memory.

4. **Synaptic Plasticity:**
- Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), forms of synaptic
plasticity, are crucial for the establishment and modification of neural connections associated
with memory formation, including temporal memory.

5. **Theta Rhythms:**
- Theta rhythms, oscillatory patterns in the brain's electrical activity, are associated with
memory processes, especially in the hippocampus. Coordinated theta rhythms are important
for the integration of temporal information.

6. **Circadian Rhythms:**
- The circadian system, governed by the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus,
influences temporal aspects of memory. Disruptions in circadian rhythms, such as irregular
sleep patterns, can impact temporal memory function.
### Strategies to Enhance Temporal Memory Based on Neuroscience:

1. **Cognitive Training and Neuroplasticity:**

- Engage in activities that challenge the brain, promoting neuroplasticity. Learning new
skills and participating in cognitively stimulating tasks can enhance neural connections
associated with temporal memory.

2. **Sleep and Memory Consolidation:**

- Adequate sleep is crucial for memory consolidation, including temporal memory. During
sleep, the brain processes and consolidates information acquired during wakefulness.

3. **Neurotransmitter Support:**
- Ensure a balanced diet that supports the production of neurotransmitters involved in
memory processes. For example, omega-3 fatty acids are associated with cognitive function.

4. **Physical Exercise:**
- Regular exercise has been linked to increased neurogenesis (formation of new neurons)
and improved synaptic plasticity, contributing to better overall cognitive function, including
temporal memory.

5. **Mindfulness and Stress Reduction:**

- Mindfulness practices can modulate stress responses and positively influence
hippocampal function, potentially improving temporal memory.

6. **Chronobiological Approaches:**
- Align activities with the body's natural circadian rhythms. For example, studying or
engaging in mentally demanding tasks during periods of heightened alertness.

7. **Brain Stimulation Techniques:**

- Non-invasive brain stimulation methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), are being investigated for their potential to
enhance memory functions.
Understanding the neuroscientific basis of temporal memory provides insights into potential
interventions. However, it's important to note that individual differences and the multifaceted
nature of memory require a personalized approach to address poor temporal memory
effectively. Consulting with neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, or healthcare professionals
can help tailor interventions based on specific neurobiological factors.
impaired social and sexual behaviour
Impaired social and sexual behavior can be associated with various neurological,
psychological, or medical factors. Understanding the underlying causes involves considering
both the neurobiological and psychosocial aspects. Here are some factors and considerations
related to impaired social and sexual behavior:

### Neurobiological Factors:

1. **Frontal Cortex Dysfunction:**

- The frontal cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex, is crucial for social and sexual
behavior regulation. Dysfunction in this area, whether due to neurological conditions, trauma,
or other factors, can lead to impaired impulse control and social judgment.

2. **Hormonal Imbalances:**
- Hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, play a significant role in regulating sexual
behavior. Imbalances in these hormones can affect sexual function and desire.

3. **Neurotransmitter Regulation:**
- Neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin influence mood, social bonding,
and sexual function. Imbalances in these neurotransmitters may contribute to impaired social
and sexual behavior.

4. **Brain Injury or Damage:**

- Traumatic brain injury or damage to specific brain regions, such as the limbic system or
hypothalamus, can affect emotional regulation and sexual response.

5. **Neurodevelopmental Disorders:**
- Conditions like autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) may impact social interactions and relationships.
### Psychosocial and Environmental Factors:

1. **Psychological Disorders:**
- Conditions such as depression, anxiety, or personality disorders can influence both social
and sexual behavior.

2. **Past Trauma:**
- Individuals who have experienced trauma, especially sexual trauma, may exhibit impaired
social and sexual functioning.

3. **Cultural and Societal Influences:**

- Societal norms and cultural factors can influence social and sexual behavior, and
individuals may experience impairment due to societal expectations or stigmas.

4. **Relationship Issues:**
- Problems within relationships, such as communication difficulties, intimacy issues, or
relationship conflicts, can contribute to impaired social and sexual behavior.

5. **Substance Abuse:**
- Substance abuse, including alcohol and drugs, can impair judgment, decrease inhibitions,
and lead to risky or inappropriate social and sexual behavior.

6. **Medication Side Effects:**

- Certain medications, including those used to treat psychiatric conditions, may have side
effects that impact social or sexual behavior.

### Interventions and Treatments:

1. **Psychotherapy:**
- Counseling or psychotherapy can help individuals address underlying psychological
issues, trauma, or relationship problems that may contribute to impaired social and sexual
behavior.
2. **Medication Management:**
- In some cases, medications may be prescribed to address mood disorders, anxiety, or
hormonal imbalances affecting sexual function.

3. **Hormone Therapy:**
- Hormone replacement therapy may be considered if hormonal imbalances are identified as
a factor.

4. **Behavioral Interventions:**
- Behavioral therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or sex therapy, can be
beneficial for addressing specific behavioral patterns or relationship issues.

5. **Couples or Relationship Counseling:**

- Relationship-focused interventions can help couples improve communication, intimacy,
and overall relationship satisfaction.

6. **Medical Evaluation:**
- A thorough medical evaluation, including neurological and hormonal assessments, can
help identify any physiological factors contributing to impaired social and sexual behavior.

It's crucial to approach the assessment and treatment of impaired social and sexual behavior
with a multidisciplinary perspective, involving healthcare professionals such as neurologists,
psychiatrists, psychologists, and relationship counselors, depending on the specific nature of
the issue. Tailoring interventions to address both neurobiological and psychosocial factors is
key to promoting improved social and sexual well-being.