LITERATURE REVIEW

This part of the paper includes all the related articles about Damaged Cymodocea Rotundata as paper.

CYMODOCEA ROTUNDATA

LOCAL:

Waycott et al. (2009) in the Philippines, there is severe deterioration and damage to seagrass meadows.
These meadows support commercial and subsistence fishing, nitrogen cycling, sediment stability, and
carbon sequestration, among other beneficial ecological services.

Reyes et al. (2021) however, research has revealed that disturbed areas have lower seagrass biomass
and sediment carbon levels than healthy seagrass meadows.

Quevedo et al. (2022) the decrease of seagrass meadows in the Philippines has been attributed primarily
to human-induced disturbances, including as aquaculture and nutrient pollution.

Nugraha et al. (2017) According to a study done in the Philippines, damaged areas had much lower
seagrass rhizome growth than healthy seagrass meadows.

Tamondong et al. (2021) Another study emphasized the significance of continuously assessing the size
and condition of seagrass meadows using remote sensing methods, such as Google Earth Engine.

Jones et al. (2021) fish assemblages and species richness are affected by the Philippines' declining
seagrass meadows. According to research, seagrass cover increases fish abundance, but this effect
diminishes as human impact and land-use intensity increase.

Clore et al. (2023) Additionally, different management situations affect the food-web dynamics in
seagrass systems in the Caramoan Peninsula in the Philippines, highlighting the necessity for efficient
management techniques to protect seagrass ecosystems.

Fortes et al. (2022) the Philippines' seagrass meadows are likewise concerned about the effects of
climate change. Studies have demonstrated that seagrasses play a substantial role in reducing climate
change, despite the fact that there is little research on seagrass carbon in the nation. To properly
comprehend the carbon dynamics of seagrass meadows in the Philippines, additional study is necessary.

Pedersen et al. (1998) in the Philippines, seagrass meadows, notably those dominated by Cymodocea
rotundata, are dealing with a number of issues. Oxygen dynamics in the rhizosphere is one of the
elements determining the health of seagrass. Studying the oxygen dynamics in Cymodocea rotundata's
rhizosphere revealed how important they are to the seagrass's general health and ability to function.
The study emphasizes how crucial it is to comprehend the dynamics of oxygen in the rhizosphere for the
preservation and management of seagrass meadows.

Zhang et al. (2022) Dark hypoxic stress is another element that may be harmful to Cymodocea
rotundata. examined the methods by which Cymodocea rotundata's photosystem II was harmed by dark
hypoxic stress. The photosystem II, which is crucial for photosynthesis, can become damaged as a result
of dark hypoxic stress, according to the study. Cymodocea rotundata's survivability and general health
may be significantly affected by this harm.
Leopardas et al. (2014) depending on the main seagrass species, the make-up of benthic macrofaunal
assemblages in seagrass meadows can change. studied the benthic macrofaunal assemblages in seagrass
meadows in the southern Philippines that were dominated by various seagrass species, including
Cymodocea rotundata. The study discovered that the species richness, abundance, and assemblage
structure of benthic macrofauna were all influenced by the identity of the dominating seagrass species.
In order to evaluate the ecological functioning and biodiversity of seagrass meadows, it is crucial to
comprehend these variances.

Pedersen et al. (1998) A species of seagrass called Cymodocea rotundata, also called Smooth Ribbon
Seagrass, is found in the Philippines. In addition to Santa Barbara, Bolinao, (Clores et al., 2020) Bogtong
Bay, Lahuy Island, Caramoan, Leopardas et al. (2014) Lopez Jaena, Misamis Occidental Province, Wagey
et il. (2013) and Negros Oriental, it has also been investigated in other parts of the nation. Pedersen et
al., (1998) These studies have examined different aspects of Cymodocea rotundata, such as its oxygen
dynamics in the rhizosphere Arriesgado et al. (2016), population genetic diversity and structure (Clores
et al., 2020), biomass leaching and nutrient dynamics during decomposition Leopardas et al. (2014)
morphometric characteristics, and benthic macrofaunal assemblages in seagrass meadows.

Arriesgado et al. (2016) In the Philippines and Ryukyu Islands, Cymodocea rotundata has been reported
to have equivalent clonal richness to other seagrass species. Brazas and Lagat et al. (2022) it has been
noted to flourish in a variety of environmental circumstances.

Perez et al. (2018) According to a study, the chemical components of Cymodocea rotundata have been
identified.

Primavera and Esteban et al. (2008) the reference omitted mentioning the study's precise findings. A
assessment of mangrove regeneration in the Philippines highlights the significance of seagrass habitats,
particularly Cymodocea rotundata. The archipelago of the Philippines has a sizeable coastline that is
home to coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangrove forests. The significance of maintaining a healthy
ecosystem that includes seagrass habitats in their recommendations for specific protocols and broader
policy orientations to make mangrove rehabilitation more effective.

INTERNATIONAL:

Arriesgado et al. (2016) Cymodocea rotundata is a seagrass species that is found in the Indo-Pacific
region.

Salma et al. (2022) Important ecosystems like seagrass meadows boost marine productivity and function
as a nitrogen filter, among other ecological advantages.

Menajang et al. (2020) A kind of seagrass called Cymodocea rotundata is frequently seen in Indonesian
waters.

Zhang et al. (2022) Recent research has revealed that Cymodocea rotundata is deteriorating and
suffering damage.
Thomsen et al. (2023) Eutrophication, which reduces the ability of seagrasses to act as a nitrogen filter,
is one of the mechanisms causing this loss.

Thomsen et al. (2023) Comparatively to other seagrass species, Cymodocea rotundata can only absorb
48% of the daily nitrogen requirement for leaf growth from the water column.

Ontoria et al. (2019); Zhang et al. (2022) The photosystem II of Cymodocea rotundata can be
significantly impacted by extreme temperature events and hypoxic stress, resulting in further damage.

Datu et al. (2019) Studies have revealed that the cymodocea rotundata is prone to the buildup of
microplastics and that its blades contain polystyrene and nylon polymers.

Sembel et al. (2021) Additionally, samples of Cymodocea rotundata from Doreri Bay in the Manokwari
Regency contained heavy metals, underlining the possible pollution concerns to this seagrass species.

Salma et al. (2022) It's crucial to remember that seagrass meadows are made up of several different
species in addition to Cymodocea rotundata, including Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroides, Halodule
uninervis, Halophila ovalis, and Cymodocea serrulata.

Marquez et al. (2016) These organisms support the overall well-being and efficiency of the seagrass
ecosystems. Examples include Thalassia hemprichii, Halodule uninervis, and Cymodocea rotundata,
which demonstrate their function in nutrient cycling by effectively using nitrogen emitted by litterbags in
their environment.

Hilyana et al. (2022); Rahman et al. (2023) Cymodocea rotundata and other seagrass species, which
provide habitat, promote biodiversity, and help to store carbon, are essential to marine ecosystems.

Koch et al. (2012; Ontoria et al. (2019); Datu et al. (2019); Zhang et al. (2022) Climate change, ocean
acidification, hypoxic stress, and human activities are only a few of the variables that may be responsible
for the harm and extinction of seagrass species.

Koch et al. (2012) Cymodocea rotundata and other species of seagrass are susceptible to the negative
effects of climate change and ocean acidification. Seagrass tissues may experience changes in chemistry,
reduced growth, and increased photorespiration as a result of rising temperatures and ocean
acidification.

Ontoria et al. (2019) Seagrass species may be badly impacted by extreme heat occurrences.

Koch et al. (2012) Seagrass species may potentially be harmed as a result of anthropogenic activity like
grazing and pollution. Seagrass may become less resistant to injury as a result of herbivore grazing by
having their phenolic levels reduced.

Datu et al. (2019) Seagrass blades may suffer as a result of pollution, especially microplastic
contamination.

Koch et al. (2012) These human-made activities may also have an impact on Cymodocea rotundata
populations, which are a type of seagrass.
Waycott et al. (2009); Rasyid et al. (2022); Khalifa et al. (2020); Sullivan et al. (2018); Kawaroe et al.
(2016); Kilminster et al. (2015); Unsworth et al. (2015); Hallac et al. (2012) Globally, seagrass ecosystems
are suffering serious harm and loss. Various factors contribute to this decline, including coastal
development, degraded water quality, climate change, marine debris, tsunamis, host-pathogen
dynamics, and boating impacts. Rasyid et al. (2022) These elements have caused seagrass beds to
deteriorate, harming seagrass ecosystems.

Unsworth et al. (2015) Declining water quality has been found as a substantial contributor to the
accelerated rates of seagrass decline, Santos et al. (2019) and it is one of the main causes of seagrass
loss. Hallac et al. (2012) Losses of seagrass have been linked to mechanical effects, altered coastlines,
and deteriorating water quality in Europe Seagrass beds can also be harmed by boating activities, such
as propeller scars, with recovery timeframes varied depending on the type of seagrass and the intensity
of the damage.

Khalifa et al. (2020) It has also been noted that tsunamis have a negative effect on seagrass ecosystems,
causing significant harm. Rasyid et al. (2022) It has been determined that the health of seagrass is
threatened by the presence of marine debris in seagrass beds. This emphasizes the requirement for
efficient management techniques to lessen these effects and save seagrass habitats.

Wainwright et al. (2019) Implementing management plans targeted at reducing anthropogenic impacts,
such as regulating and eliminating land-based pollution and eutrophication, is one way to address
seagrass loss and damage. Best practices for avoiding mechanical harm from anchors and boat
propellers have been established. The preservation and restoration of seagrass ecosystems depend
heavily on these management techniques.