Coastal ecosystems play a crucial role in supporting human well-being by providing essential goods and

services. It is important to recognize, understand, and appreciate their many benefits, particularly in
terms of provisioning and cultural functions. These ecosystems are vital for resources like seafood and
medicine, as well as offering recreational opportunities and cultural value for local communities
(Lakshmi A., 2021). They are also highly vulnerable to ecological changes. A study in Laizhou Bay, China
emphasizes the significance of submarine groundwater drainage (SGD) in coastal zones and suggests a
monitoring method to better understand hydrogeological processes in these low-lying areas. This
information can aid in the effective management and conservation of these fragile ecosystems (Fu T. et
al., 2020).

Intertidal and coastal zones are crucial ecosystems that act as buffers for coastal communities and are
vital for biodiversity preservation. A recent study conducted by Heery et al. (2018) emphasizes the
importance of biodiversity in supporting ecological functions and promoting sustainable development.
The research also highlights the significance of intertidal wetlands in material exchange, with factors like
vegetation, topography, and invasive species having a significant impact. For instance, the invasion of
Spartina alterniflora Lois has resulted in a significant decrease in material exchange capacity,
emphasizing the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental changes (Dai, 2022).

In the Yellow River Estuary, China, eleven heavy metals were measured in surface sediment during
summer and autumn 2019. The study found that sediment particle size and total organic matter played
significant roles in the distribution of heavy metals. High levels of Cd were identified as the biggest risk
during autumn, potentially due to hydrodynamic effects. The overall trend showed a decrease in heavy
metal concentrations, potentially due to reduced human activities in the area (Wang Z., 2022).
Moreover, a hydrodynamic flow model in Pengudang and Madong demonstrated the significant impact
of seagrass meadows in sediment retention and subsequent sedimentation. The model predicted a
progressive 15% decrease in sediment transport from 2019 to 2023, highlighting the potential changes
in Bintan Island's water conditions driven by multiple factors (Surinati D., 2023).