CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

LITERATURE REVIEW
This part of the paper includes all the related articles about Piggery. Piggery industry plays significant
role in various countries, contributing to the economy, food security, and public health.

STUDIES ON PIGGERY
LOCAL
Alberca et al., (2023) Piggery farming plays a significant role in the agricultural sector of the Philippines.
However, there are several challenges and issues associated with piggery farming in the country. One of
the main concerns is the environmental impact of piggery waste. According to, almost 80% of piggery
farms in the Philippines still practice backyard farming, which leads to the discharge of 80% of waste
directly into creeks and rivers. This poses a threat to water quality and the overall ecosystem.
Afolabi et al., (2017) In addition to environmental concerns, piggery farms also face the risk of disease
outbreaks. Highlight that diseases, such as porcine circovirus, can have devastating effects on pig herds
and the economic viability of piggery businesses. These diseases can lead to significant economic losses
and hinder the growth of the industry.
Bacalso, (2023) The acceptance and adoption of new technologies in the piggery sector are also important
considerations. Conducted a study on the acceptance of an automated piggery cleaner system using the
UTAUT model for hog business in the Philippines. The study found that the adoption of such
technologies can improve efficiency and productivity in piggery farms.
Badjeck et al., (2010) Climate change is another factor that can impact piggery farming in the Philippines.
Discuss the impacts of climate variability and change on fishery-based livelihoods. While this study
focuses on fisheries, it is relevant to consider the potential effects of climate change on piggery farming
as well. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can affect feed availability, animal health, and
overall farm productivity.
Larson et al., (2007) The Philippines has a diverse history of pig species. There were pig dispersals from
mainland East Asia to Taiwan and the Philippines, indicating a connection between pigs in the
Philippines and mainland East Asian pigs.

Luskin et al., (2020) The presence of pigs in the Philippines is a concern due to the threat of African
Swine Fever (ASF). Emphasize that pork consumption, trade, and production in the Philippines put
endemic pig species at high risk. This highlights the importance of monitoring and preventing the spread
of ASF in the country.
Layos et al., (2022) The historical biogeography of Philippine domestic pigs is explored in the study by.
They analyze mitochondrial DNA and find that Philippine domestic pigs have a high frequency of
haplotypes associated with the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspots. This challenges the hypothesized
migration route of Austronesian-speaking populations. This study provides valuable insights into the
genetic relationships and dispersal patterns of Philippine domestic pigs.
Piper et al., (2017) The differentiation of wild Philippine pigs from introduced Sus scrofa is examined in
the study by. They use biometric analysis to distinguish between wild and introduced pigs in modern and
archaeological assemblages. This research contributes to our understanding of the population dynamics
and interactions between wild and domesticated pigs in the Philippines.
Manuel et al., (2022) Phylogenetic analysis of Philippine native pigs is conducted by. They analyze
mitochondrial DNA markers and find that Philippine native pigs with certain haplotypes form a distinct
clade with Taiwanese Type I Lanyu pigs. This suggests a close genetic relationship between Philippine
native pigs and certain Asian pig breeds.
Layos et al., (2021) In a preprint study by, the historical biogeography of Philippine native pigs is further
explored. They use mitochondrial DNA analysis to deduce the origin, dispersal, and level of genetic
introgression in Philippine native pigs. This study provides additional insights into the genetic diversity
and evolutionary history of Philippine native pigs.
Luskin et al., (2020) Based on the relevant references, it can be inferred that the Philippines has a diverse
population of pigs, including both domestic and wild species. The endemic wild pig species in the
Philippines, such as the Palawan bearded pig, Visayan warty pig, Philippine warty pig, and Mindoro
warty pig, are at high risk due to factors such as pork consumption, trade, and production.
Layos et al., (2022) These endemic pigs are biogeographically isolated from each other in different
Faunal Regions.
Piper et al., (2017) The Palawan bearded pig is likely related to the Mindoro warty pig and the widely
distributed Philippine warty pig.
Cabanas et al., (2022) The distribution and ecology of the Philippine warty pig are important for assessing
the current threats of African Swine Fever (ASF) in the wild pig population.
Layos et al., (2022) In addition to the wild pig species, there are also domestic pigs in the Philippines. The
historical biogeography of domestic pigs in the Philippines is rooted in the migratory route of Neolithic
Austronesian-speaking populations from Taiwan into the Philippines, as well as possible pig dispersal
from Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) through Palawan and the Sulu Archipelago.
Layos et al., (2022); Layos et al., (2022) The patterns of haplotype distribution observed in mitochondrial
DNA studies can provide insights into the prehistoric arrival and spread of domestic pigs in the
Philippines.
Barroga et al., (2020) The Philippines also has a significant pork industry, with pork being one of the
most frequently consumed meat products in the country.
Barrette et al., (2009) The pig population in the Philippines is not without its challenges. There have been
outbreaks of porcine reproductive and respiratory disease syndrome (PRRS) in domestic swine, and it has
been discovered that domestic swine in the Philippines can host Reston ebolavirus. Xu et al., (2010).
There have been concerns about the prevalence of cysticercosis in pigs in certain areas of the Philippines.
INTERNATIONAL
Salines et al., (2017) One important aspect of piggery international is the management of diseases.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic virus that can be transmitted from pigs to humans through food.
Pigs are recognized as the main reservoir for HEV. This highlights the importance of implementing
public health risk mitigation strategies to prevent the transmission of HEV from pigs to humans.
Khanum et al., (2018) Pig farming also has socio-economic implications. In Bangladesh, pig farming has
been found to be a profitable business that provides employment and a source of income for households.
Thomas et al., (2021) In India, the piggery sector has a well-defined domestic market and potential for
international trade, contributing to the country's economy.
Zhao et al., (2019) The pig industry is not without challenges. African swine fever (ASF) is a highly
contagious and economically devastating disease that affects pigs.
Sehl et al., (2020) The disease has had a significant impact on the global pig industry, particularly in
countries like China, which has a large pig population and relies heavily on pork production. The disease
continues to spread, posing a threat to the domestic pig population worldwide
Meester et al., (2021) Biosecurity measures are crucial in preventing the spread of diseases in pig farms.
Hepatitis E virus, for example, can persist on pig farms, highlighting the need for effective biosecurity
practice.
Xiao et al., (2016) Other pathogens such as porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2 can have a significant impact
on the global swine industry.
Hakizimana et al., (2023) African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious transboundary animal disease
that poses a serious threat to the global domestic pig industry.
Hakizimana et al., (2023); Zhao et al., (2019) The disease has been reported in various countries,
including Tanzania and China, where it has had a significant impact on the domestic pig population.
Sehl et al., (2020); Urbano & Ferreira, (2020) African swine fever is notifiable to the World Organization
for Animal Health (OIE) and has led to trade restrictions and economic consequences.
Budakva, (2022) The genetic structure of pig breeds has also been studied, with European breeds being
recognized as the founders of several international commercial pig breeds.
Leroy et al., (2016) Crossbreeding has been explored as a means of improving pig production in
developing countries, but its sustainability and effectiveness vary depending on the specific context.
Rose et al., (2011); Tien et al., (2021) In addition to African swine fever, other diseases such as hepatitis
E virus (HEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have been found in domestic pig populations.
Backhans et al., (2015) The diseases highlight the importance of biosecurity measures in pig farming to
prevent the spread of pathogens.
(Hakizimana et al., (2023); Urbano & Ferreira, (2020); Backhans et al., (2015). Overall, the global pig
industry faces various challenges, including the threat of African swine fever, the need for sustainable
breeding practices, and the importance of biosecurity measures to prevent disease outbreaks. These
challenges have significant implications for global food security and trade in pig products.
Wu et al. (2006) Focused on intrauterine growth retardation in pigs and its implications for animal
sciences. The researchers found that realimentation of protein-deficient gilts resulted in greater piglet
birth weights compared to gilts fed a protein-free diet. This highlights the importance of providing
adequate nutrition to pregnant pigs to ensure optimal growth and development of their offspring.
Schneider et al. (2011) Investigated the effects of restricted feed intake on finishing pigs. The researchers
found that pigs fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet had specific nutrient requirements, such as
standardized ileal digestible Lys and metabolizable energy. This study emphasizes the need for
formulating diets that meet the nutritional needs of pigs at different stages of growth.
Buragohain & Upadhyaya (2022) In terms of economic feeding of pigs, conducted a field study in
Mizoram to assess nutritional constraints and identify useful local feed resources. The study found that
by-products such as rice bran and distiller's waste, as well as planted feeds like maize and cassava, were
commonly used by smallholder pig farmers. These feedstuffs were high in energy but low in protein
content, highlighting the need for balanced diets for pigs.
Zhao et al. (2015) The composition of the pig's gut microbiota is also an important factor in pig nutrition.
investigated the dynamic distribution of porcine microbiota across different ages and gastrointestinal tract
segments. The study found that adult pigs had a higher abundance of Firmicutes in their feces compared
to humans, mice, and donkeys. This suggests that the gut microbiota composition may vary between
species and can influence nutrient utilization in pigs.
Roura et al., (2016) Pigs have been recognized as a valuable model for studying human nutritional
physiology. (Roura et al., 2016) conducted a critical review evaluating the pig as a model for human
nutritional physiology. The study found that nutrient-sensing mechanisms related to acids, carbohydrates,
glutamic acid, and fatty acids are conserved between humans and pigs. This highlights the relevance of
pig studies in understanding human nutrition.
Govoni et al. (2022) In terms of sustainability, conducted a global assessment of land and water resource
demand for pork supply. The study highlighted the need to consider the role of international trade in
animal feed on the consumption of resources for pig production. This emphasizes the importance of
sustainable feed sourcing and management in the pig industry.

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