Chapter 19 Ionic Equilibria in Aqueous Systems

Student: ______________________________________________________________________

1. Which of the following aqueous mixtures would be a buffer system?

A. HCl, NaCl
B. HNO3, NaNO3
C. H3PO4, H2PO4¯
D. H2SO4, CH3COOH
E. NH3, NaOH

2. Which, if any, of the following aqueous mixtures would be a buffer system?

A. CH3COOH, NaH2PO4
B. H2CO3, HCO3¯
C. H2PO4¯, HCO3¯
D. HSO4¯, HSO3¯
E. None of these choices is correct.

3. Equal volumes of the following pairs of solutions are mixed. Which pair will produce a
buffer solution?
A. 0.10 mol L¯1 HCl and 0.05 mol L¯1 NaOH
B. 0.10 mol L¯1 HCl and 0.15 mol L¯1 NH3
C. 0.10 mol L¯1 HCl and 0.05 mol L¯1 NH3
D. 0.10 mol L¯1 HCl and 0.20 mol L¯1 CH3COOH
E. 0.10 mol L¯1 HCl and 0.20 mol L¯1 NaCl

4. Which one of the following aqueous solutions, when mixed with an equal volume of 0.10
mol L¯1 aqueous NH3, will produce a buffer solution?
A. 0.10 mol L¯1 HCl
B. 0.20 mol L¯1 HCl
C. 0.10 mol L¯1 CH3COOH
D. 0.050 mol L¯1 NaOH
E. 0.20 mol L¯1 NH4Cl

5. Which one of the following pairs of 0.100 mol L¯1 solutions, when mixed, will produce a
buffer solution?
A. 50. mL of aqueous CH3COOH and 25. mL of aqueous HCl
B. 50. mL of aqueous CH3COOH and 100. mL of aqueous NaOH
C. 50. mL of aqueous NaOH and 25. mL of aqueous HCl
D. 50. mL of aqueous CH3COONa and 25. mL of aqueous NaOH
E. 50. mL of aqueous CH3COOH and 25. mL of aqueous CH3COONa
6. Which of the following has the highest buffer capacity?
A. 0.10 M H2PO4¯/0.10 M HPO42¯
B. 0.50 M H2PO4¯/0.10 M HPO42¯
C. 0.10 M H2PO4¯/0.50 M HPO42¯
D. 0.50 M H2PO4¯/0.50 M HPO42¯
E. They all have the same buffer capacity.

7. A popular buffer solution consists of carbonate (CO32¯) and hydrogen carbonate (HCO3¯)
conjugate acid-base pair. Which, if any, of the following such buffers has the highest buffer
capacity?
A. 0.9 M CO32¯ and 0.1 M HCO3¯
B. 0.1 M CO32¯ and 0.9 M HCO3¯
C. 0.5 M CO32¯ and 0.5 M HCO3¯
D. 0.1 M CO32¯ and 0.1 M HCO3¯
E. They all have the same buffer capacity.

8. A popular buffer solution consists of carbonate (CO32¯) and hydrogen carbonate (HCO3¯)
conjugate acid-base pair. Which, if any, of the following such buffers can neutralize the
greatest amount of added hydrochloric acid, while remaining within its buffer range?
A. 1 L of 0.9 M CO32¯ and 0.1 M HCO3¯
B. 1 L of 0.1 M CO32¯ and 0.9 M HCO3¯
C. 1 L of 0.5 M CO32¯ and 0.5 M HCO3¯
D. 1 L of 0.1 M CO32¯ and 0.1 M HCO3¯
E. They can all neutralize the same amount of hydrochloric acid.

9. Which of the following acids should be used to prepare a buffer with a pH of 4.5?
A. HOC6H4OCOOH, Ka = 1.0 × 10¯3
B. C6H4(COOH)2, Ka = 2.9 × 10¯4
C. CH3COOH, Ka = 1.8 × 10¯5
D. C5H5O5COOH, Ka = 4.0 × 10¯6
E. HBrO, Ka = 2.3 × 10¯9

10. Citric acid has an acid dissociation constant of 8.4 × 10¯4. It would be most effective for
preparation of a buffer with a pH of:
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. 6

11. A buffer is to be prepared by adding solid sodium acetate to 0.10 M CH3COOH. Which of
the following concentrations of sodium acetate will produce the most effective buffer?
A. 3.0 M CH3COONa
B. 2.5 M CH3COONa
C. 2.0 M CH3COONa
D. 1.5 M CH3COONa
E. 0.30 M CH3COONa
12. An acetate buffer has a pH of 4.40. Which of the following changes will cause the pH to
decrease?
A. dissolving a small amount of solid sodium acetate
B. adding a small amount of dilute hydrochloric acid
C. adding a small amount of dilute sodium hydroxide
D. dissolving a small amount of solid sodium chloride
E. diluting the buffer solution with water

13. A phosphate buffer (H2PO4¯/HPO42¯) has a pH of 8.3. Which of the following changes will
cause the pH to increase?
A. dissolving a small amount of Na2HPO4
B. dissolving a small amount of NaH2PO4
C. adding a small amount of dilute hydrochloric acid
D. adding a small amount of dilute phosphoric acid
E. making the buffer more concentrated by removing some water

14. What will be the effect of adding 0.5 mL of 0.1 M NaOH to 100 mL of an acetate buffer in
which [CH3COOH] = [CH3COO¯] = 0.5 M?
A. The pH will increase slightly.
B. The pH will increase significantly.
C. The pH will decrease slightly.
D. The pH will decrease significantly.
E. Since it is a buffer solution, the pH will not be affected.

15. What will be the effect of adding 0.5 mL of 0.1 M HCl to 100 mL of a phosphate buffer in
which [H2PO4¯] = [HPO42¯] = 0.35 M?
A. The pH will increase slightly.
B. The pH will increase significantly.
C. The pH will decrease slightly.
D. The pH will decrease significantly.
E. Since it is a buffer solution, the pH will not be affected.

16. Buffer solutions with the component concentrations shown below were prepared. Which of
them should have the lowest pH?
A. [CH3COOH] = 0.25 M, [CH3COO¯] = 0.25 M
B. [CH3COOH] = 0.75 M, [CH3COO¯] = 0.75 M
C. [CH3COOH] = 0.75 M, [CH3COO¯] = 0.25 M
D. [CH3COOH] = 0.25 M, [CH3COO¯] = 0.75 M
E. [CH3COOH] = 1.00 M, [CH3COO¯] = 1.00 M

17. Buffer solutions with the component concentrations shown below were prepared. Which of
them should have the highest pH?
A. [H2PO4¯] = 0.50 M, [HPO42¯] = 0.50 M
B. [H2PO4¯] = 1.0 M, [HPO42¯] = 1.0 M
C. [H2PO4¯] = 1.0 M, [HPO42¯] = 0.50 M
D. [H2PO4¯] = 0.50 M, [HPO42¯] = 1.0 M
E. [H2PO4¯] = 0.75 M, [HPO42¯] = 1.0 M
18. A buffer is prepared by adding 0.5 mol of solid sodium hydroxide to 1.0 L of 1.0 M acetic
acid (CH3COOH). What is the pH of the buffer?
A. The pH will be pKa - 0.30, where pKa is that of acetic acid.
B. The pH will be greater than the pKa for acetic acid.
C. The pH will be less than the the pKa for acetic acid.
D. The pH will be equal to the pKa for acetic acid.
E. More information is needed to solve the problem.

19. A solution is prepared by adding 100 mL of 0.2 M hydrochloric acid to 100 mL of 0.4 M
sodium formate. Is this a buffer solution, and if so, what is its pH?
A. It is a buffer, pH > pKa of formic acid.
B. It is a buffer, pH < pKa of formic acid.
C. It is a buffer, pH = pKa of formic acid.
D. It is a buffer, pH = pKb of sodium formate.
E. Since hydrochloric acid is a strong acid, this is not a buffer.

20. A buffer is prepared by adding 100 mL of 0.50 M sodium hydroxide to 100 mL of 0.75 M
propanoic acid. Is this a buffer solution, and if so, what is its pH?
A. It is a buffer, pH > pKa of propanoic acid.
B. It is a buffer, pH < pKa of propanoic acid.
C. It is a buffer, pH = pKa of propanoic acid.
D. It is a buffer, pH = pKb of sodium propanoate.
E. Since sodium hydroxide is a strong base, this is not a buffer.

21. A solution is prepared by adding 500 mL of 0.3 M NaClO to 500 mL of 0.4 M HClO. What
is the pH of this solution?
A. The pH will be greater than the pKa of hypochlorous acid.
B. The pH will be less than the pKa of hypochlorous acid.
C. The pH will be equal to the pKa of hypochlorous acid.
D. The pH will equal the pKb of sodium hypochlorite.
E. None of these choices is correct.

22. What is the pH of a buffer that consists of 0.45 M CH3COOH and 0.35 M CH3COONa?
Ka = 1.8 × 10¯5
A. 4.49
B. 4.64
C. 4.85
D. 5.00
E. 5.52

23. What is the pH of a solution that consists of 0.50 M H2C6H6O6 (ascorbic acid) and 0.75 M
NaHC6H6O6 (sodium ascorbate)? For ascorbic acid, Ka = 6.8 × 10¯5
A. 3.76
B. 3.99
C. 4.34
D. 4.57
E. 5.66
24. What is the pH of a buffer that consists of 0.20 M NaH2PO4 and 0.40 M Na2HPO4?
For NaH2PO4, Ka = 6.2 × 10¯8
A. 6.51
B. 6.91
C. 7.51
D. 7.90
E. 8.13

25. What is the [H3O+] in a buffer that consists of 0.30 M HCOOH and 0.20 M HCOONa?
For HCOOH, Ka = 1.7 × 10¯4
A. 1.1 × 10¯4 M
B. 2.6 × 10¯4 M
C. 4.3 × 10¯4 M
D. 6.7 × 10¯5 M
E. None of these choices is correct.

26. What is the [H3O+] in a solution that consists of 1.2 M HClO and 2.3 M NaClO?
Ka = 3.5 × 10¯8
A. 7.8 × 10¯9 M
B. 1.8 × 10¯8 M
C. 6.7 × 10¯8 M
D. 1.6 × 10¯7 M
E. None of these choices is correct.

27. What is the [H3O+] in a solution that consists of 0.15 M C2N2H8 (ethylene diamine) and
0.35 C2N2H9Cl? Kb = 4.7 × 10¯4
A. 2.0 × 10¯3 M
B. 1.1 × 10¯3 M
C. 6.3 × 10¯9 M
D. 2.1 × 10¯10 M
E. 5.0 × 10¯11 M

28. What is the [H3O+] in a solution that consists of 1.5 M NH3 and 2.5 NH4Cl? Kb = 1.8 ×
10¯5
A. 1.1 × 10¯5 M
B. 3.0 × 10¯6 M
C. 3.3 × 10¯9 M
D. 9.3 × 10¯10 M
E. None of these choices is correct.
29. What is the pKa for the acid HA if a solution of 0.65 M HA and 0.85 M NaA has a pH of
4.75?
A. < 4.00
B. 4.63
C. 4.87
D. 5.02
E. > 5.50

30. A formic acid buffer containing 0.50 M HCOOH and 0.50 M HCOONa has a pH of 3.77.
What will the pH be after 0.010 mol of NaOH has been added to 100.0 mL of the buffer?
A. 3.67
B. 3.78
C. 3.81
D. 3.85
E. 3.95

31. An acetic acid buffer containing 0.50 M CH3COOH and 0.50 M CH3COONa has a pH of
4.74. What will the pH be after 0.0020 mol of HCl has been added to 100.0 mL of the
buffer?
A. 4.77
B. 4.71
C. 4.68
D. 4.62
E. None of these choices is correct.

32. A buffer is prepared by adding 300.0 mL of 2.0 M NaOH to 500.0 mL of 2.0 M CH3COOH.
What is the pH of this buffer? Ka = 1.8 × 10¯5
A. 4.57
B. 4.52
C. 4.87
D. 4.92
E. 4.97

33. A buffer is prepared by adding 1.00 L of 1.0 M HCl to 750 mL of 1.5 M NaHCOO. What is
the pH of this buffer? Ka = 1.7 × 10¯4
A. 2.87
B. 3.72
C. 3.82
D. 3.95
E. 4.66
34. If 10.0 g of NaF and 20.0 g of HF are dissolved in water to make one liter of solution, what
will the pH be? For HF, Ka = 6.8 ×10¯4
A. 7.13
B. 2.54
C. 1.57
D. 3.17
E. 4.86

35. A solution is prepared by dissolving 20.0 g of K2HPO4 and 25.0 g of KH2PO4 in enough
water to produce 1.0 L of solution. What is the pH of this buffer? For phosphoric acid
(H3PO4), Ka2 = 6.2 × 10¯8
A. 7.70
B. 7.42
C. 7.21
D. 7.00
E. 6.72

36. You need to use KH2PO4 and K2HPO4 to prepare a buffer with a pH of 7.45. Which of the
following ratios of [base]/[acid] is required? For phosphoric acid, (H3PO4), Ka2 = 6.2 ×
10¯8
A. [base]/[acid] = 1.75
B. [base]/[acid] = 1.27
C. [base]/[acid] = 1.24
D. [base]/[acid] = 0.79
E. [base]/[acid] = 0.57

37. You need to prepare a buffer solution with a pH of 4.00, using NaF and HF. What ratio of
the ratio of [base]/[acid] should be used in making the buffer? For HF, Ka = 7.2 × 10¯4
A. [base]/[acid] = 0.14
B. [base]/[acid] = 0.42
C. [base]/[acid] = 2.36
D. [base]/[acid] = 7.20
E. None of these choices is correct.

38. The pH of blood is 7.35. It is maintained in part by the buffer system composed of carbonic
acid (H2CO3) and the bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate, HCO3¯) ion. What is the ratio of
[bicarbonate]/[carbonic acid] at this pH? For carbonic acid, Ka1 = 4.2 × 10¯7
A. [bicarbonate]/[carbonic acid] = 0.11
B. [bicarbonate]/[carbonic acid] = 0.38
C. [bicarbonate]/[carbonic acid] = 2.65
D. [bicarbonate]/[carbonic acid] = 9.4
E. None of these choices is correct.
39. What mass of NaF must be added to 50.0 mL of a 0.500 M HF solution to achieve a pH of
3.25? For HF, Ka = 7.2 × 10¯4
A. 1.3 g
B. 0.69 g
C. 6.9 g
D. 23 g
E. 1.5 g

40. Two buffer solutions are prepared using acetic acid and sodium acetate. Solution A contains
20.0 g of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and 5.0 g of sodium acetate (CH3COONa). Solution B
contains 10.0 g of acetic acid and 25.0 g of sodium acetate. What is the difference between
the pH values of these two solutions? For acetic acid, Ka = 1.8 × 10¯5
A. 0.0
B. 1.0
C. 2.0
D. 2.3
E. 4.6

41. A buffer is prepared by adding 150 mL of 1.0 M NaOH to 250 mL of 1.0 M NaH2PO4. How
many moles of HCl must be added to this buffer solution to change the pH by 0.18 units? If
necessary, assume the total volume remains unchanged at 400 mL.
A. 0.025 mol HCl
B. 0.063 mol HCl
C. 0.082 mol HCl
D. 0.50 mol HCl
E. 1.0 mol HCl

42. At the equivalence point in an acid-base titration

A. the [H3O+] equals the Ka of the acid.
B. the [H3O+] equals the Ka of the indicator.
C. the amounts of acid and base which have been combined are in their stoichiometric
ratio.
D. the pH is 7.0.
E. the pH has reached a maximum.

43. When a strong acid is titrated with a strong base, the pH at the equivalence point
A. is greater than 7.0.
B. is equal to 7.0.
C. is less than 7.0, but is not 3.5.
D. is equal to the pKa of the acid.
E. is equal to 3.5.
44. When a weak acid is titrated with a strong base, the pH at the equivalence point
A. is greater than 7.0.
B. is equal to 7.0.
C. is less than 7.0.
D. is equal to the pKa of the acid.
E. is equal to 14.0 - pKb, where pKb is that of the base.

45. When a strong acid is titrated with a weak base, the pH at the equivalence point
A. is greater than 7.0.
B. is equal to 7.0.
C. is less than 7.0.
D. is equal to the pKa of the acid.
E. is equal to the pKb of the base.

46. When a weak acid is titrated with a weak base, the pH at the equivalence point
A. is greater than 7.0.
B. is equal to 7.0.
C. is less than 7.0.
D. is determined by the sizes of Ka and Kb.
E. is no longer affected by addition of base.
47. Which one of the following is the best representation of the titration curve which will be
obtained in the titration of a weak acid (0.10 mol L¯1) with a strong base of the same
concentration?

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.
48. Which one of the following is the best representation of the titration curve which will be
obtained in the titration of a weak base (0.10 mol L¯1) with HCl of the same concentration?

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.
49. The indicator propyl red has Ka = 3.3 × 10¯6. What would be the approximate pH range
over which it would change color?
A. 3.5 to 5.5
B. 4.5 to 6.5
C. 5.5 to 7.5
D. 6.5 to 8.5
E. None of these choices is correct.

50. Which of the following indicators would be the best to use when 0.050 M benzoic acid (Ka
= 6.6 × 10¯5) is titrated with 0.05 M NaOH?
A. bromphenol blue, pH range: 3.0 to 4.5
B. bromcresol green, pH range: 3.8 to 5.4
C. alizarin, pH range: 5.7 to 7.2
D. phenol red, pH range: 6.9 to 8.2
E. phenolphthalein, pH range: 8.0 to 10.1

51. A 50.0-mL sample of 0.50 M HCl is titrated with 0.50 M NaOH. What is the pH of the
solution after 28.0 mL of NaOH have been added to the acid?
A. 0.85
B. 0.75
C. 0.66
D. 0.49
E. 3.8

52. A 20.0-mL sample of 0.25 M HNO3 is titrated with 0.15 M NaOH. What is the pH of the
solution after 30.0 mL of NaOH have been added to the acid?
A. 2.00
B. 1.60
C. 1.05
D. 1.00
E. None of these choices is correct.

53. A 20.0-mL sample of 0.30 M HBr is titrated with 0.15 M NaOH. What is the pH of the
solution after 40.3 mL of NaOH have been added to the acid?
A. 2.95
B. 3.13
C. 10.87
D. 11.05
E. 13.14

54. A 35.0-mL sample of 0.20 M LiOH is titrated with 0.25 M HCl. What is the pH of the
solution after 23.0 mL of HCl have been added to the base?
A. 1.26
B. 1.67
C. 12.33
D. 12.74
E. 13.03
55. When 20.0 mL of 0.15 M hydrochloric acid is mixed with 20.0 mL of 0.10 M sodium
hydroxide, the pH of the resulting solution is
A. 0.00
B. 12.40
C. 1.60
D. 0.82
E. 7.00

56. A 25.0-mL sample of 0.35 M HCOOH is titrated with 0.20 M KOH. What is the pH of the
solution after 25.0 mL of KOH has been added to the acid? Ka = 1.77 × 10¯4
A. 4.00
B. 3.88
C. 3.63
D. 3.51
E. 3.47

57. A 10.0-mL sample of 0.75 M CH3CH2COOH is titrated with 0.30 M NaOH. What is the pH
of the solution after 22.0 mL of NaOH have been added to the acid? Ka = 1.3 × 10¯5
A. 5.75
B. 4.94
C. 4.83
D. 4.02
E. 3.95

58. A 25.0-mL sample of 0.10 M C2H3NH2 (ethylamine) is titrated with 0.15 M HCl. What is
the pH of the solution after 9.00 mL of acid have been added to the amine? Kb = 6.5 × 10¯4
A. 11.08
B. 10.88
C. 10.74
D. 10.55
E. 10.49

59. A 25.0-mL sample of 1.00 M NH3 is titrated with 0.15 M HCl. What is the pH of the
solution after 15.00 mL of acid have been added to the ammonia solution? Kb = 1.8 × 10¯5
A. 10.26
B. 9.30
C. 9.21
D. 8.30
E. 8.21
60. A 20.0-mL sample of 0.30 M HClO was titrated with 0.30 M NaOH. The following data
were collected during the titration.

What is the Ka for HClO?

A. 1.1 × 10¯7
B. 3.5 × 10¯8
C. 1.2 × 10¯8
D. 4.9 × 10¯11
E. None of these choices is correct.
61. Which one of the following is the best representation of the titration curve which will be
obtained in the titration of a weak diprotic acid H2A (0.10 mol L¯1) with a strong base of
the same concentration?

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.
62. A diprotic acid H2A has Ka1 = 1 × 10¯4 and Ka2 = 1 × 10¯8. The corresponding base A2¯ is
titrated with aqueous HCl, both solutions being 0.1 mol L¯1. Which one of the following
diagrams best represents the titration curve which will be seen?

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.
63. A 20.0-mL sample of 0.50 M H2C6H6O6 (ascorbic acid, a diprotic acid) was titrated with
0.50 M NaOH. The following data were gathered during the titration.

What is Ka2 for ascorbic acid?

A. 6.8 × 10¯5
B. 6.2 × 10¯6
C. 6.2 × 10¯7
D. 6.2 × 10¯8
E. 2.8 × 10¯12

64. What volume of 0.200 M KOH must be added to 17.5 mL of 0.135 M H3PO4 to reach the
third equivalence point?
A. 3.94 mL
B. 11.8 mL
C. 17.5 mL
D. 23.6 mL
E. 35.4 mL

65. A sample of a monoprotic acid (HA) weighing 0.384 g is dissolved in water and the
solution is titrated with aqueous NaOH. If 30.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH is required to reach
the equivalence point, what is the molar mass of HA?
A. 37.0 g/mol
B. 81.0 g/mol
C. 128 g/mol
D. 20.3 g/mol
E. 211 g/mol

66. When 0.300 g of a diprotic acid was titrated with 0.100 M LiOH, 40.0 mL of the LiOH
solution was needed to reach the second equivalence point. Identify the formula of the
diprotic acid.
A. H2S
B. H2C2O4
C. H2C4H4O6
D. H2Se
E. H2Te

67. What volume of 0.500 M H2SO4 is needed to react completely with 20.0 mL of 0.400 M
LiOH?
A. 4.00 mL
B. 8.00 mL
C. 12.5 mL
D. 16.0 mL
E. 32.0 mL
68. A change in pH will significantly affect the solubility of which, if any, of the following
compounds?
A. BaF2
B. CuCl
C. CuBr
D. AgI
E. None of the solubilities will be significantly affected.

69. The solubility of aluminum hydroxide in water ______________ when dilute nitric acid is
added to it.
A. increases
B. decreases
C. does not change
D. first increases, then decreases
E. first decreases, then increases

70. A saturated solution of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, is in contact with excess solid
Ca(OH)2. Which of the following statements correctly describes what will happen when
aqueous HCl (a strong acid) is added to this mixture, and system returns to equilibrium?
(For Ca(OH)2, Ksp = 6.5 × 10¯6)
A. The solubility of Ca(OH)2 will be unchanged.
B. The OH¯ concentration will decrease and the Ca2+ concentration will increase.
C. The OH¯ concentration will increase and the Ca2+ concentration will decrease.
D. The concentrations of both Ca2+ and OH¯ will increase.
E. The solubility of Ca(OH)2 will decrease.

71. The solubility of silver chloride _______________ when dilute nitric is added to it.
A. increases
B. decreases
C. does not change
D. first increases, then decreases
E. first decreases, then increases

72. Write the ion product expression for magnesium fluoride, MgF2.
A.
B.

C.

D.

E.
73. Write the ion product expression for silver sulfide, Ag2S.
A.
B.

C.

D.
E.

74. Write the ion product expression for calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2.
A.
B.
C.

D.
E. None of these choices is correct.

75. The solubility of lead(II) chloride is 0.45 g/100 mL of solution. What is the Ksp of PbCl2?
A. 4.9 × 10¯2
B. 1.7 × 10¯5
C. 8.5 × 10¯6
D. 4.2 × 10¯6
E. < 1.0 × 10¯6

76. The solubility of calcium chromate is 1.56 × 10¯3 g/100 mL of solution. What is the Ksp for
CaCrO4?
A. 2.4 × 10¯4
B. 1.5 × 10¯5
C. 7.6 × 10¯6
D. 1.0 × 10¯8
E. < 1.0 × 10¯8

77. The solubility of silver chromate is 0.0287 g/1.0 L of solution. What is the Ksp for
Ag2CrO4?
A. 9.5 × 10¯5
B. 2.4 × 10¯5
C. 2.6 × 10¯12
D. 6.5 × 10¯13
E. < 1.0 × 10¯13
78. The solubility of magnesium phosphate is 2.27 × 10¯3 g/1.0 L of solution. What is the Ksp
for Mg3(PO4)2?
A. 6.5 × 10¯12
B. 6.0 × 10¯14
C. 5.2 × 10¯24
D. 4.8 × 10¯26
E. 1.0 × 10¯26

79. Calculate the solubility of barium carbonate, BaCO3, in pure water. Ksp = 2.0 × 10¯9
A. 1.3 × 10¯3 M
B. 3.2 × 10¯5 M
C. 2.2 × 10¯5 M
D. 4.5 × 10¯5 M
E. 4.0 × 10¯18 M

80. Calculate the solubility of silver oxalate, Ag2C2O4, in pure water. Ksp = 1.0 × 10¯11
A. 1.4 × 10¯4 M
B. 8.2 × 10¯5 M
C. 5.4 × 10¯5 M
D. 3.2 × 10¯6 M
E. 2.5 × 10¯12 M

81. Calculate the solubility of strontium fluoride, SrF2, in pure water. Ksp = 2.6 × 10¯9
A. 1.4 × 10¯3 M
B. 3.4 × 10¯4 M
C. 8.7 × 10¯4 M
D. 5.l × 10¯5 M
E. < 1.0 × 10¯5 M

82. Calculate the solubility of silver phosphate, Ag3PO4, in pure water. Ksp = 2.6 × 10¯18
A. 4.0 × 10¯5 M
B. 1.8 × 10¯5 M
C. 4.0 × 10¯6 M
D. 1.5 × 10¯6 M
E. < 1.0 × 10¯6 M

83. Which of the following substances has the greatest solubility in water?
A. MgCO3, Ksp = 3.5 × 10¯8
B. NiCO3, Ksp = 1.3 × 10¯7
C. AgIO3, Ksp = 3.1 × 10¯8
D. CuBr, Ksp = 5.0 × 10¯9
E. AgCN, Ksp = 2.2 × 10¯16
84. Which of the following substances has the greatest solubility in water?
A. PbI2, Ksp = 7.9 × 10¯9
B. BaF2, Ksp = 1.5 × 10¯6
C. Ca(OH)2, Ksp = 6.5 × 10¯6
D. Zn(IO3)2, Ksp = 3.9 × 10¯6
E. Ag2SO4, Ksp = 1.5 × 10¯5

85. Which of the following substances has the greatest solubility in water?
A. Ba(IO3)2, Ksp = 1.5 × 10¯9
B. PbF2, Ksp = 3.6 × 10¯8
C. SrSO4, Ksp = 3.2 × 10¯7
D. CuCl, Ksp = 1.9 × 10¯7
E. CdS, Ksp = 1.0 × 10¯24

86. Barium sulfate (BaSO4) is a slightly soluble salt, with Ksp = 1.1 × 10¯10. What mass of Ba2+
ions will be present in 1.0 L of a saturated solution of barium sulfate?
A. < 10¯7 g
B. 1.0 × 10¯5 g
C. 0.0014 g
D. 0.0024 g
E. > 0.05 g

87. Use the following information to calculate the solubility product constant, Ksp, for PbCl2. A
saturated solution of PbCl2 in water was prepared and filtered. From the filtrate, 1.0 L was
measured out into a beaker and evaporated to dryness. The solid PbCl2 residue recovered in
the beaker amounted to 0.0162 moles.
A. Ksp = 6.9 × 10¯8
B. Ksp = 4.3 × 10¯6
C. Ksp = 1.7 × 10¯5
D. Ksp = 2.6 × 10¯4
E. Ksp = 3.2 × 10¯2

88. Use the following information to calculate the solubility product constant, Ksp, for CuCl. A
saturated solution of CuCl in water was prepared and filtered. From the filtrate, 1.0 L was
measured out into a beaker and evaporated to dryness. The solid CuCl residue recovered in
the beaker was found to weigh 0.041g.
A. Ksp =1.7 × 10¯9
B. Ksp = 1.7 × 10¯7
C. Ksp = 1.7 × 10¯5
D. Ksp = 4.3 × 10¯4
E. Ksp = 2.1 × 10¯2
89. Assuming that the total volume does not change after 0.200 g of KCl is added to 1.0 L of a
saturated aqueous solution of AgCl, calculate the number of moles of Ag+ ion in the
solution after equilibrium has been reestablished. For AgCl, Ksp = 1.8 × 10¯10
A. 1.8 × 10¯10 mol Ag+
B. 9.0 × 10¯10 mol Ag+
C. 9.0 × 10¯9 mol Ag+
D. 6.7 × 10¯8 mol Ag+
E. 1.3 × 10¯5 mol Ag+

90. What is the maximum mass of KCl that can be added to 1.0 L of a 0.010 M lead(II) chloride
solution without causing any precipitation of lead(II) chloride? Assume that addition of KCl
does not affect the solution volume. For lead(II) chloride, Ksp = 1.6 × 10¯5
A. 3.0 g
B. 1.5 g
C. 0.8 g
D. 0.8 g
E. 0.2 g

91. Calculate the solubility of magnesium sulfate, MgSO4, when placed into a 0.10 M MgCl2
solution. Ksp = 5.9 × 10¯3
A. 4.2 × 10¯2 M
B. 5.9 × 10¯2 M
C. 7.7 × 10¯2 M
D. 3.5 × 10¯5 M
E. 3.5 × 10¯6 M

92. Calculate the solubility of silver chromate, Ag2CrO4, in 0.005 M Na2CrO4. Ksp = 2.6 ×
10¯12
A. 1.4 × 10¯4 M
B. 3.4 × 10¯5 M
C. 1.1 × 10¯5 M
D. 1.6 × 10¯6 M
E. < 1.0 × 10¯6 M

93. Calculate the solubility of lead(II) iodide, PbI2, in 0.025 M KI. Ksp = 7.9 × 10¯9
A. 4.5 × 10¯2 M
B. 2.8 × 10¯2 M
C. 8.9 × 10¯5 M
D. 5.0 × 10¯5 M
E. 1.3 × 10¯5 M
94. A lab technician adds 0.015 mol of KOH to 1.00 L of 0.0010 M Ca(NO3)2. Ksp = 6.5 × 10¯6
for Ca(OH)2. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Calcium hydroxide precipitates until the solution is saturated.
B. The solution is unsaturated and no precipitate forms.
C. The concentration of calcium ions is reduced by the addition of the hydroxide ions.
D. One must know Ksp for calcium nitrate to make meaningful predictions on this system.
E. The presence of KOH will raise the solubility of Ca(NO3)2.

95. A lab technician adds 0.20 mol of NaF to 1.00 L of 0.35 M cadmium nitrate, Cd(NO3)2.
Which of the following statements is correct? Ksp = 6.44 × 10¯3 for CdF2.
A. Cadmium fluoride precipitates until the solution is saturated.
B. The solution is unsaturated and no precipitate forms.
C. The solubility of cadmium fluoride is increased by the presence of additional fluoride
ions.
D. One must know Ksp for cadmium nitrate to make meaningful predictions on this
system.
E. The presence of NaF will raise the solubility of Cd(NO3)2.

96. What is the maximum amount of sodium sulfate that can be added to 1.00 L of 0.0020 M
Ca(NO3)2 before precipitation of calcium sulfate begins? Ksp = 2.4 × 10¯5 for calcium
sulfate
A. 1.2 × 10¯2 mol
B. 4.9 × 10¯3 mol
C. 3.5 × 10¯3 mol
D. 1.2 × 10¯5 mol
E. 4.8 × 10¯8 mol

97. Consider the dissolution of MnS in water (Ksp = 3.0 × 10¯14).

MnS(s) + H2O(l) Mn2+(aq) + HS¯(aq) + OH¯(aq)
How is the solubility of manganese(II) sulfide affected by the addition of aqueous
potassium hydroxide to the system?
A. The solubility will be unchanged.
B. The solubility will decrease.
C. The solubility will increase.
D. The amount of KOH added must be known before its effect can be predicted.
E. The pKa of H2S is needed before a reliable prediction can be made.

98. The lab technician Anna Lytic adds 2.20 mol KOH to 1.00 L of 0.5 M Al(NO3)3. What is
the concentration of aluminum ions after the aluminum nitrate has reacted with the
potassium hydroxide? Kf = 3.0 × 1033 for Al(OH)4¯
A. 1.8 × 10¯7 M
B. 9.l × 10¯18 M
C. 1.0 × 10¯31 M
D. 3.3 × 10¯34 M
E. 7.l × 10¯36 M
99. A solution is prepared by adding 4.50 mol of sodium hydroxide to 1.00 L of 1.00 M
Co(NO3)2. What is the equilibrium concentration of cobalt ions? Kf = 5.0 × 109 for
Co(OH)42¯
A. 1.1 × 10¯2 M
B. 1.4 × 10¯5 M
C. 3.2 × 10¯9 M
D. 2.0 × 10¯10 M
E. 4.9 × 10¯13 M

100. The concentration of the complex ion in each of following solutions is 1.00 M. In which of
the solutions will the concentration of the uncomplexed metal ion be the greatest?

A. Hg2+
B. Be2+
C. Zn2+
D. Cu2+
E. Cd2+

101. Calculate the solubility of zinc hydroxide, Zn(OH)2, in 1.00 M NaOH.

Ksp = 3.0 × 10¯16 for Zn(OH)2, Kf = 3.0 × 1015 for Zn(OH)42¯
A. 0.60 M
B. 0.52 M
C. 0.37 M
D. 0.32 M
E. 0.24 M

102. A solution is prepared by mixing 50.0 mL of 0.50 M Cu(NO3)2 with 50.0 mL of 0.50 M
Co(NO3)2. Sodium hydroxide is added to the mixture. Which hydroxide precipitates first
and what concentration of hydroxide ions present in solution will accomplish the
separation?
Ksp = 2.2 × 10¯20 for Cu(OH)2, Ksp = 1.3 × 10¯15 for Co(OH)2
A. Co(OH)2; [OH¯] = 6.9 × 10¯6 M
B. Co(OH)2; [OH¯] = 2.6 × 10¯7 M
C. Cu(OH)2; [OH¯] = 1.8 × 10¯7 M
D. Cu(OH)2; [OH¯] = 1.1 × 10¯9 M
E. Cu(OH)2; [OH¯] = 1.0 × 10¯17 M
103. The salts X(NO3)2 and Y(NO3)2 (where X+ and Y+ are metal ions) are dissolved in water to
give a solution which is 0.1 M in each of them. Using the Ksp values listed below, decide
which aqueous reagent, if any, will definitely precipitate X+ before precipitating Y+ from
solution.
Given Ksp values: XCl2, 1 × 10¯5; YCl2, 1 × 10¯10; X(OH)2, 1 × 10¯10; Y(OH)2, 1 × 10¯5
A. 1 M NaCl
B. 1 M HCl
C. 1 M HNO3
D. 1 M NaOH
E. None of these reagents will accomplish the precipitation.

104. The salts X(NO3)2 and Y(NO3)2 (where X+ and Y+ are metal ions) are dissolved in water to
give a solution which is 0.1 M in each of them. Using the Ksp values listed below, decide
which aqueous reagent, if any, will definitely precipitate X+ before precipitating Y+ from
solution.
Given Ksp values: XCl2, 1 × 10¯5; YCl2, 1 × 10¯10; X(OH)2, 1 × 10¯10; Y(OH)2, 1 × 10¯5
A. 1 M NH3
B. 1 M HCl
C. 1 M HNO3
D. 1 M NaCl
E. None of these reagents will accomplish the precipitation.

105. The salts X(NO3)2 and Y(NO3)2 (where X+ and Y+ are metal ions) are dissolved in water to
give a solution which is 0.1 M in each of them. Using the Ksp values listed below, decide
which aqueous reagent, if any, will definitely precipitate X+ before precipitating Y+ from
solution.
Given Ksp values: XCl2, 1 × 10¯5; YCl2, 1 × 10¯10; X(OH)2, 1 × 10¯10; Y(OH)2, 1 × 10¯5
A. 1 M NaNO3
B. 1 M HCl
C. 1 M HNO3
D. 1 M NaCl
E. None of these reagents will accomplish the precipitation.

106. The salts X(NO3)2 and Y(NO3)2 (where X+ and Y+ are metal ions) are dissolved in water to
give a solution which is 0.1 M in each of them. Which of the answers gives the
concentration of chloride ions will precipitate the most YCl2 without precipitating any
XCl2?
Given Ksp values: XCl2, 2 × 10¯5; YCl2, 1 × 10¯10
A. 1 M Cl¯
B. 0.1 M Cl¯
C. 0.01 M Cl¯
D. 0.001 M Cl¯
E. 0.0001 M Cl¯
107. What is the pH of 375 mL of solution containing 0.150 mol of propenoic acid (HA) and
0.250 mol of sodium propenoate (NaA)? (Ka for propenoic acid is 5.52 × 10¯5)

108. Formic acid is a monoprotic acid with a Ka value of 1.8 × 10¯4 at 25°C.
a. Calculate the pH of a 0.200 mol L¯1 solution of the acid, making any reasonable
approximations.
b. If 0.0050 mol of NaOH is added to 100. mL of the solution in (a), calculate the pH of the
resultant buffer.

109. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) has a Ka value of 7.2 × 10¯4.

a. 0.250 mol of F¯ ions (in the form of NaF) are added to 1.00 L of 0.100 mol L¯1 aqueous
HF. Calculate the resulting pH.
b. To the solution produced in (a) is added 10.0 mL of 5.00 mol L¯1 NaOH. Calculate the
resulting pH.

110. Make a clear distinction between buffer range and buffer capacity.
111. Hydrochloric acid (0.100 mol L¯1, 25.00 mL aliquot) is being titrated with sodium
hydroxide of the same molarity. Calculate the solution pH after addition of 24.80 mL of the
sodium hydroxide. Make any reasonable approximations.

112. Propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH) has a Ka of 1.34 × 10¯5. A 25.00 mL sample of 0.1000
mol L¯1 propanoic acid (in flask) is titrated with 0.1000 mol L¯1 NaOH solution, added
from a buret. Carry out the calculations of the quantities indicated below.
a. The pH after 0.00 mL of NaOH are added.
b. The pH after 15.00 mL of NaOH are added.
c. The hydroxide ion concentration after 26.00 mL of NaOH are added.

113. Use a carefully drawn and labeled diagram of the titration curve to illustrate the titration of
a weak diprotic acid, in which Ka1 and Ka2 are substantially different, with a strong base
(base is the titrant). Label as many features of the diagram as possible.

114. Lead(II) iodide, PbI2, is an ionic compound with a solubility product constant Ksp of
7.9 × 10¯9. Calculate the solubility of this compound in
a. pure water.
b. 0.50 mol L¯1 KI solution.
115. Silver phosphate, Ag3PO4, is an ionic compound with a solubility product constant Ksp of
2.6 × 10¯18. Calculate the solubility of this compound in
a. pure water.
b. 0.20 mol L¯1 Na3PO4 solution.

116. Fe(NO3)3 (0.00100 mol) and KSCN (0.200 mol) are added to water to make exactly 1 liter
of solution. The red complex ion FeSCN2+ is produced. Calculate the concentrations of
Fe3+(aq) and FeSCN2+(aq) at equilibrium, if Kf of the FeSCN2+ is 8.9 × 102.

117. Calculate the solubility of copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3, in 1.00 mol L¯1 NH3.
Ksp = 3.0 × 10¯12 for CuCO3, Kf = 5.6 × 1011 for Cu(NH3)42+

118. A CH3COOH/CH3COO¯ buffer can be produced by adding a strong acid to a solution of

CH3COO¯ ions.
Difficulty: M
True False

119. Increasing the concentrations of the components of a buffer solution will increase the buffer
range.
Difficulty: E
True False

120. Increasing the concentrations of the components of a buffer solution will increase the buffer
capacity.
Difficulty: E
True False

121. If the pH of a buffer solution is greater than the pKa value of the buffer acid, the buffer will
have more capacity to neutralize added base than added acid.
Difficulty: M
True False
122. The end point in a titration is defined as the point when the indicator changes color.
Difficulty: E
True False

123. The equivalence point in a titration is defined as the point when the indicator changes color.
Difficulty: E
True False

124. For a diprotic acid H2A, the relationship Ka1 > Ka2 is always true.
Difficulty: M
True False

125. The solubility of salt MX (solubility product constant Ksp) in water will always be greater
than that of salt MX3 (solubility product constant K'sp) provided that Ksp > K'sp.
Difficulty: H
True False
Chapter 19 Ionic Equilibria in Aqueous Systems Key
1. (p. 833) C

2. (p. 833) B

3. (p. 833) B

4. (p. 833) E

5. (p. 833) E

6. (p. 838) D

7. (p. 838) C

8. (p. 838) A

9. (p. 839) C

10. (p. 839) B

11. (p. 838) E

12. (p. 835) B

13. (p. 818) A

14. (p. 818) A

15. (p. 818) C

16. (p. 837) C

17. (p. 837) D

18. (p. 838) D

19. (p. 838) C

20. (p. 838) A

21. (p. 837) B

22. (p. 837) B

23. (p. 837) C

24. (p. 837) C

25. (p. 837) B

26. (p. 837) B

27. (p. 837) E

28. (p. 837) D

29. (p. 837) B

30. (p. 835) E

31. (p. 835) B

32. (p. 840) D

33. (p. 840) A

34. (p. 840) B

35. (p. 840) D

36. (p. 840) A

37. (p. 840) D

38. (p. 840) D

39. (p. 840) A

40. (p. 840) B

41. (p. 840) A

42. (p. 843) C

43. (p. 843) B

44. (p. 845) A

45. (p. 849) C

46. (Sec. 19.2) D

47. B

48. (p. 849) D

49. (p. 842) B

50. (Sec. 19.2) D

51. (p. 844) A

52. (p. 844) A

53. (p. 844) C

54. (p. 844) C

55. (p. 844) C

56. (p. 846) B

57. (p. 846) A

58. (Sec. 19.2) B

59. (Sec. 19.2) A

60. (p. 846) B

61. (p. 850) A

62. (p. 850) B

63. (p. 850) E

64. (p. 850) E

65. (Sec. 19.2) C

66. (Sec. 19.2) C

67. (p. 848) B

68. (p. 857) A

69. (p. 857) A

70. (p. 857) B

71. (p. 857) C

72. (p. 852) B

73. (p. 852) E

74. (p. 852) C

75. (p. 854) B

76. (p. 854) D

77. (p. 854) C

78. (p. 854) C

79. (p. 855) D

80. (p. 855) A

81. (p. 855) C

82. (p. 855) B

83. (p. 855) B

84. (p. 855) E

85. (p. 855) B

86. (p. 855) C

87. (p. 854) C

88. (p. 854) B

89. (p. 856) D

90. (p. 856) B

91. (p. 856) A

92. (p. 856) C

93. (p. 856) E

94. (p. 858) B

95. (p. 858) A

96. (p. 858) A

97. (p. 857) B

98. (p. 858) C

99. (p. 865) C

100. (p. 865) E

101. (p. 865) E

102. (p. 861) D

103. (p. 861) D

104. (p. 861) A

105. (p. 861) E

106. (p. 861) D

107. (p. 837) 4.48

Difficulty: E

108. (p. 835) a. 2.22

b. 3.27
Difficulty: M

109. (p. 835) a. 3.54

b. 3.92
Difficulty: H

110. (p. 838) Buffer range is the range of pH over which the buffer acts effectively; in practice this is between pKa - 1 and pKa +
1. Buffer capacity relates to the amount of added acid or base which a buffer solution is able to neutralize. The greater the
concentration of the buffer components, the greater the buffer capacity.
Difficulty: E

111. (p. 844) 3.40

Difficulty: M

112. (p. 846) a. 2.94

b. 5.05
c. 1.96 × 10¯3 mol L¯1
Difficulty: H
113. (p. 850)
Difficulty: M

(p. 856) a. 1.3 × 10¯ mol L¯

3 1
114.
b. 3.2 × 10¯8 mol L¯1
Difficulty: M

(p. 856) a. 1.8 × 10¯ mol L¯

5 1
115.
b. 7.8 × 10¯ mol L¯
7 1

Difficulty: H

(p. 866) [Fe ] = 5.6 × 10¯ mol L¯ ; [FeSCN ] = 0.100 mol L¯

3+ 6 1 2+ 1
116.
Difficulty: H
1
117. (p. 867) 0.16 mol L¯
Difficulty: H

118. (p. 840) TRUE

119. (p. 838) FALSE

120. (p. 838) TRUE

121. (p. 838) FALSE

122. (p. 844) TRUE

123. (p. 843) FALSE

124. (p. 849) TRUE

125. (p. 855) FALSE