Practical Research 2 Reviewer

Hypothesis Testing

1. State the hypotheses

2. Find the critical value/s
STEPS INTO IDENTIFYING
3. Compute the test value
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
4. Make the decision (reject or not reject Ho)
5. Summarize the result

1. Two-tailed Test
2. Right-tailed Test - (3) Types of Hypothesis Testing:
3. Left-tailed Test
Ho - Also referred to as Null Hypothesis
Ha - Also referred to as an Alternative Hypothesis
Ho: ¿
- Null and Alternative Hypothesis of a Two-tailed Test:
Ha: ≠
Ho: ≤
- Null and Alternative Hypothesis of a Right-tailed Test:
Ha: ¿
Ho: ≥
- Null and Alternative Hypothesis of a Left-tailed Test:
Ha: ¿
1. Rejected Ho leads to type I error
- If Ho is true:
2. Not rejected Ho leads to correct decision
1. Rejected Ho leads to correct decision
- If Ho is not true:
2. Not rejected Ho leads to type II error
Level of Significance (α ) - It is the maximum probability of committing a type I error.
Alpha (α ) - Known as the type I error
Beta ( β ) - Known as the type II error
1%, 5%, and 10%
- Alpha (α ) is determined by __%, __%, and __% but mostly __-__%.
but mostly 1-10%
α
0.5 – - Formula for a Two-tailed Test:
2
0.5 – α - Formula for a Right-tailed Test and/or a Left-tailed Test:
df = n – 1 - Formula into finding out the degrees of freedom in a t-table.
One Sample Test
- A statistical test for the mean of the population.
Z-test - It can be used when n ≥ 30 or when the population is normally distributed and σ
(sigma) is known.
x−μ
z=
σ
- Formula for z-test
√n
σ – Standard Deviation Population
- A statistical test for the mean of a population and is used when the population is
Student t-test
normally or approximately normally distributed and is σ is unknown or n<30 .
x−μ
t=
s
- Formula for student t-test
√n
S – Standard Deviation Sample
Independent Test (Unpaired T-test)
Independent Test (Unpaired T-test) - Test for significant difference between two groups.
x 1−x 2 - Formula for Independent Test (Unpaired T-test)
1. t=
S x 1−x 2

√
2 2
( n 1−1 ) s 1+ ( n2−1 ) s2 1 1
S x 1−x 2= ( + )
n1 +n2−2 n1 n2

x 1−x́ 2
t=

√
2 2
2. [ ( n 1−1 ) s 1+ ( n2−1 ) s2 ](n1+ n2)
(n1+ n2−2)(n1 n2 )

Where:
x 1−mean of the first sample
x 2−mean of the second sample
s1−st . dev of the first sample
s2−st .dev of the second sample
n1−sample ¿ the first sample
n2 −sample ¿ the second sample

df =n1 +n2−2 - Formula for degrees of freedom in an Independent Test:

Dependent Test (Paired T-test)
Dependent Test (Paired T-test) - Test for significant difference between pre-test and post-test of a group.
d
t=
1. sd
√n

S=
√ n−1 √
∑ ( x−x)2 ∨S= ∑ ( d−d )2
n−1
- Formula for Dependent Test (Paired T-test)
Where:
d−meanof the differences between
paired sample values
n−sample ¿ ¿
sd −st . dev of the differencesbetween
paired sample values
df =n−1 - Formula for degrees of freedom in a Dependent Test:
S = √n ¿ ¿ ¿
2
- Formula for Standard Deviation
S=n ¿ ¿ - Formula For Variance