Physics Equations

By Krishna Kumar
Roll no. 1071

16 September 2023

1 Coulomb’s Law:
1 q1 q2
F= 4πε0 r2 r̂

2 Biot-Savart Law:
µ0 Idl×r̂
dB = 4π r2

3 Electric Potential Energy (for Point Charges):

1 q1 q2
U= 4πε0 r

4 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire:

R
F= L×B

5 Divergence (δ
∂P ∂Q ∂R
∇·F= ∂x + ∂y + ∂z

1
6 Maxwell’s Equations:

(a) Gauss’ Law for Electricity:

ρ
∇·E=
ε0
(b) Gauss’ Law for Magnetism:
∇·B=0
(c) Faraday’s Law of Induction:
∂B
∇×E=−
∂t
(d) Modified Ampere’s Law:
∂E
∇ × B = µ0 J + µ0 ε0
∂t
Symbols Used:

E = Electric field i = electric current

B = Magnetic field J = current density
D = Electric displacement µ0 = permeability
H = Magnetic field strength c = speed of light
ρ = charge density M = Magnetization
ε0 = permittivity P = Polarization

7 Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor:

ε0 A
C= d

8 Lorentz Force Law :

F = q (E + v × B)

9 Lenz’s Law (from Faraday’s Law):

E = − dΦdtB

10 Ohm’s Law (in vector form):

J = σE

2
11 Magnetic Field Due to a Current Loop (Biot-Savart Law for a current loop):

µ0 I dl×r
H
B= 4π r3

12 Magnetic Flux (related to Faraday’s Law):

R
ΦB = B · dA

13 First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy Conservation):

∆U = Q − W

14 Ideal Gas Law:

P V = nRT

15 Entropy Change in a Reversible Process:

Q
∆S = T

16 Curl (δ):

î ĵ k̂
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×F= ∂x ∂y ∂z
P Q R

17 Gibbs Free Energy:

∆G = ∆H − T ∆S

18 Heat Capacity at Constant Volume:

∂U


Cv = ∂T V

19 Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure:

∂H


Cp = ∂T P

3
20 Van der Waals Equation of State (for Real Gases):
 
an2
P+ V2 (V − nb) = nRT

21 Lorentz Transformation (Time Dilation):

∆t = q∆t0
2
1− vc2

22 Lorentz Transformation (Length Contraction):

q
v2
L = L0 1− c2

23 Relativistic Energy-Mass Equivalence :

E = γm0 c2

24 Gradient (δ)
∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f = ∂x î + ∂y ĵ + ∂z k̂