SA101:
MIDTERMS REVIEWER 10/04/2023
UNIT 1: SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION
• Refers to the management of one or more
hardware and software systems.
• Performed by a system administrator who
monitors system health, allocates system
resources, performs backups, manages user
accounts, and ensures system security.
• Duties vary depending on the type of computer
systems being maintained.
• Common tasks include installation of new
hardware or software, creating and managing
user accounts, maintaining computer systems,
and responding to system outages and problems.
• Additional responsibilities may include
programming or scripting, training computer
users, and assistants.
ROLES OF SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION
1. Managing Windows, Linux, or Mac systems.
2. Upgrading, installing, and configuring application
software and computer hardware.
3. Troubleshooting and providing technical support
to employees.
4. Creating and managing system permissions and
user accounts.
5. Performing regular security tests and security
monitoring.
6. Maintaining networks and network file systems.
UNIT 2: BASICS OF COMPUTER
NETWORKING
BASIC CONCEPTS
• COMPUTER NETWORKING - the practice of
connecting computers together to enable
communication and data exchange between
them.
• A computer network is a collection of two or
more computers.
• Nodes and links are the basic building blocks of a
computer network.
• NETWORK NODE - can be illustrated as
equipment for data communication like a
modem, router, etc., or equipment of a data
terminal like connecting two computers or more.
• LINKS - can be defined as wires or cables or free
space of wireless networks.
• PROTOCOL - a set of rules and standards that
govern how data is transmitted over a network
(e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, and FTP)
• NETWORK TOPOLOGY - refers to the physical
and logical arrangement of nodes on a network.
• The common network topologies include bus,
star, ring, mesh, and tree.
• IP ADDRESS - is a unique numerical identifier that
is assigned to every device on a network.
• Domain Name System (DNS) - is a protocol that
is used to translate human-readable domain
names into IP addresses that computers can
understand.
• FIREWALL - is a security device that is used to
monitor and control incoming and outgoing
network traffic.
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
• LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) - is a network that
covers a small area, such as an office or a home.
• WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) - is a network that
covers a large geographic area, such as a city,
country, or even the entire world.
• CLOUD NETWORKS - can be visualized with a
Wide Area Network (WAN) as they can be hosted
on public or private cloud service providers and
cloud networks are available if there is a demand.
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
• CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE - A computing
model in which the server hosts, delivers, and
manages most of the resources and services
requested by the client.
• PEER – TO – PEER (P2P) ARCHITECTURE - A
decentralized network of peers - nodes that are
both clients and servers.
OSI MODEL
• OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection.
• It is a reference model that specifies standards
for communications protocols and also the
functionalities of each layer.
7 LAYERS OF THE OSI MODEL
• APPLICATION LAYER - interacts with software
applications. Includes protocols like HTTP, SMTP,
POP3, FTP.
• PRESENTATION LAYER - handles syntax and
semantics of data. Encryption and compression
functions. SSL, SSH, IMAP, FTP, MPEG, JPEG
• SESSION LAYER - manages sessions and
connections between network applications.
SYN/ACK/FIN packets used in TCP. API’s, Sockets,
Winsock
• TRANSPORT LAYER - provides end-to-end
communication service. TCP protocol offers
reliable, connection-oriented service. UDP offers
fast but unguaranteed datagram delivery.
• NETWORK LAYER - handles logical addressing
and routing functions. Decides routing paths and
packet forwarding. IP, ICMP, IPSec, IGMP
• DATA LINK LAYER - groups raw bits into frames.
Responsible for node-to-node delivery and error
checking. Includes MAC addressing and LLC
protocol. Ethernet, PPP, Switch, Bridge
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• PHYSICAL LAYER - lowest layer concerned with UNIT 3: COMPUTER NETWORK ETHERNET STRAIGHT THROUGH CABLE
transmitting raw bit streams over physical CABLE
medium. Deals with electrical/optical signals,
cables, connectors, etc. ▪ ETHERNET CABLE – a common type of cable used
with wired networks.
UNIQUE IDENTIFIERS OF NETWORK ▪ NETWORK – two or more connected computers
• HOSTNAME - each device in the network is or electronic device
associated with a unique device name known as ▪ TWISTED PAIR CABLE – a type of cabling that is
Hostname. used for telephone and modern Ethernet
• IP ADDRESS (Internet Protocol address) - also networks; The cables are twisted to prevent
known as the Logical Address, the IP Address is electromagnetic interference
the network address of the system across the
network. TWO TYPES OF TWISTED PAIR CABLES
• MAC ADDRESS (Media Access Control address) - ▪ UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR – widely used cable
also known as physical address, the MAC Address in computer and telecommunications industry as
is the unique identifier of each host and is Ethernet cables and
associated with its NIC (Network Interface Card).
telephone wires; the
cables are twisted to
PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
NETWORK cancel out
▪ NIC (Network Interface Card) - a hardware electromagnetic
component, typically a circuit board or chip, interference from
installed on a computer to connect it to a external sources.
network. ▪ SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR – similar to UTP,
▪ HUB - a multi-port repeater that connects however It contains an CROSS OVER
multiple wires coming from different branches extra foil wrapping or
▪ ROUTER - a device that routes data packets copper braiding jacket
based on their IP addresses to help shield the cable
▪ MODEM - Converts or modulates analog signals signals from
from a telephone wire into a digital form of 0s
interference; It supports
and 1s
higher transmission rates across longer distances
▪ SWITCH - Equipment that allows two or more IT
devices, such as computers, to communicate 2 WIRE STANDARDS FOR AN ETHERNET CABLE
with one another 568 A 568 B
▪ NODES - Computing devices, such as computers, 1. WHITE GREEN 1. WHITE ORANGE
that send and receive network packets across the 2. GREEN 2. ORANGE
network 3. WHITE ORANGE 3. WHITE GREEN
▪ MEDIA - Refers to the physical means by which 4. BLUE 4. BLUE
network packets are sent and received. Examples 5. WHITE BLUE 5. WHITE BLUE
include wired media like Ethernet, fiber optics, 6. ORANGE 6. GREEN
coaxial cable, and USB cable, as well as wireless 7. WHITE BROWN 7. WHITE BROWN
media like infrared, radio (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi), 8. BROWN 8. BROWN
microwaves (cellular system), and satellite (GPS)

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UNIT 4: VIRTUALIZATION

▪ VIRTUALIZATION – a technology that helps us

install multiple operating systems on a hardware
that are completely separated and independent
from each other. This make a single physical
resource appear to function as multiple virtual
resources.

TYPES OF VIRTUALIZATION
▪ SERVER VIRTUALIZATION – virtualizing multiple ▪ HOSTED HYPERVISORS – are virtual machine
virtual servers each with different purposes over manager that run within a traditional operating
a single physical hardware system (e.g. Oracle VM VirtualBox, Microsoft
▪ CLIENT & DESKTOP VIRTUALIZATION – Virtual PC, QEMU and Parallels)
virtualizes desktop (OS and applications) from a
physical thin client which utilizes datacenter
resources.
▪ SERVICES AND APPLICATIONS VIRTUALIZATION
– this virtualizes applications that can be run
from multiple devices regardless of the
underlying operating system which increases
compatibility and manageability
▪ NETWORK VIRTUALIZATION – abstracting
network resources (i.e., virtual network). It is
used to visualize your servers and in creating
multiple switching, VLANs, NAT-ing, etc. (e.g.
VMWare NSX, Cisco ACI, Open vSwitch)
▪ STORAGE VIRTUALIZATION – pooling multiple
physical storage devices into a single storage
ecosystem. (e.g. RAID)

▪ HYPERVISOR – are software application that

enables multiple instances of operating systems
to run on the same physical computing resources
(aka Virtual Machine Monitor)

2 TYPES OF HYPERVISORS
▪ NATIVE OR BARE METAL HYPERVISORS (TYPE 1
HYPERVISORS) - are software systems that runs
directly on the underlying computer’s physical
hardware (e.g. Oracle VM, Microsoft Hyper-V,
ESX, and Xen)

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