1.

THE AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

The aim of the experiment is to determine density of different objects (of different shapes, mass and
materials from which they were made), gaining experience in performing direct and indirect
measurements using simple measuring instruments, becoming familiar with methods of data analysis,
and using them to determine the measurement uncertainty.

2. METHOD

To calculate density of the objects, we conducted separate measurements for their masses and
geometric dimensions, which provided us with data necessary to calculate object’s volume. By having the
mass (m) and volume (V) of the object, we could calculate its density (ρ) using the formula:
m
ρ= (1)
V
3. RESULTS OF THE MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS

The studied object is shown in Fig. 1. In Table 1 we collected the results of the measurements as well as their calculated
2
mean values x and sums ∑ ( x i−x ) .

Fig. 1 Studied object. The symbols of measured geometric dimensions are shown on
the picture.

In order to calculate the density of the studied object we need to find its mass, which was already measured and its
volume, because it is a bar the formula for its volume looks as follows:

V =h∗w∗l (2)

The final density formula for this object is:

m
ρ= (3)
h∗w∗l

Table 1 Measured values for the studied object. The mass values were established using analytical scale, while length, height and wideness were
measured using caliper.

Measurement no. m[g] l[mm] h[mm] w[mm]

1 84.70 83.60 4.40 30.80

 2 84.70 83.70 4.35 30.85

3 84.69 83.55 4.40 30.75

4 84.69 83.30 4.35 30.80

5 84.70 83.60 4.35 30.75

x 84.696 83.55 4.37 30.79

∑ (xi −x)
2
0.00012 0.09 0.003 0.007

To obtain the density we used the mean values from Table 1:

0.084696 kg kg
ρ= =7553.99 3 (4)
0.08355 m∗0.00437 m∗0.03079 m m
To determine the uncertainty of the density, we have to calculate the mass and geometric dimensions uncertainties. The
formula for the A-type standard uncertainty:

√
n
1
ua ( x ) = ∑
n(n−1) i−1
( x i−x )
2
(5)

Where n is the number of measurements.

Inserting the measured values in place of x and using measurements from table 1:

√
5
1
ua ( m ) = ∑ 0,00012=¿0.00244949 g
5(5−1) i−1
(6)

√
5
1
ua ( l ) = ∑ 0 ,09=¿ 0.067082039 mm
5(5−1) i−1
(7)

√
5
1
ua ( h ) = ∑ 0,003=¿ 0.012247449 mm
5(5−1) i−1
(8)

√
5
1
ua ( w ) = ∑ 0,007=¿ 0.018708287 mm
5 (5−1) i−1
(9)

The type B standard uncertainties were calculated based on the calibration uncertainties ∆ px and ∆ex show in table 2.

ub ( x ) =
√
(∆ ¿¿ p x )2 (∆¿¿ e x )2
3
+
3
¿¿ (10)

Inserting the measured values in place of x and using measurements from table 2:
 ub ( m ) =
√ 0 , 012 02 = 0.005773503 g
3
+
3
(11)

ub ( l )=u b ( h )=ub ( w )=
√ 0 ,05 2 0 , 052 0.040824829 mm
3
+
3
=¿ (12)

Total standard uncertainty is:

u ( x )=√ ua ( x ) +u b ( x )
2 2
(13)

Using the calculated earlier values of A- and B-type standard uncertainties we obtain:

u(m)=√ (0,00244949 g)2 +( 0,005773503 g)2=¿0,006271629 g (14)

u ( l )=√ (0.067082039 mm)2 +(0.040824829 mm)2=¿0.078528127 mm (15)

u ( h ) =√ (0.012247449 mm)2 +(0.040824829 mm)2=¿0.042622373 mm (16)

ub ( w )=√ (0.018708287 mm)2+(0.040824829 mm)2=¿0.044907312mm (17)

We determine the combined uncertainty for the indirect measurement of the object’s density using the law of
propagation of uncertainty.

√ ( )
k 2
∂ρ
uc ( ρ ) = ∑ ∂x j
u2 ( x j ) (18)
j=1

k is number of different measurements

Table 2 The mean values and standard uncertainties of the studied object’s mass, diameter, and height and the values used to determine the
uncertainties.

Parameter m[g] l[mm] h[mm] w[mm]

x 84.6960 83.550 4.370 30.790
∆px 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05
∆e x 0 0.05 0.05 0.05
u A (x) 0.002449 0.067082 0.012247 0.018708
u B ( x) 0.005774 0.040825 0.040824829 0.040824829
u(x ) 0.006271629 0.078528127 0.042622373 0.044907312
x 84.6960(62) 83.550(78) 4.370(43) 30.790(45)

For the studied object the formula (18) takes the form:

uc ( ρ ) =
√( ∂m )
∂ρ 2 2
u ( m) +
∂l ( )
∂ρ 2 2
u (l)+
∂ρ 2 2
∂h
u ( h) + ( )
∂ρ 2 2
∂ xw
u ( w)
( ) (19)

∂ρ ρ
c m= = (20)
∂m m
 ∂ ρ −ρ
c l= = (21)
∂l l
∂ ρ −ρ
c h= = (22)
∂h h
∂ ρ −ρ
c w= = (23)
∂w w

Using the data from table 3 we obtain the following result:

√
uc ( ρ )= 0.311240
k g2
m
6
+ 50.14276
k g2
m
6
+5399.62
k g2
m
6

Table 3 Summary results of measurement uncertainty values

+ 120.744
k g2
m
6
kg
=74.64 3
m
(24)

xj cx j
u(x j) ¿ c x ∨u (x j)
j

m 1 6.271629 × 10-6 kg kg
88953,37 3 0.557883 3
m m

l kg 7.8528127 × 10-5 m kg
-90173,5 4 7.08115 3
m m

h kg 4.2622373 × 10-5 m kg
-1724026 4 73.4821 3
m m

w kg 4.4907312 × 10-5 m kg
-244690 4 10.9883 3
m m

In order to be able to compare the determined density with a reference value, we calculate the expanded uncertainty
U ( ρ) :
U ( ρ )=k uc ( p ) , (25)
kg
where k is the expansion coefficient. For k = 2 we obtained U ( ρ )=¿149.28 3.
m
kg
The final results of the density for the studied object are ρ=7553(75) 3 for expended uncertainty and
m
kg
ρ=(7553 ± 149) 3 for expanded uncertainty.
m
Element no. 2
Measured with caliper.

The studied object is shown in Fig. 2. In Table 4 we collected the results of the measurements as well as their calculated
2
mean values x and sums ∑ ( x i−x ) .

Fig. 2 Studied object. The symbols of measured geometric dimensions are shown on
the picture.

In order to calculate the density of the studied object we need to find its mass, which was already measured and its
volume, because it is a bar the formula for its volume looks as follows:

V =h∗w∗l (26)
The final density formula for this object is:

m
ρ= (27)
h∗w∗l
Table 4 Measured values for the studied object. The mass values were established using analytical scale, while length, height and wideness were
measured using caliper.

Measurement no. m[g] l[mm] h[mm] w[mm]

1 17.18 40.85 7.90 20.00

2 17.19 40.85 7.90 19.85

3 17.19 40.85 7.90 19.90

4 17.18 40.85 7.90 19.85

5 17.19 40.85 8.00 19.80

x 17,186 40,85 7,92 19.88

∑ (xi −x)
2
0.00012 0 0.008 0.023

To obtain the density we used the mean values from Table 4:

0.017186 kg kg
ρ= =¿2672.03 3
0 .00792 m∗0.0 1988 m∗0.0 4085 m m
(28)
To determine the uncertainty of the density, we have to calculate the mass and geometric dimensions uncertainties. The
formula for the A-type standard uncertainty:

√
n
1
ua ( x ) = ∑
n(n−1) i−1
( x i−x )
2
(29)

Where n is the number of measurements.

Inserting the measured values in place of x and using measurements from table 4:

√
5
1
ua ( m ) = ∑ 0,00012=¿0.0024 g
5(5−1) i−1
(30)

√
5
1
ua ( l ) = ∑ 0 ,00=¿ 0 mm
5(5−1) i−1
(31)

√
5
1
ua ( h ) = ∑ 0,008=¿ 0.02 mm
5(5−1) i−1
(32)
 √
5
1
ua ( w ) = ∑ 0,023=¿ 0.0339 mm
5 (5−1) i−1
(33)

The type B standard uncertainties were calculated based on the calibration uncertainties ∆ px and ∆ex show in table 5.

√
ub ( x ) =
(∆ ¿¿ p x )2 (∆¿¿ e x )2
3
+
3
¿¿ (34)

Inserting the measured values in place of x and using measurements from table 5:

ub ( m ) =
√ 0 , 012 02 = 0.0058 g
3
+
3
(35)

ub ( l )=u b ( h )=ub ( w )=
√ 0 ,05 2 0 , 052 0.0408 mm
3
+
3
=¿ (36)

Total standard uncertainty is:

u ( x )=√ ua ( x ) +u b ( x )
2 2
(37)

Using the calculated earlier values of A- and B-type standard uncertainties we obtain:

u(m)=√ (0.0024 g)2+(0.0058 g)2=¿0,0063 g (38)

u ( l )=√ (0 mm)2 +(0.0408 mm)2=¿0.0408 mm (39)

u ( h ) =√(0.02 mm)2 +(0.0408 mm)2=¿0.0455 mm (40)

ub ( w )=√ (0.0339 mm)2 +(0.0408 mm)2=¿0.0531 mm (41)

We determine the combined uncertainty for the indirect measurement of the object’s density using the law of
propagation of uncertainty.

√∑ ( )
k 2
∂ρ
uc ( ρ ) = u2 ( x j ) (42)
j=1 ∂x j
k is number of different measurements

Table 5 The mean values and standard uncertainties of the studied object’s mass, diameter, and height and the values used to determine the
uncertainties.

parameter m[g] l[mm] h[mm] w[mm]

x 17.1860 40.850 7.920 19.880

∆px 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05

∆e x 0 0,05 0.05 0.05

 u A (x) 0.00244949 0 0.02 0.033912

u B ( x) 0.005773503 0.040825 0.040825 0.040825

u(x ) 0.0063 0.0408 0.0455 0.0531

x 17.1860(63) 40.850(41) 7.920(45) 19.880(53)

For the studied object the formula (42) takes the form:

uc ( ρ ) =
√( ∂m )
∂ρ 2 2
u ( m) +
∂l ( )
∂ρ 2 2
u (l)+
∂ρ 2 2
∂h ( )
u ( h) +
∂ρ 2 2
∂ xw ( )
u ( w) (43)

∂ρ ρ
c m= = (44)
∂m m
∂ ρ −ρ
c l= = (45)
∂l l
∂ ρ −ρ
c h= = (46)
∂h h
∂ ρ −ρ
c w= = (47)
∂w w
Using the data from table 6 we obtain the following result:

√
uc ( ρ )= 0.9508
k g2
m
6
+7.1309
k g2
m
6
+235.2353
k g2
m
6
+50.8844
k g2
m
6
kg
=17.1523 3
m
(48)

Table 6 Summary results of measurement uncertainty values

xj cx j
u(x j) ¿ c x ∨u (x j)
j

m 1 6.27 × 10-6 kg kg
155477.08 3 0.975095 3
m m

l kg 4.082 × 10-5 m kg
65410.75 4 2.670383 3
m m

h kg 4.546 × 10-5 m kg
337377.41 4 15.33738 3
m m

w kg 5.307 × 10-5 m kg
134407.90 4 7.133334 3
m m
In order to be able to compare the determined density with a reference value, we calculate the expanded uncertainty
U ( ρ) :
U ( ρ )=k uc ( p ) , (49)
kg
where k is the expansion coefficient. For k = 2 we obtained U ( ρ )=34.3046 3
.
m
kg
The final results of the density for the studied object are ρ=2672(17) 3 for expended uncertainty and
m
kg
ρ=(2672 ± 34) 3 for expanded uncertainty.
m
Element no. 3
Measured with caliper.

The studied object is shown in Fig. 3. In Table 7 we collected the results of the measurements as well as their calculated
2
mean values x and sums ∑ ( x i−x ) .

Fig. 3 Studied object. The symbols of measured geometric dimensions are shown on
the picture

In order to calculate the density of the studied object we need to find its mass, which was already measured and its
volume, because it is a cylinder, the formula for its volume looks as follows:

()
2
d
V =2 π ∗h (50)
2
The final density formula for this object is:

m
ρ=
()
2
d (51)
2π ∗h
2

Table 7 Measured values for the studied object. The mass values were established using analytical scale, while diameter and height were measured
using caliper.

Measurement no. m[g] d[mm] h[mm]

1 14.71 13.95 34.45

2 14.72 14.00 34.55

3 14.72 13.95 34.50

4 14.71 13.95 34.50

5 14.72 14.00 34.55

x 14.716 13.97 34.51

 ∑ (xi −x)
2
0.00012 0.003 0.007

To obtain the density we used the mean values from Table 7:

0.014716 kg
ρ= =¿ kg
( )
2
0 .01397 m 2782.03 3 (52)
2π ∗0.0 3451 m m
2
To determine the uncertainty of the density, we have to calculate the mass and geometric dimensions uncertainties. The
formula for the A-type standard uncertainty:

√
n
1
ua ( x ) = ∑ ( x −x )2
n(n−1) i−1 i
(53)

Where n is the number of measurements.

Inserting the measured values in place of x and using measurements from table 7:

√
5
1
ua ( m ) = ∑ 0.00012=¿0.00245 g
5(5−1) i−1
(54)

√
5
1
ua ( d ) = ∑ 0.003=0.01225
5(5−1) i−1
(55)

√
5
1
ua ( h ) = ∑ 0.007=¿ 0.01871 mm
5(5−1) i−1
(56)

The type B standard uncertainties were calculated based on the calibration uncertainties ∆ px and ∆ex show in table 8.

ub ( x ) =
√ (∆ ¿¿ p x )2 (∆¿¿ e x )2
3
+
3
¿¿ (57)

Inserting the measured values in place of x and using measurements from table 8:

ub ( m ) =
√
0.012 g 02 g = 0.0058 g
3
+
3
(58)

ub ( d )=u b ( h )=
√ 0. 052 mm 0.052 mm 0.0408 mm
3
+
3
=¿ (59)

Total standard uncertainty is:

u ( x )=√ ua ( x ) +u b ( x )
2 2
(60)

Using the calculated earlier values of A- and B-type standard uncertainties we obtain:
 u(m)=√ (0.00245 g)2 +( 0.0058 g)2=¿0,0063 g (61)

u ( d ) =√ (0.01225 mm)2 +(0.0408 mm)2=¿0.0426 mm (62)

u ( h ) =√ (0.01871 mm)2 +(0.0408 mm)2=¿0.0449 mm (63)

We determine the combined uncertainty for the indirect measurement of the object’s density using the law of
propagation of uncertainty.

√∑ ( )
k 2
∂ρ
uc ( ρ ) = u2 ( x j ) (64)
j=1 ∂x j
k is number of different measurements

Table 8 The mean values and standard uncertainties of the studied object’s mass, diameter, and height and the values used to determine the
uncertainties.

parameter m[g] d[mm] h[mm]

x 14.716 13.970 34.510

∆px 0.01 0.05 0.05

∆e x 0 0.05 0.05

u A (x) 0.00245 0.01225 0.01871

u B (x) 0.005773503 0.040824829 0.040824829

u(x ) 0.006271629 0.042622373 0.044907312

x 14.716(63) 13.970(43) 34.510(45)

For the studied object the formula (64) takes the form:

uc ( ρ ) =
√( ∂m )
∂ρ 2 2
u ( m) +
∂l ( )
∂ρ 2 2
u (d )+
∂ρ 2 2
∂h ( )
u ( h) (65)

∂ρ 2
c m= = 2 (66)
∂m π d h

∂ ρ −4 m
cd= = (67)
∂ d π hd 3

∂ ρ −2 m
c h= = (68)
∂ h π d 2 h2

Using the data from table 9 we obtain the following result:

√
uc ( ρ )= 1.4057
k g2
m
6
+288.1819
k g2
m
6
+13.1059
k g2
m
6
kg
=17.7962 3
m
(69)
Table 9 Summary results of measurement uncertainty values

xj cx j
u(x j) ¿ c x ∨u (x j)
j

m 1 6.3 × 10-6 kg kg
189048,1131 3 1.1856 3
m m

d kg 4.26 × 10-5 m kg
-398286,619 4 16.9759 3
m m

h kg 4.49 × 10-5 m kg
-80615,24292 4 3.6202 3
m m

In order to be able to compare the determined density with a reference value, we calculate the expanded uncertainty
U ( ρ) :

U ( ρ )=k uc ( p ) , (70)
kg
where k is the expansion coefficient. For k = 2 we obtained U ( ρ )=36.5924 3
.
m
kg
The final results of the density for the studied object are ρ=2782(18) 3 for expended uncertainty and
m
kg
ρ=(2782 ± 36) 3 for expanded uncertainty.
m
Element no. 4
Measured with micrometer.
The studied object is shown in Fig. 4. In Table 10 we collected the results of the measurements as well as their calculated
2
mean values x and sums ∑ ( x i−x )

Fig. 4 Studied object. The symbols of measured geometric dimensions are shown on
the picture

In order to calculate the density of the studied object we need to find its mass, which was already measured and its
volume, because it is a ball, the formula for its volume looks as follows:

()
3
4 d
V= π (71)
3 2
The final density formula for this object is:

m
Ρ=
()
3
4 d (72)
π
3 2

Table 40 Measured values for the studied object. The mass values were established using analytical scale, while diameter was measured using
micrometer.

Measurement no. m[g] d[mm]

 1 16.31 15.78

2 16.31 15.80

3 16.33 15.83

4 16.33 15.80

5 16.33 15.79

x 16.322 15.8

∑ (xi −x)
2
0.00048 0.0014

To obtain the density we used the mean values from Table 10:

0.016322 kg
ρ= =¿ kg
( )
3
4 0.0158 m 7903.21 3 (73)
π m
3 2
To determine the uncertainty of the density, we have to calculate the mass and geometric dimensions uncertainties. The
formula for the A-type standard uncertainty:

√
n
1
ua ( x ) = ∑ ( x −x )2
n(n−1) i−1 i
(74)

Where n is the number of measurements.

Inserting the measured values in place of x and using measurements from table 10:

√
5
1
ua ( m ) = ∑ 0.00048=¿0.00490 g
5(5−1) i−1
(75)

√
5
1
ua ( d ) = ∑ 0.0014=0.0837 mm
5(5−1) i−1
(76)

The type B standard uncertainties were calculated based on the calibration uncertainties ∆ px and ∆ex show in table 11.

ub ( x ) =
√ (∆ ¿¿ p x )2 (∆¿¿ e x )2
3
+
3
¿¿ (77)

Inserting the measured values in place of x and using measurements from table 11:

ub ( m ) =
√
0.012 g 02 g = 0.0058 g
3
+
3
(78)
 ub ( d ) =
√ 0.0052 mm 0.012 mm 0.0408 mm
3
+
3
=¿ (79)

Total standard uncertainty is:

u ( x )=√ ua ( x ) +u b ( x )
2 2
(80)

Using the calculated earlier values of A- and B-type standard uncertainties we obtain:

u(m)=√ (0.00245 g)2 +( 0.0058 g)2=¿0,0063 g (81)

u ( d ) =√ (0 mm)2 +(0.0408 mm)2=¿0.00645 mm (82)

We determine the combined uncertainty for the indirect measurement of the object’s density using the law of
propagation of uncertainty.

√∑ ( )
k 2
∂ρ
uc ( ρ ) = u2 ( x j ) (83)
j=1 ∂x j
k is number of different measurements

Table 11 The mean values and standard uncertainties of the studied object’s mass, diameter and the values used to determine the uncertainties.

parameter m[g] d[mm]

x 16.3220 15.80

∆px 0.01 0.01

∆e x 0 0.005

u A (x) 0.004898979 0.0083666

u B ( x) 0.005773503 0.006454972

u(x ) 0.007571878 0,010567245

x 16.322(78) 15.80(11)
For the studied object the formula (83) takes the form:

uc ( ρ ) =
√( ∂m )
∂ρ 2 2
u ( m) +
∂ρ 2 2
∂l ( )
u (d )+
∂ρ 2 2
∂h ( )
u ( h) (84)

∂ρ 6
c m= = (85)
∂ m π d3
 ∂ ρ −18 m
cd= = 4 (86)
∂d πd
Using the data from table 12 we obtain the following result:

√
2 2
kg kg kg
uc ( ρ )= 13.4421 6 +251.4542 6 =16.2756 3 (87)
m m m

Table 12 Summary results of measurement uncertainty values

xj cx j
u(x j) ¿ c x ∨u (x j)
j

m 1 7.571878 × 10-6 kg kg
484205,9444 3 3.6635 3
m m
d kg 1.0567245 × 10-5 m kg
-1500609,38 4 15.8573 3
m m

In order to be able to compare the determined density with a reference value, we calculate the expanded uncertainty
U ( ρ) :
U ( ρ )=k uc ( p ) , (88)
kg
where k is the expansion coefficient. For k = 2 we obtained U ( ρ )=32.5513 3
.
m
kg
The final results of the density for the studied object are ρ=7903(16) 3 for expended uncertainty and
m
kg
ρ=(7903 ± 32) 3 for expanded uncertainty.
m
Element no. 5
Measured with caliper.
The studied object is shown in Fig. 5. In Table 1 we collected the results of the measurements as well as their calculated
2
mean values x and sums ∑ ( x i−x ) .

Fig. 5 Studied object. The symbols of measured geometric dimensions are shown on
the picture.

In order to calculate the density of the studied object we need to find its mass, which was already measured and its
volume, because it is a cylinder, the formula for its volume looks as follows:

()
2
d
V =2 π ∗h (89)
2
The final density formula for this object is:

m
ρ=
()
2
d (90)
2π ∗h
2
Table 53 Measured values for the studied object. The mass values were established using analytical scale, while diameter and height were
measured using caliper.

Measurement no. m[g] d[mm] h[mm]

1 18.87 9.95 27.34

2 18.87 9.95 27.40

3 18.90 10.00 27.35

4 18.88 9.90 27.35

5 18.87 9.95 27.40

x 18.88 9.95 27.37

∑ (xi −x)
2
0.001 0.005 0.00300
To obtain the density we used the mean values from Table 13:

0.01888 kg kg
Ρ= =8870.44 3
( )
2
0.00995 m m (91)
2π ∗0.02737 m
2
To determine the uncertainty of the density, we have to calculate the mass and geometric dimensions uncertainties. The
formula for the A-type standard uncertainty:

√
n
1
ua ( x ) = ∑
n(n−1) i−1
( x i−x )
2
(92)

Where n is the number of measurements.

Inserting the measured values in place of x and using measurements from table 13:

ua ( m ) =
√ 1
5(5−1)
0.001=¿0.005831 g (93)

√
5
1
ua ( d ) = ∑ 0.005=0.015811 mm
5(5−1) i−1
(94)

√
5
1
ua ( h ) = ∑ 0.003=¿ 0.012247 mm
5(5−1) i−1
(95)

The type B standard uncertainties were calculated based on the calibration uncertainties ∆ px and ∆ex show in table 14.

√
ub ( x ) =
(∆ ¿¿ p x )2 (∆¿¿ e x )2
3
+
3
¿¿ (96)

Inserting the measured values in place of x and using measurements from table 14:

ub ( m ) =
√ 0.012 g 02 g = 0.0058 g
3
+
3
(97)

ub ( d )=u b ( h )=
√ 0. 052 mm 0.052 mm 0.0408 mm
3
+
3
=¿ (98)

Total standard uncertainty is:

u ( x )=√ ua ( x ) +u b ( x )
2 2
(99)

Using the calculated earlier values of A- and B-type standard uncertainties we obtain:

u(m)=√ (0.00583 g)2 +( 0.0058 g)2=¿0,008206 g (100)

 u ( d ) =√ (0.015811 mm)2+(0.0408 mm)2=¿ 0.04378 mm (101)

u ( h ) =√ (0.01871 mm)2 +(0.0408 mm)2=¿0.042622 mm (102)

We determine the combined uncertainty for the indirect measurement of the object’s density using the law of
propagation of uncertainty.

√∑ ( )
k 2
∂ρ
uc ( ρ ) = u2 ( x j ) (103)
j=1 ∂x j
k is number of different measurements

Table 14 The mean values and standard uncertainties of the studied object’s mass, diameter, height and the values used to determine the
uncertainties.

parameter m[g] d[mm] h[mm]

x 18.880 9.950 27.370

∆px 0,01 0,05 0,05

∆e x 0 0,05 0,05

u A (x) 0.005831 0.015811 0.012247

u B (x) 0.0057735 0.040825 0.040825

u(x ) 0.0082057 0.04378 0.042622

x 18.880(82) 9.950(44) 27.370(43)

For the studied object the formula (103) takes the form:

uc ( ρ ) =
√( ∂m )
∂ρ 2 2
u ( m) +
∂l ( )
∂ρ 2 2
u (d )+
∂ρ 2 2
∂h ( )
u ( h) (104)

∂ρ 2
c m= = 2 (105)
∂m π d h

∂ ρ −4 m
cd= = (106)
∂ d π hd 3

∂ ρ −2 m
c h= = (107)
∂ h π d 2 h2
Using the data from table 15 we obtain the following result:

√
uc ( ρ )= 14.8665

Table 15 Summary results of measurement uncertainty values.

k g2
m
6
+6093.2739
k g2
m
6
+190.8165
k g2
m
6
kg
=79.366 3
m
(108)

xj cx j
u(x j) ¿ c x ∨u (x j)
j

m 1 8.2057 × 10-6 kg kg
469882.38 3 3.8557 3
m m

d kg 4.37809× 10-5 m kg
-1783003 4 78.05943 3
m m

h kg 4.2622× 10-5 m kg
-324094 4 13.8136 3
m m

In order to be able to compare the determined density with a reference value, we calculate the expanded uncertainty
U ( ρ) :
U ( ρ )=k uc ( p ) , (109)
kg
where k is the expansion coefficient. For k = 2 we obtained U ( ρ )=158.732 3
.
m
kg
The final results of the density for the studied object are ρ=8870(79) 3 for expended uncertainty and
m
kg
ρ=(8870 ± 159) 3 for expanded uncertainty.
m
Element no. 6
Measured with caliper.
The studied object is shown in Fig. 6. In Table 1 we collected the results of the measurements as well as their calculated
2
mean values x and sums ∑ ( x i−x ) .

Fig. 5 Studied object. The symbols of measured geometric dimensions are shown on
In order to calculate the density of the studied object we need to find its mass, which was already measured and its
the picture.
volume, because it is nut, the formula for its volume looks as follows:

()
2 2
3∗l √ 3 d
V =( −2 π )∗h (110)
2 2
The final density formula for this object is:

m
ρ=
()
2 2
3∗l √ 3 d (111)
( −2 π )∗h
2 2

Table 66 Measured values for the studied object. The mass values were established using analytical scale, while inside diameter, height and side
wall length were measured using caliper.

Measurement no. m[g] h[mm] l [mm] d[mm]

1 2.12 4.90 5.60 0.55

2 2.11 4.90 5.25 0.50

3 2.12 4.90 5.35 0.55

4 2.11 4.95 5.80 0.50

5 2.14 4.90 5.50 0.55

x 2.12 4.91 5.50 0.53

∑ (xi −x)
2
0.0006 0.0020 0.1850 0.0030
To obtain the density we used the mean values from Table 16:

0 .00212 kg (112)
ρ=
¿¿
To determine the uncertainty of the density, we have to calculate the mass and geometric dimensions uncertainties. The
formula for the A-type standard uncertainty:

√
n
1
ua ( x ) = ∑
n(n−1) i−1
( x i−x )
2
(113)

Where n is the number of measurements.

Inserting the measured values in place of x and using measurements from table 16:

ua ( m ) =
√ 1
5(5−1)
0.0006=0.005477 g (114)

√
5
1
ua ( h ) = ∑ 0.0020=¿ 0.0100 mm
5(5−1) i−1

√
5
1
ua ( l ) = ∑ 0.1850=0.09617 mm
5(5−1) i−1
(115)

√
5
1
ua ( d ) = ∑ 0.0030=¿ 0.01225 mm
5(5−1) i−1
(116)

The type B standard uncertainties were calculated based on the calibration uncertainties ∆ px and ∆ex show in table 17.

ub ( x ) =
√ (∆ ¿¿ p x )2 (∆¿¿ e x )2
3
+
3
¿¿ (117)

Inserting the measured values in place of x and using measurements from table 17:

ub ( m ) =
√ 0.012 g 02 g = 0.0058 g
3
+
3
(118)

ub ( d )=u b ( h )=
√ 0. 052 mm 0.052 mm 0.0408 mm
3
+
3
=¿ (119)

Total standard uncertainty is:

u ( x )=√ ua ( x ) +u b ( x )
2 2
(120)

Using the calculated earlier values of A- and B-type standard uncertainties we obtain:

u(m)=√ (0.005477 g)2 +(0.0058 g)2 =¿0,007958 g (121)

u ( h ) =√ (0.0100 mm)2 +(0.0408 mm)2=¿0.042032 mm (122)

 u ( l )=√ (0.09617 mm)2+(0.0408 mm)2=¿0.104483 mm (123)

u ( d )=√ (0.01225 mm)2 +(0.0408 mm)2=¿0.042622 mm

We determine the combined uncertainty for the indirect measurement of the object’s density using the law of
propagation of uncertainty.

√∑ ( )
k 2
∂ρ
uc ( ρ ) = u2 ( x j ) (124)
j=1 ∂x j
k is number of different measurements

Table 17 The mean values and standard uncertainties of the studied object’s mass, inside diameter, height, length and the values used to determine
the uncertainties.

parameter m[g] in. d[mm] h[mm] l[mm]

x 2.12 4.91 5.50 0.53

∆px 0,01 0,05 0,05 0,05

∆e x 0 0,05 0,05 0,05

u A (x) 0.00547723 0.01 0.09617692 0.012247449

u B (x) 0.0057735 0.040825 0.040824829 0.040824829

u(x ) 0.00795822 0.042032 0.104482853 0.042622373

For the studied object the formula (124) takes the form:

uc ( ρ ) =
√( ∂m )
∂ρ 2 2
u ( m) +
∂l ( )
∂ρ 2 2
u (d )+
∂ρ 2 2
∂h ( )
u ( h) (125)

∂ρ 2
c m= = (126)
∂ m (3 √ 3∗l −π d 2 )h
2

∂ ρ −2 m
c h= = (127)
∂h ¿¿

∂ρ −12 √ 3 ml
c l= = (128)
∂ l ( 3 √ 3∗l 2−π d 2 )2 h

∂ρ −4 πmd
cd= = 2 (129)
∂ d ( π d2 −3 √ 3∗l 2 ) h
Using the data from table 18 we obtain the following result:

√
2 2 2 2
kg kg kg kg kg
uc ( ρ )= 427.717 6 + 2224.27 6 +0 6 +0 6 =51.497 3 (130)
m m m m m

Table 15 Summary results of measurement uncertainty values.

xj cx j
u(x j) ¿ c x ∨u (x j)
j

m 1 7.958 × 10-6 kg kg
2598735,52 3 20.681 3
m m

h kg 4.2032 × 10-5 m kg
-1122061 4 47.162 3
m m

l kg 1.04483 × 10-4 m kg
-1,9402 × 10-8 4 2.03 × 10-12 3
m m
d kg 4.2622 × 10-5 m kg
8,76227 × 10 4 -5
3.73× 10-9 3
m m

In order to be able to compare the determined density with a reference value, we calculate the expanded uncertainty
U ( ρ) :
U ( ρ )=k uc ( p ) , (131)
kg
where k is the expansion coefficient. For k = 2 we obtained U ( ρ )=102.995 3
.
m
kg
The final results of the density for the studied object are ρ=5620(51) 3 for expended uncertainty and
m
kg
ρ=(5620 ± 103) 3 for expanded uncertainty.
m
THE FINAL RESULTS FOR THE DENSITY OF STUDIED OBJECTS
Table 16. Comparison of the determined value of the density with reference values.

Element no. Type of material Experimentally determined Reference density

density

1 White metal kg kg
(7534 ± 149) 3 7500 - 10000 3 [2]
m m

2 Aluminum kg kg
(2672 ±34 ) 3 2700 3 [2]
m m

3 Alloy of aluminum kg kg
(2782 ±36 ) 3 2640 - 2810 3 [3]
m m

4 Steel kg kg
(7903 ± 32) 3 7750 - 8050 3 [4]
m m

5 Copper kg 8790 [2]

(8870 ± 159) 3
m

6 Couldn’t find any kg

(5620 ± 103)
matching material m
3
CONCLUSIONS
Calculated density values (compared to referential values), combined with visual analysis of
given objects allowed us to identify the materials from which they were likely made (with the
exception of element no. 6, the material of which could not be identified). Most significant
uncertainty in density determination was introduced by height measurements, most likely
caused by shape irregularities not observed due to the elements being small. To conclude,
experiment’s goal was mostly achieved, with obtained values being accurate (except for
element no. 6).

REFERENCES
[1] Ł. Piskorski, Evaluation of uncertainty in measurements, Łódź University of Technology,
Łódź, 2020.
[2] https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/density-solids-d_1265.html
[3] https://www.thyssenkrupp-materials.co.uk/density-of-aluminium.html
[4] https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/fundamentals/density-of-steel-how-to-calculate-the-
density-of-metal/