Class Discussion Solutions:
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
1. (b) Secondary meristems are formed
secondarily from the permanent tissues through
a process of dedifferentiation. e.g., vascular
cambium, cork cambium, etc.
2. (d) Meristem is classified on the basis of
position in plant bodies into lateral meristem,
apical meristem and intercalary meristem.
Lateral meristem is present on the lateral sides,
e.g., vascular cambium (fascicular and
interfascicular cambium) and cork cambium
(phellogen).
3. (a) Sclerenchyma consists of long, narrow cells
with thick and lignified cell walls have a few or
numerous pits. They are usually dead and
without protoplasts. Scelerenchyma is the chief
mechanical tissue which provides mechanical
support to mature plants organs.
4. (b) Parenchyma is widely distributed simple
tissue. The cells of parenchyma may be
spherical, oval, round or polygonal in shape.
Their walls are thin and made up of cellulose.
5. (d)
6. (a) The epidermal tissue system consists of the
epidermis derived from protoderm and its
associated structures; the epidermal outgrowths.
The stomata are minute pores which occurs on
epidermal surface of leaves and also some
herbaceous stems. Each stoma or pore is
bounded by two specialized kidney shaped
epidermal cells, called guard cells. The guard
cells are also surrounded by other specialized
epidermal cells called subsidiary cells or
accessory cells. From epidermal cells, various
unicellular or multicellular epidermal
outgrowths have originated and they are present
all over the plant parts. These are called
trichomes. In roots, tubular, unicellular,
unbranched outgrowths are called root hairs
which increase the surface for absorption.
Companion cells are part of phloem which in
turn are a part of vascular tissue system and not
epidermal tissue system.
7. (b) A dicot stem has epidermis, 3-4 layered
collenchymatous hypodermis, general cortex,
endodermis without Casparian strips, pericycle
and vascular strand. Vascular strand is eustele
in the form of a ring of conjoint, collateral and
open vascular bundles around a central pith.
Xylem is endarch and medullary rays are
present.
8. (b) Stele is the portion of the plant tissue which
comprises of all the tissues inner to endodermis
and includes pericycle, vascular bundles, and
medullary rays and pith if present. The stele is
called protostele when pith is absent in the
centre. Eustele consists pith and all other parts.
9. (b)
10. (d) Companion cells are narrow, elongated and
thin walled living cells on the sides of sieve
tubes and are closely associated with them
through compound plasmodestmata which
assists in translocation of solutes.
11. (a)
12. (d) Palisade parenchyma is absent in leaves of
Sorghum. It is a monocot plant where the
parenchyma tissues of the leaves are not
differentiated into palisade and spongy.
13. (d)
14. (c) Jute (Linum usitatissimum) is a type of
secondary bast fibre, of family Linaceae.
15. (c) There is a marked difference in activity of
cambium with change in season. In spring, the
activity of cambium is more and hence the wood
elements are larger in size with wide lumen.
Moreover, the amount is more and the
secondary xylem or wood formed during spring
is called spring wood or early wood. The
activity of cambium is less during winter or
autumn and the wood elements are smaller in
size with narrow lumen. Moreover, it is lesser
in amount and the wood formed during winter
or autumn is called autumn wood or late wood.
In autumn wood, tracheids and fibres are more
abundant than those found in the spring wood.
Spring wood and autumn wood of a year
together constitute annual ring or growth ring.
16. (d) Sclerenchyma is composed of dead cells.
The cell wall is heavily thickened due to
deposition of lignin.
 According to histogen theory, periblem is the
middle dermatogen, which gives rise to cortex
of root and stem.
Tracheids are most primitive type of conducting
elements in xylem. The xylem of gymnosperms
consist of tracheids only.
Companion cells are thin-walled elongated cells
in phloem. They are living, contain dense
protoplasm and large elongated nucleus.
Cork is produced by a number of plants.
However, it is commercially obtained from the
cork oak tree (Quercus suber).
17. (b) As growth begins, the cells of medullary
rays, which lie in between two vascular
bundles become active and give rise to cambial
strip called interfascicular cambium. The
alternate inter and intrafascicular cambium
constitute cambium.
18. (a) Corm cambium is also called phellogen.
Cork is also called phellem. Secondary cortex
is also called phelloderm.
Cork cambium, cork and secondary cortex are
collectively called periderm or secondary
ground tissue.
19. (b) Dicot root differ from dicot stem in the
absence of phloem. Cambium gives off
secondary phloem towards outerside and
secondary xylem towards inner side. In old
root, the primary phloem is usually crushed,
while in dicot stem primary phloem, secondary
phloem, cambium, primary xylem and
secondary xylem all are present.
20. (c) Heartwood have dead and non-conducting
elements. As a result of continued secondary
growth in subsequently years, the older part of
secondary xylem or wood becomes non-
functional, loses the power of conduction. The
cells are filled with resins or tannins produced
by adjacent functional cells.
The activities of vessels become blocked by
tyloses. Due to these activities, non-functional,
secondary xylem becomes hard, durable and
blackish in colour, called heartwood.
Cell : The Unit of Life
1. (b) Rudolf Virchow (1855) observed that new
cells develop by division of the pre-existing
cells - Omnis cellula-e-cellula (theory of cell
lineage or common ancestory). The finding
gave cell theory its final shape.
2. (d) Mesosome are characteristic of prokaryotes.
It is a characteristic circular to villiform
specialisation of bacterial cell membrane that
develops as an ingrowth from plasma
membrane. It consists of vesicles, tubules and
lamellae. Mesosomes may be septal or lateral.
Septal mesosome connects nucleoid with
plasma membrane and assists in replication and
septum formation during cells division. Lateral
mesosome is not connected with nucleoid and
contains respiratory enzymes and performs
functions similar to eukaryotic mitochondria
and hence is also called chondrioid. They also
increase the surface area of plasma membrane
and enzymatic contact.
3. (d) In prokaryotes, ribosomes are 70S type (S
denotes sedimentation coefficient or Svedberg
number). Each prokaryotic ribosome has two
subunits, larger 50S and smaller 30S.
Ribosomes take part in protein synthesis.
4. (a)
5. (b) Golgi complex is a complex cytoplasmic
structure made up of smooth membrane
saccules or cisternae, a network of tubules with
vesicles and vacuoles, which takes part in
membrane transformation, secretion and
production of complex biochemical. One face of
Golgi apparatus is convex (forming, cis) face
while the other is concave (maturing, trans)
face. Cis face receives contents from
endoplasmic reticulum which then reaches
trans face and bud off as secretory vesicles.
6. (d) The two chromatids of a chromosome are
attached to each other by a narrow area called
centromere or primary constriction.
7. (b) SER is found in cells engaged in the
synthesis and storage of glycogen, fat and
sterols. It is mostly made up of vesicles and
tubules.
8. (d)
9. (c) Peroxisome is a small cell organelle (a type
of microbody) that is bounded by a single
membrane and is found in both plant and animal
cells. It contains enzymes that are involved in
oxidation processes, some of which generate the
 highly toxic compound hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2). Hence, peroxisomes are equipped with
catalase enzyme, an enzyme that breaks down
H2O2 into water and oxygen.
10. (d) Golgi apparatus principally performs the
function of packaging materials, to be delivered
either to the intracellular targets or secreted
outside the cell.
11. (c) Primary cell wall is laid inner to middle
lamella. It is formed in a growing cell. Primary
cell wall occurs in all plant cells. It is single
layered and consists of a number of microfibrils
embedded in matrix. In majority of plants,
microfibrils are formed by cellulose.
12. (d) The protein responsible for movement of
cilia and flagella was first discovered and
named dynein in 1963. Dynein is a motor
protein in cells which converts the chemical
energy contained in ATP into the mechanical
energy of movement.
13. (a) Lysosomes are small vesicles which are
bound by a single membrane and contain
hydrolytic enzymes. The precursors of
hydrolytic enzymes are synthesised at the rough
endoplasmic reticulum and transferred to the
Golgi complex where the precursors are
changed to enzymes. The enzymes are then
packed in larger vesicles which are pinched off
from the maturing face of Golgi complex.
Golgian vesicles are joined by endosomes to
produce lysosome.
14. (d) Plasmodesmata (sing. Plasmodesma) are
fine cytoplasmic strands that connect the
protoplasts of adjacent plant cells by passing
through their cell walls. They are cylindrical in
shape and are lined by the plasma membrane of
two adjacent cells.
15. (b) Glycoproteins and glycolipids are formed in
the Golgi apparatus in the cisternae.
16. (b) External to the plasma membrane, all animal
cells have a fuzzy coat called the glycocalyx.
This coat consists of the carbohydrate moieties
of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins.
Only identical twins have chemically identical
glycocalices; everyone else is unique. The
glycocalyx is a type of identification that the
body uses to distinguish between its own
healthy cells and transplanted tissues, diseased
cells, and invading organisms.
17. (d)
18. (b) In cell biology, a mitochondrion is a
membrane -enclosed organelle found in most
eukaryotic cells. These organelles range from
0.5 to 10 micrometers (mm) in diameter.
19. (b) Elaioplasts are colourless plastids which
store lipids e.g., tube rose.
20. (c)
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
1. (a) In S-shape (synthetic phase) of cell cycle, the
chromosomes replicate. For this their DNA
molecules function as templates and form
carbon copies. The DNA content doubles i.e, 1C
to 2C for haploid cells and 2C to 4C for diploid
cells. As a result duplicate sets of genes are
formed. Along with replication of DNA new
chromatin fibres are formed which, however,
remain attached in pairs and the number of
chromosomes does not increase. As chromatin
fibres are elongated chromosomes, each
chromosome comes to have two chromatin
threads or sister chromatids which remain
attached at a common point called centromere.
2. (d) Interphase is the period between the end of
one cell division to the beginning of the next cell
division, i.e., (between two successive M-
phases). It is further sub-divided into three sub-
stages : G1 (Gap -1) phase S (Synthesis) phase
G2 (Gap -2) phase Prophase, metaphase,
anaphase and telophase are sub-stages of M
(Mitosis) phase.
3. (c) Cell cycle includes G1, S, G2 and M phases
where G1 = 1st Growth phase
S = Synthesis phase
G2 = 2nd Growth phase
G1, S and G2 are the parts of interphase (Longest
phase in cell cycle). M refers to mitotic phase of
cell cycle where the cell divides. It is a phase of
actual division.
4. (b) S-phase is a part of interphase of cell cycle.
DNA content of a cell is doubled during this
phase. Centrosome also begins to divide, in
centriole containing cells, to form two
centrosomes or centriole pair.
5. (a)
6. (d) At metaphase each chromosome is made up
of two sister chromatids held together by the
centromere in the centre. During metaphsase,
kinetochores; disc shaped structures are present
at the surface of each centromere which help in
the attachment of spindle fibres to the
chromosomes. The chromosomes arrange
themselves at the equator in one equatorial
plane known as metaphase plate. Nucleolus,
nuclear envelope, Golgi complex, endoplasmic
reticulum disappear during late prophase. Cell
plate formation begins during the late anaphase
or early telophase of M-phase.
7. (b) Telophase is the final stage of nuclear
division. During it, the chromosomes that have
reached their respective pole decondense
loosing their individually and collect in a mass
in the two poles. Nuclear envelope starts to
assemble again. Nucleolus, Golgi complex and
ER appear again.
8. (d) The plane of alignment of the chromosomes
at metaphase is referred to as the metaphase
plate. The key features of metaphase are (i)
Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of
chromosomes (ii) Chromosomes are moved to
spindle equator and get aligned along
metaphase plate through spindle fibres to both
poles.
9. (c) Mitosis is an equational division where after
division each cell produces two daughter cells,
therefore after 7 divisions one cell will give 128
cells in case of mitosis.
10. (d) Prophase -I of meiosis has been divided into
five sub-stages which occur in the sequence as :
Leptotene  Zygotene  Pachytene 
Diplotene  Diakinesis. Synapsis i.e., pairing
of homologous chromosomes occurs during
zygotene. Crossing over i.e, exchange of
chromatid segments occurs during pachytene.
Terminalisation of chiasmata i.e, shifting of
chiasmata towards the ends of chromosomes
and complete disappearance of nucleolus take
place during diakinesis.
11. (b) The interphase cell is metabolically quite
active. Interphase is the long non-dividing
phase further divided into G1, S and G2. It
occupies 75 to 95% of entire cell division time.
12. (a) In metaphase, chromosomes consisting of
two sister chromatids get arranged at equator.
Discontinuous fibres radiate out from two
spindle poles and get connected to the disc
shaped structure at the surface of the centromere
called kinetochores. These are known as
chromosome fibres or tractile fibrils. A
kinetochore is a complex protein structure that
is analogous to a ring for the microtubule hook;
it is the point where microtubules attach
themselves to the chromosome.
13. (d) Endomitosis is the replication of
chromosomes in the absence of cell or nuclear
division resulting in numerous copies within
each cell. It occurs in the salivary glands of
Drosophila and other flies.
14. (a) Karyokinesis results in the formation of two
nuclei inside a cell and then it is followed by
division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis), thus
forming two daughter cells. Cytokinesis may
occur by cell furrow method and cell plate
method. The cell plate method is characteristic
of plant cells. Here vesicles provided by golgi
apparatus unite to form phragmoplasts which
joints to form cell plate. Cell furrow method is
observed in animals.
15. (a) Pachytene is characterised by the appearance
of recombination nodules, the sites at which
crossing over occurs between non-sister
chromatids of the homologous chromosomes.
Nodules contain multienzyme complex called
recombinase. Recombinase is made of
endonuclease, exonuclease, unwindase, R-
protein, etc.
16. (a)
17. (d) Colchicine treatment can double the
chromosome number as it does not allow the
formation of spindle. This happens because
alkaloid colchicine prevents the assembly of
microtubules. Thus, called as ‘mitotic
poison’.
18. (d)In zygote of prophase-I, homologous
chromosomes pair up together by a process is
 called synapsis. One chromosome of the pair 9. (c) Lipids are fatty acids esters of alcohols and
comes from the male parent while, the other related substances. Polysaccharides are
form the female parent. polymers of monosaccharides. Proteins are
19. (b) During the metaphase stage of cell division, polymers of amino acids and nucleic acids are
chromosomes are most condensed. These are polymer of nucleotides.
easiest to distinguish and to study and are often 10. (a) Lecithin is a triglyceride lipid where one
chosen for karyotyping. fatty acid is replaced by phosphoric acid which
20. (c)In G2-phase also called as second growth is linked to additional nitrogenous group called
phase or pre-mitotic gap phase, the DNA choline. It is a common membrane lipid. It is an
synthesis stops after doubling in S-phase. amphipathic phospholipid having both
However, the chromosomes number remain the hydrophilic polar and hydrophobic non polar
same, so the right answer is 12 chromosomes. groups.
Biomolecules 11. (a) Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C),
1. (b) According to Chargaff’s rule, is thymine (T) and uracil (U) are all nitrogenous
bases, whereas cytidine is a nucleoside, i.e., a
constant for species and also A = T and G = C.
combination of nitrogenous base (cystosine)
hence, G = 10%.
with a pentose sugar (ribose).
2. (a) Chitin is a structural polysaccharide that
12. (b) The bond which connects a nitrogenous base
constitutes the exoskeleton of arthropods. It is a
and a pentose sugar is a glycosidic bond. It leads
complex carbohydrate in which N-acetyl
to formation of nucleoside which is a part of
glucosamine monomers are joined together by
nucleotide. The nitrogen base combines with
1, 4--linkages. Chitinous exoskeleton provides
sugar molecule at its carbon atom 1 in a
strength and elasticity to arthropods. It also
glycosidic bond (CNC) by one of its
occurs in fungi.
nitrogen atoms (usually 1 in pyrimidines and 9
3. (b) Chitin is present in both insects and fungi.
in purines).
The body of insects, such as cockroach is
13. (d) Thymine is a pyrimidine derivative and one
externally covered by hard brown chitinous
of the major component bases of nucleotides
plates which constitute the exoskeleton. Fungal
and the nucleic acid DNA.
chitin is made up of acetyl glucosamine which
14. (c) Morphine is an alkaloid and curcumin is a
is present in hyphae or cell wall.
drug.
4. (b) Reducing sugars are those which have a free
15. (c) Trypsin is an enzyme present in pancreatic
aldehyde (CHO) or ketonic group (CO) e..g,
juice. Insulin is a hormone secreted by beta cells
maltose and lactose. The sugars without a free
of islets of Langerhans of pancreas. Collagen is
aldehyde or ketonic group are non-reducing
the most abundant protein in our body.
sugars e.g., sucrose. They do not reduce cupric
16. (b) Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of the
ions of Benedict’s or Fehling’s solution to
enzyme succinic dehydrogenase. Malonate
cuprous ions.
binds to the active site of the enzyme without
5. (c) Inulin is a polymer of fructose. It is a storage
reacting and so competes with succinate, the
polysaccharide of roots and tubers of Dahlia
usual substrate of the enzyme. The observation
and related plants.
that malonate is a competitive inhibitor of
6. (c) The three-dimensional structure of a single
succinic dehydrogenase was used to deduce the
polypeptide chain is termed as its tertiary
structure of the active site of that enzyme.
structure. Tertiary structure is stabilised by
17. (b) The enzymes are organic catalysts or
several types of bonds and provides the proteins
biocatalysts which catalyse biochemical
their enzymatic functions.
reactions at the body temperature. They regulate
7. (a)
the rate of biochemical reactions without being
8. (c)
utilised in these reactions. Enzymes are mostly
 proteins but some are RNA (ribozymes). No
lipid working as enzymes are known.
18. (b)
19. (b) Transferase is a class of enzyme that
catalyse the transfer of a group of atoms from
one molecule to another. The given reaction
shows the involvement of transferase enzyme.
20. (a)
Photosynthesis in higher plants
1. (d)
2. (d) The equation of photosynthesis may be
represented as
6CO2 + 12H2O  C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
No. of CO2 molecules utilized = 6
No. of H2O molecules utilized = 12
No. of C6H12O6 (sugar) molecules produced =
1 fixation of CO2) is 6 RuBP + 6CO2 + 18 ATP +
No. of H2O molecules produced = 6
No. of O2 molecules produced = 6
Hence, total number of CO2,H2O, O2 and sugar
utilized and produced
= 6 + 12 + 1 + 6 + 6 = 31.
3. (d)
4. No
5. (d) PAR stands for Photosynthetically Active
Radiation.
6. (c) The range of photosynthetically active
radiation (PAR) lies between 400-700 nm.
Maximum photosynthesis occurs in blue-violet
and red regions of the light spectrum where
most of the absorption is carried out by
chlorophylls. Minimum photosynthesis occurs
in the green wavelengths.
7. (b) In light reaction of photosynthesis, ATP,
NADPH and oxygen are produced. NADPH
participates in anabolic reactions (e.g.,
photosynthesis) that consume energy in order to
build up larger molecules. NADH participates
in catabolic reactions (e.g., respiration) that
break down molecules to release energy.
8. (d) In PS I (Photosystem I) the reaction centre
chlorophyll a has an absorption peak at 700 nm,
hence is called P700.
9. (a) The first event in photosynthesis is photo-
excitation of P680 chlorophyll molecule, a
reaction centre of photosystem II. When
reaction center of PS II (chlorophyll molecule
P680) absorbs light via antenna chlorophyll
pigments, electrons are released from this
system, thus chlorophyll molecules (P680) get
oxidized. P680 is a very strong oxidizing agent –
it has a very strong affinity for an electron
(greater than that of oxygen). It can even extract
electrons from water. Four electrons are
extracted from two molecules of water with the
release of O2 in the atmosphere and 4H+ into the
thylakoid lumen.
10. (c) During Calvin cycle, biphosphoglyceric acid
is reduced by NADPH through the agency of
enzyme glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate
dehydrogenase. It produces glyceraldehydes 3-
phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde.
11. (c) The net reaction for Calvin cycle (C3 dark
12 NADPH  6 RuBP + C6H12O6 + 18 ADP +
18 P + 12 NADP+
From above reaction, it is clear that synthesis of
one molecule of glucose requires 6 molecules of
Ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate and 6 molecules of
CO2. Thus, the Calvin cycle turns 6 times to
synthesis one glucose molecule.
12. (a) Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase
oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the most abundant
protein in the whole of the biosphere.
13. (c) In C3 plants all of the carbon fixation (C3
carbon fixation) and photosynthesis happens in
mesophyll cells just on the surface of the leaf.
C3 plants include most temperate plants (except
many grasses) more than 95% of all earth’s
plants. C3 carbon fixation is a metabolic
pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
This process converts carbon dioxide and
ribulose biphosphate (RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar)
into 3-phosphoglycerate.
14. (d) The fixation of every CO2 molecule in
Calvin cycle requires 3 molecules of ATP and 2
of NADPH.
15. (c) Photorespiration is the light dependent
process of oxygenation of ribulose biphosphate
(RuBP) and release of carbon dioxide by the
photosynthetic organs of a plant. It leads to
oxidation of considerable amount of
photosynthetic products to CO2 and H2O
without the production of useful energy.
 Photorespiration occurs only in C3 plants
because at high temperature and high oxygen
concentration RuBP carboxylase changes to
RuBP oxygenase. Photorespiration is absent in
C4 plants because RuBisCO and other Calvin
cycle enzymes are present only in bundle sheath
cells, and CO2 concentration in those cells is
maintained too high for O2 to compose with
CO2. Temperature is also low in bundle sheath
cells of C4 plants.
16. (d) C4 plants show kranz type of anatomy. In
kranz anatomy, the mesophyll is
undifferentiated and its cells occur in concentric
layers around vascular bundles. The vascular
bundles are surrounded by large sized bundle
sheath cells which are arranged in wreath-like
manner in one to several layers. In C4 plants
there are two carboxylation reactions, first in
mesophyll chloroplast and second in bundle
sheath chloroplast. RuBP or RuBisCO is
present in bundle sheath chloroplasts where C3
cycle takes place.
17. (a) Oxaloacetic acid is the primary CO2 fixation
product of C4 cycle. It occurs in several plants
like sugarcane, maize, sorghum etc.
18. (a) In C4 pathway, the primary CO2 acceptor is
a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenol pyruvate
(PEP) and is present in the mesophyll cells. The
enzyme responsible for this fixation is PEP
carboxylase or PEPcase.
19. (a) Photorespiration is a metabolic pathway that
occurs in plants in the presence of light, in
which ribulose bisphosphate
carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), the enzyme
involved in carbon dioxide fixation with
ribulose bisphosphate, accepts oxygen, in place
of carbon dioxide, resulting in the formation of
a two-carbon compound, glycolate. Hence it is
also called C2 cycle.
20. (a) A limting factor is defined as a factor which
is deficient to such an extent that increase in its
magnitude directly increases the rate of process.
The effect of limiting factors was studied by
Blackman in 1905.
Blackman (1905) studied the effect of CO2
concentration, light intensity and temperature
on rate of photosynthesis. He formulated the
principle of limiting factors which states that
when a process is conditioned as to its rapidity
by a number of separate factors, the rate of the
process is limited by the pace of the slowest
factor.
Breathing and Exchange of Gases
1. (d) After puberty, larynx grows larger and
becomes prominent in man, therefore, called
Adam’s apple.
2. (c) A cartilaginous flap called epiglottis
prevents the entry of food into the glottis –
opening of the windpipe during swallowing.
3. (b)
4. (a) The movement of air into and out of the
lungs is carried out by creating a pressure
gradient between the lungs and atmosphere.
Inspiration can occur if the pressure within the
lungs (intrapulmonary pressure) is less than the
atmosphere pressure, i.e, there is a negative
pressure in the lungs with respect to
atmospheric pressure. The diaphragm and a
specialized set of muscles-external and internal
intercostal between the ribs, help in generation
of such gradients.
5. (d) Diaphragm is present below lungs and
separates thoracic cavity from abdominal
cavity. Its up and down movement assists in
expiration and inspiration during breathing.
6. (b) Expiratory capacity is the total volume of air
a person can expire after normal inspiration. It
includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve
volume.
EC = TV + ERV = 500 + 1000 = 1500 mL.
7. (d) Residual volume is the volume of air which
remains in the lungs after the most forceful
expiration. This residual air enables the lungs to
continue exchange of gases even after
maximum exhalation. Due to this, lungs do not
collapse even after forceful expiration.
8. (d) Dead space air is that air which is inhaled by
the body in breathing, but does not take part in
gas exchange. Not all the air in each breath is
able to be used for the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide. In adults, it is usually
150 mL.
9. (b) The partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air
is 104mmHg whereas it is 40mmHg in
 deoxygenated blood and 95mmHg in
oxygenated blood.
10. (c) The amount of oxygen that can bind with
haemoglobin is determined by oxygen tension.
This is expressed as partial pressure of oxygen
pO2, similarly partial pressure of carbon dioxide
is pCO2.
The pCO2 and pO2 in oxygenated blood i.e.,
arterial blood is 40 mm Hg and 95 mm Hg
respectively.
11. (d)
12. (c) About 7% of carbon dioxide transported is
dissolved in plasma. About 23% loosely binds
with haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin in
the form of bicarbonates and about 70% reacts
with water forming carbonic acid in
erythrocytes in the presence of enzyme carbonic
anhydrase. Carbonic acid is son converted into
H+ and HCO (bicarbonate) ions. This HCO
ion comes out of RBCs and combines with Na+
and K+ to form bicarbonates of these ions.
Sodium and potassium bicarbonates account for
70% of total CO2 transport of the body.
13. (b) At higher temperature haemoglobin gives up
oxygen more redily and the dissociation curve
shifts to the right. This is of physiological
importance because increased temperature
means higher metabolic rate or higher oxygen
requirement.
14. (d) Oxygen is transported through blood either
as dissolved gas or as oxyhaemoglobin.
About 3 percent of oxygen in the blood is
dissolved in the plasma which carries oxygen to
the body cells whereas about 97 percent of
oxygen is carried in combination with
haemoglobin of the erythrocytes.
15. (c) The large fraction of carbon dioxide (about
70%) is converted to bicarbonate ions (HCO )
and transported in plasma. When carbon dioxide
diffuses into the RBCs, it combines with water,
forming carbonic acid (H2CO3). H2CO3 is
unstable and quickly dissociates into hydrogen
ions and bicarbonate ions.
This reaction is thousands times faster in
erythrocytes because they contain carbonic
anhydrase, an enzyme that reversibly catalyses
the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to
carbonic acid.
16. (c)
17. (b)
18. (a) The pneumotaxic centre is located dorsally
in the upper pons. It transmits signal to the
inspiratory area.
19. (d) Medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) is the
extension within the skull of the upper end of
the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the
brainstem. Besides forming the major pathway
for nerve impulses entering and leaving the
skull, the medulla contains centres that are
responsible for the regulation of the heart and
blood vessels, respiration, salivation, and
swallowing.
20. (b) Occupational respiratory disorders are due
to the occupation of the individual. Silicosis is
an occupational disease that occurs due to the
excessive inhalation of silica dust by the
workers of mining industry. Long exposure can
cause proliferation of fibrous connective tissue
(fibrosis) of upper part of lungs causing
inflammation. Anthrax and botulism are
bacterial diseases of human caused by Bacillus
anthracis and Clostridium botulism
respectively. Emphysema is an abnormal
distension of the bronchioles or alveolar sacs of
the lungs.
Body Fluids and Circulation
1. (d) Among WBCs, neutrophils, monocytes,
eosinophils and basophils are phagocytic cells.
But neutrophils and monocytes are primarily
phagocytic cells. Eosinophils and basophils can
act phagocytes but this is not their primary
function.
2. (d) Red blood cells of adult humans do not have
cell organelles including nucleus, Golgi bodies,
 mitochondria,, ribosomes, etc. It increases the
surface area of RBCs and enables them to
contain more haemoglobin (the oxygen carrying
pigment).
3. (c) Serum is the fluid that separates from blood
plasma on centrifugation. Serum is essentially
similar in composition to plasma but lacks
fibrinogen and other substances that are used in
the coagulation process.
4. (c) Megakaryocytes are the large cells of bone
marrow with a lobulated nucleus, responsible
for the production of thrombocytes (blood
platelets). Formation of thrombocytes is called
thrombopoiesis.
5. (d)
6. (a) ABO blood groups are determined by the
gene I (isoagglutinin). There are three alleles,
IA, IB and IO of this gene. IA allele is responsible
for formation of A antigen, while IB allele is
responsible for formation of B antigen. People
with blood group A have A antigen on the
surface of their RBCs, and antibodies to antigen
B in their plasma. Persons with blood group B
have B antigen on their RBCs, and antibodies
against A antigen in their plasma. Individuals
with AB blood group have both antigen A and
B on their RBCs, and no antibodies for either of
the antigen in their plasma. Type O individuals
are without A and B antigens on their RBCs, but
have antibodies for both these antigens in their
plasma. Individuals with blood group AB can
receive blood of A, B or O group, while those
with blood group O can donate blood to anyone.
7. (c) The blood group was O. The person having
O blood group is universal donor. It lacks both
antibodies ‘a’ and ‘b’ thud do not cause
agglutination of clumping of blood cells when
transfused into person with any of the four
blood groups.
8. (b) The Rh-factor has great significance in child
birth. An Rh-negative woman married with Rh-
positive man becomes sensitized by carrying a
Rh-positive child within her body.
9. (d)
10. (b)
11. (b) A mass of neuromuscular tissue, the atrio-
ventricular node (AV node) is situated in the
wall of the right atrium. The AV node picks up
the wave of contraction propagated by SA node.
A mass of specialized fibres, the bundle of His,
originates from the AV node. The bundle of His
divides into two branches, one going to each
ventricle. Within the mycocardium of the
ventricles the branches of bundle of His divide
into a network of line fibres called the Purkinje
fibres. The bundle of His and the Purkinje fibres
convey impulse of contraction from the AV
node to the mycocardium of the ventricles.
12. (c) Mitral valve (Bicuspid valve) is present in
the atrioventricular opening between the left
auricle and left ventricle. During atrial systole,
the mitral valve open to allow the flow of blood
from left auricle to left ventricle. During
beginning of ventricular systole, mitral valve
closes so as to prevent the backward flow of
blood.
13. (d) The artificial pacemaker is a small battery
operated electrical stimulator planted beneath
the skin under right clavicle while the
string/cable is passed via superior vena cava,
right atrium, and allowed to rest against the tip
of the right ventricle. It is an electrical device
used for covering up any deficiency of
myogenic functioning so as to make heart beat
normally.
14. (b) Chordae tendineae are the fibrous cords
which on one end are joined to the flaps of
bicuspid and tricuspid valves and to the
papillary muscles on the other sides. The
chordae tendineae prevent the bicuspid and
tricuspid valves from collapsing back into the
atria during the powerful ventricular
contraction.
15. (d) Heart of a normal person beats 72 times per
minute and pumps out about 70 ml of blood per
minute which is equivalent to the total body
blood volume.
16. (d) Second heart sound i.e., dup is caused by the
closure of the semilunar valves and marks the
end of ventricular systole.
17. (a, c) Blood enters the liver from two sources.
From the hepatic artery, it gets oxygenated
blood and from the hepatic portal vein, it
receives deoxygenated blood. Blood in the
 hepatic artery comes from the aorta. Blood in
the hepatic portal vein comes directly from the
intestine (containing newly absorbed nutrients),
stomach etc.
18. (a) Whale is a mammal and in mammals, two
separate circulatory pathways are found –
systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.
Oxygenated and deoxygenated bloods received
by the left and right atria respectively pass on
the left and right ventricles. Thus, oxygenated
and deoxygenated bloods are not mixed. This is
referred to as double circulation.
19. (b) Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood
from lungs to heart.
20. (d) The T-wave in an ECG represents the return
of the ventricles from the excited to normal state
(repolarisation). The end of the T-wave marks
the end of systole.