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Hints & Solutions
ovary. Hence, the ovary is said to be inferior. E.g.,
flowers of guava and cucumber.
99. (b) In fabaceae family, flower is zygomorphic, imbricate
aestivation and polypetalous.
100. (c) Marginal placentation is a placentation with ovules
borne on the wall along the ventral suture of a simple
ovary. Gram, arhar, sunhemp, moong, pea & lupin belong
to Fabaceae family that bears marginal placentation.
101. (c) In roots, node and internodes are absent.
102. (c) The given floral formula in the question belongs to
the family fabaceae. This family was earlier called
Papilonoideae, a subfamily of family leguminosae.
103. (d) Root system generally grows beneath the ground
into the soil. Functions of root system are as follows:
– It provides great anchorage and support to the
plant. Huge trees such as mango, red wood stand
erect due to the root.
– The root hairs absorb nutrients, water and
oxygen from the soil and conduct them to the
upper parts of the plant.
– Some of the tap roots are specially modified for
storage of carbohydrates and water.
104. (b) Region of elongation lies above the region of
meristematic activity. Cells in this region undergo
rapid elongation and enlargement and are
responsible for the growth of the root in length.
105. (a) Region of maturation lies above the region of
elongation. The cells of the elongation zone gradually
differentiate and mature. Epidermal cells of this region
form delicate thread like root hair, which helps in the
absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
106. (b) X – embryo, Y – scutellum, C – radicle
The embryo is small and situated in a groove at one
end of the endosperm. It consists of one large and
shield shaped cotyledon known as scutellum and a
short axis with a plumule and a radicle.
107. (a) Calyx of the flower contains sepals which are green
in colour and look like leaf and protect the other
whorls of the flower. Corolla is present inside the
calyx and made up of petals. Petals are different in
color and shapes and protects the other whorls
present inside it. It attracts insects for pollination
due to its color. Androecium is present inside the
corolla and made up of stamens. Each stamen
contains filament, anther and a connective.
108. (d) The aleurone layer is the outermost layer of the
endosperm, followed by the inner starchy endosperm.
This layer of cells is sometimes referred to as the
peripheral endosperm. It lies between the pericarp
and the hyaline layer of the endosperm.
Chapter 6 : Anatomy of Flowering Plants
1. (d) A group of structurally similar or dissimilar cells that
perform a common function and have a common
S-29
origin is called a tissue. A plant is made up of different
kinds of tissues. The complex tissues are, however,
composed of different kinds of cells and they perform
different types of functions.
2. (c) Apical, intercalary and lateral meristems are
differentiated on the basis of position. Apical meristem
is situated at the shoot apex and the root apex.
Intercalary meristem is present at the base of internodes,
e.g., in grasses or at the base of leaves e.g., in Pinus or
at the base of nodes, e.g., mint. Lateral meristems are
present along the lateral sides of stem and roots.
3. (d) Intercalary meristem develops between regions of
mature or permanent tissue (at the base of the grass
leaf). The cells of this tissue possess the ability to
divide and produce new cells, as do apical and lateral
meristems. Intercalary meristem helps the bamboo
and grasses to elongate.
4. (a) Lateral meristem divides only periclinally or radially
and is responsible for increase in girth or diameter. It
includes vascular cambium and cork-cambium.
5. (c) Divisions of cells in both primary as well as
secondary meristems, the newly formed cells become
structurally and functionally specialized and lose the
ability to divide. Such cells are termed as permanent
or mature cells and constitute the permanent tissues.
6. (a) The apical meristem, or growing tip, is a completely
undifferentiated meristematic tissue found in the
buds and growing tips of roots in plants. Its main
function is to begin growth of new cells in young
seedlings at the tips of roots and shoots (forming
buds, among other things). The apical meristem of
the root is present in all roots.
7. (b) Axillary buds are present in the axils of leaves and
are capable of forming a branch or a flower.
8. (c) Apical meristem is a completely undifferentiated
meristematic tissue found in the buds and growing
tips of roots in plants. Its main function is to begin
growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of
roots and shoots (forming buds, among other
things). The axillary bud is an embryonic shoot which
lies at the junction of the stem and petiole of a plant.
As the apical meristem grows and forms leaves, it
leaves behind a region of meristematic cells at the
node between the stem and the leaf.
9. (a) Collenchyma is living mechanical tissue, found
beneath the epidermis (i.e., hypodermis) of
herbaceous dicot stem.
The intercellular spaces in this tissue are absent
because in intercellular spaces at the corner of cells
thickenings of cellulose and pectin develop due to
which the cell wall become rigid and thick at corners.
 S-30
10. (b) Parenchyma is the commonest simple tissue. This is
the most primitive tissues from which other tissues
are evolved and hence also called as fundamental
tissue. The main function of parenchyma is storage
of food.
Photosynthesis, respiration, secretion, assimilation,
etc. are some of the important processes which occur
in parenchymatous cells.
11. (d) Sclerenchyma consists of long, narrow cells with thick
and lignified cell walls having a few or numerous
pits. They are usually dead and without protoplasts.
They are simple dead mechanical tissue occuring in
mature organs of plants body. They are chiefly
distributed in cortex, pericycle, xylem and phloem
region.
12. (c) The collenchyma occurs in layers below the
epidermis or outer layer of cells in young stems and
in leaf veins in dicotyledonous plants. Collenchyma
cells are elongated cells with irregularly thick cell
walls that provide support and structure. Their thick
cell walls are composed of the compounds cellulose
and pectin.
13. (a) Xylem is a complex permanent tissue mainly
responsible for conduction of water and minerals
from the roots to the top of plants (unidirectional).
14. (a) Bast fibres (phloem fibres) are sclerenchymatous
dead cells that provide mechanical strength. They
have thick wall with simple pits.
15. (a) The presence of vessels is a characteristic feature of
angiosperms. Vessels help in conduction of water
and dissolved salts form roots to the different parts
of the shoot and provides mechanical support.
16. (c) A mature sieve element possess a peripheral
cytoplasm and a large vacuole but lacks nucleus.
Sieve tube consists of row of cells arranged one
above the other to form long pipes. Sieve tube occurs
in angiosperms. The functions of sieve tubes are
controlled by the nucleus of companion cells.
17. (b) In roots, the protoxylem lies towards periphery and
metaxylem lies towards the centre. Such arrangement
of primary xylem is called exarch.
18. (c) The xylem and phloem strands alternate with each
other separated by parenchymatous cells. Such kinds
of vascular bundles are called radial and found mainly
in roots.
19. (b) Pericycle in roots is active in the formation of root
branches or lateral roots.
20. (a) The first formed primary xylem elements are called
protoxylem and the later formed primary xylem is
called metaxylem. In stems, the protoxylem lies
towards the centre (pith) and the metaxylem lies
Biology
towards the periphery of the organ. This type of
primary xylem is called endarch.
21. (b) Anatomically fairly old dicotyledonous root is
distinguished from the dicotyledonous stem by
position of cortex. Protoxylem is the first-formed xylem
developing from procambium and consisting of narrow
cells with annular, spiral, or scalariform wall thickenings.
22. (a) Intercalary meristems are derived from apical
meristems and separated from the same by permanent
cells. They are responsible for localised growth.
23. (c) In monocot leaves, the mesophyll cells are
undifferentiated.
24. (c) Lignin is the important constituent in the cell wall of
xylem. Xylem consists of four different types of
elements- tracheids, vessels, and xylem parenchyma
and xylem fibres. Wall of tracheids are highly
thickened by the deposition of lignin, except at
certain points called as pits.
25. (c) Heartwood differs from sapwood in having dead and
non-conducting elements. In old trees, the inner
region that comprises dead elements with highly
lignified walls is called heartwood. Heartwood does
not conduct water but gives mechanical support to
the stem. On the other hand, the peripheral region,
which is lighter in colour are called sapwood. It is
involved in the conduction of water and minerals
from root to leaf.
26. (b)
27. (c) By counting the number of annual rings at base
stem of a tree the age of the tree can be determined.
28. (c) Cork cambium and vascular cambium are lateral
meristem. Lateral meristems are responsible for
increase in thickness of the axis.
29. (b) Phellogen and phellem are respectively called as cork
cambium and cork. Phellogen is defined as the
meristematic cell layer responsible for the
development of the periderm. Cells that grow inwards
from the phellogen are termed phelloderm, and cells
that develop outwards are termed phellem or cork.
30. (b) Vascular cambium is located between the xylem and
the phloem in the stem and roots of a vascular plant,
and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth
(inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary
phloem growth (outwards).
31. (a) In hypodermis or outer cortical cells, a layer becomes
meristematic which is known as cork cambium or
phellogen. Phellogen cuts off cells on both sides.
The cells cut off on outer side are phellem or cork
cells and cells cut off on inner side are phelloderm or
secondary cortex.
32. (a) Lenticels are some loosely arranged areas in the

Hints & Solutions
periderm formed due to rapid activity of phellogen.
Lenticels are characteristics of woody stem. They
help in gaseous exchange and transpiration.
33. (c) In monocotyledonous leaf, all the cells of mesophyll
are alike. Reticulate venation is absent. There is no
differentiation of mesophyll into palisade and spongy
parenchyma. Bulliform cells are present.
34. (a) Sclereids (stone cells) are sclerenchymatous cells
which are lignified, extremely thick walled so that the
lumen of the cells is almost obliterated. Sclereids are
most abundant in soft tissues like cortex, phloem,
medulla, fleshy fruits, seed coats and fruit walls.
35. (d) All the statements are correct regarding Bulliform or
motor cells. They are large, bubble-shaped, empty
colourless epidermal cells that occur in groups on
the upper surface of the leaves of many grasses.
Loss of turgor pressure in these cells causes leaves
to "roll up" during water stress.
36. (a) The end walls of sieve tube elements are perforated
in a sieve like manner to form the sieve plates. A
mature sieve element possesses a peripheral
cytoplasm and a large vacuole but lacks a nucleus.
37. (c) The stomatal aperture, guard cells and th e
neighbouring (and encircling) cells is called a
stomatal complex or stomatal apparatus. Stomata
consist of an opening or stomatal pore, and two
kidney-shaped guard cells. The guard cells are used
for opening and closing the stomatal pore, in order
to regulate the evapotranspiration and gas exchange.
These guard cells are kidney shaped in dicot and
dumb-bell shaped in monocots. The epidermal cells
surrounding the guard cells are specialized and are
known as subsidiary cells or accessory cells. Stomata
are often more common on the lower leaf surfaces.
38. (b) Sclerenchyma is simple dead supportive tissue with
highly thick walled cells composed of cellulose or
lignin with little or no protoplasm. Collenchyma are
present beneath the epidermis of young stem, petiole
and midrib of leaves etc. in dicotyledonous plants.
Xylem parenchyma cells are living and this walled,
and their cell walls are made up of cellulose.
Companion cells are specialized parenchymatous
cell, which are closely associated with sieve tube
elements.
39. (c) Xylem is composed of four different kinds of
elements, namely, tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres and
xylem parenchyma whereas companion cells are
present in phloem.
40. (d) All the statements are correct about epidermal tissue
system. It is the outer protective layer of cells of a
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plant, which may be thickened by a cuticle. It
consists of epidermis and epidermal outgrowth.
Epidermis is the superficial layer covering the entire
surface of the primary plant body. All the epidermal
cells are living (parenchymatous) and contain
vacuolated protoplasm. Stomata are the structures
present in the epidermis of leaves. Epidermal
outgrowths are of two kinds- trichomes and
emergences.
41. (d) Xylem fibres have highly thickened walls and
obliterated central lumens whereas xylem
parenchyma are thinned wall and their cell walls are
made up of cellulose.
42. (c) The described statements are associated with the
phloem parenchyma. Phloem parenchyma is living
and has thin cell walls. These cells form the packing
tissue between all the other types of cells. These
cells stores compounds such as starch.
43. (b) It consists of simple tissues such as parenchyma,
collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
44. (d) The described statements are associated with
trichomes. Trichomes are hair-like outgrowth from
an epidermal cell of a plant, as a bristle, prickle, root
hair, etc. They are ephemeral or persistent and their
cell wall is made up of cellulose. Trichomes serve a
variety of functions on the basis of their location.
As root hairs (and as leaf hairs in epiphytes),
trichomes absorb water and minerals. As leaf hairs,
they reflect radiation, lower plant temperature, and
reduce water loss. They also provide defense against
insects.
45. (a) Phloem transports food materials, usually from leaves
to the other parts of the plant. The companion cells
are specialised parenchymatous cells which are
closely associated with sieve tube elements.
46. (a) All the statements describe the anatomy of
dicotyledonous root. Dicot root consists of a single
layer of epiblema which bears unicellular root hairs.
Endodermis is followed by one or more layers of
pericycle. Inner to pericycle lies radially arranged
vascular bundles. This arrangement keeps the xylem
bundles in direct contact with the outer tissue of the
roots which conduct water absorbed by root hairs
to the inside. Xylem is exarch.
47. (b) The abaxial epidermis bears more stomata than the
adaxial epidermis. Mesophyll has two types of cells-
the palisade parenchyma and the spongy
parenchyma.
48. (a) Statement (i) and (iii) are correct about heartwood/
 S-32
Duramen.
Heartwood is the older, non-living central wood of a
tree or woody plant, usually darker and harder than
the younger sapwood. The heartwood does not
conduct water but it gives mechanical support to
the stem.
Sapwood is the peripheral region of the secondary
xylem. It is lighter in colour and involved in the
conduction of water and minerals from root to leaf.
49. (c) The described statements are associated with spring
wood or early wood. Spring woods are the softer
more porous portion of an annual ring of wood that
develops early in the growing season. It consists of
large thin-walled xylem cells.
50. (d) All the given statements represent the anatomical
features of monocotyledonous stem. Monocot stem
is characterised by epidermis (2-3layered),
hypodermis and undifferentiated ground tissue stem.
Vascular strand is numerous and scattered. Vascular
bundles are conjoint, collateral and closed.
51. (d) Statements (ii), (iii) and (v) are correct.
(i) Uneven thickening of the cell wall is not the
characteristics of sclerenchyma.
(iv) A mature sieve elements are devoid of nucleus
at maturity.
52. (b) The first formed primary xylem elements are called
protoxylem and the later formed primary xylem is
called metaxylem. Phloem fibres (bast fibres) are made
up of sclerenchymatous cells.
53. (b) The given statements are associated with
sclerenchyma plant tissue. Sclerenchyma cells are
strengthening tissue in a plant, formed from cells
with thickened, typically lignified, walls. Such cells
occur in many different shapes and sizes, but two
main types occur: fibres and sclereids. Fibres are
greatly elongated cells whose long, tapering ends
interlock, thus providing maximum support to a plant.
They can be found almost anywhere in the plant
body, including the stem, the roots, and the vascular
bundles in leaves. Sclereids are extremely variable in
shape and are present in various tissues of the plant
such as the periderm, cortex, pith, xylem, and phloem.
54. (a) Secondary cortex is also called phelloderm. Cork
cambium. cork and secondary cortex are collectively
called periderm.
55. (d) Guard cells are specialized cells in the epidermis of
leaves, stems and other organs that are used to
control gas exchange. The guard cells are produced
in pairs with a gap between them that forms a stomatal
Biology
pore. Guard cells are dumbbell shaped in monocots
(e.g grasses) and bean shaped in dicots.
56. (a) Lenticels are raised pores in the stem of a woody
plant that allows gas exchange between the
atmosphere and the internal tissues. Parenchymatous
cells are usually present in cortex. The ground tissue
system is divided into three main zones- cortex,
pericycle and pith. The conjoint vascular bundles
usually have the phloem located only on the outer
side of the xylem.
57. (a) Root hairs - Helps absorbs water and minerals from
the soil.
58. (b) Fusiform initials are vertically elongated cells that
produce xylem and phloem elements.
Ray initial are isodiametric and produce
parenchymatous rays in secondary xylem and
phloem.
59. (a) The root apex and shoot apex are meristematic in
nature. These meristematic tissues are embryonic in
origin. It is primary in origin because it developes
from embryonic tissues. It is also primary in function
because it forms the primary structure of the plant
cell, the root apex and shoot apex, that live till the
death of the whole plant. Hence, plants have the
feature of indefinite growth.
60. (a) In woody trees, the central portion of stem is dark in
colour. It is hard and tough due to deposition of
resins, tannins, gums and formation of tyloses. This
central hard portion is called heart wood. It is formed
by secondary growth. Due to cambial activity
secondary xylem becomes non-functional and forms
heart wood or duramen. It is more durable and little
susceptible to attack of pathogens. The cambial
activity continues in this region.
61. (b) Vessels are more efficient for water conduction as
compared to tracheids. Vessels resemble tracheids
very much in structure and function. But unlike
tracheids these are like long tubes arranged in vertical
row formed of cylindrical cells arranged to end with
their end walls completely dissolved. These are also
dead and lignified.
62. (b) In isobilateral leaves, the upper epidermis contains
specialized cells, i.e., bulliform or motor cells. They
are highly vacuolate and can store water, if avail-
able. However, in case of water deficiency the
bulliform cells lose water and become flaccid. As a
result the leaf gets rolled up to reduce the exposed
surface. The bulliform cells are also useful in the
unrolling of leaf during its development.
63. (a) Sieve tubes are the conducting elements of phloem
(a vascular tissue which conducts organic food in

Hints & Solutions
plant body) which are elongated tubular channels
formed by end to end union of numerous cells. The
septa between individual sieve tube cells or sieve
elements are bulged out. They are called sieve plates
possessing a number of perforations (sieve pores or
sieve pits) and helps in conduction of food.
64. (d) A - Xylem vessel: They are a long straight chain
made of tough long dead cells known as vessel ele-
ments or vessel members. They have a lignified cell
wall and a large central cavity. Vessel members are
interconnected through perforations in their com-
mon walls.
B - Xylem tracheids: Tracheid is an elongated,
tapering xylem cell having lignified, and pitted, intact
walls which lacks perforations in the cell wall.
Tracheids have pits where the cell wall is modified
into a thin membrane, across which water flows from
tracheid to tracheid.
C - Xylem fibres: They have highly thickened walls
and obliterated central lumens. They may either be
67.
septate or aseptate.
D - Xylem parenchyma: These cells are living and
thin walled, and their cell walls are made up of
cellulose. They store food materials in the form of
starch or fat and other substances like tannins.
65. (d) A - Bulliform cells: They are large, bubble-shaped,
empty colourless epidermal cells that occur in groups
on the upper surface of the leaves of many grasses.
B - Pericycle: It is a thin layer of plant tissue between
the endodermis and the phloem. Initiation of lateral
roots and vascular cambium during the secondary
growth takes place in these cells.
C - Endarch xylem: When protoxylem lies towards
the centre (pith) and metaxylem lies towards the
periphery of the organ, it is called endarch xylem.
This type of xylem occurs in stems.
D - Exarch xylem: When protoxylem lies towards the
periphery and metaxylem lies towards the centre, it
is called exarch xylem. This type of xylem occurs in
roots.
68.
E - Bundle sheath cells: They are layer of cells in
plant leaves and stems that forms a sheath
surrounding the vascular bundles. These cells are
found in dicot leaf.
66. (b) A - Meristems: It is a region of plant tissue, found
chiefly at the growing tips of roots and shoots and
in the cambium, consisting of actively dividing cells
forming new tissue.
B - Parenchyma: It is the cellular tissue, typically
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soft and succulent, found chiefly in the softer parts
of leaves, pulp of fruits, bark and pith of stems, etc.
It involves in photosynthesis, storage and secretion.
C - Collenchyma: They are simple, living and
mechanical tissue. They are present beneath the
epidermis of young stem, petiole and midrib of leaves
etc. It provides mechanical support to the growing
parts of the plant such as young stem and petiole of
a leaf.
D - Sclerenchyma: Sclerenchyma cells are the
principal supporting cells in plant tissues that have
ceased elongation. These are chiefly distributed in
cortex, pericycle, xylem and phloem region. Based
on the size and shape, sclerenchyma cells are of two
types- fibres and sclereid.
E - Epidermal tissue: It is the outer protective layer of
cells of a plant, which may be thickened by a cuticle.
It consists of epidermis and epidermal outgrowth.
Stomata are the structures present in the epidermis
of leaves.
(a) A - Cuticle: It is a protecting film covering the
epidermis of leaves, young shoots and other aerial
plant organs without periderm. It consists of lipid
and hydrocarbon polymers impregnated with wax,
and are synthesized exclusively by the epidermal
cells.
B - Bulliform cells: They are large, bubble-shaped,
empty colourless epidermal cells that occur in groups
on the upper surface of the leaves of many grasses.
Loss of turgor pressure in these cells causes leaves
to "roll up" during water stress.
C - Stomata: They are minute aperture structures on
plants found typically on the outer leaf skin layer,
also known as the epidermis. They consist of two
specialized cells, called guard cells that surround a
tiny pore called a stoma.
D - Epidermis: It is the outer layer of tissue in a plant,
except where it is replaced by periderm. It is a single-
layered group of cells that covers plants leaves,
flowers, roots and stems. It forms a boundary
between the plant and the external environment.
(d) A - Stomata: They are minute aperture structures on
plants found typically on the outer leaf skin layer,
also known as the epidermis. They consist of two
specialized cells, called guard cells that surround a
tiny pore called a stoma. It helps in transpiration and
gaseous exchange. Transpiration is the transport of
water through an actual, vegetated plant into the
atmosphere. Transpiration is an important part of
the evapotranspiration process, and a major
mechanism of the water cycle in the atmosphere.
 S-34
B - Bark: Bark is the outermost layers of stems and
roots of woody plants. Plants with bark include trees,
woody vines, and shrubs. Bark refers to all the
tissues outside of the vascular cambium. It serves
as protection of stem against damage from parasites,
herbivorous animals and diseases, as well as
dehydration and fire.
C - Cambium: It is a cellular plant tissue from which
phloem, xylem, or cork grows by division, resulting
(in woody plants) in secondary thickening.
D - Cuticle: It is a protecting film covering the
epidermis of leaves, young shoots and other aerial
plant organs without periderm. It consists of lipid
and hydrocarbon polymers impregnated with wax,
and are synthesized exclusively by the epidermal
cells. In addition to its function as permeability barrier
for water and other molecules (prevent water loss),
the micro and nano-structure of the cuticle confer
specialised surface properties that prevent
contamination of plant tissues with external water,
dirt and microorganisms.
69. (c) Spring wood is the part of an annual ring of wood,
characterized by large, thin-walled cells, formed
during the first part of the growing season. It is lighter
in colour with low density. It produces a larger
number of xylem elements having vessels with wider
cavities.
Autumn wood or late wood is the wood element
formed during winter when cambial activity is more.
It is darker in colour with high density. Wood
elements are lesser in amount and have narrow lumen.
70. (a) A - Stele: It is the central core of the stem and root of
a vascular plant, consisting of the vascular tissue
(xylem and phloem) and associated supporting tissue.
B - Endodermis: It is an inner layer of cells in the
cortex of a root and of some stems, surrounding a
vascular bundle.
C - Casparian strips: It is a band of cell wall material
deposited on the radial and transverse walls of the
endodermis, and is chemically different from the rest
of the cell wall - the cell wall being made of lignin and
without suberin - whereas the Casparian strip is made
of suberin and sometimes lignin.
D - Bark: Bark is the outermost layers of stems and
roots of woody plants. Plants with bark include trees,
woody vines, and shrubs.
71. (b) A - Fibres: Fibres are thick walled, elongated and
pointed cells, generally occurring in groups, in
various parts of the plants.
B - Sclereids: Sclereids is a thick-walled lignified
sclerenchyma cell. Sclereids are variable in shape
Biology
and are shorter than fibres.
C - Tracheids: Tracheids are the more ancient
tracheary elements, the main water conductive cells
of the pteridophytes and the gymnosperms. They
are elongate cells with tapering ends. Their cell walls
characteristically bear spiral (pteridiophytes), pitted
or bordered-pitted (gymnosperms) thickening. Water
moves from cell to cell through the side walls.
D - Vessels: Vessel is a long cylindrical tube like
structure made up of many cells called vessels
members.
E - Xylem parenchyma: Xylem parenchyma cells are
living and thin walled and their cell walls are made
up of cellulose. They store food materials in the form
of starch or fats and other substances like tannins.
72. (a) A: Lateral meristem is a meristem that is arranged
parallel to the sides of an organ and that is responsible
for increase in diameter of the organ. Fascicular
vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium and cork
cambium are the examples of lateral meristem.
B: Apical meristem is a completely undifferentiated
meristematic tissue found in the buds and growing
tips of roots in plants. Its main function is to begin
growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of
roots and shoots (forming buds, among other
things). During the formation of the primary plant
body, specific region of apical meristem produces
dermal tissue, ground tissue and vascular cambium.
C: Bast fibres or phloem fibres are made up of
sclerenchymatous cells. These are generally absent
in primary phloem but found in secondary phloem.
D: Sapwood is the peripheral region of the secondary
xylem. It is involved in the conduction of water and
minerals from root to leaf.
73. (c) In the given figure of root apical meristem, the part
marked as A, B and C is respectively cortex,
protoderm and root cap.
The apical meristem is a completely undifferentiated
meristematic tissue found in the buds and growing
tips of roots in plants. Its main function is to begin
growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of
roots and shoots (forming buds, among other
things).
74. (a) In the given figure of shoot apical meristem, the parts
marked as A, B and C are respectively leaf primordium;
shoot apical meristem and axillary bud (present in
the axils of leaf and are capable of forming a branch
or a flower). The shoot apical meristem is a population
of cells located at the tip of the shoot axis. It produces
lateral organs, stems tissues and regenerates itself.
75. (a) Figure A, B, C and D are respectively parenchyma,

Hints & Solutions
collenchyma, sclerenchyma fibres and sclerenchyma
sclereid.
Parenchyma: It involves in photosynthesis, storage
and secretion. Collenchyma: It provides mechanical
support to the growing parts of the plant such as
young stem and petiole of a leaf. Sclerenchyma fibres:
It provides mechanical strength to various plant
organs and specialised to tolerate stress of bending,
sheering, compression and pull. Sclerenchyma
sclereid: It forms protective covering of testa in many
legume seeds.
76. (a) The given figures A (tracheid) and B (vessel) are
types of xylem (C). Xylem is the vascular tissue in
plants which conducts water and dissolved nutrients
upwards from the root and also helps to form the
woody element in the stem. It consists of tracheids,
vessels, parenchyma cells, and woody fibres.
Tracheid is an elongated, tapering xylem cell having
lignified, and pitted, intact walls which lacks
perforations in the cell wall. Tracheids have pits where
the cell wall is modified into a thin membrane, across
which water flows from tracheid to tracheid. The cells
die when mature, leaving only their lignified cell walls.
Tracheids are found in all vascular plants. It is
adapted for conduction and support.
Vessels are a long straight chain made of tough long
dead cells known as vessel elements or vessel
members. The vessel cells, devoid of protoplasm,
are arranged end to end and the cell walls have
disappeared. This makes a tube. They have a lignified
cell wall and a large central cavity.
77. (c) In the given fig. of phloem tissue A, B & C are
respectively sieve tube, phloem parenchyma and
campanion cells. Companion cells (c) are specialized
parenchymal cells adjacent to a sieve tube in the
phloem of flowering plants. It is beliveved to regulate
the flow of nutrients through the tube.
78. (d) Stomata are tiny pores, and composed of two bean
shaped epidermal cells called guard cells which
enclose stomatal pore.
Stomata are mostly present in epidermal layers of
leaves and in other aerial parts like young stems,
floral parts etc. Guard cells in dicots are kidney
shaped and in monocots are dumb bell shaped. The
guard cells may be surrounded by varying number
of specialized epidermal cells called subsidiary cells
or accessory cells.
79. (a) Vascular bundles (VBs) is a strand of conducting
vessels in the stem or leaves of a plant, typically
with phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside.
In the given figures A, B and C the types of vascular
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S-35
bundles are respectively radial, conjoint closed and
conjoint open. When xylem and phloem are arranged
in the radius of the plant in alternative manner then it
is called radial vascular bundle. Radial VBs are always
closed and present in all types of roots. In conjoint
vascular bundle, xylem and phloem are situated at
the same radius of vascular bundles. Such VBs are
common in stems and leaves.
80. (c) In the given figure of T. S of monocot root, the part
marked as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I are respectively
root hairs, epiblema, cortex, endodermis, pericycle,
phloem, protoxylem, pith and metaxylem.
Monocot root do not undergo any secondary
growth. It consists of thin walled cells in the epiblema;
unicellular root hairs, passage cells and casparian
thickenings in the endodermis; parenchyma cells in
the pericycle; conjuctive tissue; distinct pith and
radial vascular bundles with polyarch condition and
an exarch xylem. Cuticle and stomata are absent.
81. (d) In the given figure of T.S of dicot root, the parts
marked as A, B, C, D, E and F are respectively cortex,
epiblema, pith, endodermis, root hairs and pericycle.
Dicot root consists of a single layer of epiblema which
bears unicellular root hairs. Endodermis is followed
by one or more layers of pericycle. Inner to pericycle
lies radially arranged vascular bundles. This
arrangement keeps the xylem bundles in direct
contact with the outer tissue of the roots which
conduct water absorbed by root hairs to the inside.
Xylem is exarch.
82. (b) In the given figure of dicot stem, the parts marked as
A, B,C, D, E, F, G, H and I are respectively epidermal
hair, epidermis, hypodermis, parenchyma,
endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundle, medullary
rays and medulla or pith. Dicot stems with primary
growth have pith in the centre, with vascular bundles
forming a distinct ring visible when the stem is
viewed in cross section. The outside of the stem is
covered with an epidermis, which is covered by a
waterproof cuticle. The epidermis also may contain
stomata for gas exchange and multicellular stem hairs
called trichomes. A cortex consisting of hypodermis
(collenchyma cells) and endodermis (starch
containing cells) is present above the pericycle and
vascular bundles. Inner to endodermis is present a
few layers of heterogenous pericycle. Vascular
bundles are conjoint, collateral and open. Medullary
rays are present in between vascular bundles.
Cambium helps in secondary growth.
83. (a) In the given figure of monocot stem, the structure
marked as A, B, C, D, E and F are respectively
epidermis, hypodermis, vascular bundle, phloem,
xylem and ground tissue. Monocot stem is
 S-36
characterised by epidermis (2- 3 layered), hypodermis
and undifferentiated ground tissue stem. Vascular
strand is numerous and scattered. Vascular bundles
are conjoint, collateral and closed.
84. (b) In the given figure of dicot leaf, the part marked as A,
B, , D, E, F, G and H are respectively epidermis,
palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, sub-stomal
cavity, stoma, phloem, xylem and bundle sheath.
Dicot leaf is characterised by upper and lower
epidermis, cuticle, mesophyll cells (present between
upper and lower epidermis) and vascular bundles.
Mesophyll possess chloroplast, is divided into
palisade and spongy parenchyma. Vascular bundles
are scattered in spongy parenchyma and the
vascular bundles in midrib region is largest. VBs are
conjoint, collateral and closed.
85. (a) In the given figure of monocot leaf, the structure
marked as A, B, C, D, E, F and G are respectively
adaxial epidermis, xylem, mesophyll, sub-stomal
cavity, abaxial epidermis, stoma and phloem.
Monocot leaf (isobilateral) is somewhat similar to
dorsiventral leaf in having epidermis, cuticle, and
mesophyll cells. Stomata are present on the both
the surfaces of epidermis. Mesophyll cells are
undifferentiated into palisade an d spongy
parenchyma. Vascular bundles are conjoint,
collateral, closed with phloem towards lower side
and xylem towards upper side.
86. (a) In the given figure of secondary growth of a dicot
stem, the parts marked as A, B, C, D, E and F are
respectively phellem, phellogen, medullary rays,
secondary xylem, secondary phloem and cambium
ring.
87. (d) Most of the cells of phellem are dead. But at some
places living cells are also found. Suberin is not
deposited in these places, These places are known
as Lenticels. Lenticels are certain loosely arranged
areas in the periderm formed due to rapid activity of
phellogen. Lenticels appears on the outer surface of
the plant either in small points or in the form of areas
of protruberance.
Usually they are formed below the stomata. These
cells are also known as complementary cells/
complementary tissue and helps in gaseous
exchange and transpiration.
88. (a) In the given figure of a typical dicot root, the marked
structure A, B, C and D are respectively primary
phloem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem and
primary xylem.
89. (c) Figure a, b, c and d are respectively collenchyma,
Biology
sclerenchyma, xylem tissues and parenchyma
tissues. Collenchyma, sclerenchyma and
parenchyma tissues are types of simple permanent
tissues. Figure c (xylem tissue) is a type of permanent
tissue having many different types of cell. Xylem is
one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular
plants, phloem being the other. The most distinctive
xylem cells are the long tracheary elements that
transport water. Tracheids and vessel elements are
distinguished by their shape; vessel elements are
shorter, and are connected together into long tubes
that are called vessels.
90. (c) Annual ring is a ring in the cross section of the stem
or root of a temperate woody plant, produced by
one year's growth. Trees at sea do not have annual
rings because there is no marked climatic variation.
In climates with well-marked alternations of seasons
(either cold and warm or wet and dry), the wood cells
produced when water is easily available and growth
is rapid (generally corresponding to the spring or
wet season) are often noticeably larger and have
thinner walls than those produced later in the season
when the supply of water has diminished and growth
is slower. There is thus a sharp contrast between the
small, thick-walled late-season wood cells produced
one year, and the large, thin-walled cells of the spring
wood of the following year results. Where the climate
is uniform and growth continuous, as in wet, tropical
forests, there is usually little or no gross visible
contrast between the annual rings, although
differences exist. When rings are conspicuous, they
may be counted in order to obtain a reasonably
accurate approximation of the age of the tree. They
are also reflective (by their range of thickness) of the
climatic and environmental factors that influence
growth rates.
91. (a) All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles
constitute the ground tissue. In leaves the ground
tissue consists of thin-walled chloroplast containing
cells called mesophyll cells that actively involve in
the process of photosynthesis.
92. (a) Potato is a stem tuber. When we peel the skin of a
potato tuber, we remove periderm. Periderm is the
corky outer layer of a plant stem formed in secondary
thickening or as a response to injury or infection.
93. (b) In most dicot stems and roots, secondary growth
occurs due to addition of secondary tissues
(secondary cortex, secondary phloem and secondary
xylem) formed by the activity of vascular cambium in
the stelar region inside pericycle and cork cambium

Hints & Solutions
in the extrastelar regions (region outside pericycle
i.e., cortex)
94. (b) Intercalary meristem occurs between mature tissues
and is the separated region of apical meristem. It is
found in between the plant organs. By the activity
of this meristem, length of the plant organs increases.
95. (c) In a very old stem, the secondary xylem elements in
the inner part turn darker in colour and is called the
heartwood or duramen. It is very strong and durable
and imparts great amount of mechanical strength to
the stem. The sapwood or alburnum is the light
coloured peripheral part of the secondary xylem
consists of dead tracheids. Vessels and fibres are
some living cells. It helps in the conduction of water
and solutes.
96. (d) The trees growing in desert will not show distinct
annual rings because climatic variations (autumn and
spring seasons) are absent in deserts.
97. (b) Open means presence of cambium during secondary
growth. Vascular cambium divides to form secondary
xylem towards inner side while secondary phloem
towards outside.
98. (d) Primary meristems are those meristems which
originate from the embryonic meristem. They are
located at the tips of stems, roots and appendages.
Apical and intercalary meristems are primary meristem
because they appear early in life of a plant and
contribute to the formation of the primary plant body.
99. (c) Phloem is a conducting tissue that transports food
materials, usually from leaves to other part of the
plants. In phloem, sieve elements arranged one above
the other in distinct linear rows and have sieve plates
(oblique or transverse perforated septa) on their end
walls. These are associated with companion cells.
100. (c) Teak, mango and palm belong to angiosperms in
which presence of vessels is a characteristic feature.
Pine is a gymnosperm which lack vessels in their
xylem.
101. (d) Guard cells differ from epidermal cells in having
chloroplast. The cell wall of guard cells are not
uniform, inner walls are thicker than the outer walls,
epidermal cells are uniformly thin.
102. (b) Lateral meristem increases the width of plant organ
so it is responsible for secondary growth. Lateral
meristem includes vascular or cork cambium.
Lateral meristems are both primary and secondary in
origin (mostly secondary in origin). There are two
examples of primary lateral meristem :
(i) Marginal meristem : It occurs at the margin of
leaf. Its activity increases the width of leaf so
total growth of leaf is called intercalary marginal
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S-37
growth.
(ii) Intra-fascicular cambium or fascicular
cambium : This cambium occurs inside the
vascular bundle. Except intrafascicular cambium
all cambia are secondary in origin.
103. (c) The periodical activity of the cambium, thus results
in distinct growth layers or rings of secondary xylem.
These are called growth rings. The growth rings of
spring wood and autumn wood produced in a year
constitute an annual ring.
104. (d) Vessel is a long cylindrical tube-like structure made
up of many cells called vessel-members, each with
lignified walls and a large central cavity. Vessel
members are interconnected through perforations in
their common walls. The presence of vessels is a
characteristic feature of angiosperms.
105. (d) The internal structure of a typical monocotyledon
root is similar to dicotyledon root. Number of xylem
bundles are more than six (polyarch) in
monocotyledon root (exceptionally the number of
xylem bundles are two to six in onion). Pith is well
developed in monocotyledon root. Monocot roots
do not undergo secondary growth.
106. (a) Plant tissues are broadly classified on the basis of
stages of development into two categories:
(i) Meristematic tissue - They have ability to divide.
(ii) Permanent tissue - They have lost the ability to
divide.
107. (c) In plant conducting tissue xylem has an important
integral cell as xylem vessel which is without nucleus.
The phloem on other hand has a row of sieve tubes
which are also without nucleus at maturity.
108. (d) Soft wood is non-porous, homoxylous
gymnospermic wood rich in tracheids and xylem
parenchyma, vessels and fibres are absent and resin
canals are present, e.g., Deodar (Cedrus), Pine (Pinus)
109. (b) Collenchyma is a type of simple tissue which occurs
in layers below the epidermis of dicotyledonous
plants. It consists of living usually elongated cells
with unevenly thickened walls (due to deposition of
cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin) and acts as
support especially in areas of primary growth. This
tissue provides mechanical support to the rowing
parts of the plants such as young stem and petiole
of a leaf.
110. (c) By observing the arrangements of vascular bundles,
the student will discover the nature of stem. If the
vascular bundles are arranged in a ring then it is a
dicot stem and if the vascular bundles are scattered,
 S-38
then it is a monocot stem.
111. (b) Trichomes is a small hair or other outgrowth from
the epidermis of a plant stem, typically unicellular
and glandular. Trichomes that often cover the plant
body are the result of divisions of epidermal cells.
They may be branched or unbranched and soft or
stiff. The trichomes help in preventing water loss
due to transpiration. Transpiration is a process where
plants absorb water through the roots and then give
off water vapor through pores in their leaves.
Chapter 7 : Structural Organisation in Animals
1. (d) Squamous epithelium is formed of thin discoidal and
polygonal cells that fit like tiles in a floor, so is also
called pavement epithelium. It is found in the walls
of blood vessels, in the alveoli of lung for exchange
of gases, and in Bowman’s capsule of nephron for
ultra filtration.
2. (b) Ciliated columnar epithelium is usually found in the
respiratory tract and fallopian tubes.
3. (c) Mast cell are a cell found in connective tissue that
contains numerous basophilic granules and release
substances such as heparin and histamine in
response to injury or inflammation of tissues.
4. (d) Basement membrane is a thin extracellular
supporting layer that separates a layer of epithelial
cells from the underlying lamina propria and is
composed of the basal lamina and reticular lamina
5. (d) Compound epithelium covers the dry surface of the
skin, the moist surface of buccal cavity, pharynx,
inner lining of ducts of salivary glands and pancreatic
ducts.
6. (c) Gland is an organ in the human or animal body which
secretes particular chemical substances for use in
the body or for discharge into the surroundings.
7. (d) Plasmodesmata are narrow channels that act as
intercellular cytoplasmic bridges to facilitate
communication and transport of materials between
plant cells. Adhering, tight and gap junctions are
specialized junctions that provide both structural and
functional links between the individual cells of animal
tissues.
8. (d) A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which
attaches skeletal muscle to bone. Tendons may also
attach muscles to structures such as eyeball. A
tendon help in the movement of bone or structure.
9. (c) Chondrocytes are the only cells found in cartilage. They
produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which
consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans. The
chondrocytes lie between the muscle dfibres. It is found
in the epiglottis (part of the larynx) and the pinnae (the
external ear flaps of many mammals including humans).
10. (c) Elastic cartilage or yellow cartilage is a type of
cartilage present in the outer ear, Eustachian tube
and epiglottis. It contains elastic fibre networks and
collagen fibres. The principal protein is in elastic
cartilage is elastin.
Biology
11. (c) Tendons, which attach skeletal muscles to bones
and ligaments which attach one bone to another are
examples of dense regular connective tissues in
which collagen fibres are present in rows between
many parallel bundles of fibres.
12. (b) Muscle tissue plays the vital role of providing
movement and heat generation to the organs of the
body. Muscle cells are specialized for contractility
and electrical conductivity.
13. (d) In all connective tissue except blood (a fluid
connective tissue), the cells secrete fibres of
structural proteins called collagen or elastin.
14. (b) A neuron (also known as a neurone or nerve cell) is
an electrically excitable cell that processes and
transmits information through electrical and chemical
signals. These signals between neurons occur via
synapses, specialized connections with other cells.
A typical neuron possesses a cell body (soma),
dendrites, and an axon.
15. (d) Cartilage is a type of connective tissue which is
present in human external ears, the nose tip, ribcage
joints, etc.
16. (d) Cells of smooth muscle tissue are spindle shaped
and pointed at their ends. Striations are absent due
to different arrangement of actin and myosin
filaments. Smooth muscle is the earliest form of muscle
to evolve.
17. (a) Cardiac muscles are involuntary, cross striated &
non-fatigued fibres. Cell junctions fuse the plasma
membranes of cardiac muscle cells and make them
stick together. Communication junctions
(intercalated discs) at some fusion points allow the
cells to contract as a unit, i.e., when one cell receives
a signal to contract, its neighbouring cells are also
stimulated to contract.
18. (d) Smooth muscle is an involuntary, spindle shaped,
uninucleated, tapering and non-striated muscle.
Smooth muscle is responsible for the contractility of
hollow organs, such as blood vessels, the
gastrointestinal tract, the bladder, or the uterus. Its
structure differs greatly from that of skeletal muscle,
although it can develop isometric force per cross-
sectional area which is equal to that of skeletal
muscle.
19. (b) Neurons forms the structural and functional unit of
nervous tissue. They are excitable cells. While the
neuroglial cells constitute the rest of the neural
system that protect and support neurons and are
non-excitable.
20. (d) Each neuron has an enlarged portion, the cell body
(perikaryon), containing the nucleus and from the
cell body extend several processes (dendrites)
through which impulses enter from their branches.
21. (d) Spermathecae are present in sixth, seventh, eighth
and nineth segments of the earthworm. They store
the sperms received from another earthworm during
copulation.