物理冶金 Problem 11.

2 魏茂國

A gold-nickel alloy containing 60 percent nickel is heated to 1100C and allowed to

come to equilibrium. Determine the amount and composition of the liquid and solid
phases when equilibrium is attained.

The solid will have a composition containing

68 wt% Ni and 32 wt% Au, while the liquid
will have 41 wt% Ni and 59 wt% Au. The
amount of each phase can be found by the
lever rule.

60%  41%
Solid   0.704  70.4 wt %
68%  41%
68%  60%
Liquid   0.296  29.6 wt %
68%  41%

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物理冶金 Problem 11.4 魏茂國

(a) Sterling silver is an alloy of silver with 7.5 percent copper. Describe the structure
that one should expect if a specimen of sterling silver were to be heated from room
temperature to 782C and allowed to come to equilibrium at this latter temperature. (b)
If the specimen of sterling silver equilibriated at 782C is now cooled very slowly to
400C, what would be the nature of the microstructure? Give the amount and
composition of each phase. (c) Finally assume the specimen is cooled very rapidly
(quenched) from 782C to 400C. Describe the structure that one might expect.

2
物理冶金 Problem 11.4 魏茂國

(a) 782C is only 3C above the eutectic temperature at 779C. The phase extends
to 8.8% copper at the eutectic temperature. The copper silver phase diagram
shows that at 782C the equilibrium microstructure should be a simply  phase
solid solution.

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物理冶金 Problem 11.4 魏茂國

(b) At 400C, the phase diagram shows that the  phase can contain only about 1%
copper. On slow cooling from 782C, some of the copper-rich  phase should
precipitate. One would expect this  phase to occur heterogeneously at the grain
boundaries is possible. The final microstructure would be expected to consist of
a large  phase crystals, with small  phase particles lying along their grain
boundaries. Assuming that the solubility of copper in the  phase is 1.0 percent,
and in the  phase it is approximately 100 percent, the amounts of the two phases
may be estimated.

100%  7.5%
 _ phase   0.934  93.4 wt %
100%  1%
7. 5 %  1%
 _ phase   0.066  6.6 wt %
100%  1%

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物理冶金 Problem 11.4 魏茂國

(c) Quenching from 782C to 400C should prevent the diffusion of copper atoms
to form grain boundary precipitate particles and it is possible that one might
attain a supersaturated solid solution of the  phase, containing 7.5% copper.
This structure is basically unstable and given sufficient time small particles of
the  phase, should develop inside the  crystals.
Intermediate precipitate  phases could form. If a final equilibrium stage is
attained, the amounts and compositions of the two phases should be the same
as in Part (b) of this problem.

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物理冶金 Problem 11.8 魏茂國

Answer the following questions with regard to an alloy of copper with 64 percent lead
that is slowly cooled in a crucible without being stirred from 1100C to room
temperature. (a) What is the nature of the alloy at 1100C? (b) Now consider the alloy
at a temperature just above the monotectic temperature at 955C where it is composed
of two liquids of different compositions. Do the liquids have the same density? If not,
what would you expect to happen? (c) One of these liquids has the composition of the
monotectic point. What should happen
to this liquid as it passes through the
monotectic temperature of 955C?
Describe the physical nature of the
contents of the crucible after the alloy
is cooled below 955C and until it
reaches the eutectic temperature at
326C.

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物理冶金 Problem 11.8 魏茂國

(a) The copper-lead phase diagram possesses a miscibility gap whose maximum
point is at 64% lead and 990C. Thus, an alloy of lead and copper containing
64% lead will be in a single phase liquid solution field above 990C (i.e.,
1100C).

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物理冶金 Problem 11.8 魏茂國

(b) At 955C the structure will consist of two liquid phases, one containing 37.4%
lead and 62.6% copper (liquid LI), and the other with 86% lead and 14% copper
(liquid LII). Since LII contains a much higher concentration of lead, it will be
denser than LI and it is logical to expect that the two liquids will separate into
layers, with LI floating on LII. This is indicated in the following sketch. The
amounts of the phase are:

86%  64%
LI   0.453  45.3wt %
86%  37.4%
64%  37.4%
LII   0.547  54.7 wt %
86%  37.4%

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物理冶金 Problem 11.8 魏茂國

(c) As the specimen is cooled through the monotectic temperature at 955C, liquid
LI is transformed into solid copper and liquid LII. The copper will float on the
much denser LII as implied in the following figure. The amounts of the phases
are:

86%  64%
Solid _ Cu   0.256  25.6 wt %
86%  0%
64%  0%
LII   0.744  74.4 wt %
86%  0%