SARATH JUNIOR COLLEGE

New Azam Complex, Bagh Amberpet, Hyderabad

IPE QUESTION BANK - 2023-24

SENIOR CHEMISTRY
SOLID STATE
SAQ’s :
1. Derive Bragg’s equation.
2. Describe the two main types of semiconductors and contrast their conduction mechanism.
3. Classify each of the following as either a p-type or a n-type semiconductor. (i) Ge doped with In
(ii) Si doped with B.
4. Explain why ionic solids are hard and brittle.
5. In terms of band theory, what is the difference between a conductor and an insulator?
6. In terms of band theory, what is the difference between a conductor and a semiconductor?
7. A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners of the cube and P at the
body-centre. What is the formula of the compound? What are the coordination numbers of P and Q?
8. If the radius of the octahedral void is ‘r’ and radius of the atoms in close packing is ‘R’ derive
relation between r and R.
9. Calculate the efficiency of packing in case of a metal of simple cubic crystal, body-centred cubic
crystal, face-centered cubic crystal.
10. Aluminimum crystallizes in a cubic close packed structure. Its metallic radius is 125 pm.
(i) what is the length of the side of the unit cell.
(ii) How many unit cells are there in 1.00cm3 of aluminium?
VSAQ’s :
1. How do you distinguish between crystal lattice and unit cell?
2. What is Schottky defect? 3. What is Frenkel defect?
4. Stability of a crystal is reflected in the magnitude of its melting point. Comment.
5. What makes a glass different from quartz?
6. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of face-centered cubic lattice?
7. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of face-centered tetragonal lattice?
8. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of body centered cubic lattice?
9. Explain ferromagnetism with suitable example. 10. Explain paramagnetism with suitable example.
11. Explain Antiferromagnetism with suitable example.
12. What are f-centres? 13. What is co-ordination number?
SOLUTIONS
SAQ’s :
1. Define mole fraction. A solution of sucrose in water is labelled as 20% w/w. What would be the
mole fraction of each component in the solution?
2. What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult’s law and how is the sign of H mix related to
positive deviation from Raoult’s law?
3. What is meant by negative deviation from Raoult’s law and how is the sign of H mix related to
negative deviation from Raoult’s law?
4. What is relative lowering of vapour pressure? How is it useful to determine the molar mass of a solute?
5. State Raoult’s law. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535 mm. Hg Calculate the vapour
pressure of the solution at 293 K when 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water.
6. State Raoult’s law. Calculate the vapour pressure of a solution containing 9g of glucose in 162 g of
water at 293 K. The vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535 mm Hg.
7. What is an ideal solution? Give suitable examples.
8. Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40g mol 1 ) which should be dissolved in
114g Octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.
9. Define molality (m). Calculate molality (m) of 10 gm of Glucose C6 H12O6 in 90 gm of water.
10. How is molar mass related to the elevation in boiling point of a solution?
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11. How is molar mass related to the depression in freezing point of a solution?
12. A solution of sucrose in water is labelled as 20% w/w. What would be the mole fraction of each
component in the solution?
13. Define mass percentage, volume percentage and mass to volume percentage solution.
14. Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous solution.
What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the solution is 1.504 gmL1 .
15. A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of 25% solution and 400 g of 40% solution by mass. Calculate
the mass percentage of the resulting solution.
16. 45g of ethylene glycol (C2H6 O2) is mixed with 600 g of water. Calculate (a) the freezing point
depression and (b) the freezing point of the solution.
17. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene
by 0.40 K. The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol 1. Find the molar
mass of the solute.
18. 200cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26 g of the protein. The osmotic pressure of
such a solution at 300 K is found to be 2.57  103 bar. Calculate the molar mass of the protein.
VSAQ’s :
1. Define the term solution. 2. Define Molarity.
3. Define molality.
4. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 5gm of NaOH in 450 ml solution?
5. Calculate the molality of 2.5 gm of ethanoic acid  CH 3COOH  in 75 gm of benzene.
6. Give an example of solid solution in which the solute is solid.
7. Define mole fraction.
8. Calculate the mole fraction of H 2 SO4 in a solution containing 98% H 2 SO4 By mass?
9. Define mass percentage of solution? 10. What is ppm of a solution?
11. What role do the molecular interactions play in solution of alcohol and water?
12. State Raoult’s law and give its two limitations? 13. State Henry’s law.
14. Define osmotic pressure. 15. What are isotonic solutions? Give example.
16. What is Van’t Hoff’s factor ‘i’ and how is it related to ' ' in the case of a binary electrolyte?
17. What is relative lowering of vapour pressure? 18. What are colligative properties. Give examples.
ELECTRO CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS
LAQ’s :
1. (a) What is electrolysis? and State Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.
(b) A solution of CuSO4 is electrolysed for 10 minutes with a current of 1.5 amperes. What is the
mass of copper deposited at the cathode?
2. (a) State and Explain Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions.
(b) Give the applications of Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions.
3. Give a detailed account of the collision theory of reaction rates of bimolecular gaseous reactions.
4. What is rate of reaction ? Explain the effect of temperature and effect of catalyst on rate of reaction?
5. Explain the following terms with suitable examples. (a) average rate of a reaction
(b) slow and fast reactions (c) order of a reaction (d) molecularity of a reaction
(e) activation energy of a reaction
ELECTRO CHEMISTRY
SAQ’s :
1. Give the construction and working of a standard hydrogen electrode with a neat diagram.
2. What are galvanic cells? Explain the working of a galvanic cells with a neat sketch taking Daniel
cells as example.
3. State and explain Nernst equation with the help of a metallic electrode and non-metallic electrode.
4. What are primary and secondary batteries? Give examples.
5. What is Metallic corrosion? Explain it with respect to iron corrosion.
6. What are fuel cells? How are they different from galvanic cells? Give the construction of H 2 , O2 fuel cell.
7. What are the products obtained at the cathode and the anode during the electrolysis of the
following when platinum electrodes are used in the electrolysis?
(a) Molten KCl (b) Aq. CuSO4 solution (c) Aq. K2SO4 solution

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PROBLEMS :
1.  0m for NaCl , HCl and CH 3 COONa are 126.4,425.9 and 91.0S cm 2 mol 1 respectively. Calculate  0m
for CH 3COOH .
2. Calculate the emf of cells at 25o C cr / cr 3  0.1M  / / Fe2  0.01M  / Fe , givem that ECr0 3
/ Cr
 0.74V and
0
EFe2
/ Fe
 0.44V
 2
3. Calculate the equilibrium constant of the reaction Cu s   2 Ag  aq   Cuaq  2 Ag s  given

E0cell   0.46V
4. The standard emf of Daniell cell is 1.1 V. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy for the cell
reaction Zn s  Cuaq2   Zn2aq   Cu s
0 0
5. Calculate  0m for CaCl2 and MgSO4 (given Ca0  119, Cl0  76.3 , Mg 2  106, SO42  160 )
2 

VSAQ’s :
1. What is galvanic cell or a voltaic cell? Give one example.
2. What is standard hydrogen electrode?
3. What is Nernst equation? Write the equation for an electrode with electrode reaction

M
M naq   ne  
 s 
4. How is gibbs energy (G) related to the cell emf (E) mathematically?
5. What is cell constant of a conductivity cell?
6. Define molar conductivity  m and how is it related to conductivity (K)?
7. State Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions.
8. State Faraday’s first law of electrolysis. 9. State Faraday’s second law of electrolysis.
10. What are the products obtained at the platinum anode and the platinum cathode respectively in
the electrolysis of fused or molten. NaCl?
11. Give the products obtained at the platinum electrodes (cathode and anode) when aqueous solution
of K 2 SO4 is electrolysed.
12. What is a primary battery? Give one example.
13. What is a fuel cell? How is it different from conventional galvanic cell?
14. Give the electrode reactions occuring at the anode and at the cathode in H 2  O2 fuel cell?
15. What is metallic corrosion? Give one example.
2 
16. Write the cell reaction taking place in the cell Cu s  / Cuaq  / / Ag aq / Ag s 
17. Write the Nernst equation for the EMF of the cell Ni  S  / Ni 2   aq  / / Ag   aq  / Ag
0
18. How is Ecell related mathematically to the equilibrium constant K C of the cell reaction?
19. Give one example for a secondary battery. Give the cell reaction.
20. Define conductivity of a material. Give its SI units.
CHEMICAL KINETICS
SAQ’s :
1. Define and explain the order of a reaction. How is it obtained experimentally?
2. What is “molecularity” of a reaction? How is it different from the ‘order’ of a reaction? Name
one bimolecular and one trimolecular gaseous reactions.
3. What is half-life  t1/2  of a reaction? Derive the equations for the ‘half-life’ value of zero and first
order reactions.
4. What is Arrhenius equation? Derive an equation which describes the effect of rise of
temperature (T) on the rate constant (k) of a reaction.
5. Discuss the effect of catalyst on the kinetics of a chemical reaction with a suitable diagram.
6. Derive an integrated rate equation for a first order reaction.
7. Explain the terms (a) Activation energy (Ea) (b) Collision frequency (Z)
(c) Probability factor (P) with respect to Arrhenius equation

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PROBLEMS :
1. A reaction is 50% completed in 2 hours and 75% completed in 4 hours. What is the order of the reaction?
2. A reaction has a halflife of 10 minutes. Calculate the rate constant for the first order reaction.
3. In a first order reaction, the concentration of the reactant is reduced from 0.6 mol/L to 0.2 mol/
L in 5 min. Calculate the rate of constant.
4. Show that in the case of first order reaction, the time required for 99.9% completion of the
reaction is 10 times that required for 50% completion. (log2 = 0.3010).
5. For the reaction R  P, the concentration of a reactant changes from 0.03 M to 0.02 M in 25
minutes. Calculate the average rate of reaction using units in seconds.
6. A first order reaction has a rate constant of 1.15  103 s 1 . How long will 5.0 g of this reactant
take to reduce to 3.0 g?
7. From the rate expression for the following reactions determine their order of reaction and the
dimensions of the rate constants :
2
(i) 3 NO  g  
 N 2 O  g   NO2  g  , Rate  k  NO 

 2 H 2O  l   I 3 , Rate  k  H 2 O2   I 
(ii) H 2O2  aq   3I   aq   2 H   aq  
3/2
(iii) CH 3CHO  g  
 CH 4  g   CO  g  , Rate  k CH 3CHO 
8. For a first order reaction, show that time required for 99% completion is twice the time required
for the completion of 90% of reaction.
9. Identify the reaction order from each of the following rate constants.
(i) k  2.3  105 L mol 1 s 1 (ii) k  3  104 s 1
VSAQ’s :
1. Define the speed or rate of a reaction. 2. What are the units of rate of reaction?
3. What is rate law? Illustrate with an example.
4. Define Order of a reaction? Illustrate your answer with an example.
5. What are elementary reactions? 6. What are complex reactions? Give one example.
7. Give the units of rate constants for Zero, first order and second order reactions?
8. Define molecularity of a reaction. Illustrate with an example.
9. Give two examples for zero order reactions?
10. Write the integrated equation for a first order reaction in terms of  R  ,  R 0 and ‘t’?
11. Give two examples for gaseous first order reactions?
12. What is half-life of a reaction? Illustrate your answer with an example?
13. Write the equation relating the half-life (t1/2) of a reaction and the rate constant ‘k’ for first order
reaction?
14. Write the equation useful to calculate half-life (t1/2) values for zero and first order reactions.
15. What are pseudo first order reactions? Give one example.
16. Write the Arrhenius equation for the rate constant (k) of a reaction?
17. Write the equation which relates the rate constants k1 and k2 at temperatures T1 & T2 of a reaction?
18. What is the effect of temperature on the rate constant?
19. What is rate determining step in a complex reaction?
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
SAQ’s :
1. What are different types of adsorption? Give any eight differences between characteristics of
these different types.
2. What are emulsions? Explain the classification of emulsions with examples.
3. What is catalysis? How is catalysis classified? Give two examples for each type of catalysis.
4. What are micelles? Discuss the mechanism of micelle formation and cleaning action of soap.
5. How are colloids classified on the basis of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium?
6. Name the dispersed phase and dispersion medium in the following colloidal systems
(i) fog (ii) smoke (iii) milk (iv) cloud (v) blood (vi) gold sol.
7. What is coagulation? Explain with suitable examples.

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8. What are colloidal solutions? How are they classified? Give examples.
9. Explain the following terms (a) Electrophoresis (b) coagulation (c) Tyndall effect
10. What is an adsorption isotherm? Discuss the phenomenon of adsorption of gases on solids with
the help of Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
11. What do you understand by the terms given below:
(a) Absorption (b) Adsorption (c) Adsorbent and Adsorbate
VSAQ’s :
1. What is emulsifying agent? Give one example. 2. Define Gold Number.
3. What is the general difference between soap and detergent chemically?
4. What is autocatalysis? Give one example. 5. What is Tyndal effect?
6. What is Brownian movement? 7. What is protective colloid? 8. What is Hardy-Schulze’s law?
9. What is adsorption? Give two applications. 10. Why is adsorption always exothermic?
11. Define “promoters” and “poisons” in the phenamenon of catalysis.
12. Easily liquifiable gases are readily adsorbed on solids. Why?
13. Why zeolites are treated as shape selective catalysts?
14. What is critical mecelle concentration (CMC) and Kraft temperature (TK)?
15. What is peptization and dialysis? 16. What is electrokinetic potential or zeta potential?
17. Sky appears blue in colour. Explain. 18. What is electro osmosis and electrophoresis?
19. Define flocculation value. 20. Define occlusion?
21. The moist air becomes dry in the presenceof silica gel.give reason for this.
22. Amongst SO2,H2 which will be adsorbed more reradily on the surface of char coal and Why?
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY
SAQ’s :
1. Giving examples to differentiate roasting and calcination.
2. Write down the chemical reactions taking place in different zones in the blast furnace during the
extraction of iron.
3. Outline the principles of refining of metals by the following methods
(a) Zone refining (b) Electrolytic refining (c) Poling (d) Vapour phase refining
4. Explain the purification of sulphide ore by froth floatation method.
5. How is copper extracted from copper pyrites?
6. Write down the chemical reactions taking place in the extraction of zinc from zinc blende.
7. Explain electrometallurgy with an example?
8. Explain briefly the extraction of aluminium from bauxite.
9. Explain the process of leaching of alumina from bauxite.
10. Explain Zone refining.
VSAQ’s :
1. What is the role of depressant in froth floatation?
2. Name the common elements present in the anode mud in the electrolytic refining of copper.
3. What is the difference between a mineral and an ore?
4. Give the composition of the following alloys : (a) Brass (b) Bronze (c) German silver
5. Explain the terms gangue and slag.
6. Write any two ores with formulae of the following metals :
(a) Aluminium (b) Zinc (c) Iron (d) copper
7. What is matte? Give its composition. 8. What is blister copper? Why is it so called?
9. What is flux? Give an example. 10. Describe a method for the refining of nickel.
11. State the role of silica in the metallurgy of copper.
12. What is the role of graphite rod in the electrometallurgy of aluminium?
13. What is the role of cryolite in the metallurgy of aluminium? 14. Explain ‘Poling’.
p-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Note: Combination of any two SAQs as an LAQ.
SAQ’s :
GROUP 15 ELEMENTS
1. How is ammonia manufactured by Haber’s process? Explain the reactions of ammonia with
(a) ZnSO4 aq  (b) CuSO4 aq  (c) AgCl s 
2. How is nitric acid manufactured by Ostwald’s process? How does it react with the following?
(a) Copper (b) Zn (c) S8 (d) P4
3. What is allotropy? Explain the different allotropic forms of phosphorus.
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4. How does PCl5 react with the following?
(a) Water (b) C2 H 5OH (c) CH 3COOH (d) Ag
5. How does P4 react with the following? (a) SOCl2 (b) SO2 Cl2
6. Complete the following reactions
(a) Ca3 P2  H 2O  (b) P4  KOH  (c) CuSO4  NH 3  (d) Mg  N 2 

(e)  NH 4 2 Cr2O7 
 (f) Decomposition of nitrous acid
7. Complete the following
673 K

(a) NH 4 NO3    (c) Pb  NO3  2 
(b) HNO3  P4 O10  
(d) Zn  dil . HNO3 
 (e) P4  conc. HNO3  (f) HgCl2  PH 3 

GROUP 16 ELEMENTS
8. How is ozone prepared from oxygen? Explain its reaction with
(a) C2 H 4 (b) KI (c) Hg (d) PbS (e) Ag
9. Explain in detail the manufacture of sulphuric acid by contact process.
10. Write a short note on the allotropy of sulphur.
11. Which oxide of sulphur can act as both oxidizing and reducing agent? Give one example each.
12. Explain the structures of SF4 and SF6 .
13. How does SO2 react with the following? (a) Na2 SO3 aq  (b) Cl2 (c) Fe3 ions (d) KMnO4

14. Complete the following (a) KCl  H 2 SO4  conc   (b) Sucrose 
Conc. H 2 SO4

(c) Cu  H 2 SO4  conc   (d) C  H 2 SO4  conc  
15. Describe the structures (shapes) of SO42 and SO3 .
GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
16. How is chlorine prepared in the laboratory? How does it react with the following?
(a) Iron (b) Hot. con NaOH (c) Acidified FeSO4 (d) Iodine (e) H 2 S (f) Na2 S 2O3
17. How is chlorine prepared by electrolytic method? Explain it’s reaction with
(a) NaOH (b) NH 3 under different conditions (c) NaI (d) Slaked lime
18. How can you prepare Cl2 from HCl from Cl2? Write the reactions?
19. Explain the structures of (a) BrF5 (b) IF7 ?
20. Write balanced equations for the following?
(a) NaCl is heated with conc. H2SO4 in the presence of MnO2
(b) Chlorine is passed into a solution of Nal in water
21. What are inter halogen compounds? Give some examples to illustrate the definition how are they
classified?
22. Write the name and formulae and structure of the oxyacids of chlorine. Explain their structures
and relative acidic nature.
23. How is ClF3 prepared? How does it react with water? Explain its structure.
24. Compare the bleaching action of Cl2 and SO2 25. Write a short note on hydrides of halogens?
GROUP 18 ELEMENTS
26. How are XeF2 , XeF4 and XeF6 prepared? Explain their reaction with water? Discuss their structures.
27. How are XeF2 and XeF4 are prepared? Give their structures.
28. How are XeO3 , and XeOF4 prepared? 29. Explain the structure of (a) XeF6 (b) XeOF4
30. Explain the reaction of the following with water XeF2 , XeF4 and XeF6 .
31. Complete the following (a) XeF2  H 2O  (b) XeF2  PF5  (c) XeF4  SbF5 
(d) XeF6  ASF5  (e) XeF4  O2 F2  (f) NaF  XeF6 
32. Explain the structure of (a) XeF2 (b) XeF4
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VSAQ’s :
GROUP 15 ELEMENTS
1. Why does the reactivity of nitrogen differ from phosphorus?
2. Nitrogen exists as diatomic molecule and phosphorus as P4 why?
3. Nitrogen molecule is highly stable why?
4. Why are the compounds of bismuth more stable in +3 oxidation state?
5. Arrange the hydrides of group-15 elements in the increasing order of basic strength and order of
reducing character?
6. What happens when white phosphorus is heated with conc. NaOH solution in an inert atmosphere
of CO2 ?
7. NH 3 forms hydrogen bonds but PH 3 does not - why?
8. NO is paramagnetic in gaseous state but diamagnetic in liquid and solid states why?
9. How do you account for the inert character of dinitrogen?
10. Give an example of a) acidic oxide of phosphorus b) neutral oxide of nitrogen?
11. Which of the following are not known PCl3 , AsCl3 , SbCl3 , NCl5 , BiCl5 , PH 5 ?
12. Iron becomes passive in conc HNO3 - why?
13. Give the uses of (a) Nitric acid (b) Ammonia?
14. Give the disproportionation reaction of H 3 PO3 ?
15. Draw the structures of (a) Hypo phosphoric acid (b) Cyclic meta phosphoric acid?
16. Are all the five bonds in PCl5 molecule equivalent? Justify your answer.
GROUP 16 ELEMENTS
17. Why is dioxygen a gas but sulphur a solid?
18. What happens when (a) KClO3 is heated with MnO2 (b) O3 is passed through KI solution
19. Give two examples each for amphoteric oxides and neutral oxides.
20. Why is H 2 O a liquid while H 2 S is a gas?
21. H 2 O is neutral while H 2 S is acidic - explain.
22. Name the most abundant element present in earth’s crust.
23. Give the hybridization of sulphur in the following : a) SO2 b) SO3 c) SF4 d) SF6
24. Write the names and formulae of any two oxyacids of sulphur. Indicate the oxidation state of
sulphur in them.
25. Give one example each for a) neutral oxide b) peroxide c) super oxide
26. What is tailing of mercury? How is it removed? 27. SO2 can be used as anti-chlor. Explain.
28. How does ozone react with ethylene? 29. Out of O2 and O3 , which is paramagnetic?
30. Write any two uses for O3 and H 2 SO4 . 31. Why are Group-16 elements called chalcogens?
GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
32. Which halogen produces O2 and O3 on passing through water?
33. What is the use of ClF3 ? 34. Why are halogens coloured?
35. Write the reaction of “ F2 ” and “ Cl2 ” with water?
36. With which neutral molecule, ClO  is isoelectronic? Is that molecule a lewis base?
37. Electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less than that of Cl2  explain?
38. HF is a liquid while HCl is a gas explain?
39. Bond dissociation enthalpy of " F2 " is less than that of " Cl2 " explain?
40. Write two uses of hydrogen chloride?
41. Chlorine acts as an oxidising agent - explain with two examples?
42. What is Aqua regia? Write it’s reaction with gold and platinum?
43. How is chlorine manufactured by Deacon’s method?
44. Chlorine acts as a bleaching agent only in the presence of moisture explain?
45. The decreasing order of acidic character among hypohalous acids of chlorine is ?

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 GROUP 18 ELEMENTS
46. Why do noble gases have comparatively large atomic sizes?
47. List out the uses of Neon?
48. In modern diving apparatus, a mixture of He and O2 is used - Why?
49. Noble gases are inert - explain?
50. Write the name and formula of the first noble gas compound prepared by Bertlet?
51. Explain the shape of XeF4 on the basis of VSEPR theory?
52. Why do noble gases form compounds with fluorine and oxygen only?
53. How is XeOF4 prepared? Describe its molecular shape? 54. Write the structure of XeO3 .

d & f-BLOCK ELEMENTS & CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS

SAQ’s :
1. Explain Werner’s theory of coordination compounds with suitable examples.
2. Using IUPAC norms write the formules for the following (i) Tetrahydroxozincate (II)
(ii) Hexaamminecobalt (III) sulphate (iii) Potassium tetrachloropalladate (II) and
(iv) Potassium tri (oxalato) chromate (III)
3. Using IUPAC norms write the systematic names of the following :
3
(i) Co  NH 3 6  Cl3 (ii)  Pt  NH 3  2 Cl  NH 2CH 3   Cl (iii) Ti  H 2O 6  (iv) K 2  PdCl4 

(v) K 3  Fe  CN 6  and (vi) Fe4  Fe  CN 6  3

4. Explain geometrical isomerism in coordination compounds giving suitable examples.
5. What is lanthonoid contraction? What are the consequences of lanthanoid contraction?
6. What is spectrochemical series? Explain the difference between a weak field ligand and a strong
field ligand.
7. Explain the applications of coordination compounds in different fields.
8. Write the characteristic properties of transition elements.
9. What is meant by chelate effect? Give example.
10. Explain the terms (i) Ligand (ii) Coordination number (iii) Coordination number (iii) Coordination
entity (iv) Central metal atom/ion.
11. Why do the transition metal ions exhibit characteristic colours in aqueous solutions explain giving
examples.
12. Use Hund’s rule to derive the electronic configuration of Ce 3 ion and calculate its magnetic moment
on the basis of ‘spin-only’ formula.
13. Predict which of the ions Cu  , Sc3 , Mn 2  , Fe2  are coloured in aqueous solution? Give reasons.
14. Write a short note on metal carbonyls.
15. Account for the zero oxidation state of Ni and Fe in  Ni  CO 4  and  Fe  CO 5 
16. What are homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes? Give one example for each.
17. Explain the formation of following complexes according to VBT
3 4
(a) Co  NH 3 6  (b)  Fe  CN 6 
VSAQ’s :
1. CuSO4 .5H 2 O is blue in colour where as anhydrous CuSO4 is colourless. Why?
2. How many moles of AgCl is precipitated when 1 mole of CoCl3 .5 NH 3 is treated with AgNO3
solution?
3 2
3. Cr  NH 3 6  is a paramagnetic while  Ni  CN  4  is diamagnetic. Why?
2 2
4.  Fe  CN 4  and  Fe  H 2O 6  are of different colours in dilute solutions. Why?
2
5. Calculate the ‘spin only’ magnetic moment of Fe  aq  ion.
6. Among the first transition series (3d series) Chromium has highest melting point. Why?
7. What is an ambidentate ligand? Give example. 8. What is an alloy? Give example.
9. What are coordination compounds? Give two examples.

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10. What is the difference between a double salt and a complex compound?
11. What is a ligand? 12. Why do transition elements exhibits characteristic properties?
13. In this fluoride (or) oxide, in which a transition metal exhibits highest oxidation state and why?
3
14. What is the oxidation state of cobalt in K Co  CO  4  and Co  NH 3  6  ?
15. Write the electronic configuration of chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu)?
16. What is a chelate ligand? Give example. 17. What are complex compounds? Give examples.
Silver atom has completely filled d orbitals  4d  in its ground state. How can you say that it is a
10
18.
transition element?
19. Why Zn 2  is diamagnetic where as Mn2  is a paramagnetic?
20. Aqueous Cu 2 ions are blue in colour where as aqueous Zn 2 ions are colourless. Why?
21. How do transition metals exhibit catalytic activity?
22. Give two reactions in which transition metals (or) their compounds acts as catalysts.
23. Why do the transition metals readily form alloys?
24. What is misch-metal give its composition and uses?
25. Why do transition elements exhibit more than one oxidation state (variable oxidation states)
26. Give one example each for ionic and neutral ligands.
27. What is lanthanoid contraction?
28. Scandium is a transition element? But Zinc is not why?
29. Using IUPAC norms, write the systematic names of the following :
(i) K 4  Fe  CN 6  (ii)  Cu  NH 3  4  SO4
POLYMERS
VSAQ’s :
1. Mention the type of polymerization involved in the formation of the following polymers
a) Bakelite b) PVC c) Polythene d) Teflon
2. What is polymerisation? Give an example of a polymerization reaction.
3. What is PHBV? How is it useful to man? 4. Define an elastomer.
5. Mention the structures and names of the monomers used for preparing the following polymers.
(a) Bakelite (b) Nylon (c) Terylene (d) Neoprene
6. What is vulcanization? 7. What do you mean by polydispersity index ?
8. What is Bio-degradable polymer ? Give two examples.
9. Write the names and structures of the monomers of the following polymers
(i) Buna-S (ii) Buna-N (iii) Dacron (iv) Neoprene
10. What is an addition polymer? Give an example of an addition polymer.
11. What is cross linking agent used in vulcanization?
12. Is [ HN .CHR  CO ] n a homopolymer or a copolymer ?
13. Give two examples for Semi-synthetic polymers? 14. What is ziegler - natta catalyst?
15. Give the structure of Nylon-2-Nylon-6.
16. What are the monomer repeating units of Nylon-6 and Nylon-6,6?
17. Name the different types of molecular masses of polymers.
18. What is the difference between Buna-N and Buna-S?
19. What are fibers? Give example. 20. What are thermoplastic polymers? Give example.
21. What are thermosetting polymers? Give example.
22. What are copolymers? Give example.
23. What are homopolymers? Give example. 24. What are monomers? Give example.
BIOMOLECULES
SAQ’s :
1. Give the sources of the following vitamins and name the diseases caused by their deficiency
(a) A (b) D (c) E and (d) K
2. What are hormones? Give two examples for each type of hormones.
3. Write notes on vitamins. 4. Write notes on the functions of different hormones in the body.
5. What are enzymes? Give examples. 6. Explain the classification of carbohydrates.
7. Write the importance of carbohydrates.
8. Discuss the structure of glucose on the basis of its chemical properties.
9. What is the DNA finger printing, mention its applications?
10. Explain the denaturation of proteins.

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VSAQ’s :
1. Name the vitamin responsible for the coagulation of blood.
2. Why are vitam A and vitamin C essential to us? Give their important sources.
3. Define Carbohydrates? 4. What are anomers? 5. What is Zwitter ion? Give an example.
6. What are essential and non-essential amino acids? Give one example for each.
7. Why cannot vitamin C be stored in our body?
8. What is the difference between nucleoside and nucleotide?
9. Name the different types of carbohydrates on the basis of their hydrolysis. Give one example for each.
10. What do you understand from the names (a) aldo pentose and (b) keto heptose?
11. Why are sugars classified as reducing and non-reducing sugars?
12. What do you understand by invert sugars?
13. What type of bonding helps in stabilizing the   helix structure of proteins?
14. Temperature an pH effect the native proteins. Explain.
15. What are amino acids? Give two examples. 16. What are proteins? Give an examples.
17. What are fibrous proteins? Give examples. 18. What are globular proteins? Give examples.
19. Write the names of three types of RNA. 20. Write the biological functions of nucleic acids.
21. What is glycogen? How is it different from starch.
22. What are hydrolysis products of (i) sucrose and (ii) lactose.
23. What is the basic structural difference between starch and cellulose.
24. What is denaturation? Give an example.
25. Write any one method of preparation of glucose. Write the equation.

CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

VSAQ’s :
1. Define antibiotics. Give examples. 2. Define antiseptics. Give examples.
3. What are antifertility drugs? Give examples.
4. What are artificial sweetening agents? Give examples.
5. What are analgesics? Give two examples. 6. What are non-narcotic drugs? Give an example.
7. What are antacids? Give example. 8. What are antihistamines? Give example.
9. What are tranquilizers? Give example. 10. What are narcotic drugs? Give an example.
11. What are antimicrobials? 12. What are disinfectants? Give example.
13. What are the main constituents of dettol? 14. What is tincture of iodine? What is its use?
15. What are food preservatives? Give examples.
16. Name two most familiar antioxidants used as food additives?
17. What is the difference between a soap and a synthetic detergent?
18. Name the macromolecules that are choosen as drug targets?
19. What are enzymes and receptors? 20. What is allosteric site?

HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

LAQ’s :
1. Write the reactions showing the major and minor products when chlorobenzene is reacted with
CH 3Cl and CH 3COCl in presence of AlCl3 .

2.   reaction with one example.

2
Explain the mechanism of Nucleophilic bimolecular substitution S N

Explain the mechanism of Nucleophilic unimolecular substitution  S  reaction with one example.
1
3. N

4. Define the following: (i) Racemic mixture (ii) Retention of configuration (iii) Enantiomers
5. Write the mechanism of dehydro halogenation of 2-bromobutane?

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6. Account for the following statements :
(1) Aryhalides are extremely less reactive towards Nucleophilic substitution reactions.
(2) p-NBitrochlorobenzene and o, p-dinitrochlorobenzene undergo Nucleophilic substitution readily
compared to chlorobenzene.
7. Explain how the followng conversions are carried out:
(i) Propene to Propanol (ii) Ethanol to but-1-yne
(iii) 1-Bromopropane to 2-Bromopropane (iv) Aniline to Chlorobenzene
8. Name the following halides according to IUPAC system and classify them as primary, secondary,
tertiary, vinyl or aryl halides (i) CH 3CH  CH 3  CH  Br  CH 3 (ii) CH 3C  Cl  C2 H 5  CH 2 CH 3

(iii) m  ClCH 2C6 H 4 CH 2 C  CH 3 3 (iv) O  Br  C6 H 4 CH  CH 3  CH 2CH 3

SAQ’s :
1. Predict the alkenes that would be formed in the following reactions and identify the major alkene

NaOEt
(i) (ii) 2  Chloro  2  methylbu tan e 
EtOH
?

2. How will you carry out the following conversions?

i) Ethane to bromoethene ii) Toluene to benzyl alcohol
3. What is the criteria for optical activity? Give two examples of chiral molecules?
EtoH , H 2O
4. Write the mechanism of the following reaction n  Butylbromide  KCN   n  butylcyanide
5. Explain SN 1 and SN 2 reactions.
6. A hydro carbon C5 H10 does not react with chlorine in dark but gives a single monochloro
compound C5 H 9 Cl in bright sum light identify the hydrocarbon.
7. Explain why the dipolemoment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexylchloride.
VSAQ’s :
1. What are ambident nucleophiles?
2. What is the stereochemical result of S 1N and S N2 reactions?
3. What type of isomerism is exhibited by o, m, and p-chlorobenzenes?
4 Write the isomers of the compound having molecular formula C4 H 9 Br .
5. What are Enantiomers?
6. Write the structures of the following compounds
(i) 2-chloro-3-methylpentane (ii) 1-Bromo-4-sec-butyl-2-methyl benzene
7. Which one of the following has highest dipole moment?
(i) CH 2 Cl2 (ii) CHCl3 (iii) CCl4
8. Which Compound in each of the following pairs will react faster in SN 2 reaction with OH  ?

(i) CH 3 Br or CH 3 I (ii)  CH 3 3 CCl or CH 3Cl

9. Explain why the alkyl halides though polar are immiscible with water?
10. Out of C6 H 5CH 2Cl and C6 H 5CHClC6 H 5 . Which is more easily hydrolysed by aqueous KOH?
11. Treatment of alkylhalides with aq. KOH leads to the formatiion of alcohols, while in presence of
alc. KOH what products are formed?
Mg H2O
12. Find the A & B products in the following reactions CH 3CH 2 Cl 
ether
 A  B

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13. Write the structures of the following compounds
(i) 2-chloro-3-methyl pentane (ii) p-bromo chloro benzene
14. Explain the Wurtz-fittig reaction.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING C, H & O

ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
LAQ’s :
1. Explain why (i) Ortho nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho methoxyphenol (ii) OH group attached
to benzene ring activates it towards electrophilic substitution.
2. With a suitable example write equations for the following :
(i) Kolbe’s reaction (ii) Reimer-Tiemann reaction (iii) Williamsons ether synthesis
3. Write equations of the below given reactions :
(i) Alkylation of anisole (ii) Nitration of anisole (iii) Fridel-Crafts accetylation of anisole
4. (a) Write any two methods of preparation of phenol.
(b) Explain the acidic nature of phenols and compare with that of alcohol.
SAQ’s :
1. Write the mechanism of hydration of ethene to yield ethanol.
2. Explain the acidic nature of phenols and compare with that of alcohols.
3. Illustrate hydroboration - oxidation reaction with a suitable example.
4. Write the products formed by the reduction and oxidation of phenol.
5. Write the equations for the preparation of phenol using benzene, conc. H 2 SO4 and NaOH .

6. Ethanol with H 2 SO4 at 443 K forms ethane while at 413 K it forms ethoxy ethane. Explain the
mechanism.
7. Write the structure of the following compounds whose IUPAC names are
(i) 2-methylbutan-l-ol (ii) 2, 3-diethylphenol,
(iii) 1-ethoxypropane, cyclohexylmethanol
VSAQ’s :
1. Compare the acidic strength of acetic acid, chloroacetic acid, benzoic acid and phenol.
2. Explain why propanol has higher boiling point than that of the hydrocarbon-butane.
3. Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than hydrocarbons of comparable molecular
masses. Explain this fact.
4. Give the reagents used for the preparation of phenol from chlorobenzene.
5. Name the reagents used in the following reactions.
(i) Oxidation of primary alcohol to carboxylic acid
(ii) Oxidation of primary alcohol to aldehyde.
6. Write the equations for the following reactions :
(i) Bromination of phenol to 2, 4, 6-tribromophenol (ii) Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid.

ALDEHYDES, KETONES & CARBOXYLIC ACID

LAQ’s :
1. Describe the following
(1) Acetylation (2) Cannizaro reaction
(3) Cross aldol condensation (4) Decarboxylation
(5) Aldol condensation
2. How are the following conversions carried in not more than two steps.
(1) Ethanol to 3-hydroxybutanal (2) Bromobenzene to 1-Phenylethanol
(3) Benzaldehyde to  Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4) Benzaldehyde to benzophenone

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3. Explain the following terms. Given an example of the reaction in each case.
(1) Cyanohydrin (2) Acetal (3) Semicarbazone (4) Aldol
(5) Hemiacetal (6) Oxime
SAQS:
1. Explain the role of electron with drawing and electron releasing groups on the acidity of carboxylic acids.
2. Arrange the following in the increasing order of their acidic strength.: Benzoic acid, 4–
Methoxybenzoic acid, 4–Nitrobenzoic acid and 4–Methylbenzoic acid.
3. Write the equations of any aldehyde with Fehlings reagent.
4. What is Tollens reagent? Explain its reaction with Aldehydes.
VSAQS:
1. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property indicated.
a) Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Methyl t.butyl ketone reactivity towards HCN
b) Floroacetic acid, monochloroacetic acid, Acetic acid and Dichloroacetic acid (Acid strength)
2. Write the reaction showing  -halogenation of carboxylic acid and give its name.
3. How do you distinguish acetophenone and benzophenone?
4. Explain the position of electrophilic substitution in benzoic acid.
5. Write equations showing the conversion of -
a) Acetic acid to Acetyl chloride b) Benzoic acid to Benzamide
6. Write the mechanism of esterification.
7. An organic acid with molecular formula C8H8O2 on decarboxylation forms Toluene. Identify the
organic acid.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

LAQS:
1. Complete the following conversions Aniline to
i) Fluorobenzene ii) Cyanobenzene iii) Benzene and iv) Phenol
2. Explain the following named reactions:
i) Sandmeyer reaction ii) Gatterman reaction
iii) Hoffmann Bromamide degradation Reaction iv) Gabriel Phthalamide synthesis
SAQs :
1. How do you prepare the following?
(i) N, N Dimethyl propanamine from Ammonia, (ii) Propanamine from Chloroethane
2. How do you carry out the following conversions?
(i) N-ethylamine to N, N di ethyl propanamine, (ii) Aniline to Benzene Sulphonamide
3. How do you prepare ethyl cyanide and Ethyl isocyanide from a common alkylhalide?
4. Explain the following (a) Diazotisation (b) Carbylamine reaction
5. Explain for the following :
(i) Pkb of aniline is more than of methylamine
(ii) Reduction of alkylcyanide forms primary amine whereas alkyl isocyanide forms secondary amine.
6. Compare the basicity of the following in gaseous and in aqueous state and arrange them in increasing
order of basicity. CH 3 NH 2 ,  CH 3  2 NH ,  CH 3 3 N and NH 3
7. Write the equation involved in the reaction of Nitrous acid with Ethylamine and aniline.
8. Explain with equations how methylamine, N, N-dimethylamine and N, N, N-trimethylamine react
with benzenesulphonyl chloride and how this reaction is useful to separate these amines.
9. Write the steps involved in the coupling of benzene diazonium chloride with aniline and phenol.
10. Give one chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds:
(i) Methylamine and dimethylamine (ii) Aniline and N-methylaniline
(iii) Ethylamine and aniline

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VSAQs :
1. Write equations for carbylamine reaction of any one aliphatic amine.
2. What is Diazotisation?
3. Explain why ethylamine is more soluble in water whereas aniline is not soluble.
4. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis exclusively forms primary amines only. Explain?
5. Give structures of A, B and C in the following reaction.

CuCN H2O / H NH3 , 
C6 H 5 N 2Cl   A   B  C
6. How do you carryout the following conversions:
(1) Aniline to p-bromo aniline (2) Benzoic acid to Benzamide
7. Arrange the following bases in decreasing order of P Kb values
C6 H 5 NH 2 , C6 H 5  NHCH 3 , C2 H5 NH 2 and  C2 H 5 2 NH
8. Explain the reaction of Aniline with nitrous acid.
9. How is Aniline obtained from Nitro benzene.
10. Write chemical reaction of Aniline with benzoyl chloride.
11. Complete the following conversions

heat
i) CH 3CH 2 NH 2  CHCl3  KOH  ? ii)

12. Write the IUPAC names of the following compounds

(i) CH 3CH 2 NHCH 2CH 2CH 3 (iii)

13. Write the reactions of (i) aromatic and (ii) aliphatic primary amines with nitrous acid.

LIST OF NAMED REACTIONS :

1. Grignard Reaction 2. SN 1 and SN 2 Reactions.
3. Aldol Condensation 4. Cross Aldol Condensation.
5. Cannizaro’s Reaction 6. Clemmensen’s Reduction
7. Wolff-kishner Reduction 8. Carbylamine Reaction
9. Reimer-Tiemann Reaction 10. Esterification
11. Sandmeyer Reaction 12. Gattermann Reaction
13. Williamson’s Ether Synthesis 14. Decarboxylation
15. HVZ Reaction 16. Diazotisation
17. Wurtz-Fittig Reaction 18. Fittig Reaction
19. Wurtz Reaction 20. Kolbe’s Reaction
21. Hoffmann Bromamide degradation Reaction

*****

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