STD: XII SUB: CHEMISTRY QB CHAP:1-6,9

CHAP-1:

1. Distinguish between crystalline & amorphous solids.

2. Explain the terms: isomorphous & polymorphous substances.
3. Distinguish between: (i) ionic & molecular solids (ii) covalent & metallic solids
4. Define: (i) lattice (ii) basis (iii) crystal (iv) unit cell
5. Explain 3 diff types of cubic unit cell.
6. Calculate no. of particles/atoms in simple cubic, bcc & fcc unit cell.
7. Derive expreession that gives relation between density of a substance & the edge length.
8. Q7 related numericals:
An element has a bcc structure with unit cell edge length of 288 pm. How many unit cells and number of atoms
are present in 200 g of the element? (1.16×1024, 2.32×1024)
9. Define coordination no.
10. Explain: 1d, 2d & 3d close packing.
11. What is tetrahedral & octahedral voids.
12. What is packing efficiency?
13. Calculate packing efficiency of simple cubic, bcc & fcc unit cell.
14. What are the diff types of defects?
15. Explain point defect along with its classification.
16. Write short note of foll. crystal defects:
i. Vacancy
ii. Self interstitial
iii. Schottky defect.
iv. Frenkel defect.
v. Substitutional impurity defect.
vi. Interstitial impurity defect.
vii. Metal deficiency defect.
viii. Metal excess defect.
ix. F-centre.

17. What is stoichiometric & non- stoichiometric defect?

18. Explain band theory.

19. Distinguish between conductors, insulators & semiconductors on the basis of band theory.

20. Explain p-type & n-type semiconductor.

21. Write a note on diamagnetic, paramagnetic & ferromagnetic substances.

NOTE: numerical of this chapter is pending.

CHAP-2:

1) Define: saturated & supersaturated solution.

2) Define solubility.
3) How does nature of solute & solvent affect solubility.
4) How does temperature affect solubility.
5) State & explain Henry’s Law.
6) Explain exception of Henry’s Law.
7) Henry’s Law related numericals:
 i) Fish generally needs O2 concentration in water at least 3.8 mg/L for survival. What partial pressure of O2 above
the water is needed for the survival of fish? Given the solubility of O2 in water at 00C and 1 atm partial pressure
is 2.2 × 10-3 mol/L.
8) State & explain Raoult’s Law of vapour pressure.
9) Distinguish between ideal & non-ideal solutions.
10) Raoult’s Law numericals:
A mixture of benzene and toluene contains 30% by mass of toluene. At 300C, vapour pressure of pure toluene
is 36.7 mm Hg and that of pure benzene is 118.2 mm Hg. Assuming that the two liquids form ideal solutions,
calculate the total pressure andpartial pressure of each constituent above the solution at 300C. (86.7 mm, P =
96.5 mm)
11) Define colligative properties, vapour pressure.
12) Explain Raoult’s Law of vapour pressure for solution containing non-volatile solute.
13) Write a note on relative lowering of vapour pressure.
14) Derive relation between relative lowering of vapour pressure & molar mass of solute.
15) Lowering of vapour pressure numericals:
i) The vapour pressure of water at 20 0C is 17 mm Hg. What is the vapour pressure of solution containing 2.8
g urea in 50 g of water? (16.17 mm Hg).
16) Define boiling point & explain what is boiling point elevation.
17) Explain with diagram the BP elevation in terms of vapour pressure lowering.
18) Write equation of boiling point elevation & explain ebullioscopic constant along with its units.
19) Derive relation between boiling point elevation & molar mass of solute.
20) Boiling point elevation numericals:
i) A solution of citric acid C6H8O7 in 50 g of acetic acid has a boiling point elevation of 1.76 K. If Kb for acetic
acid is 3.07 K kg mol-1, what is the molality of solution? (0.573 m)
21) Define freezing point & explain what is freezing point depression.
22) Explain with diagram the freezing point depression in terms of vapour pressure lowering.
23) Write equation of freezing point depression & explain cryoscopic constant along with its units.
24) Derive relation between freezing point depression & molar mass of solute.
25) Freezing point depression numericals:
i) A 5% aqueous solution (by mass) of cane sugar (molar mass 342 g/mol) has freezing point of 271K.
Calculate the freezing point of 5% aqueous glucose solution. (269.06 K)
26) Define osmosis & osmotic pressure.
27) What is isotonic, hypertonic & hypotonic solution?
28) Explain the phenomenon osmosis in terms of osmotic pressure with neat & labelled diagram.
29) Write equation of osmotic pressure.
30) Explain reverse osmosis.
31) Osmotic pressure numericals:
i) An aqueous solution of a certain organic compound has a density of 1.063 gmL-1, an osmotic pressure of
12.16 atm at 250C and a freezing point of -1.030C. What is the molar mass of the compound? (334 g/mol)
32) What is van’t hoff factor?
33) van’t hoff factor numericals:
i) A 0.1 m solution of K2SO4 in water has freezing point of -4.3 0C. What is the value of van’t Hoff factor if Kf
for water is 1.86 K kg mol-1?
ii) A 0.15 m aqueous solution of KCl freezes at -0.510 0C. Calculate i and osmotic pressure at 0 0C. Assume
volume of solution equal to that of water (1.83, 6.15 atm)
iii) The osmotic pressure of CaCl2 and urea solutions of the same concentration at the same temperature
are respectively 0.605 atm and 0.245 atm. Calculate van’t Hoff factor for CaCl2.
iv) At 25 0C a 0.1 molal solution of CH3COOH is 1.35 % dissociated in an aqueous solution. Calculate freezing
point and osmotic pressure of the solution assuming molality and molarity to be identical. (-0.189 0C,
2.48 atm)
 CHAP-3:
1. Define ionic equilibrium, electrolytes & non-electrolytes.
2. Explain strong & weak electrolytes.
3. Define & explain degree of dissociation.
4. Explain acid-base theory along with its limitationn and 1 example of:
i. Arrhenius theory.
ii. Bronsted-Lowry.
iii. Lewis theory.
5. Explain amphoteric nature of water.
6. Derive Ostwald’s diluttion law for weak acid & bases.
7. Ostwald’s diluttion law & degree of dissociation numericals:
i. Acetic acid is 5% ionised in its decimolar solution. Calculate the dissociation constant of acid.
ii. Dissociation constant of acetic
acid is 1.8 × 10-5. Calculate percent
dissociation of acetic acid in 0.01 M
solution.
8. Derive expression for ionic product of water.
9. Define pH & pOH.
10. Prove: pH + pOH = 14.
11. Numericals on pH & pOH:
i. Calculate the pH of 0.01 M sulphuric acid.
ii. The pH of a solution is 6.06. Calculate its H⊕ ion concentration.
iii. In NaOH solution [OH ] is 2.87 × 10-4. Calculate the pH of solution.
iv. pH of a weak monobasic acid is 3.2 in its 0.02 M solution. Calculate its dissociation constant.
v. The pH of rain water collected in a certain region of Maharashtra on particular day was 5.1. Calculate the
H⊕ ion concentration of the rain water and its percent dissociation.
12. Explain the concept of hydrolysis of salt.
13. Define buffer solution, acidic buffer & basic buffer.
14. Explain buffer action.
15. Write applications of buffer solution.
16. Write a note on common ion effect.
17. Write relationship between molar solubility & solubility product.

CHAP-4:
1. Define system & surrounding.
2. Explain the types of systems.
3. Define state function & path function along with examples.
4. Define extensive properties &intrinsive properties along with examples.
5. Define process & explain different types of processsee.
6. Derive work = P x V
7. Explain decomposition of hydrogen peroxide & work involved in it.
8. Derive expression for PV work in terms of external pressure.
9. Define heat & write sign conventions of heat & work.
10. Work numericals:
i. Calculate the work done during synthesis
of NH3 in which volume changes from
8.0 dm3 to 4.0 dm3 at a constant external
pressure of 43 bar. In what direction the
work energy flows?
ii. One mole of an ideal gas is compressed
from 500 cm3 against a constant external
pressure of 1.2 × 105 Pa. The work involved
 in the process is 36.0 J. Calculate the final
volume.
11. Explain & derive the expression of maximum work done.
12. Numericals on maximum work done:
i. Calculate the maximum work when 24
g of O2 are expanded isothermally and
reversibly from the pressure of 1.6 bar to
1 bar at 298 K.

13. Define internal energy & 1st law of thermojdynamics.

14. Explain 1st law of thermodynamics for the processes: isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric & isochoric.
15. Define enthalpy & derive expression for enthalpy change.
16. Obtain relationship for change in enthalpy & change in U for gas phase reaction.
17. Obtain expression for work done in chemical gas pgase reaction.
18. Numericals of enthalpy:
i. Calculate the amount of work done in the
(a) oxidation of 1 mole HCl(g) at 200 0C according to reaction.
4HCl(g) + O2(g) 2 Cl2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
(b) decomposition of one mole of NO at
300 0C for the reaction
2 NO(g) N2(g) + O2
ii. Calculate the work done in the decomposition of 132 g of NH4NO3 at 100 0C.
NH4NO3(s) N2O(g) + 2 H2O(g)
State whether work is done on the system or by the system.
iii. Calculate ∆U at 298 K for the reaction, C2H4(g) + HCl(g) C2H5Cl(g), ∆H = -72.3 kJ
How much PV work is done?
iv. Calculate the work done and comment on whether work is done on or by the system for the
decomposition of 2 moles ofNH4NO3 at 100 0C NH4NO3(s) N2O(g) + 2H2O(g)
19. Explain enthalpy of :
i. Fusion
ii. Vaporization
iii. Sublimation
iv. Ionization
v. e- gain enthalpy
vi. solution
vii. atomizationn
viii. chemical reaction
ix. standard enthalpy.
x. standard enthalpy of formation
xi. standard enthalpy of combustion.
20. Write a note on Hess’s Law of constant heat summation.
21. What is spontaneous & non- spontaneous reaction.
22. Explain Gibbs energy.
23. Numericals:
i. Textbook pg no. 89 xv, xvi, xvii, xviii,
 CHAP-5:

1. Define electrolytes & explain the types of electrolytes.

2. Define along with equation & units: resistance, resistivity, conductance, conductivity, molar conductivity,
electrolytic conductivity.
3. Expalin in brief Kohlrausch law of independent migration. Also give its application.
4. Explain with neat & labelled diagram: conductivity cell.
5. Numerical related to Kohlrausch law: 1. Textbook pg no. 95…try this
6. Distinguish between electrolytic cell & galvanic cell.
7. Explain electrolysis of molten NaCl.
8. Explain electrolysis of aq. NaCl.
9. Give the formulae to calculate: (1). No. of moles of electrons passed. (2). No. of moles of product formes. (3).
Mass of substance produced.
10. Numerical related to Q9:
a. How many moles of electrons are passed when 0.8 ampere current is passed for 1 hour through molten
CaCl2?
b. How many electrons would have a total charge of 1 coulomb ?
c. What current strength in amperes will be required to produce 2.4g of Cu from CuSO4 solution in 1 hour ?
Molar mass of Cu = 63.5 g mol-1.
11. What is salt bridge? Draw the neat & labelled diagram of salt bridge along with its function.
12. Convert cell reactions to cell notation & vice versa.
13. Define: electrode potential, cell potential, standard potential.
14. Write Nernst equation &b explain the terms in it, also give its application.
15. Numericals based on Nernst equation:
i. What is standard cell potential for the reaction 3Ni(s) + 2Al3⊕(1M) 3Ni2⊕(1M) + 2Al(s) if E0 Ni = - 0.25 V
0
and E Al = -1.66V?
ii. Construct a galvanic cell from the electrodes Co3⊕▕ Co and Mn2⊕▕ Mn. E0 Co = 1.82 V, E0 Mn = - 1.18V.
Calculate E0 cell.
iii. Calculate emf of the cell Zn(s) ▕ Zn2⊕(0.2M)｜｜H⊕(1.6M) ｜ H2(g, 1.8 atm) ｜Pt at 250C.
iv. Calculate emf of the following cell at 250C. Zn (s) ｜Zn2⊕(0.08M) ｜｜Cr3⊕(0.1M) ｜Cr E0 Zn = - 0.76 V, E0 Cr
= - 0.74 V
16. Write equation of Gibbs free energy.
17. Explain in brief SHE.
18. What is primary & secondary voltaic cell?
19. Explain the cell in brief:(along with advanteges, disadvantages, diagram, application, voltage, type of cell)
a. Leclanche’ cell.
b. Lead storage battery.
c. NICAD.
d. Mercury battery.
e. H2-O2 fuel cell.
20. Give the applications of electrochemical series.

CHAP-6

1. Define: chemical kinetics, rate of reaction, average rate of reaction, instantaneous rate of reaction.
2. Problems related to Q1:
a. Textbook pg no. 136 Q2.i
b. Textbook pg no. 121 try this.
3. What is differential rate law?
4. Pg. no. 136 Q2.ii
5. Pg no. 122 try this
6. What is the order of a reaction?
7. Pg. no.124 try this.
8. Pg no.137 Q3.xvii
9. Pg.no.123 try this
10. Define & explain elementary reaction & complex reaction along with e.g.
11. Distinguish between order & molecularity
12. What is rate determining step?
13. Pg. no. 126… try this.
14. Pg no. 136 Q3.ii
15. Explain integrated rate law.
16. Derive integrated rate law for 1st order & zero order reaction.
17. Define half life.
18. Derive half life equation for 1st order & zero order reaction.
19. Numericals related to half life & integrated rate law:
i. Pg no. 137 Q4.i
ii. Pg no. 137 Q4.vii
iii. Pg no.129 try this.
iv. Pg no.137 Q4.ii
20. Express 1st order & zero order reaction graphically.
21. Distinguish between 1st & zero order raection.
22. Explain pseudo-first reaction.
23. Explain collision theory & the requirements for the colliding reactant molecules to lead to product.
24. Write Arrhenius equation & explain the terms in it.
25. Explain the effect of catalyst on rate of reaction.

CHAP-9

1. Define: co-ordination compound, ligand, co-ordination bond, co-ordination sphere,complex ion, co-ordination
number & counter ion.
2. Name the lewis acid & base in the given ligand.
3. Explain monodentate, polydentate, bidentate, hexadentate & ambidentate ligands with e.g.
4. Pg.no.193 try this & can u tell
5. Pg. no.194 can u tell?
6. Explain homoleptic & hetroleptic ligands, anionic cationic & neutral ligand with e.g.
7. Pg. 195 use ur brain power
8. Give IUPAC name & draw the structure of the given IUPAC name of co-ordination complex.
9. What is EAN rule?
10. Pg.no.197 try this & use ur brain power
11. What are isomers & classify the different types of isomers.
12. Pg.no199 try this & can u tell?
13. Pg.no.200 can u tell?
14. Pg.no.208 Q4.iii, iv
15. Pg.no.208 Q2,ii, vii
16. Give the postulates & limitation of VBT.
17. Pg. no.202 try this
18. Pg.no.204 try this
19. Pg.208 Q4 i
20. What is weak field & strong field ligands?
21. Explain CFT.
22. What is high spin & low spin complex.
23. Pg.no.206 try this.
24. Write a note on colour in coordination complex.
25. Write applications of coordination complex.