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Honors Chemistry Final Review

Chapter 11 – Gas Laws:

Concepts: Ideal gases and the ideal gas law, standard temperature and pressure, effusion rate

1) I’ve got a car with an internal volume of 12,000 L. If I drive my car into the river and it implodes,
what will be the volume of the gas when the pressure goes from 1.0 atm to 1.4 atm?

2) A toy balloon has an internal pressure of 1.05 atm and a volume of 5.0 L. If the temperature
where the balloon is released is 200 C, what will happen to the volume when the balloon rises to
an altitude where the pressure is 0.65 atm and the temperature is –15 0 C?

3) 4.0 g of He and 22 g of CO2 and 8.0 g of SO2 are in a container with a total pressure of 8.0
atmospheres. What is the pressure of each gas?

4) What is the volume of 98 g of chlorine gas at STP?

 5) Two flasks are connected with a stopcock. The first flask has a volume of 5 liters and
contains nitrogen gas at a pressure of 0.75 atm. The second flask has a volume of 8 L
and contains oxygen gas at a pressure of 1.25 atm. When the stopcock between the
flasks is opened and the gases are free to mix, what will the pressure be in the resulting
mixture?

6) Calcium carbonate decomposes at high temperatures to form carbon dioxide and

calcium oxide:

CaCO3(s)  CO2(g) + CaO(s)

How many grams of calcium carbonate will I need to form 3.45 liters of carbon dioxide
at STP?
Chapter 12 & 13 – Solutions

Concepts: Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous; solute vs. solvent; soluble vs. insoluble; what factors affect
solvation; saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated; colligative properties

7) A 31% by mass CaSO4 solution contains 162 mL of water. How many grams of solute are
present?

8) 92 mL of methanol is combined with water to give a final volume of 500 mL. What is the
percent by volume of methanol in the solution?

9) What is the molarity of a solution that contains 150 g of LiF dissolved in water enough to give
1.2 L of solution?

10) What is the molarity of a solution that is 20% by mass of NaCl if a sample of 200 mL has a mass
of 230 g?

11) What is the maximum amount of 0.2 M HCl solution that can be created from 50 mL of 14 M
stock solution?
 12) What is the net ionic equation for the mixture of K 3PO4(aq) and Al(NO3)3(aq)?

13) How many grams of precipitate are formed when 100 mL of 5 M barium nitrate is combined
with 150 mL of 4 M ammonium phosphate?

14) How many grams of cobalt (III) sulfide can be formed when 143 mL of 2M cobalt (III) bromide
solution is combined with 200 mL of 4 M potassium sulfide?

15) What is the freezing point of a 5 m solution of LiCl in water? The molal freezing point constant
of water is -1.86 ⁰C/m.

Chapter 14 & 15 – Acids and Bases

Concepts: Arrhenius model vs. Bronsted-Lowry model; strong acids and strong bases; pH calculations;
titrations; auto-ionization of water; conjugates

16) Determine if the substance is an acid, base or neutral according to the Arrhenius model
a. NH3
b. NaOH
c. HCl
d. CH3NH2
e. HSO4-
f. H2O
17) Determine if the substance is an acid, base, amphoteric or none of the above according to the
Bronsted-Lowry model
a. NH3
b. NaOH
c. HCl
d. CH3NH2
e. HSO4-
f. H2O

18) Determine the conjugate for the following acids or bases

a. NH3
b. NaOH
c. HCl
d. CH3NH2
e. HSO4-
f. H2O

19) Write the complete neutralization reaction between the following compounds
a. H2SO4 and NaOH

b. HCN and Ca(OH)2

20) Determine the concentration of H+ for the following solutions

a. 0.5 M HBr

b. a solution with a concentration of OH- of 5.2 x 10-5 M

c. Pure water

21) Determine the pH and pOH for the following solutions

a. 0.25 M HBr

b. 1 x 10-5 M NaOH
 22) What is the concentration of 87 mL of an unknown NaOH solution if 14.2 mL of 1.0 M HCl is
needed to completely neutralize it?

23) 8.7 mL of .2 M NaOH is needed to neutralize 25 mL of a sample of H 2SO4. What is the

concentration of the H2SO4?

24) A 80 mL sample of unknown base has a concentration of 0.50 M. 27 mL of 1.5 M HCl is needed
to completely neutralize the solution. Is the base KOH or Ca(OH) 2?

Chapter 16 – Thermochemistry

Concepts: exothermic vs. endothermic; specific heat capacity; calorimetry; ΔH calculations using Hess’s
law and standard enthalpys; sign of change in entropy; spontaneity based on ΔG

25) How much energy is required to heat 32 g of aluminum (specific heat = 0.900 J/(g*C) ) from 23⁰C
to 100⁰C?

26) What is the final temperature when 35 kJ of energy is added to 40 g of water that begins at
30⁰C?
27) A calorimeter is initially filled with 20 mL of water at 23⁰C. A sample of iron (c p = 0.444 J/(g*C) )
is heated to 200⁰C and placed into the calorimeter. If the final temperature of the metal and
water is 31⁰C, what is the mass of the iron?

28) How much heat will be released if 1.0 gram of hydrogen peroxide H 2O2 decomposes?
2H2O2    2H2O  +  O2  ∆H  =  -190 kJ 

29) Calculate the ∆H for the reaction Sn   +   2Cl2    SnCl4 
You are given these two equations:

Sn   +   Cl2   SnCl2  ∆H  =  -325 kJ 

SnCl2  +  Cl2   SnCl4  ∆H  =    -186 kJ  

30) Calculate the ∆H⁰ for the reaction N2 (g)  +   3H2 (g)   2NH3  (g). The standard enthalpy of
formation of NH3 (g) is -46 kJ/mol.

31) Calculate ∆G using the Gibbs Free Energy equation. State whether or not the reaction will be
spontaneous at 300K.
CH3OH + 1.5 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O ∆H = -638.4 kJ ∆S = 156.9 J / K
Chapter 17 – Rate Laws

Concepts: mechanisms, factors that affect reaction rate, rate laws expressions, energy diagrams

12
10
8
Energy

6
4
2
0
Course of Reaction --->

32) Given the graph above

a. What is ΔE?
b. What is Ea?
c. What is Ea’?
d. Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?
e. Where are the products, reactants, and activated complex?

Experiment Number [NO] (M) [O2] (M) Rate (M/s)

1 0.10 0.10 1.2 x 10-8
2 0.10 0.20 2.4 x 10-8
3 0.30 0.10 1.08 x 10-7
2NO + O2  2NO2

33) What is the rate law expression for the data above?

34) What is the overall reaction order?

35) What is the value of the rate law constant?

 36) A proposed mechanism for the reaction above is:

Step 1: NO + O2  NO2 + O Slow

Step 2: NO + O  NO2 Fast

a. What is the intermediate of the mechanism?

b. Is this an acceptable mechanism based on the experimental data?

Chapter 18 – Equilibrium

Concepts: What is equilibrium; Le Chatelier’s Principle; equilibrium expressions; equilibrium with acids
and bases; solubility equilibrium

37) What is the expression for the equilibrium constant for the equation
PCl3 (aq) + H2O (l)  H3PO4 (aq) + HCl (aq)

38) What is the value of the equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction 2SO 2 (g)+ O2 (g) 2SO3 (g) if
the equilibrium concentrations are 0.003 M for SO 2, 0.05 M for O2, and 0.00042 M for SO3?

Consider the following reaction for questions 34-37:

CH3OH (g) + 101 kJ  CO (g) + 2H2 (g)

39) Which direction will equilibrium shift when the concentration of CO is increased?

40) Which direction will equilibrium shift when the volume of the container is increased?

41) Which direction will equilibrium shift when a catalyst is introduced?

42) If the goal is to produce as much carbon monoxide as possible, should the reaction be run at
high or low temperatures?

43) What is a buffer? Why is it used? How is it created? If I mix 0.5 M H 2CO3 with 0.5 M NaNO2,
does it create a buffer? Why or why not?
44) Are the following salts acidic, basic or neutral?
a. KI
b. AlCl3
c. NaF
d. MgSO4
e. NH4NO3
45) The solubility of PbCl2 is found to be 2 x 10-3 g/100 g H2O.
f. Write the equation for the dissociation of PbCl 2

g. What is the value of Ksp of PbCl2?

46) The Ksp of Ag3PO4 is found to be 1.7 x 10-20. What is the solubility of the salt?

47) The Ksp of AgBr is 5.0 x 10-13. Will a solid form when 10 mL of 0.01 M AgNO 3 is mixed with 50 mL
of 0.1 M CaBr2 and water is added to the solution until the total volume is 200 mL?