National College Of Bussiness Administration And

Economics

Submitted to: Aqsa Noor

Submitted By: Hamza
Reg No: 2233491 (M1)
Subject: Functional English

Chapter 3,4 and 5

 Chapter 3
Pronoun:
Replaces a noun in a sentence and take place of a noun.
Example: “These are the days that I like best.”
“It might rain tomorrow, but there isn’t much we can do about that.”

Types of Pronouns:
i. Personal Pronouns
Refers to a Person’s name. (Subjective and Objective)
Subjective: Replace subject in a sentence. (I, we, you, he, she, it and they)
E.g. “I love watching TV.”
Objective: Relace object in a sentence. (Me, us, you, him, her, it and them)
E.g. “She gave him a present on his birthday.”

ii. Possessive pronouns

Show Ownership and Possession in a sentence.

• Strong possessive pronoun (absolute possessive pronoun)

e.g. “I said that pen was mine”
• Weak possessive pronoun (Possessive adjectives)
e.g. “I said that’s my pen”

iii. Indefinite Pronouns

Refer to something that is not defined, particular thing or person.

• Singular Indefinite Pronouns: Used for single object.

E.g. (Is there anything I can do to help?)
• Plural Indefinite Pronoun: Used for plural objects.
E.g. (They say it takes a village to raise a child.)

iv. Relative Pronouns

Relate clause to another clause within a sentence. (Whom, whoever, who, that, which and
whose) E.g.
• “She does not know which pack of pencil you want.”
• “Whoever is ready can speak first.”
 v. Intensive Pronouns
Ends in self or Selves. It is also called emphatic pronouns. (himself, myself, themselves,
itself, etc..)

Example:
• “I myself like a sting.”
• “Jerry herself is her worst critic.”

vi. Demonstrative Pronouns

Take place of a noun, can be singular or plural. (These, those, such, this, that)
Example:
• “These are beautiful. Do not eat that.”
• “This is my friend Ahmed”

vii. Interrogative Pronouns

Use specially to ask questions, Strat with “Wh”. (Whose, what, whom, which and who)
Example:
• “What is your nickname?”
• “When do you have to go to Karachi?”

viii. Reflexive Pronouns

Similar to intensive pronouns but are essential to sentences meaning. (himself, yourselves,
themselves, itself, etc..)
Example:
• “She told herself to spend all vacations at home.”
• “He bought himself a new phone.”

ix. Reciprocal Pronouns

Identify a feeling or any kind of action, happening among two or more than two.
Example:
• Ahmed and Ali help each other.
• All the students gave presentation to each other’s

x. Distributive Pronouns
 Describe separately or collectively. (Each, Either, Neither, None, Any, Everyone)
Example:
• “Each of us could not play well.”
• Neither of the two women is a good teacher.

Chapter 4

Verb
Describe an action, something that is happening.

• If somebody does something; “This cat sleeps all day.”

• The state of someone or somethings; “The cat is alive fortunately.”

Types of verbs:

i. Linking Verbs

Connects a sentence together. (Is, am, are, was, were)

Example:

• “The dress you were wearing yesterday looked great on you.”

• “I am the class teacher of VII B.”

ii. Action Verbs

Show actions, create an image of happening in your head.

a) Transitive Verbs: It has a direct object. E.g.

• “The batsman hit the ball hard.”
• “She walked the street alone.”
b) Intransitive Verbs: It does not have direct object. E.g.
• “The lion cub sleeps.”
• “The house is flawed.”

iii. Reflexive Verbs:

Those who’s Subject and direct object are same.

Example:
 • “She stays home herself.”
• “The cat cleans itself.”

iv. Auxiliary Verbs

Helps the main verb in a sentence, and are also called Helping verb. (Is, am, are, was, were,
have, do, etc.)

Example:

• “I was going to the shop.”

• “The car door was opened.”

v. Modal Verbs

Used before ordinary verb to show meanings such as: Possibilities, permission, certainty etc.
They simply called Modals. (Can, could, may, might, will, etc.)
Example:

• “You dare not do such a thing.”

• “You could have stopped them.”

Modals are sometimes called Modal Auxiliaries.

Chapter 5
Adverb
It modifies or describe a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Example:

• “Ali walks swiftly.”

• “She took the grocery out of the shopping bag very quickly.”
• “That is a really sweet child.”

Kinds of Adverbs

i. Adverb of Time
Tells us about which time an action was performed, When?
(Ago, before, after, later, already, now, never, formerly, soon, since, etc.)
Example:
 • “I called my friend few days ago.”
• “I formerly worked at the pizza shop.”

ii. Adverb of Place

Tells us about what place an action took place, Where?
(Here, there, up, out, in, within, away, etc.)
Example:

• “Mr. Saud was visiting here an hour ago.”

• “I am going out with my family.”
iii. Adverb of frequency
How often or how many times a thing took place, how often?
(Once, twice, again, often, seldom, rarely, always, frequently, etc.)
Example:
• “I often go to visit my grandparents.”
• “It rarely rains around here.”

iv. Adverb of degree

Informs us about to what degree or an extant something happens, How much?
(Too, any, almost, so, pretty, rather, quite, partly, altogether, enough, etc.)
Example:
• “I was pretty busy yesterday.”
• “The sauce I bought today was good enough for making my pizza.”

v. Adverb of Manner
Informs us about how or in which manner some action is preceded, How?
(Swiftly, clearly, foolishly, well, so, slowly, etc.)
Example:
• “Hassan caught the loose snake bravely.”
• “Her hair is always well combed.”

vi. Adverb of Reason

Used to state the reason or cause of some happening. Why?
(Because, hence, therefore, so, etc.)
Example:
• “I therefore went to the market by myself.”
• “He was hungry, so he went to the restaurant.”

vii. Adverb of Affirmation Negation

 Used to affirm or declare something as true. These validate things.
(Surely, certainly, definitely, very, obviously, yes, indeed, etc.)
Example:
• “Surely it rained yesterday,”
• “I am obviously going to get an A+ on my test,”

viii. Adverb of Negation

Denote a statement, action or an idea as false. It is used to negate something. Words
commonly used to falsify something.
(No, never, invalidly, etc.)
Example:
• “He never went to Italy.”
• “I no longer like to play table tennis.”

ix. Relative Adverbs

It come before an adjective clause
(When, where and why)
Example:
• “That was the reason why Harris came.”
• “She forgot the time when we went to the States.”

x. Interrogative Adverbs
Used to ask questions. These are placed in the beginning of the sentence which contains the
question.
(Why, where, how, when)
Example:
• “When will you come to visit?”
• “How was the roast cooked?”

Degree Of Adverbs
The Degree to which these adverbs change, determines their degree. These degrees are called
Degrees of Comparison. There are three degrees of comparison:

❖ Positive Degree
An adverb with a positive degree is an adverb in its simple and original form. There is no
comparison going on with anything.
Example:
• “She walked slowly.”
• “The car is parked at a near location.”
❖ Comparative Degree
This degree is used when the comparison of two things is happening.
Example:
• “She walked more slowly than her friends.”
• “The car is park at a nearer location.”

❖ Superlative Degree
Used when a thing or person is in comparison against more than one thing or person.
Example:
• “Of all the people, she walked the most slowly.”
• “The car is parked at the next location.”