Unit D1: Human Systems (Digestive, Respiratory & Motor)

Unit Exam Study Guide

I can:
Objective:

○ Identify the principal structures of the digestive system; i.e., mouth,

esophagus, stomach, sphincters, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas,
gallbladder

○ Identify the principal structures of the respiratory system; i.e., nasal

passages, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli,
diaphragm, rib muscles, pleural membranes

○ Describe the chemical nature of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and

their enzymes; i.e., carbohydrases, lipases, and proteases

○ Explain enzyme action and factors influencing their action; i.e.,

temperature, pH, substrate concentration, feedback inhibition, competitive
inhibition

○ Describe the chemical and physical processing of matter through the

digestive systems into the circulatory systems

○ Explain the exchange of matter and the transfer of thermal energy

between the body and the environment, using the mechanism of breathing
in gas exchange, removal of foreign material, and heat loss

○ Explain how the motor system supports body functions (i.e., digestive,
circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and locomotory), referencing smooth,
cardiac and striated muscle

○ Describe, in general, the action of actin and myosin in muscle contraction

and heat production
Unit D1: Study Guide

Key Terms:

-carbohydrate -polymer -monomer

-monosaccharide -disaccharide -dehydration synthesis

-hydrolysis -polysaccharide -starch

-glycogen -cellulose -triglyceride

-fat -oil -phospholipid

-protein -amino acid -denaturation

-coagulation -polypeptide -essential amino acid

-catalyst -enzyme -substrate

-active site -Cofactor -coenzyme

-competitive inhibitor -feedback inhibition -precursor activity

-allosteric site -ingestion -digestion

-absorption -egestion -salivary amylase

-peristalsis -sphincters -pepsin

-duodenum -villi & microvilli -capillary

-lacteal -secretin -trypsin

-erepsin -lipase -bile

-gallstone -colon -breathing (ventilation)

-cilia -respiration -trachea

-bronchi -epiglottis -larynx

(singular: bronchus)

-pleural membrane -bronchiole -alveoli

-diaphragm -intercostal muscle -hemoglobin

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Unit D1: Study Guide

Key Terms Continued

-oxyhemoglobin -chemoreceptors -cardiac muscle

-smooth muscle -skeletal muscle -striation

-antagonist muscle -actin -myosin

-myofilaments -muscle fibres -sarcolemma

-Z-line -M-line -sarcomere

-tropomyosin -creatine phosphate -aerobic respiration

-anaerobic respiration

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Unit D1: Study Guide

Practice Questions:

Enzymes Review:

1. Boiling affects enzyme controlled reactions by:

a. Denaturing the enzyme
b. Increasing the rate of reaction
c. Increasing the energy of activation
d. Decreasing the energy of activation

2. During an enzymatic reaction, the substrate bonds to the enzymes:

a. Active site
b. Inhibitory site
c. Regulatory site
d. Homeostatic Site

3. Hydrogen sulfide is harmful because it occupies the active sites of enzymes that function in the
electron transport chain. This chemical process is an example of:
a. Buffering
b. Denaturation
c. Negative Feedback
d. Competitive Inhibition

4. Competitive inhibitors prevent enzyme action by:

a. Denaturing the enzyme
b. Breaking peptide bonds
c. Binding to the active sites
d. Lowering the activation energy

5. Enzymes alter the rate of a reaction by:

a. Decreasing the activation energy
b. Increasing the activation energy
c. Decreasing the amount of substrate
d. Increasing the amount of substrate

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Unit D1: Study Guide

6. When a competitive inhibitor is added to an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, end products will be

formed:
a. At a faster rate because the energy of activation is increased
b. At a slower rate because the energy of activation is decreased
c. At a faster rate because of competition for active sites on the enzyme
d. At a slower rate because of competition for active sites on the enzyme

7. A poison inhibits the action of an enzyme involved in the breakdown of glucose in a cell. The
poison may act by:
a. Reducing the energy of activation
b. Occupying the activation sites of the enzyme
c. Altering the shape of the glucose molecules
d. Increasing electron transfer in the mitochondria

Biochemistry & Digestion Review:

8. Surgical removal of the human stomach would most directly affect the digestion of:
a. Fats
b. Sugars
c. Starches
d. Proteins

9. In the human body, an accessory gland that synthesizes bile is:

a. Liver
b. Spleen
c. Pancreas
d. Gallbladder

10. The basic chemical process that occurs in the digestion of food molecules is:
a. Hydrolysis
b. Endocytosis
c. Oxidation-Reduction
d. Dehydration Synthesis

11. Chemical digestion begins in the:

a. Mouth
b. Stomach
c. Small Intestine
d. Large Intestine

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Unit D1: Study Guide

12. The digestive secretion that contains enzymes capable of digesting carbohydrates, lipids, and
proteins is
a. Bile
b. Saliva
c. Gastric
d. Pancreatic

13. Bile salts are necessary for the optimum effectiveness of:
a. Lipase
b. Amylase
c. Pepsinogen/Pepsin
d. Trypsinogen/Trypsin

14. Protein digestion begins in the:

a. Mouth
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine

15. In human digestion, the correct sequence of processes is:

a. Digestion, egestion, absorption, ingestion
b. Ingestion, absorption, digestion, egestion
c. Egestion, absorption, digestion, ingestion
d. Ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion

16. The name and function of the enzyme found in saliva is:
a. Lipase, which promotes fat digestion
b. Amylase, which initiates starch digestion
c. Pepsinogen, which initiates protein digestion
d. Rennin, which promotes milk protein digestion

17. Lactose intolerance is a disorder in which a person is unable to digest the milk sugar lactose. A
person with lactose intolerance most likely lacks an enzyme called:
a. Lipase
b. Lactase
c. Protease
d. Secretin

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Unit D1: Study Guide

18. The anatomical structure of the digestive system includes the accessory glands that pour
secretions into the digestive system to facilitate digestion. The glands are:
a. Salivary glands, gallbladder, and pancreas
b. Pharynx, esophagus, and large intestine
c. Appendix, stomach, and duodenum
d. Liver, colon, and mouth

19. The pH of food entering the duodenum is changed from acidic to alkaline by:
a. Gastric juices
b. Bile pigments
c. Intestinal enzymes
d. Pancreatic secretions

20. Which food would be hard to digest if a person’s gallbladder were removed?
a. Fat
b. Starch
c. Protein
d. Fatty acid

21. A major function of the large intestine is:

a. Storage of bile
b. Digestion of protein
c. Absorption of water
d. Secretion of starch digesting juices

22. Villi are structural adaptations in the lining of the small intestine. Their function is to provide for
the optimum:
a. elimination of wastes by the colon
b. Movement of chyme in the stomach
c. Digestion of food in the large intestine
d. Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream

23. The stomach wall is protected against the action of its own digestive juices by the:
a. Formation of enzyme inhibitors by gastric glands
b. Production of a mucous layer over the stomach wall
c. Buffering action of substances produced by the cells lining the stomach
d. Dilution of the digestive juices by fluids from saliva and the food itself

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Unit D1: Study Guide

24. The end products of lipid digestion are:

a. Peptides
b. Amino acids
c. Monosaccharides
d. Fatty acids and glycerol

25. North Americans, whose diet is high in starches, sugars, and proteins, appear to have a higher
incidence of colon cancer; whereas Asians whose diet is high in cereal grains and vegetables have
a much lower incidence. When individuals move from Asia to North America, they become more
prone to colon cancer. The best conclusion that can be drawn from this information is that:
a. North Americans are more susceptible to colon cancer than Asians
b. A diet high in bulk cellulose tends to reduce the incidence of colon cancer
c. A high level of starches, sugars, and proteins in the diet directly acts as a cancer-causing
agent
d. There is no relationship between diet and incidence of colon cancer

Gas Exchange Review:

26. Which statement correctly describes the control of the breathing rate?
a. The brain controls the breathing rate by monitoring the blood-oxygen concentration
b. The brain controls the breathing rate by monitoring the blood-carbon dioxide
concentration
c. The heart controls the breathing rate by monitoring the blood-oxygen concentration
d. The heart controls the breathing rate by monitoring the blood-carbon dioxide
concentration

27. In what location in the respiratory tract is air warmed, cleaned, and moistened?
a. Trachea
b. Pharynx
c. Bronchioles
d. Nasal cavity

28. In treating victims of carbon monoxide poisoning, artificial respiration is applied in the open air,
followed by the administration of an air mixture containing 93% oxygen and 7% carbon dioxide. The
purpose of the carbon dioxide is to:
a. Stimulate the breathing centre
b. Increase the diffusion of oxygen
c. Displaces the carbon monoxide on the hemoglobin
d. Increases the diffusion of carbon dioxide out of the lungs

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Unit D1: Study Guide

29. It is impossible to die by holding your breath because

a. Muscles which control breathing get tired and relax
b. A decrease in oxygen concentration causes the production of red blood cells
c. Carbon dioxide buildup stimulates the involuntary control center in the medulla oblongata
d. The decrease in oxygen concentration stimulates the heart muscles to increase the rate
of circulation

30. After being in a poorly ventilated room for an hour with many other students, a student noticed
that his rate of breathing had increased. The most probable reason for this increase is that the:
a. Room air had become hot
b. Carbon monoxide levels in the room increased
c. Carbon dioxide levels in the room had increased while oxygen levels decreased
d. Moisture produced by all the students breathing in the room had made breathing difficult

31. The structure which prevents food particles from entering the air passage is the:
a. Larynx
b. Trachea
c. Pharynx
d. Epiglottis

32. The increase in breathing rate during intensive muscular exercise is mainly due to the
a. Low oxygen levels in the blood
b. High oxygen levels in the blood
c. Low concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood
d. High concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood

33. A poisonous, odourless gas which interferes with the ability of the red blood cells to carry
oxygen is called:
a. Nitrogen
b. Hydrogen
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Carbon monoxide

34. What structures of the respiratory system are directly connected to the bronchi?
a. Trachea and bronchioles
b. Larynx and bronchioles
c. Bronchioles and alveoli
d. Trachea and alveoli

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Unit D1: Study Guide

35. How do the diaphragm and rib cage function during exhalation?
a. The diaphragm relaxes and the rib cage moves upward and outward
b. The diaphragm contracts and the rib cage moves upward and outward
c. The diaphragm relaxes and the rib cage moves downward and inward
d. The diaphragm contracts and rib cage moves downward and inward

36. Which structure of the respiratory system contains the vocal cords?
a. Larynx
b. Pharynx
c. Bronchi
d. Bronchioles

37. Through which sequence of structures does air flow in order to reach the alveoli in the lungs?
a. Nasal cavity, larynx, bronchioles, pharynx, bronchi, trachea
b. Nasal cavity, bronchioles, pharynx, bronchi, trachea, larynx
c. Nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, pharynx, larynx, bronchioles
d. Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

38. Which of the following respiratory structures has walls that are one cell in thickness and a very
rich supply of blood?
a. Alveoli
b. Trachea
c. Bronchi
d. Bronchioles

39. What is one thing that happens during inhalation?

a. The alveoli are relaxed
b. The diaphragm is contracted
c. The intercostal muscles are relaxed
d. The lung pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure

40. What is the name of the process by which gases in the lung alveoli are exchanged with gases in
the capillaries?
a. Osmosis
b. Filtration
c. Diffusion
d. Active transport

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Unit D1: Study Guide

41. Oxygen is used by the human body during:

a. Breathing
b. Cellular respiration
c. Getting rid of carbon dioxide
d. Anaerobic respiration of glucose

42. The substance found in the highest concentration in the plasma of the blood leaving the lungs is:
a. Hydrogen ions
b. Bicarbonate ions
c. Oxyhemoglobin
d. Carbaminohemoglobin

Muscles Review:

43. The intercostal muscles are this type of muscle:

a. Unstriated
b. Cardiac muscle
c. Smooth muscle
d. Skeletal muscle

44. The mechanism of muscle contraction is best explained by the sliding filament model. In this model,
thin __i__ filaments slide over __ii__ filaments

Row i ii

a. myosin actin

b. myosin myosin

c. actin actin

d. actin myosin

45. What do myosin and actin filaments use as a source of energy for movement?
a. ADP
b. ATP
c. NADP
d. NADPH

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Unit D1: Study Guide

Short Answer Questions:

1. Many important biological compounds are formed from smaller molecules. Identify the
monomer/subunits and polymer/larger units for each of the following

Nutrient Monomer or Subunit Polymer or Larger Molecule

Lipids

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Use the following diagram for the next question

2. Which emulsifying agent from the liver causes the above physical digestion of fat? Explain the
process.

3. Identify which macromolecule that each of the following tests can identify. What would be the
results of the negative and positive test.

Test Macromolecule Testing For Negative Test Result Positive Test Result

Lugol’s Iodine

Translucence

Benedicts

Biuret’s

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Unit D1: Study Guide

Use the following diagram to answer the next question

4. Identify the structures and function of the digestive system in the diagram above above

Label Structure Function

5. Describe the role of actin, myosin, ATP and calcium in the contraction and relaxation of skeletal
muscles, according to the Sliding Filament Theory.

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Unit D1: Study Guide

6. Identify what the following enzymes act on, what the products of their action is, and where are
they secreted from.

Enzyme Digests what? Product of Digestion Secreted From?

Salivary Amylase

Pepsin

Pancreatic Amylase

Trypsin

Lipase

Disaccharidase

Erepsin

Use the following diagram to answer the next question

7. Identify the following structures

Label Structure

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