1) A third factor that distorts the relationship between the exposure and outcome

in a study is called…..

a) Bias factor
b) Confounder
c) Prognostic factor
d) Explanatory factor

2) A relative risk of 0.6 means a risk that is……

a) 60 % lower among exposed

b) 40% lower among exposed
c) 60 % lower among un-exposed
d) 40% lower among un-exposed

3) Which of the following are measures of effect (association)?

a) Prevalence and incidence

b) Prevalence and cumulative risk
c) Prevalence ratio and odds ratio and relative risk
d) Cumulative risk and incidence rate

4) Prevalence ratio of 3.5 with a p value of 0.2 means……..

a) Statistically significant risk factor

b) Statistically insignificant risk factor
c) Statistically significant protective factor
d) Statistically insignificant protective factor

5) Placebo effect is …..

a) Psychological and biological relief of symptoms

b) Biological relief of symptoms, but not psychological relief
c) Psychological relief of symptoms, but not biological relief
d) Lack of both psychological and biological relief of symptoms

6) An odds ratio of 1.7 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.2 to 2.1 means…..

a) A non-significant risk factor

b) A non-significant protective factor
c) A significant risk factor
d) A significant protective factor
7) A relative risk of 4 means …..

a) A 40% increase in risk among exposed

b) A 4 times higher risk among exposed
c) A 40% decreased risk among exposed
d) A 4 times decreased risk among exposed

8) Which of the following questions measures life-time prevalence?

a) Do you have the disease now?

b) Did you have the disease during the past month?
c) Did you have the disease during the past year?
d) Have you ever had the disease?

9) The burden of the disease is best investigated by …..

a) Odds
b) Cumulative incidence
c) Incidence rate
d) Prevalence

10) Population at risk ………

a) Must be biologically at risk of developing the disease

b) Must be with the disease at the start of the study
c) Must be free of the disease at the follow-up assessment
d) Is the denominator of incidence rate (density)

11) An advantage of routine data is that it…….

a) Allows hypothesis generation

b) Is usually accurate
c) Is usually complete
d) Is under the researcher full control

12) In case-control studies, matching is conducted on……

a) The exposure
b) The outcome
c) Both the exposure and outcome
d) Confounders
13) The numerator of prevalence represents …..

a) Old cases only

b) New cases only
c) Old and new cases
d) The population at risk

14) The pattern of the disease is an answer to which of the following

question/questions?

a) Who, when
b) Who, where and when
c) When
d) Who and where

15) Which of the following is a descriptive study design?

a) Cross-sectional
b) Migrant
c) Case-control
d) Ecological

16) The measure of association in an analytical cross-sectional study is…….

a) Relative risk
b) Odds ratio
c) Prevalence ratio
d) Risk ratio

17) The main reason of ecological fallacy is …….

a) Measuring lots of exposures

b) Measuring exposures at aggregated level
c) Measuring exposures at individual level
d) Measuring small number of outcomes

18) Which of the following can be calculated in a case-control study?

a) Prevalence
b) Incidence
c) Both
d) Neither
19) Demography is the study of……..

a) Diseases
b) Population
c) Mortality
d) Morbidity

20) Which of the following characterizes referral bias in case-control studies?

a) To avoid, a third-party verification can help

b) To avoid, data collectors should be blinded
c) Patients refuse to participate at baseline
d) Patients admitted to hospital are not representative

21) Screening attempts to find the disease among…..

a) People with symptoms

b) People apparently healthy
c) People already diagnosed with the disease
d) People visiting clinics

22) Generalizability of study results is related to the study……..

a) Reliability
b) External validity
c) Internal validity
d) Repeatability

23) Which of the following best describes bias?

a) Repeatability or consistency of data collection
b) Systematic error in design or conduct of study
c) Related to process of generalizing results
d) Distortion brought about by an external variable

24) Which of the following best describes reliability?

a) Repeatability or consistency of data collection
b) Systematic error in design or conduct of study
c) Related to process of generalizing results
d) Distortion brought about by an external variable
 25) Which of the following is true about reversibility in Hill’s criteria for
causality?
A. A misleading criterion
B. Exposure precedes the outcome
C. Removal of a cause results in a reduced incidence
D. A rational and theoretical basis

26) Which of the following is true about strength in Hill’s criteria for causality?
A. Dose-response relationship
B. High odds ratio/relative risk
C. Observing a relationship in multiple occasions
D. Removal of a cause results in a reduced incidence

27) Which of the following is true about temporality in Hill’s criteria for
causality?

A. Exposure precedes the outcome

B. Dose-response relationship
C. High odds ratio/relative risk
D. Removal of a cause results in a reduced incidence

28) Which of the following best describes the concurrent validity of data
collection tools?
A. Correlates with a previously validated measure
B. Clearly and unambiguously tapping the construct
C. Same observer agreement at different times
D. Represents all facets of the construct

29) Which of the following best describes the inter-rater reliability of data
collection tools?
A. Consistency of participants responses at different time
B. Different observers’ agreements at same/different times
C. Agreement between items measuring same construct
D. Same observer agreement at different times

30) The crude odds ratio for the association between an exposure and an outcome is 2.
After stratification for a factor X, the odds ratio between the exposure and the
outcome among those who have factor X is 3 and among those who do not have factor
X is also 3. Which of the following defines factor X?

A. It is a positive confounder
B. It is a negative confounder
C. It is an effect modifier
D. It is a qualitative confounder
31) The crude odds ratio for the association between an exposure and an outcome is
0.9. After stratification for a factor X, the odds ratio between the exposure and the
outcome among those who have factor X is 0.3 and among those who do not have
factor X is also 0.3. Which of the following defines factor X?

A. It is a positive confounder
B. It is a negative confounder
C. It is an effect modifier
D. It is not a confounder or effect modifier
32) Which of the following should not be controlled for in statistical analysis?
A. a positive confounder
B. a negative confounder
C. an effect modifier
D. a qualitative confounder

33) Which of the following is NOT true about a confounder?

A. It must be in the causal pathway

B. It must be associated with the exposure
C. It must be controlled for
D. It must be associated with the outcome

34) Aetiological fraction is a Synonym to which of the following measures of impact?

A. Odds ratio
B. Relative risk
C. Attributable risk percent
D. Population attributable risk percent
35) Infectious disease spread that extends beyond one country is referred to
as………..

A. Sporadic
B. Endemic
C. Epidemic
D. Pandemic

36) Disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is a measure is calculated by which of the

following equations?

A. Years lost due to mortality minus life expectancy

B. Years lost due to mortality minus years lost due to its disability
C. Years lost due to premature death plus years lost due to disability
D. Years lost due to premature death minus years lost due to disability
37) Suggestion of a more generalised statement about nature after observing it is the
base for which of the following philosophy of empirical science?

A. Deduction
B. Induction
C. Refutationism
D. Empiricism
38) Trials with historical controls are characterized by…….

A. Differences in quality of data collection can affect its results

B. Provides the best evidence
C. Allocation done on alternative basis can be an example
D. Complete lack of control of placebo effect
39) Trials with no comparison are characterized by…….

A. Differences in quality of data collection can affect its results

B. Provides the best evidence
C. Allocation done on alternative basis can be an example
D. Complete lack of control of placebo effect

40) Simultaneous non-randomized trials are characterized by ……..

A. Differences in quality of data collection can affect its results

B. Provides the best evidence
C. Allocation done on alternative basis can be an example
D. Complete lack of control of placebo effect

41) Which of the following types of trials investigates two interventions and usually
composed of 4 arms?

A. Factorial trial
B. Cross-over trial
C. Trial with historical control
D. Trial with no comparison

42) A study reporting relative risk in its results section can be …..

A. A case-control of crosss-sectional
B. A prospective or retrospective cohort
C. A prospective cohort only
D. A cross-sectional or cohort or case-control
 Previous questions

43) Labeling medications jars with A and B ensures …..

a. Randomization
b. Allocation concealment
c. Both
d. Neither

44) Labeling medications jars with A and B ensures ……

a) Patient is unaware
b) Doctor who assigns medication unaware
c) Both
d) Neither

45) Which phase of drugs research is observational in nature?

e) Phase 1
f) Phase 2
g) Phase 3
h) Phase 4
46) RCT is mainly performed in which phase of drugs research?
a. Phase 1
b. Phase 2
c. Phase 3
d. Phase 4
47) The main aim of post-marketing surveillance is ……….
i) To study short-term adverse events
j) To study long-term adverse events
k) To study drug effectiveness in the population
l) To study compliance
48) Which of the following are a misleading Hill’s criteria in causality?
m) Temporality
n) Reversibility
o) Specificity
p) Strength
49) Which of the following are an inarguable Hill’s criteria in causality?
a. Temporality
b. Reversibility
c. Specificity
d. Strength
50) Causality in epidemiology is best achieved by……….
a) Clinical trials
b) Cohorts
c) Long-term studies
d) Amalgamation of evidence

51) In epidemiology a risk factor is a….

a) Any Cause
b) Potential cause
c) Weak cause
d) Strong cause
52) Blocking in clinical trials is a step in …….
a) Allocation concealment
b) Randomization
c) Blinding
d) Ascertainment of the endpoint