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PREPARED BY: TAHIRA SHAHEEN

KEY MCQS NURSING RESEARCH


1: The normal distribution is also classified as

a) Gaussian distribution
b) Poisson distribution
c) Bernoulli's distribution
d) weighted average distribution
2: Considering the normal distribution, the spread is increased and the height of the curve is
decreased for the

a) smaller value of variance


b) larger value of variance
c) larger value of standard deviation
d) smaller value of standard deviation
3: Around the central value of observations, the extent to which the values depart from normal
distribution is classified as

a) negative variation
b) positive variation
c) skewness
d) positive trailing
4: If the value of x is less than μ of standard normal probability distribution then the

a) z-statistic is negative
b) z-statistic is positive
c) f(x) will be even number
d) f(x) will be prime number
5: Which of the following is not true of the normal distribution?

a. the curve approaches the x-axis gradually on either side of the mean
b. the curve is bell-shaped
c. the curve is asymmetrical
d. the distribution is symmetrical about the vertical line drawn from the peak of the
curve
6: Which of the following random variables would you expect to be discrete?

a) The weights of mechanically produced items.


b) The number of children at a christmas party.
c) The times, in seconds, for a 100m sprint.
d) The distance between Centre Point tower and any point on the Australian continent.

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7: Researchers are interested in measuring cholesterol levels of participants. Cholesterol levels


are:

a) Continuous variables
b) Ordinal variables
c) Nominal variables
d) Discrete variables
8: In hypothesis testing, the hypothesis which is tentatively assumed to be true is called the

a) correct hypothesis
b) null hypothesis
c) alternative hypothesis
d) level of significance
9: Within 1 standard deviation, the mean picks up over how many of the values?

a) 62
b) 65
c) 66
d) 68
10: is a variable that is not the main concern of the study but may be partially responsible for the
observed results.

a) Confounding variable
b) Sample variable
c) Treatment variable
d) Continuous variable
11: Does heating a cup of water allow it to dissolve more sugar? The 2 variables one is water
temperature and 2nd is amount of dissolved sugar. What is the dependent variable?

a) Water temperature
b) Amount of dissolved sugar
c) Both a & b
d) None of above
12: The changes that occur in an experiment that are directly caused by the experimenter are
called:

a) Independent variable
b) Dependent variable
c) Controlled variable
d) Confounding variable
13: This variable must be measureable:

a) Independent variable

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b) Dependent variable
c) Controlled variable
d) Confounding variable
14: A standard deviation of 0 means?

a) You cannot have a 0 standard deviation


b) There is an extreme amount of variability
c) All the values are the same
d) The variance is -1
15: A group of 20 students obtained a mean score of 70 on an examination. A second group of 30
students obtained a mean score of 80 on the same examination. The mean score of the 50
students was:

a) 70
b) 74
c) 75
d) 76
16: If the mean and median are equal, you know that the:

a) Distribution is symmetrical
b) Distribution is skewed
c) Distribution is normal
d) Mode is equal to median
17: The duration of heart operation is a normally distributed random variable with mean 170
minutes and standard deviation 14 minutes. What percentage of operations last between 142- 198
minutes?

a) 68%
b) 95%
c) 99%
d) 100%
18: There is no relationship between gender and knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases
among teenagers. This is the type of hypothesis:

a) Research hypothesis
b) Null hypothesis
c) Directional hypothesis
d) Alternative hypothesis
19: Lower funding and staffing results in lower levels of marketing planning. This is the type of
hypothesis:

a) Non directional hypothesis

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b) Null hypothesis
c) Directional hypothesis
d) Confounding hypothesis
20: In the normal distributed curve, the area under the curve is:

a) 01
b) 02
c) 0.05
d) 68

21: Nursing research is a scientific process that:


a) Validates existing knowledge
b) Generates new knowledge
c) Refines existing knowledge
d) All of above
22: Which of the following is a synonym for the concept of research.
a) Systematic inquiry
b) Empirical knowledge
c) Knowledge
d) Abstract thought process
23: It is a logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the
time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion and is often used in applications that involve
prediction, forecasting, or behavior.
a) Inductive reasoning
b) Deductive reasoning
c) Problematic reasoning
d) Operational reasoning
24: is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises
that are generally assumed to be true and is sometimes referred to as top-down logic.
a) Inductive reasoning
b) Deductive reasoning
c) Problematic reasoning
d) Operational reasoning
25: Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?
a) It is considered a hard science
b) Analysis of data involves individual interpretation
c) Basis of knowing is cause and effect relationships
d) It is used to test theory
26: What type of research involves the systematic investigation of relationships among
variables?
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a) Correlation research
b) Ethnography research
c) Historical research
d) Phenomenological research
27: It is the systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the
fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications towards
processes or products in mind.
a) Basic research
b) Applied research
c) Outcome research
d) Experimental research
28: It refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems and used to
find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative technologies.
a) Basic research
b) Applied research
c) Outcome research
d) Experimental research
29: It is a branch of public health research, which studies the end results of the structure and
processes of the health care system on the health and well-being of patients and populations.
a) Basic research
b) Applied research
c) Outcome research
d) Experimental research
30: Data analyses are conducted to reduce, organize and give meaning to data. Data analysis is
used to produce which of the following?
a) Conclusions
b) Findings
c) Results
d) Implications
31: Any variables that you are not intentionally studying in your experiment or test. When you
run an experiment, you're looking to see if one variable has an effect on another variable.
a) Extraneous variables
b) Qualitative variables
c) Quantitative variables
d) Outcome variables
32: Interpretation of quantitative study results is useful to:
a) Determine statistical significance of the findings
b) Give a reason for the study
c) Perform action-oriented activities
d) Determine the usefulness of the findings for practice

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33: A sample should be drawn from which of the following?


a) Setting
b) Reliability
c) Population
d) Findings
34: The degree to which the result of a measurement, calculation, or specification can be
depended on to be accurate.
a) Setting
b) Reliability
c) Population
d) Findings
35: The quality of being logically or factually sound; soundness or cogency and the
"consistency" or "repeatability" of measures.
a) Setting
b) Reliability
c) Population
d) Validity
36: True experiments are required to have:
a) Descriptive information
b) Association between variables
c) Causality predicted
d) Basic ideas
37: One type of qualitative research which involves examining past events to draw conclusions
and make predictions about the future.
a) Historical research
b) Phenomenological research
c) Experimental research
d) Quasi-experimental research
38: The focus of the research is what people experience in regard to some phenomenon or other
and how they interpret those experiences. It is a study that attempts to understand people's
perceptions, perspectives and understandings of a particular situation
a) Historical research
b) Phenomenological research
c) Experimental research
d) Quasi-experimental research
39: An inductive methodology and a qualitative method is the systematic generation of theory
from systematic research. It is a set of rigorous research procedures leading to the emergence of
conceptual categories.
a) Historical research
b) Phenomenological research

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c) Grounded theory
d) Quasi-experimental research
40: It was introduced by Glaser & Strauss in 1967 to legitimize qualitative research.
a) Historical research
b) Phenomenological research
c) Grounded theory
d) Quasi-experimental research
41: A statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be
eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that
points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.
a) Research problem
b) Hypothesis
c) Research question
d) Confounding variables
42: A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting
point for further investigation.
a) Research problem
b) Hypothesis
c) Research question
d) Confounding variables
43: The purpose statement in a research study should not do which of the following?
a) Reflect the biases and values of the researcher
b) State the specific goals of the study
c) Serve as the basis for generation of research objectives, questions or hypothesis
d) Serve as a basis for selection of a research design and analysis strategies
44: The relationship between two concepts which do not belong to the same hierarchical
structure, although they have semantic or contextual similarities.
a) Associative hypothesis
b) Null hypothesis
c) Alternative hypothesis
d) Research hypothesis
45: In a statistical test the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified
populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.
a) Associative hypothesis
b) Null hypothesis
c) Alternative hypothesis
d) Research hypothesis

46: Which of the following is the most abstract idea?


a) Adherence

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b) Self-concept
c) Caring
d) Blood pressure
47: Which of the following is a concept?
a) Restlessness
b) A syringe
c) A blood glucose value of250mg/dl
d) Number of children in a family
48: Which of the following is not a relational statement?
a) Exercise reduces the risk of obesity
b) The risk of metastasis is less if social support is provided
c) Cardiac output and skeletal muscle arteriovenous oxygen difference are components of
functional capacity.
d) Measuring blood sugar is an important way to assess a diabetic’s condition.
49: What is the best definition of intervention theories?
a) They test theories
b) They explain qualitative outcomes
c) They look at the efficiency of an intervention
d) The analysis of the decision making problems of intervening effectively in a situation
in order to secure desired outcomes
50: Roy’s nursing model focuses on which theoretical concept?
a) Stress
b) Culture
c) Adaptation
d) Goal attainment
51: The arrows in a conceptual map represent:
a) The direction of the conceptual linkage
b) The strength of the statement
c) The most important element
d) The crucial variable in the conceptual framework
52: Which of the following unethical studies by German physicians conducted painful and often
deadly experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners without their consent?
a) Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study
b) Nazi Medical Experiments
c) Tuskegee Study
d) Willow brook Study
53: When a subjects identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual
responses, this subject is said to have:
a) Privacy
b) Confidentiality

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c) Anonymity
d) Beneficence
54: Declaration of Helsinki (1964/1975) is related to:
a) Qualitative research
b) Genetics research
c) Ethical standards in research
d) Statistical methods in research
55: Above all, do no harm".
This principle encompassed in the ethical dimension of:
a) Human dignity
b) Justice
c) Beneficence
d) Anonymity
56: When the researcher is not allowed control of the treatment variable and cannot achieve
randomization because of ethical considerations, institutional policies or other situational factors,
the researcher chooses:
a) True experimental studies
b) Quasi experimental studies
c) Exploratory studies
d) Qualitative studies
57: A statistical expression of magnitude of relationship between two variables or magnitude of
difference between two groups:
a) Effect size
b) Eignvalue
c) p-value
d) z-score
58: A type of longitudinal study in which data are collected from the same people at two or more
points in time:
a) Case control study
b) Panel study
c) Prospective study
d) Retrospective study
59: The primary objective of experimental methodology is:
a) Ensure external validity
b) Improve internal validity
c) To eliminate type I error
d) To reduce ethical problems
60: The process of maneuvering the independent variable so that its effect on the dependent
variable can be observed is:
a) Deductive Reasoning

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b) Delimitation
c) Manipulation
d) Meta-analysis
61: The stages of a malignant disease (cancer) is recorded using the symbols 0, I, II, III, IV. We
say that the scale used is:
a) Alphanumeric
b) Numerical
c) Ordinal
d) Nominal
e) variable
62: The fundamental statistical indicators are:
a) Mean and standard deviation
b) Median
c) Variance
d) Quartile
e) Mode
63: The word “statistic” in German means:
a) Calculation
b) Management
c) Government
d) Maths
e) Classification
64: The application of statistical methods in biology is called:
a) Statistics in biology
b) Statistics in vivo
c) Biostatistics
d) Bionemerology
e) chemistry
65: When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being selected, this is
called:
a) A non-random sampling method
b) A quota sample
c) A snowball sample
d) An Equal probability selection method
e) Convenience sampling.
66. Which of the following statements are true?
a) The larger the sample size, the greater the sampling error
b) The more categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the
larger the sample needed
c) The fewer categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger
the sample needed

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d) As sample size decreases, so does the size of the confidence interval


e) Convenience sampling is simple random sampling

67. Which of the following will give a more “accurate” representation of the population from
which a sample has been taken?
a) A large sample based on the convenience sampling technique
b) A small sample based on simple random sampling
c) A large sample based on simple random sampling
d) A small cluster sample
e) Convenience sampling
68: Any measure indicating the centre of a set of data, arranged in an increasing or decreasing
order of magnitude, is called a measure of:
a) Skewness
b) Symmetry
c) Central tendency
d) Dispersion
e) Range
69: Scores that differ greatly from the measures of central tendency are called:
a) Raw scores
b) The best scores
c) Extreme scores
d) Z-scores
e) Parameter
70: The measure of central tendency listed below is:
a) The raw score
b) The mean
c) The range
d) Standard deviation
e) Variance
71: The total of all the observations divided by the number of observations is called:
a) Arithmetic mean
b) Geometric mean
c) Median
d) Harmonic mean
e) Mode
72: The sample mean is a:
a) Parameter
b) Statistic
c) Variable
d) Constant

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e) Standard deviation
73: Method used to compute average or central value of collected data is considered as
a) measures of positive variation
b) measures of central tendency
c) measures of negative skewness
d) measures of negative variation
e) measures of positive skewness
74: Find the median of the set of data. 15,17, 25, 28, 30
a) 25
b) 23
c) 30
d) 15
e) 20
75: Who is regarded as the father of biostatistics?
a) Fischer
b) Karl Pearson
c) Francis Galton
d) Francis Bacon
e) Rutherford
76: The branch of biostatistics that deals with methods of collection, organization, and
presentation of data is called:
a) Descriptive statistics
b) Inferential statistics
c) Comparative statistics
d) Biostatistics
e) Statistics
77: variables whose values can be expressed numerically are called :
a) Quantitative variables
b) Qualitative variables
c) Absolute variables
d) Comprehensive variables
e) Static variables
78: As part of a test preparation course, students are asked to take a practice version of the Graduate
Record Examination (GRE). This is a standardized test. Scores can range from 200 to 800 with a
population mean of 500 and a population standard deviation of 100.
Choose the appropriate scale of measurement
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
e) Approximately Interval

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79: Children in elementary school are evaluated and classified as non-readers (0), beginning readers (1),
grade level readers (2), or advanced readers (3). The classification is done in order to place them in
reading groups.
Choose the appropriate scale of measurement
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
e) Approximately Interval
80: During a clinical interview, survivors of a tornado are asked to state “no” or “yes” to whether they
have experienced specific symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the past week. The
number “0” is assigned to “no” and the number “1” is assigned to “yes”.
Choose the appropriate scale of measurement
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
e) Approximately Interval

81: A literature review is a written summary of the findings of a literature:


a) Search
b) Review
c) Proposal
d) Critique
e) Understanding
82: A checklist for reviewing the literature includes preparing, conducting the search, processing
the information, and:
a) Writing the review
b) Critiquing the literature
c) Understanding the literature
d) Conducting the literature
e) Identification of literature
83: Is essential to research because it is the initial inspiration for developing a study and links the
study findings back to the knowledge of the discipline.
a) Theory
b) Elements
c) Models
d) Frameworks
e) Middle range
84: The elements of theories are concepts are:
a) Conceptual
b) Relational statements
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c) Models
d) Framework
e) Middle range
85: An abstract, logical structure of meaning, such as a portion of a theory, that guides the
development of he study, is tested in the study and enables the researcher to link the findings to
nursing body of knowledge.
a) Theory
b) Elements
c) Models
d) Framework
e) Middle range
86: Which of the following is NOT a method of quantitative research?
A. Grounded Theory Research B. Correlational Research
C. Quasi-Experimental Research D. Experimental Research
87; Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?
A. Deductive process B. Control over the context
C. Fixed research design D. Inductive process
88: Which of the following qualitative methods focuses on description and interpretation of cultural
behavior?
A. Phenomenology B. Grounded theory
C. Ethnography D. Symbolic interactionism
89: A sampling method which involves a random start and then proceeds with the selection of every kth
element from then onwards (where k= population size/sample size):
A. Simple random sampling B. Stratified random sampling
C. Systematic sampling D. Snowball sampling
90: The standard deviation of a sampling distribution is referred to as the:
A. Test statistic B. Standard error
C. Confidence interval D. Test of significance
91: Which scale of measurement has an absolute zero?
A. Nominal B. Ordinal
C. Interval D. Ratio
92: The variable which is influenced by the intervention of the researcher is called:
A. Independent B. Dependent
C. Discrete D. Extraneous
93: Skewness is a measure:
A. Of the asymmetry of the probability distribution B. Of Central tendency

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C. Decides the distribution may have high or low variance D. None of the above
94: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test is used to
A. Test the difference between two independent group means
B. Test the difference between two related group means
C. Test the difference among the means of 3+ independent groups
D. Test the difference in ranks of scores of 3+ independent groups
95: The degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to be measuring is its:
A. Validity B. Internal consistency
C. Sensitivity D. Equivalence
96: The type of research focused on finding a solution to an immediate practical problem is termed as:
A. Basic research B. Applied research
C. Explanatory research D. Descriptive research
97: The term used to indicate the placebo effect in which the knowledge of being included in a study
cause people to change their behaviours, thereby obscuring the variable of interest:
A. Internal validity B. Maturation
C. Manipulation D. Hawthorne effect
98: A fundamental ethical principle that seeks to prevent harm and exploitation of, to maximize benefits
for, study participants is:
A. Justice B. Beneficence
C. Non malficence D. Coercion
99: A hypothesis which a researcher tries to disprove is:
A. Research hypothesis B. Null hypothesis
C. Alternate hypothesis D. Positive hypothesis
100: Best graph for demonstration of relationship between ages and weight is:
A. Bar Diagram B. Histogram
C. Scatter D. Pie diagram
101: What is NOT true about statistical power?
A. In Statistical Power, effect size is also known as Cohen’s d
B. Statistical power is used to explain the cause of an effect.
C. Statistical power reflects the power to detect a genuine effect 80% of the time.
D. Statistical power reflects the sensitivity of our test.
102: A researcher divides the populations into PG, graduates and 10 + 2 students and using the random
digit table he selects some of them from each. This is technically called
A. Stratified sampling B. Stratified random sampling

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C. Representative sampling D. Non of these


103: A researcher divides his population into certain groups and fixes the size of the sample from each
group. It is called
A. Stratified sample B. cluster sample
C. Quota sample D. all of the above
104: Attributes of objects, events or things which can be measured are called
A. Qualitative measure B. data
C. Variable D. Non of above
105: What is the most generic term for describing Correlational, surveys and observational studies?
A. Non-randomized. B. Non-manipulation studies.
C. Non- experiment D. Passive observational studies
106: In meta-analysis, a correlation co-efficient is one statistic which is used to calculate:
A. The effect size B. the standard deviation
C. The variability in individual score D. The sample size
107: What purpose do clearly stated aims serve?
A. How the research will be done and what conclusion are expected.
B. How research will be done and justify why research is being carried out.
C. What the research intends to contributes and justifies the research being carried out
D. What the research intend to contribution and detail how the research will be done
108: A cross sectional study is carried out to examine whether Navy personnel of a higher rank have more
positive coping skills than those of a lower rank. Which of the following statement is true of this study?
A. Neither variable is dependent as the researcher cannot manipulate them.
B. The independent variable is rank and the dependent variable is coping skills.
C. The independent variable is coping and the dependent variable is high rank.
D. The independent variable is coping and the dependent variable is low rank.
109: The difference between the mean of a researcher's sample and the mean of the population of the
sample is known as the:
A. sampling error B. standard deviation
C. Confidence interval D. Significance level
110: Deciding what data is best for your research analysis depends upon which of the following?
A. The researcher’s personal preferences B. The nature of the participant
C. The research question D. All of these.
111: What is the important practical consideration for researchers conducting interviews?
A. the setting of the interview in terms of locality, privacy, etc

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B. the number of research scarring out the interview


C. the equipment being used
D. all of these care considerations
112: Deductive Reasoning is applied in:
A. Qualitative research B. Quantitative research
C. Action research D. Applied research
113: In a negatively skewed distribution, the mean generally falls to:
A. The left of the median and the median usually lies to the left of the mode.
B. The right of the median and the median usually lies to the right of the mode.
C. The middle of median and mode.
D. The centre of the distribution.
114: Which one of the following sets is the measure of central tendency?
A. Mean, standard deviation, mode B. Mean, median, standard deviation
C. Arithmetic mean, median, mode D. Standard deviation, internal validity, mode
115: A researcher is interested in studying why the “new math” of the 1960s failed. She interviews
several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers are considered as:
A. Primary sources B. Secondary Sources
C. External critics D. Internal critics
116: The probability of making a Type II error in any statistical testis termed as:
A. Alpha B. Beta
C. Gamma D. Theta
117: A pharmacology trial concluded that a new antipsychotic reduced negative symptoms when in
reality it did not; is an example of:
A. Type I error B. Type II error
C. Type III error D. Type IV error
118: Sum of all squares of deviation from the mean is called:
A. Mean B. Mode
C. Variance D. Standard Error
119: Which is the most appropriate method of research for studying incidence of diarrhea in a
community?
A. Cross-sectional study B. Cohort study
C. Case control study D. Double-blind placebo study
120: Which measure of central tendency is Influenced by extreme scores and skewed distributions?
A. Mean B. Media

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C. Mode D. Range
121: Type I errors occur:
A. When the null hypothesis is rejected but it should have been retained.
B. Accepting the null hypothesis when it should have been rejected.
C. Considering the alternate hypothesis as false when it actually it was true .
D. When the obtained p-value is higher than 0.05
122: The type of research focused on finding a solution to an immediate practical problem is
termed as:
A. Basic research B. Applied research
C. Explanatory research D. Descriptive research
123: The sum of the values of a variable for a set of observations, divided by the number of the
observations in the set refers to:
A. Variance B. Standard deviation
C. Median D. Mean
124: In a population study for malaria over the past few years, the number of case reported were 20,
5000, 100, 80, 60, 70, 40, 60, 80. The average is best represented by:
A. Arithemetic mena B. Mode
C. Geometric mean D. Median
125: In a community of 3000 people, 80% are Hindus, 10% Muslims, 5% Sicks, 4% Christians, and 1%
Jains. To select a sample of 300 people to analyze food habits, ideal sampling method would be:
A. Simple random sampling B. Stratified random sampling
C. Systematic random sampling D. Inverse sampling
126: Study of a person who has already contacted the disease is called:
A. Case control B. Cohort
C. Control cohort D. Longitudinal
127: All are true about case control studies, except:
A. Relative risk can be calculated B. Less expensive
C. Suitable for rare diseases D. Backward study
128: Which is the most appropriate method of research for studying incidence of diarrhea in a
community?
A. Cross-sectional study B. Cohort study
C. Case control study D. Double-blind placebo study
129: Relative risk could show an association between:
A. Smocking ad cancer B. OCP and pregnancy

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C. Efficacy of 2 drugs D. Altitude and endemic goiter


130: Systemic, subjective methodological approach used to describe life experiences and give
them meaning.
a) Quantitative research
b) Qualitative research
c) Outcome research
d) Phenomenological research
e) Historical research
131: Formal, objective, systematic process used to describe variables, test relationships between
them, and examine cause and effect interactions among variables.
a) Quantitative research
b) Qualitative research
c) Outcome research
d) Phenomenological research
e) Historical research
132: What was the research problem that the study addressed a significant problem? It is the
study in:
a) Quantitative research
b) Qualitative research
c) Outcome research
d) Phenomenological research
e) Historical research
133: Both a philosophy and a group of research methods congruent with the philosophy that
guide the study of experiences or phenomena.
a) Quantitative research
b) Qualitative research
c) Outcome research
d) Phenomenological research
e) Historical research
134: Involves textual analysis that begins with a naïve reading of the texts.
a) Quantitative research
b) Qualitative research
c) Hermeneutics
d) Phenomenological research
e) Grounded research
135: Researchers may collect data by interviewing people with knowledge of events, especiallt
for more recent events:
a) Quantitative research
b) Qualitative research
c) Outcome research

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d) Phenomenological research
e) Historical research
136: The most basic distinction between types of data is that some data are quantitative while
other data are qualitative. Quantitative data general consists of:
a) Numbers
b) Equations
c) Open-ended responses
d) Survey and questionnaire data
e) Any data can be considered quantitative.
137: Qualitative data generally can include:
a) Only written material that respondents provide in response to open-ended items.
b) Any sort of data that can be summarized with numbers.
c) Text, pictures, videos, sound recordings.
d) Survey and questionnaire data.
e) Equations
138: The most fundamental difference between qualitative data and quantitative data is that:
a) The type of judgment that is used to make meaning of the data, and how the data
are manipulated.
b) The research questions that can be addressed using each of the types of data.
c) The topics about which the data are being collected.
d) The respondents providing the data.
e) There really is no difference
139: Considering the way researchers handle data, it is helpful to remember that:
a) It is not possible to convert qualitative data into quantitative data.
b) If qualitative data are converted into quantitative data, validity always suffers.
c) Researchers often will often use quantitative data so that they avoid any subjective or
qualitative judgments.
d) A researcher who converts qualitative data into quantitative data is ensuring that the
validity of the research will be improved.
e) Although some data are collected quantitatively, there are many qualitative
judgments that go into how those responses are collected.
140: In research the term validity refers to:
a) How meaningful it is to generalize based on the research.
b) How well the researcher did what was planned.
c) The accuracy of the measures used.
d) The same as "reliability".
e) How well the researcher explains what she/he means by the key terms used in the
research.
141: Investigating ways of which females are portrayed in the print media by analysing
newspaper and magazines advertisements
a) Qualitative research

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b) Quantitative research
c) Outcome research
d) Phenomenological research
e) Historical research
142: An important initial focus of the Declaration of Helsinki, developed in 1964, was to:
a) Differentiate therapeutic from nontherapeutic research.
b) Define the concept of informed consent of research subjects.
c) Prevent the use of placebos during clinical drug trials.
d) Prohibit nontherapeutic research to protect subjects from harm
e) Confidentiality
143: The prospective subject decided to take part in a study of his or her own volition, without
coercion or any undue influence.
a) Informed consent
b) Written consent
c) Qualitative consent
d) Voluntary consent
e) Formal involuntary consent
144: Ethical principal of respect for persons. And it indicates that humans are capable of
controlling their own destiny.
a) Right of self determination
b) Right of privacy
c) Right of qualitative research
d) Right of confidentiality
e) Right of justice

145: Discrete variables and continuous variables are two types of


a) open end classification
b) time series classification
c) qualitative classification
d) quantitative classification
146: Branch of statistics which deals with findings of solution in field of medicine, education and
economics is classified as
a) economic statistics
b) applied statistics
c) mathematical statistics
d) industry statistics
147: If value of x for normal distribution is 35, mean of normal distribution is 65 and standard
deviation is 25 then standardized random variable is

A. −1.5
B. −1.2
C. −1.7
D. −4

148: In normal distribution:

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(a) Mean = Median = Mode


(b) Mean < Median < Mode
(c) Mean> Median > Mode
(d) Mean ≠ Median ≠ Mode
149: The shape of the normal curve depends upon the value of:

(a) Standard deviation


(b) Q1
(c) Mean deviation
(d) Quartile deviation
150: The normal distribution is a proper probability distribution of a continuous random variable,
the total area under the curve f(x) is:

(a) Equal to one


(b) Less than one
(c) More than one
(d) Between -1 and +1

151: Measurement scale in which values are categorized to represent qualitative differences and
ranked in meaningful manner is classified as

1) valid scale
2) discrete scale
3) ordinal scale
4) continuous scale
152: Variables whose measurement is done in terms such as weight, height and length are
classified as

a) continuous variables
b) measuring variables
c) flowchart variables
d) discrete variables
153: Scale of map such as 1 : 10,000 is an example of scale

a) by words
b) by the ratio
c) by the line
d) by arrows

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154: Frequency distribution whose most values are dispersed to left or right of mode is classified
as

a) skewed
b) explored
c) bimodal
d) unimodal

155: Median of 7, 6, 4, 8, 2, 5, 11 is

a) 6
b) 12
c) 11
d) 4

156: Mode of 12, 17, 16, 14, 13, 16, 11, 14 is

a) 13
b) 11
c) 14
d) 14 and 16

157: If mean of 6 numbers is 17 then sum of numbers is

a) 102
b) 103
c) 150
d) 120

158: If right tail is longer than left tail then distribution is called:
a) Positively Skewed
b) both positive and negative
c) Negatively Skewed
d) none of these

159: If value of first quartile is 49 and value of third quartile is 60 then value of inter quartile
range is
a) 21
b) 31
c) 11
d) 41
160: Systemic, subjective methodological approach used to describe life experiences and give
them meaning.
f) Quantitative research
g) Qualitative research
h) Outcome research
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i) Phenomenological research
j) Historical research
161: Formal, objective, systematic process used to describe variables, test relationships between
them, and examine cause and effect interactions among variables.
f) Quantitative research
g) Qualitative research
h) Outcome research
i) Phenomenological research
j) Historical research
162: What was the research problem that the study addressed a significant problem? It is the
study in:
f) Quantitative research
g) Qualitative research
h) Outcome research
i) Phenomenological research
j) Historical research
163: Both a philosophy and a group of research methods congruent with the philosophy that
guide the study of experiences or phenomena.
f) Quantitative research
g) Qualitative research
h) Outcome research
i) Phenomenological research
j) Historical research
164: Involves textual analysis that begins with a naïve reading of the texts.
f) Quantitative research
g) Qualitative research
h) Hermeneutics
i) Phenomenological research
j) Grounded research
165: Researchers may collect data by interviewing people with knowledge of events, especiallt
for more recent events:
f) Quantitative research
g) Qualitative research
h) Outcome research
i) Phenomenological research
j) Historical research
166: The most basic distinction between types of data is that some data are quantitative while
other data are qualitative. Quantitative data general consists of:
f) Numbers
g) Equations

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h) Open-ended responses
i) Survey and questionnaire data
j) Any data can be considered quantitative.
167: Qualitative data generally can include:
f) Only written material that respondents provide in response to open-ended items.
g) Any sort of data that can be summarized with numbers.
h) Text, pictures, videos, sound recordings.
i) Survey and questionnaire data.
j) Equations
168: The most fundamental difference between qualitative data and quantitative data is that:
f) The type of judgment that is used to make meaning of the data, and how the data
are manipulated.
g) The research questions that can be addressed using each of the types of data.
h) The topics about which the data are being collected.
i) The respondents providing the data.
j) There really is no difference
169: Considering the way researchers handle data, it is helpful to remember that:
f) It is not possible to convert qualitative data into quantitative data.
g) If qualitative data are converted into quantitative data, validity always suffers.
h) Researchers often will often use quantitative data so that they avoid any subjective or
qualitative judgments.
i) A researcher who converts qualitative data into quantitative data is ensuring that the
validity of the research will be improved.
j) Although some data are collected quantitatively, there are many qualitative
judgments that go into how those responses are collected.
170: In research the term validity refers to:
f) How meaningful it is to generalize based on the research.
g) How well the researcher did what was planned.
h) The accuracy of the measures used.
i) The same as "reliability".
j) How well the researcher explains what she/he means by the key terms used in the
research.
171: Investigating ways of which females are portrayed in the print media by analysing
newspaper and magazines advertisements
a) Qualitative research
b) Quantitative research
c) Outcome research
d) Phenomenological research
e) Historical research
172: An important initial focus of the Declaration of Helsinki, developed in 1964, was to:
a) Differentiate therapeutic from nontherapeutic research.

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PREPARED BY: TAHIRA SHAHEEN

b) Define the concept of informed consent of research subjects.


c) Prevent the use of placebos during clinical drug trials.
d) Prohibit nontherapeutic research to protect subjects from harm
e) Confidentiality
173: The prospective subject decided to take part in a study of his or her own volition, without
coercion or any undue influence.
a) Informed consent
b) Written consent
c) Qualitative consent
d) Voluntary consent
e) Formal involuntary consent
174: Ethical principal of respect for persons. And it indicates that humans are capable of
controlling their own destiny.
a) Right of self determination
b) Right of privacy
c) Right of qualitative research
d) Right of confidentiality
e) Right of justice
175: “ to search again” or “ to examine carefully”. Diligent systematic inquiry or study that
validates and refines existing knowledge and develops new knowledge in nursing profession.
a) Research
b) Nursing research
c) Evidence based research
d) Epidemiological research
e) Phenomenological research
176: Best research evidence, clinical expertise and patient needs & values are the components of
the model of:
a) Research
b) Nursing research
c) Evidence based practice
d) Epidemiological practice
e) Phenomenological research
177: Identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and sometimes the
relationships among them.
a) Identification
b) Description
c) Explanation
d) Exploration
e) Prediction & control

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178: clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies possible reasons why certain
events occur.
a) Identification
b) Description
c) Explanation
d) Exploration
e) Prediction & control
179: Risk of illness or injury is identified and linked to possible screening methods to identify
and prevent health problems.
a) Identification
b) Description
c) Explanation
d) Exploration
e) Prediction
180: First research journal in nursing “ Nursing Research “ is published:
a) 1952
b) 1963
c) 1964
d) 1970
e) 1950
181: Qualitative Health Research is published:
a) 1993
b) 1994
c) 1999
d) 1998
e) 2002
182: To promote and improve the health of individuals, families, communities and population is
the mission of:
a) National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)
b) Institute of Medicine (IOM)
c) Health Professions Education (HPE)
d) Institute of Medicine Research (IOMR)
e) Institute of Medicine Technology (IOMT)
183: Enables the novice nurse to learn through interactions with or exaples set by highly
competent, expert nurses.
a) Personal experience
b) Authority
c) Reasoning
d) Role modeling
e) Trial modeling

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184: Logistic, deductive, cause and effect relationships, tests theory, control and logical
positivism are the characteristics of:
a) Qualitative research
b) Quantitative research
c) Evidence based research
d) Phenomenological research
e) Trial and error research
185: Natulistic, interpretive, humanistic, broad, subjective, holistic, dialectic, inductive, develops
theory and frameworks:
a) Qualitative research
b) Quantitative research
c) Evidence based research
d) Phenomenological research
e) Trial and error research
186: Is a narrative description or analysis of events that occurered in the remote or recent past:
a) Identification
b) Outcome research
c) Historical research
d) Exploratory research
e) Phenomenological research
187: Focuses on examining the results of care and determining the changes in health status for
the patients.
a) Identification
b) Outcome research
c) Historical research
d) Exploratory research
e) Phenomenological research
188: Is a structured, comprehensive synthesis of the research literature to determine the best
research evidence available to address a health care question.
a) Identification review
b) Systematic Review
c) Historical research
d) Exploratory research
e) Phenomenological research
189: Is conducted to combine or pool the results from previous quantitative studies into a single
statistical analysis that provides one of the highest levels of evidence about an interventions
effectiveness.
a) Identification
b) Outcome research
c) Systematic review

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d) Mata analysis
e) Exploratory research
f) Phenomenological research
190: Opinions of respected authorities based upon clinical evidence, reports of expert
committees is the level of research evidence in:
a) Strongest research evidence
b) Best research evidence
c) Systematic review evidence
d) Weakest research evidence
e) Evidence based research
191: Read and critically appraise studies, use best research evidence in practice with guidance.
Assist with research problem identification and data collection.
a) BSN
b) MSN
c) DNP
d) PhD
e) Post-Doctoral
192: First nurse researcher who developed empirical knowledge to improve practice in the
nineteenth century.
a) Orem
b) Fredrick Tylor
c) Nightingale
d) NANDA
e) Sigma Theta Tau
193: Meanings and interpretations of experiences
a) phenomenology
b) Hermeneutics
c) grounded theory
d) outcome research
e) quantitative research
194: Research focus of 21st century
a) evidence base for practice
b) Naturalistic paradigm
c) Nursing education,Student characteristics & Student satisfaction
d) health care delivery issues such as cost, quality, and access
e) Nursing Research
195: Which of the following is an example of a primary source in a research study?
a) A published commentary on the findings of another study
b) A doctoral dissertation that critiques all research in the area of attention deficit disorder
c) A textbook of medical-surgical nursing

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d) A journal article about a study that used large, previously unpublished databases
generated by the United States census
e) A textbook of fundamental nursing
196: What is the first step in the qualitative research process?
a) Data analysis
b) Sample
c) Data analysis
d) Review of literature
e) Study design
197: Florence Nightingale is most noted for which of the following contributions to nursing
research?
a) Case study approach to research
b) Data collection and analysis
c) Framework and model development
d) Quasi-experimental study design
e) Experimental design
198: An example of inductive reasoning is:
a) reasoning from all chronically ill patients to a single chronically ill patient
b) Reasoning from a single diabetic patient to all diabetic patients
c) Using a standard nursing care plan to care for a specific patient
d) Using a computerized nursing care plan to care for insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
e) Data collection and analysis
199: Quantitative and qualitative research approaches are particularly useful in nursing because
they:
a) Are easy to implement.
b) Require few resources.
c) Require a lot of resources
d) are both process oriented.
e) Balance each other by generating different types of nursing knowledge.
200: In which type of research is there high researcher control, random sampling, and laboratory
setting?
a) Descriptive
b) Correlational
c) Quasi experimental
d) Experimental
e) Survey research
201: A researcher designs a study that uses a random sampling method to decrease the likelihood
of bias in the study sample. This strategy was used to implement:
a) Manipulation
b) Control

30
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c) Survey research
d) Data collection
e) Experimental research
202: A researcher is interested in studying stress and coping in caregivers of elderly stroke
victims. The researcher designs a study where data collection takes place in the caregiver's home.
This would be an example of which type of research setting?
a) Natural, field
b) Highly controlled, field
c) Partially controlled, laboratory
d) Highly controlled, laboratory
e) Physical field
203: The plan in the problem-solving process is equivalent to which step in the research process?
a) Outcomes
b) Design
c) Implementation
d) Goal identification
e) Physical survey
204: Systemic, subjective methodological approach used to describe life experiences and give
them meaning.
k) Quantitative research
l) Qualitative research
m) Outcome research
n) Phenomenological research
o) Historical research
205: Formal, objective, systematic process used to describe variables, test relationships between
them, and examine cause and effect interactions among variables.
k) Quantitative research
l) Qualitative research
m) Outcome research
n) Phenomenological research
o) Historical research
206: What was the research problem that the study addressed a significant problem? It is the
study in:
k) Quantitative research
l) Qualitative research
m) Outcome research
n) Phenomenological research
o) Historical research
207: Both a philosophy and a group of research methods congruent with the philosophy that
guide the study of experiences or phenomena.

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k) Quantitative research
l) Qualitative research
m) Outcome research
n) Phenomenological research
o) Historical research
208: Involves textual analysis that begins with a naïve reading of the texts.
k) Quantitative research
l) Qualitative research
m) Hermeneutics
n) Phenomenological research
o) Grounded research
209: Researchers may collect data by interviewing people with knowledge of events, especiallt
for more recent events:
k) Quantitative research
l) Qualitative research
m) Outcome research
n) Phenomenological research
o) Historical research
210: The most basic distinction between types of data is that some data are quantitative while
other data are qualitative. Quantitative data general consists of:
k) Numbers
l) Equations
m) Open-ended responses
n) Survey and questionnaire data
o) Any data can be considered quantitative.
211: Qualitative data generally can include:
k) Only written material that respondents provide in response to open-ended items.
l) Any sort of data that can be summarized with numbers.
m) Text, pictures, videos, sound recordings.
n) Survey and questionnaire data.
o) Equations
212: The most fundamental difference between qualitative data and quantitative data is that:
k) The type of judgment that is used to make meaning of the data, and how the data
are manipulated.
l) The research questions that can be addressed using each of the types of data.
m) The topics about which the data are being collected.
n) The respondents providing the data.
o) There really is no difference
213: Considering the way researchers handle data, it is helpful to remember that:
k) It is not possible to convert qualitative data into quantitative data.
l) If qualitative data are converted into quantitative data, validity always suffers.

32
PREPARED BY: TAHIRA SHAHEEN

m) Researchers often will often use quantitative data so that they avoid any subjective or
qualitative judgments.
n) A researcher who converts qualitative data into quantitative data is ensuring that the
validity of the research will be improved.
o) Although some data are collected quantitatively, there are many qualitative
judgments that go into how those responses are collected.
214: In research the term validity refers to:
k) How meaningful it is to generalize based on the research.
l) How well the researcher did what was planned.
m) The accuracy of the measures used.
n) The same as "reliability".
o) How well the researcher explains what she/he means by the key terms used in the
research.
215: Investigating ways of which females are portrayed in the print media by analysing
newspaper and magazines advertisements
f) Qualitative research
g) Quantitative research
h) Outcome research
i) Phenomenological research
j) Historical research
216: An important initial focus of the Declaration of Helsinki, developed in 1964, was to:
f) Differentiate therapeutic from nontherapeutic research.
g) Define the concept of informed consent of research subjects.
h) Prevent the use of placebos during clinical drug trials.
i) Prohibit nontherapeutic research to protect subjects from harm
j) Confidentiality
217: The prospective subject decided to take part in a study of his or her own volition, without
coercion or any undue influence.
f) Informed consent
g) Written consent
h) Qualitative consent
i) Voluntary consent
j) Formal involuntary consent
218: Ethical principal of respect for persons. And it indicates that humans are capable of
controlling their own destiny.
f) Right of self determination
g) Right of privacy
h) Right of qualitative research
i) Right of confidentiality
j) Right of justice

33
PREPARED BY: TAHIRA SHAHEEN

219: “ to search again” or “ to examine carefully”. Diligent systematic inquiry or study that
validates and refines existing knowledge and develops new knowledge in nursing profession.
f) Research
g) Nursing research
h) Evidence based research
i) Epidemiological research
j) Phenomenological research
220: Best research evidence, clinical expertise and patient needs & values are the components of
the model of:
f) Research
g) Nursing research
h) Evidence based practice
i) Epidemiological practice
j) Phenomenological research
221: Identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and sometimes the
relationships among them.
f) Identification
g) Description
h) Explanation
i) Exploration
j) Prediction & control
222: clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies possible reasons why certain
events occur.
f) Identification
g) Description
h) Explanation
i) Exploration
j) Prediction & control
223: Risk of illness or injury is identified and linked to possible screening methods to identify
and prevent health problems.
f) Identification
g) Description
h) Explanation
i) Exploration
j) Prediction
224: First research journal in nursing “ Nursing Research “ is published:
f) 1952
g) 1963
h) 1964
i) 1970

34
PREPARED BY: TAHIRA SHAHEEN

j) 1950
225: Qualitative Health Research is published:
f) 1993
g) 1994
h) 1999
i) 1998
j) 2002
226: To promote and improve the health of individuals, families, communities and population is
the mission of:
f) National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)
g) Institute of Medicine (IOM)
h) Health Professions Education (HPE)
i) Institute of Medicine Research (IOMR)
j) Institute of Medicine Technology (IOMT)
227: Enables the novice nurse to learn through interactions with or exaples set by highly
competent, expert nurses.
f) Personal experience
g) Authority
h) Reasoning
i) Role modeling
j) Trial modeling
228: Logistic, deductive, cause and effect relationships, tests theory, control and logical
positivism are the characteristics of:
f) Qualitative research
g) Quantitative research
h) Evidence based research
i) Phenomenological research
j) Trial and error research
229: Natulistic, interpretive, humanistic, broad, subjective, holistic, dialectic, inductive, develops
theory and frameworks:
f) Qualitative research
g) Quantitative research
h) Evidence based research
i) Phenomenological research
j) Trial and error research
230: Is a narrative description or analysis of events that occurered in the remote or recent past:
f) Identification
g) Outcome research
h) Historical research
i) Exploratory research

35
PREPARED BY: TAHIRA SHAHEEN

j) Phenomenological research
231: Focuses on examining the results of care and determining the changes in health status for
the patients.
f) Identification
g) Outcome research
h) Historical research
i) Exploratory research
j) Phenomenological research
232: Is a structured, comprehensive synthesis of the research literature to determine the best
research evidence available to address a health care question.
f) Identification review
g) Systematic Review
h) Historical research
i) Exploratory research
j) Phenomenological research
233: Is conducted to combine or pool the results from previous quantitative studies into a single
statistical analysis that provides one of the highest levels of evidence about an interventions
effectiveness.
g) Identification
h) Outcome research
i) Systematic review
j) Mata analysis
k) Exploratory research
l) Phenomenological research
234: Opinions of respected authorities based upon clinical evidence, reports of expert
committees is the level of research evidence in:
f) Strongest research evidence
g) Best research evidence
h) Systematic review evidence
i) Weakest research evidence
j) Evidence based research
235: Read and critically appraise studies, use best research evidence in practice with guidance.
Assist with research problem identification and data collection.
f) BSN
g) MSN
h) DNP
i) PhD
j) Post-Doctoral
236: First nurse researcher who developed empirical knowledge to improve practice in the
nineteenth century.

36
PREPARED BY: TAHIRA SHAHEEN

f) Orem
g) Fredrick Tylor
h) Nightingale
i) NANDA
j) Sigma Theta Tau
237: Meanings and interpretations of experiences
f) phenomenology
g) Hermeneutics
h) grounded theory
i) outcome research
j) quantitative research
238: Research focus of 21st century
f) evidence base for practice
g) Naturalistic paradigm
h) Nursing education,Student characteristics & Student satisfaction
i) health care delivery issues such as cost, quality, and access
j) Nursing Research
239: Which of the following is an example of a primary source in a research study?
f) A published commentary on the findings of another study
g) A doctoral dissertation that critiques all research in the area of attention deficit disorder
h) A textbook of medical-surgical nursing
i) A journal article about a study that used large, previously unpublished databases
generated by the United States census
j) A textbook of fundamental nursing
240: What is the first step in the qualitative research process?
f) Data analysis
g) Sample
h) Data analysis
i) Review of literature
j) Study design
241: or which of the following research questions would qualitative methods be most
appropriate?
a) Which pain medications decrease the need for sleep medication in elderly patients?
b) What is the meaning of health for migrant farm-worker women?
c) Under what conditions does a decubitus ulcer heal most quickly?
d) Which pain medications decrease the blood pressure?
e) How does frequency of medication administration impact the degree of pain experienced
following knee replacement surgery?
242: Florence Nightingale is most noted for which of the following contributions to nursing
research?

37
PREPARED BY: TAHIRA SHAHEEN

f) Case study approach to research


g) Data collection and analysis
h) Framework and model development
i) Quasi-experimental study design
j) Experimental design
243: An example of inductive reasoning is:
f) reasoning from all chronically ill patients to a single chronically ill patient
g) Reasoning from a single diabetic patient to all diabetic patients
h) Using a standard nursing care plan to care for a specific patient
i) Using a computerized nursing care plan to care for insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
j) Data collection and analysis
244: Quantitative and qualitative research approaches are particularly useful in nursing because
they:
f) Are easy to implement.
g) Require few resources.
h) Require a lot of resources
i) are both process oriented.
j) Balance each other by generating different types of nursing knowledge.
245: In which type of research is there high researcher control, random sampling, and laboratory
setting?
f) Descriptive
g) Correlational
h) Quasi experimental
i) Experimental
j) Survey research
246: A researcher designs a study that uses a random sampling method to decrease the likelihood
of bias in the study sample. This strategy was used to implement:
f) Manipulation
g) Control
h) Survey research
i) Data collection
j) Experimental research
247: A researcher is interested in studying stress and coping in caregivers of elderly stroke
victims. The researcher designs a study where data collection takes place in the caregiver's home.
This would be an example of which type of research setting?
f) Natural, field
g) Highly controlled, field
h) Partially controlled, laboratory
i) Highly controlled, laboratory
j) Physical field

38
PREPARED BY: TAHIRA SHAHEEN

248: The plan in the problem-solving process is equivalent to which step in the research process?
a) Outcomes
b) Design
c) Implementation
d) Goal identification
e) Physical survey
249: The theory on which outcomes research is based was developed by:
a) Perry
b) Codman
c) Donabedian
d) Wennberg
250: Which research refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems:
a) Basic research
b) Applied research
c) Exploratory research
d) Outcome research
251: A hypothesis is:
a) Abnormally low motor activity.
b) Statements, propositions or assumptions that serve as tentative explanations of
certain facts.
c) A general term for impaired memory ability.
d) Diminished smell sensitivity.
252: SPSS is an acronym of the following?
a) Statistical Predictions for Social Sciences.
b) Sexual Preferences for the Sixties and Seventies.
c) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.
d) Sexual Performance and SAD Syndrome.
253: Which of the following describes a meta-analysis?
a) Analyse very large studies.
b) Analysis of the methods of statistical analysis.
c) Establish external validity.
d) Detect trends across studies that may have used different procedures, numbers of
participants, types of control procedures, and different forms of measurement.
254: In outcome research, a term for classifying care according to categories is:
a) Consensus building
b) Heuristic relevance
c) Practice pattern profiling
d) Research strategy
255: Which of the following sample sizes would best be accessed in an outcome study?
a) 100

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b) 150
c) 250
d) 500
256: The definition of sampling frame is:
a) A plan for obtaining subjects
b) A graphic presentation of the sampling criteria
c) A method of random sampling
d) A list of every member of the population
257: When subjects are selected because they happen to be in the right place at the right time, the
sampling method is referred to as:
a) Stratified random sampling
b) Convenience sampling
c) Cluster sampling
d) Snow sampling
258: What is the minimum acceptable power in a study?
a) .05
b) .25
c) .50
d) .80

259: Which of the following is the most abstract idea?


e) Adherence
f) Self-concept
g) Caring
h) Blood pressure
260: Which of the following is a concept?
e) Restlessness
f) A syringe
g) A blood glucose value of250mg/dl
h) Number of children in a family
261: Which of the following is not a relational statement?
e) Exercise reduces the risk of obesity
f) The risk of metastasis is less if social support is provided
g) Cardiac output and skeletal muscle arteriovenous oxygen difference are components of
functional capacity.
h) Measuring blood sugar is an important way to assess a diabetic’s condition.
262: What is the best definition of intervention theories?
e) They test theories
f) They explain qualitative outcomes
g) They look at the efficiency of an intervention

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h) The analysis of the decision making problems of intervening effectively in a situation


in order to secure desired outcomes
263: Roy’s nursing model focuses on which theoretical concept?
e) Stress
f) Culture
g) Adaptation
h) Goal attainment
264: The arrows in a conceptual map represent:
e) The direction of the conceptual linkage
f) The strength of the statement
g) The most important element
h) The crucial variable in the conceptual framework
265: Which of the following unethical studies by German physicians conducted painful and often
deadly experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners without their consent?
e) Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study
f) Nazi Medical Experiments
g) Tuskegee Study
h) Willow brook Study
266: When a subject’s identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her
individual responses, this subject is said to have:
e) Privacy
f) Confidentiality
g) Anonymity
h) Beneficence
267: Declaration of Helsinki (1964/1975) is related to:
e) Qualitative research
f) Genetics research
g) Ethical standards in research
h) Statistical methods in research
268: Above all, do no harm".This principle encompassed in the ethical dimension of:
a) Human dignity
b) Justice
c) Beneficence
d) Anonymity
269: When the researcher is not allowed control of the treatment variable and cannot achieve
randomization because of ethical considerations, institutional policies or other situational factors,
the researcher chooses:
a) True experimental studies
b) Quasi experimental studies
c) Exploratory studies

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d) Qualitative studies
270: A statistical expression of magnitude of relationship between two variables or magnitude of
difference between two groups:
a) Effect size
b) Eignvalue
c) p-value
d) z-score
271: A type of longitudinal study in which data are collected from the same people at two or
more points in time:
a) Case control study
b) Panel study
c) Prospective study
d) Retrospective study
272: The primary objective of experimental methodology is:
a) Ensure external validity
b) Improve internal validity
c) To eliminate type I error
d) To reduce ethical problems
273: The process of manoeuvring the independent variable so that its effect on the dependent
variable can be observed is:
a) Deductive Reasoning
b) Delimitation
c) Manipulation
d) Meta-analysis
274: Nursing research is a scientific process that:
a) Validates existing knowledge
b) Generates new knowledge
c) Refines existing knowledge
d) All of above
275: Which of the following is a synonym for the concept of research.
a) Systematic inquiry
b) Empirical knowledge
c) Knowledge
d) Abstract thought process
276: It is a logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the
time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion and is often used in applications that involve
prediction, forecasting, or behavior.
a) Inductive reasoning
b) Deductive reasoning
c) Problematic reasoning

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d) Operational reasoning
277: is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises
that are generally assumed to be true and is sometimes referred to as top-down logic.
a) Inductive reasoning
b) Deductive reasoning
c) Problematic reasoning
d) Operational reasoning
278: Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?
a) It is considered a hard science
b) Analysis of data involves individual interpretation
c) Basis of knowing is cause and effect relationships
d) It is used to test theory
279: What type of research involves the systematic investigation of relationships among
variables?
a) Correlation research
b) Ethnography research
c) Historical research
d) Phenomenological research
280: It is the systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the
fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications towards
processes or products in mind.
a) Basic research
b) Applied research
c) Outcome research
d) Experimental research
281: It refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems and used to
find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative technologies.
a) Basic research
b) Applied research
c) Outcome research
d) Experimental research
282: It is a branch of public health research, which studies the end results of the structure and
processes of the health care system on the health and well-being of patients and populations.
a) Basic research
b) Applied research
c) Outcome research
d) Experimental research
283: Data analyses are conducted to reduce, organize and give meaning to data. Data analysis is
used to produce which of the following?
a) Conclusions

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b) Findings
c) Results
d) Implications
284: Any variables that you are not intentionally studying in your experiment or test. When you
run an experiment, you're looking to see if one variable has an effect on another variable.
a) Extraneous variables
b) Qualitative variables
c) Quantitative variables
d) Outcome variables
285: Interpretation of quantitative study results is useful to:
a) Determine statistical significance of the findings
b) Give a reason for the study
c) Perform action-oriented activities
d) Determine the usefulness of the findings for practice
286: A sample should be drawn from which of the following?
a) Setting
b) Reliability
c) Population
d) Findings
287: The degree to which the result of a measurement, calculation, or specification can be
depended on to be accurate.
a) Setting
b) Reliability
c) Population
d) Findings
288: The quality of being logically or factually sound; soundness or cogency and the
"consistency" or "repeatability" of measures.
a) Setting
b) Reliability
c) Population
d) Validity
289: True experiments are required to have:
a) Descriptive information
b) Association between variables
c) Causality predicted
d) Basic ideas
290: One type of qualitative research which involves examining past events to draw conclusions
and make predictions about the future.
a) Historical research
b) Phenomenological research

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c) Experimental research
d) Quasi-experimental research
291: The focus of the research is what people experience in regard to some phenomenon or other
and how they interpret those experiences. It is a study that attempts to understand people's
perceptions, perspectives and understandings of a particular situation
a) Historical research
b) Phenomenological research
c) Experimental research
d) Quasi-experimental research
292: An inductive methodology and a qualitative method is the systematic generation of theory
from systematic research. It is a set of rigorous research procedures leading to the emergence of
conceptual categories.
a) Historical research
b) Phenomenological research
c) Grounded theory
d) Quasi-experimental research
293: It was introduced by Glaser & Strauss in 1967 to legitimize qualitative research.
a) Historical research
b) Phenomenological research
c) Grounded theory
d) Quasi-experimental research
294: A statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be
eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that
points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.
a) Research problem
b) Hypothesis
c) Research question
d) Confounding variables
295: A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting
point for further investigation.
a) Research problem
b) Hypothesis
c) Research question
d) Confounding variables
296: The purpose statement in a research study should not do which of the following?
a) Reflect the biases and values of the researcher
b) State the specific goals of the study
c) Serve as the basis for generation of research objectives, questions or hypothesis
d) Serve as a basis for selection of a research design and analysis strategies

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297: The relationship between two concepts which do not belong to the same hierarchical
structure, although they have semantic or contextual similarities.
a) Associative hypothesis
b) Null hypothesis
c) Alternative hypothesis
d) Research hypothesis
298: In a statistical test the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified
populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.
a) Associative hypothesis
b) Null hypothesis
c) Alternative hypothesis
d) Research hypothesis

299:

300:

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