Appendix B

Upwind Schemes
The first-order upwind scheme is described in Chapter 4, Section 4.2.3. Here, we concentrate on
the formulation of the second-order upwind and third-order QUICK schemes, as illustrated
below. As an improvement to the first-order upwind scheme, the idea is to incorporate
additional variables located at the neighboring grid nodal points indicated by the properties
at points WW and EE, as shown in Figure B.1, in order to evaluate the interface values at the
cell faces of w and e.
For the second-order upwind scheme, assuming uniform distribution of the grid nodal
points, additional information on the fluid flow is introduced into the approximation by the
consideration of an extra upstream variable point; that is,

3 1
fw ¼ fW  fWW
2 2
3 1 if uw > 0 and ue > 0 ðB:1Þ
fe ¼ fP  fW
2 2

3 1
fw ¼ fP  fE
2 2
3 1 if uw < 0 and ue < 0 ðB:2Þ
fe ¼ fE  fEE
2 2

For the third-order QUICK scheme, a quadratic approximation is introduced across two
variable points at the upstream and one at the downstream, depending on the flow direction.
The unequal weighting influence of this particular scheme still hinges on the knowledge

FIGURE B.1 A schematic representation of a control volume around a node P in a one-

dimensional domain with surrounding grid nodal points of WW, W, E, and EE.

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402 APPENDIX B

biased toward the upstream flow information. The interface values fw and fe based on a
uniform grid nodal point distribution can be evaluated as

1 6 3
fw ¼  fWW þ fW þ fP
8 8 8
1 6 3 if uw > 0 and ue > 0 ðB:3Þ
f e ¼  fW þ fP þ fE
8 8 8

1 6 3
fw ¼  fE þ fP þ fW
8 8 8
1 6 3 if uw < 0 and ue < 0 ðB:4Þ
fe ¼  fEE þ fE þ fP
8 8 8