Microwave

and
Radar Engineering
With Lab Manual
 MICROWAVE
AND
RADAR ENGINEERING
With Lab Manual

By
VINITH CHAUHAN
[M.Tech., MBA]
Head and Asst. Prof.
Department of ECE and EIC
St. Margaret Engineering College
Neemrana, Alwar, Rajasthan

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MICROWAVE AND RADAR ENGINEERING WITH LAB MANUAL

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D edicated to
My Parents
and
My Daughter
Riddhima
 Contents

Preface .................................................................................................................... (xiii)

Acknowledgement ................................................................................................... (xiv)
Syllabus .......................................................................................................... (xv)—(xvi)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE ENGINEERING 1–11

1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Microwave Frequency Range ................................................................................. 2
1.3 Historical Resume of Microwave Engineering ......................................................... 3
1.4 Characteristic Features of Microwaves .................................................................... 4
1.5 Advantages of Microwaves ..................................................................................... 4
1.6 Applications of Microwaves ................................................................................... 6
1.7 Low Frequencies vs Microwaves ............................................................................ 9
1.8 Microwave Transmission Media ............................................................................ 10
1.9 Microwave Source ............................................................................................... 10
1.10 Safety in Microwaves .......................................................................................... 10
Review Questions ............................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER 2 MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION LINES 12–138

2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Multiconductor Transmission Lines ....................................................................... 14
2.3 Rectangular Waveguide ........................................................................................ 16
2.4 Waveguide Parameters ........................................................................................ 20
2.5 Solutions of Wave Equation in Rectangular Waveguide ......................................... 21
2.6 Expression for Phase Velocity, Group Velocity and Guide Wavelength .................. 35
2.7 Advantages of Having only the Dominant (TE10) Mode ........................................ 38
2.8 Waveguide as High Pass Filter ............................................................................. 38
2.9 Power Transmission in Rectangular Waveguide .................................................... 58
2.10 Power Losses in Rectangular Waveguide .............................................................. 61
2.11 Field Patterns for Rectangular Waveguide ............................................................ 71

(vii)
(viii)

2.12 Excitation of Modes in Rectangular Waveguide .................................................... 74

2.13 Comparison between Waveguide and Two-wire Transmission Line ....................... 78
2.14 Circular Waveguide .............................................................................................. 79
2.15 Why TEM Mode is not Possible in Waveguide? ................................................... 91
2.16 Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of Circular Waveguides .................... 91
2.17 Field Pattern for Circular Waveguide ................................................................... 92
2.18 Methods of Excitation of Modes in Circular Waveguide ........................................ 94
2.19 Elliptical Waveguide ........................................................................................... 104
2.20 Materials for Waveguide .................................................................................... 105
2.21 Advantages of Waveguide .................................................................................. 105
2.22 Disadvantages of Waveguide .............................................................................. 106
2.23 Planar Transmission Lines ................................................................................. 107
2.24 Microstrip Line .................................................................................................. 110
2.25 Parallel Strip Lines ............................................................................................ 126
Keywords .......................................................................................................... 132
Review Questions ............................................................................................. 133
Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 136

CHATER 3 MICROWAVE COMPONENTS 139–215

3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 140
3.2 S-Matrix Representation of Network .................................................................. 140
3.3 Advantages of S-Matrix ..................................................................................... 147
3.4 Waveguide Tees ................................................................................................ 147
3.5 Waveguide Bends, Corners and Twists ............................................................... 155
3.6 Hybrid Tee (Magic Tee) ..................................................................................... 157
3.7 Rat-race Junction (Magic Ring) .......................................................................... 162
3.8 Directional Coupler ........................................................................................... 164
3.9 Isolators and Circulators .................................................................................... 179
3.10 Circulator .......................................................................................................... 182
3.11 Impedance Matching Devices ............................................................................. 188
3.12 Microwave Attenuators ...................................................................................... 192
3.13 Phase Shifters ................................................................................................... 196
3.14 Matched Loads .................................................................................................. 198
3.15 Waveguide Coupling .......................................................................................... 200
3.16 Waveguide Transitions ....................................................................................... 204
3.17 Waveguide Discontinuities .................................................................................. 205
3.18 Slotted Line Carriage ........................................................................................ 207
3.19 VSWR Meter .................................................................................................... 208
3.20 Wave Meter ...................................................................................................... 209
 (ix)

3.21 Summary of Transmission Line Components ..................................................... 211

Keywords .......................................................................................................... 212
Review Questions ............................................................................................. 213
Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 214

CHAPTER 4 CAVITY RESONATORS 216–239

4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 216
4.2 Cavity Resonator ............................................................................................... 217
4.3 Mode of Cavity Resonators ............................................................................... 218
4.4 Rectangular Cavity Resonator ............................................................................ 220
4.5 Circular Cavity Resonator .................................................................................. 229
4.6 Re-entrant Cavities ............................................................................................ 230
4.7 Tuning of Cavity Resonator ............................................................................... 235
4.8 Applications of Cavity Resonator ....................................................................... 236
Keywords .......................................................................................................... 237
Review Questions ............................................................................................. 237
Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 238

CHAPTER 5 MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS 240–293

5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 240
5.2 Low Frequency vs Microwave Measurement ....................................................... 241
5.3 Microwave Test Bench-General Measurement Set-up .......................................... 242
5.4 High Frequency Limitation of Ordinary Diode and Bipolar Transistors ................ 248
5.5 Microwave Power Measurement ......................................................................... 249
5.6 Measurement of Impedance ............................................................................... 257
5.7 Network Analyser .............................................................................................. 262
5.8 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Measurement ....................................................... 263
5.9 Microwave Frequency or Wavelength Measurement ............................................ 270
5.10 Measurement of Attenuation .............................................................................. 272
5.11 Measurement of Radiation Pattern of Antenna .................................................. 273
5.12 Detection of Microwave Signals ......................................................................... 281
5.13 Microwave Communication Link ........................................................................ 284
Keywords .......................................................................................................... 288
Review Questions ............................................................................................. 289
Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 290
(x)

CHAPTER 6 MICROWAVE TUBES 294–400

6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 295
6.2 Limitations of Conventional Tubes at High Frequencies ...................................... 296
6.3 Klystron ............................................................................................................ 301
6.4 Two Cavity Klystron Amplifier ........................................................................... 302
6.5 Mathematical Analysis of Two Cavity Klystron ................................................... 304
6.6 Multicavity Klystron Amplifier ............................................................................ 329
6.7 Reflex Klystron .................................................................................................. 331
6.8 Travelling Wave Tube ........................................................................................ 352
6.9 Helix Travelling Wave Tube ............................................................................... 352
6.10 Several Slow Wave Structures ........................................................................... 356
6.11 Purpose of Attenuator ....................................................................................... 357
6.12 Small Signal Analysis of TWT ........................................................................... 357
6.13 Gain of TWTA .................................................................................................. 366
6.14 Efficiency Improvement of TWT ........................................................................ 373
6.15 Comparison between TWT Amplifier and Klystron Amplifier .............................. 374
6.16 Advantage of TWT Amplifier Over Klystron Amplifier ....................................... 375
6.17 Performance of TWTA ...................................................................................... 375
6.18 Introduction to Magnetron ................................................................................. 376
6.19 Magnetron ........................................................................................................ 376
6.20 Advantages of Cavity (Travelling Wave) Magnetron ............................................. 377
6.21 Cavity or Travelling Wave Magnetron ................................................................ 378
6.22 Mathematical Analysis of Cavity Magnetron ....................................................... 382
6.23 Mode Jumping and Mode Separation ................................................................ 385
6.24 Frequency Pushing and Pulling .......................................................................... 387
6.25 Cavity Magnetron Angular Frequency ................................................................ 387
6.26 Backward Cross Field Oscillator (BWO) .............................................................. 391
6.27 Forward Wave Crossed Field Amplifier (FWCFA or CFA) ................................... 393
6.28 Comparison of Various Microwave Tubes ........................................................... 395
Keywords .......................................................................................................... 396
Review Questions ............................................................................................. 396
Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 398

CHAPTER 7 MICROWAVE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE 401–479

7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 402
7.2 Pin Diode ......................................................................................................... 402
7.3 Varactor Diode .................................................................................................. 414
7.4 Tunnel Diode (Esaki Diode) ............................................................................... 418
 (xi)

7.5 Transferred Electron Devices (Gunn Diode) ........................................................ 432

7.6 Avalanche Transit Time Devices ........................................................................ 448
7.7 IMPATT Diode .................................................................................................. 448
7.8 TRAPATT Diode ............................................................................................... 456
7.9 Functions of Semiconductor Devices .................................................................. 460
7.10 Microwave Transistors ....................................................................................... 460
7.11 Advantages of Unipolar Transistor Over Bipolar Transistor ................................. 461
7.12 GaAs vs Si ....................................................................................................... 461
7.13 Microwave Bipolar Transistor (BJT) .................................................................... 461
7.14 Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) ............................................................... 464
7.15 Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MESFET) ....................................... 466
7.16 Applications and Advantages of Various Solid State Devices .............................. 468
7.17 Performance Characteristics of Microwave Transistors ........................................ 469
7.18 MASER ............................................................................................................. 469
7.19 Parametric Amplifier ......................................................................................... 473
Keywords .......................................................................................................... 474
Review Questions ............................................................................................. 474
Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 476

CHAPTER 8 PRINCIPLES OF RADAR 480–532

8.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 481
8.2 Basic Radar Concepts ....................................................................................... 481
8.3 Basic Radar System .......................................................................................... 482
8.4 Signal Routing in Radar .................................................................................... 484
8.5 Information Available from Radar System .......................................................... 484
8.6 Radar Frequencies ............................................................................................. 485
8.7 Advantages and Limitations of Radar ................................................................. 488
8.8 Radar Block Diagram ........................................................................................ 488
8.9 Radar Range Equation ....................................................................................... 489
8.10 Factors Affecting Radar Performance/Prediction of Radar Performance ............. 494
8.11 Range Ambiguity ............................................................................................... 500
8.12 False Alarm ...................................................................................................... 501
8.13 Doppler Effect ................................................................................................... 502
8.14 Classification of Radar ....................................................................................... 506
8.15 Common Parameters of Radar Pulse ................................................................. 507
8.16 Pulse and CW Radar ......................................................................................... 509
8.17 Simple Continuous Wave (CW) Radar ................................................................ 510
8.18 Frequency Modulated CW Radar ....................................................................... 512
8.19 Moving Target Indicator (MTI) Radar ................................................................. 515
(xii)

8.20 Blind Speed in MTI Radar ................................................................................ 518

8.21 Pulsed Doppler Radar ....................................................................................... 521
8.22 Limitations of MTI and Pulsed Doppler Radar ................................................... 525
8.23 Comparison between MTI and Pulsed Doppler Radar ........................................ 525
8.24 Applications Radar ............................................................................................ 526
8.25 Different Types of Radar ................................................................................... 528
Keywords .......................................................................................................... 529
Review Questions ............................................................................................. 530
Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 530

CHAPTER 9 RADAR TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS 533–580

9.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 534
9.2 Radar Transmitter ............................................................................................. 534
9.3 Division of Radar Transmitters ........................................................................... 535
9.4 Radar RF Sources ............................................................................................. 536
9.5 Vacuum Tube Transmitter .................................................................................. 537
9.6 Solid State Transmitter ...................................................................................... 537
9.7 Vacuum Tube vs Solid State Transmitter ............................................................ 538
9.8 Radar Receiver .................................................................................................. 540
9.9 Front End Amplifier .......................................................................................... 541
9.10 Modulators ........................................................................................................ 543
9.11 Mixer ................................................................................................................ 548
9.12 Duplexer ........................................................................................................... 550
9.13 Receiver Protector ............................................................................................. 554
9.14 Receiver Noise .................................................................................................. 554
9.15 Radar Antenna .................................................................................................. 557
9.16 Feed Systems for Paraboloid Reflector ............................................................... 560
9.17 Radar Display ................................................................................................... 564
9.18 Types of Radar Display ..................................................................................... 565
9.19 Radar Clutter .................................................................................................... 568
9.20 Types of Radar Clutter ...................................................................................... 570
9.21 Radar Equations for Surface Clutter ................................................................... 570
9.22 Sea Clutter ....................................................................................................... 572
9.23 Clutter Reduction .............................................................................................. 574
9.24 Land Clutter ...................................................................................................... 575
9.25 Radome ............................................................................................................ 575
Keywords .......................................................................................................... 576
Review Questions ............................................................................................. 577
Objective Type Questions ................................................................................. 578

Microwave Engineering Lab ........................................................ 581– 617

 Preface

M
icrowave Engineering has been used extensively since World War II when the sources
were based on vacuum tubes. Microwaves are playing a vital role in communication
engineering such as radar system, satellite communication, TV broadcasting and mobile
communication, and have wide coverage in defense, medical, domestic and industrial applications.
A through knowledge of microwave engineering and its application is very necessary for B.Tech.
students pursuing course in Electronics and Communication Engineering.
This book is intended for all students for B.Tech., sixth semester of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, studying in different colleges affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Technical
University Lucknow, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak and other Indian Universities. It can
also be used as a reference tool for engineers and managers working in the various areas that
contribute to development, procurement, manufacture and applications of Microwave and Radar
Engineering.
The contents of the book is divided into nine chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the subject with
its background, advantages, and applications. Chapter 2 explains the various microwave transmission
line such as rectangular waveguide, circular waveguide, and planar transmission line. Chapter 3
deals with various microwave components like E-plane tee, H-plane tee, magic tee, directional
coupler, isolator and circulator. Chapter 4 is concentrated on explanation of various resonating
structures at microwave frequencies. Chapter 5 describes the measurement of various quantities
like wavelength, VSWR, impedance, attenuation, power, and radiation pattern at the microwave
frequencies. Chapter 6 discusses the basic microwave tubes like klystron, travelling wave tube,
magnetron, and BWO. These tubes are used in amplification and generation of microwave signals.
Chapter 7 deals with the microwave semiconductor devices like PIN diode, tunnel diode, varactor
diode, Gunn diode, IMPATT, and TRAPATT. Chapter 8 gives the basic principle, block diagram,
radar range equation, and types of radar. Chapter 9 explains the various components of radar
transmitter and receiver including radar antennas, display, and radar clutter. In addition, this book
also contains the laboratory manuals for Microwave lab, this will give clear ideas of conducting
experiments in the laboratory.
Students will find it easy, well-organized, lucid and self-explanatory. Each chapter contains a
large number of bottom box and comments, after each topic, which helps the students to understand
the basic concept. At the end of each chapter keywords, objective type questions, and previous
years UPTU/MDU exam based question has been given for self assessment.
Any suggestion for the improvement of the book would be cordially and thankfully accepted
with due regards.

—Author

(xiii)
 Acknowledgement

I
sincerely thanks the management of St. Margaret Engg. College, Neemrana for the constant
encouragement and for providing the necessary facilities for completion of this book. I wish to
express my unlimited gratitude and thanks to Mr. Naveen Goswami (Managing Director, SMEC
Neemrana), Dr. Vivek Anand (Principal, SMEC Neemrana) and Prof. H.S. Yadav (Dean, SMEC
Neemrana) for their kind co-operation, consistence encouragement and support.
I would like to extend my thanks to Mr. K.M. Rai (Asst. Prof., SMEC Neemrana), Mr. F.B.
Sharma (Asst. Prof., GMEC, Ajmer), Mr. Hawa Singh (Asst. Prof., SMEC Neemrana), Mr. Manoj
Pandey (Asst. Prof., Amity University, Gurgaon), Mr. P.K. Nathaney (Asst. Prof., SMEC Neemrana),
Mr. Rahul Tayagi (Asst. Prof., SMEC Neemrana), Mr. Imran Ali (Asst. Prof., SMEC Neemrana),
Mr. Shashank Kumar (Asst. Prof., SMEC Neemrana) and all respected person who have directly
and indirectly helped me in my earnest efforts to accomplish this book.
Last but not the least, I would like to thanks my wife Mrs. Jaya Chauhan, who extended to
me generously all help, support and active assistance while writing this book.

—Author

(xiv)
 Syllabus

Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow

EEC 603: Microwave Engineering

Unit Topics

1 Rectangular Waveguide: Field Components, TE, TM Modes, Dominant TE10

mode, Field Distribution, Power, Attenuation, Circular Waveguides: TE, TM modes.
Wave Velocities. Micro strip Transmission line (TL), Coupled TL, Strip TL, Coupled
Strip Line, Coplanar TL, Microwave Cavities.

2 Scattering Matrix, Passive Microwave Devices: Microwave Hybrid Circuits. ,

Terminations, Attenuators, Phase Shifters, Directional Couplers: Two Hole directional
couplers, S Matrix of a Directional coupler, Hybrid Couplers, Microwave Propagation
in ferrites, Faraday Rotation, Isolators, circulators. S parameter analysis of all
components.

3 Microwave Tubes: Limitation of Conventional Active Devices at Microwave

frequency, Two Cavity Klystron, Reflex Klystron. Magnetron, Travelling Wave Tube,
Backward.
Wave Oscillators: Their Schematic, Principle of operation, Performance
Characteristic and their applications.

4 Solid State Amplifiers and Oscillators: Microwave Bipolar Transistor, Microwave

tunnel diode, Microwave Field-effect Transistor, Transferred electron devices,
Avalanche.
Transit—Time Devices: IMPATT Diode, TRAPPAT Diode.

5 Microwave Measurements: General set-up of a microwave test bench, Slotted

line carriage, VSWR Meter, microwave power measurements techniques, Crystal
Detector, frequency measurement, wavelength measurements, Impedance and
Reflection coefficient, VSWR, Insertion and attenuation loss measurements,
measurement of antenna characteristics, microwave link design.

(xv)
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