1

Integral solution
Next step : To determining the numerical coefficients of equations
τ , h
h , τ : L
−1
2
meaning the more intense near the leading edge.
In the scale a nalysis, there i no distinction between local & average
values of h &  .
1 L 1 L
 0 − L =   .dx , h0 − L =  h.dx
τ
L 0 L 0

Integral solution developed by Pohlhausen & Von Karman in germany.

We don't need the complete solution of u,T , but only the gradient
( u ,T )
near the wall ( y = 0 ) .
y
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑇
𝜏 = 𝜇 )𝑦=0 𝑈∞ 𝐾(𝜕𝑦 )𝑦=0
𝜕𝑦 𝜏≈ 𝜇 ℎ=
𝛿 𝑇0 − 𝑇∞
In this method, we take integral in Y direction to change the equation from partial to
ordinary differential equation in X direction.
2
 Integral solution
There are two methods for derivation of integral formula, 1- taking integral from governing eq
2- taking one-dimensional control volume. We use first method

We can write momentum & energy Eqs. In other forms to be integrated easily. If we multiply
continuity equation by u and add to the momentum, we reach this eq.

1 ) Re write the equations as :

If we multiply
 2  −1 dp  2u
 x ( u ) + y ( uv ) =  dx +υy 2 continuity by T and
 add to energy eq.,

  ( uT ) +  ( vT ) = α  T we reach this eq.
2

 x y y 2
❖Integrating from y=0 to y=Y :

Integral method
Control volume method

Y dm
δ or δT
Path of
integration
M M+dm

dx 3
 Integral solution
Now we can integrate for momentum & energy eqs. From y=0 to y ~δ
uY = u , TY = T , v0 = 0 Boundary condition at y ~δ
=0
d Y 2 =0 −1 dP  u   u  Momentum Eq.
u .dy + ( uv )Y − ( uv )0
dx 0
= Y  +  − 
 dx  y Y 
 y 0
=0
d Y =0  T   T 
 uT .dy + ( uT
vT ) − ( vT
uT )0 =   −  
Energy Eq.
 y Y  y 0
Y
dx 0

u v  Y  Y
+ = 0   u .dy + vY − v0 = 0  vY = −  u .dy Continuity eq.
x y x 0 x 0

In Momentum & energy eq. v is unknown, we got an equation from continuity

Rearranging :
d Y 1 dP  u  du
(  )
Y

dx 0
u u − u dy = Y +   +
 dx  y 0 dx 
0
u .dy

d Y  T  dT
( )
Y

dx 0 
u T − T dy =   + u .dy
 y 0 dx 0

For flow over flat plate, du ∞/dx=dP∞/dx=dT∞/dx =0 4

 Integral solution
➢Derivation of integral equation using control volume method is in
the Holman heat transfer book.
For flow over flat plate, du∞/dx=dP∞/dx=dT∞/dx =0 in the integral equations.
In order to solve integral equation, we should estimate velocity u(y).
It is better to use non-dimensional form of y call it n=y/δ. So, dy=δ dn
Also, use general non-dimensional form of velocity as u/u∞=m(n)

non-dimensional form of y
y
n=

u = U  .m ( n ) ; 0  n  1 (0  y   ) Velocity in B.L.

u = U  ; 1 n (  y ) Velocity out of B.L.

d u  u   (U  .m ( n ) )  Replacing in term of new parameter

U 2   1 −
dx U   U  
 .dn = 
 ( n ) 

n =0

d   dm 
m ( 1 − m ) dn =
1

dx 
0  
U   dn n =0

Integrating relative to X :
2
2 ( 0
1
)
m ( 1 − m ) dn =
 x  dm 
 
U   dn n =0 5
 Integral solution
 dm    dm  
2   
1  
2 Divide both side in x 2/x2
2   dn  n =0   dn  
= = n = 0

x 2 U  x 1 m ( 1 − m ) dn Rex  1 m ( 1 − m ) dn 
0  0 
 
1
a1 is constant, depend on m(n)
  dm   2

 2   
 dn  
 a1 =  1  −1
n = 0
 = a1 Rex 2 Boundary layer thickness
 m ( 1 − m ) dn 
 0
x

 

Now, we can calculate shear stress coefficient:

We derived based on
general form of velocity
m(n)

6
 Integral solution
Skin friction coeffiecient or Shear stress
1
τ   dm   2
( )
1
 
−1
c fx = = a2 Rex 2
, While : a2 =  2  . m 1 − m dn 
1
U 2   dn n =0 0 
2

 If m ( n ) = n , then This is linear velocity function

−1/2
u y y a = 3.46 𝛿=3.46𝑅𝑒𝑥
 =n=  u= U  1 −1/2
U   a2 = 0.577 𝐶𝑓𝑥=0.577𝑅𝑒𝑥

This is cubic velocity function

 If m ( n ) =
n
2
( 3 − n 2 ) , then
−1/2
u y  y2  y  y2  a1 = 4.64 𝛿=4.64𝑅𝑒𝑥
 = 3 − 2   u=  3 − 2 U   −1/2
2 
U  2δ δ  2
2δ  δ   2
a = 0.646 𝐶𝑓𝑥 =0.646𝑅𝑒𝑥
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Integral solution for energy
To obtain (h) we need both velocity u and temperature T to guess in energy equation.
Here use non-dimensional form, in term of thermal boundary thickness p=y/δT
=0

y
p= non-dimensional form of y
T
 T0 − T Temperature in B.L.
Non-dimensional  T − T = m ( p ) ; 0  p 1 (0  y  T )
 0 
Form of T T = T Temperature out of B.L.
  ; 1 p ( T  y )

T
 Assume =  ( Pr ) :

Recall:  = a1 .x.Rex 2 ,
−1

u  y  p  Velocity profile
= m ( n) = m   = m  T  = m ( ) In term of new variable
p .
U    δ 

For integration, there are two cases: 1- High Pr, δT < δ 2- low Pr, δT > δ
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Integral solution for energy
Case 1- High Pr, δT < δ

Substituting u & T in term of general form, we reach to following eq:

d 1  T0 − T − (T0 − T )  −  ( m ( p ) ) 
U   m ( p )   T .dp = 
dx 0  T 0 − T   T  p  y = p =0

As seen in Fig. u or m(n) is changing in all domain of δT so it is not required to split

integral

d  dm 
( ) ( ( ) )
1
U T
dx 0 m  . p 1 − m p dp = 
α  
 dp  p =0
Integrating relative to X :
 T2  dm 
( ) ( ( ) )
1

2 0
U m  . p 1 − m p dp =  .x .  
 dp  p =0
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Integral solution for energy
 Recall  T =  . = a1 .x.Rex 2∆
−1

( )
−1 2
U∞ a1 .x.Rex ∆  dm 
2

( ) ( ( ) )
1

2 x 0 m  . p 1 − m p dp =  
 dp  p =0
a12 . 2  dm 
( ) ( ( ) )  dp 
1

 0
 m  . p 1 − m p dp =
2   p =0

a12 . 2  dm 
( ) ( ( ) )  dp 
1

1 0 m  . p 1 − m p dp =
  p =0
2
Pr
 dm 
 Pr ( a1 . ) ( ) ( ( ) )
1
0  − =
2
m . p 1 m p dp 2  
 dp  p =0
 dm 
2 
 dp  p =0
 Pr =
( a1 . )  m ( . p ) (1 − m ( p ) ) dp
2 1

It was better to sort based on ∆ or δT

Anyway, by solving this eq. we obtain ∆ or δT in term of Pr
10
 Integral solution for energy
Example: assuming m(n) and m(p) we can calculate Δ or δT

𝑦 𝑃𝛿𝑇
𝑚 𝑛 = 𝑚 𝑝∆ = 𝑛 = = = 𝑝∆ If assume linear profile for velocity
𝛿 𝛿
y
 Assuming : m ( p ) = p = If assume linear profile for temperature
T

( )
−1
 Pr = ( a1 . )   p (1 − p ) dp
2 1
After integration we have: 0

T −1
 = = Pr 3


T =  Pr
−1
 3

 If m ( p ) = ( 3 − p 2 ) , then
p For quadratic profile for temperature
2
T −1
 = = 0.977 Pr 3


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 Integral solution for energy
Now we can calculate h, if assuming quadratic profile:

𝜕𝑇 3 K𝑓 K𝑓.Pr 31
3
K𝑓.Pr 3
1
3
𝐾𝑓(𝜕𝑦 )𝑦=0
h=  h= =
ℎ= 2 0.977 ( 0.977 )  4.64 x Rex 2 2
−1
2
𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ T

K𝑓 13
 h= 0.323
1
0.331 Pr .Rex 2
x
hx
 Nu= = 0.323
1 1
0.331 Pr 3 .Re x 2
K

coefficient

Results by integral method is close to scale up method, but in integral method

the coefficient is obtained. In the scale up we did not have this coefficient.

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 Integral solution for energy
Case 2- Low Pr, δT > δ

Integral should be splitted to two parts:

1. From y=0 to y=δ where u is changing

2. From y=δ to y=δT where u=U∞ is constant

Where we have

This term is small, because 1/∆ is very small

We should replace limits of integral in term of new parameters

13
 Integral solution for energy
The results of integration become:
 dm 
2 
 dp  p =0
 Pr =
( a1 . )  0 m ( . p ) (1 − m ( p ) ) dp + 1  (1 − m ( p ) ) dp 

1 1
2 

1 2
Since Δ>>1 , 1/Δ is small & term 2 is dominant & term 1 can be neglected
Assuming linear profile for temperature
−1/2
δ 𝛿=3.46𝑅𝑒𝑥
 If m ( p ) = p , then: = TT = ( 3 Pr ) 2
−1

δ

 δTT = 2 Pr 2 Rex 2
−1 −1

x
K K
h = 
1 1
h= Pr 2 Rex 2
δTT 2x
hx 1 12 12
 Nu x =  Nu x = Pr Rex
K 2

In integral method the coefficient is obtained & parameters is similar to scale up

14
Integral solution for energy

15
Integral solution for energy

16
Integral solution

17
Integral solution

18
Integral solution

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