UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY DWARKA SECTOR 16-C, NEW DELHI wy 7 as RESEARCH PAPER 2016-17 BIOPHILIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE Ankur Gautam 03490701613 Fourth Year , Section A, 2016-17 RESEARCH PAPER GUIDE: Ar. HemlataUNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING: GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY DWARKA SECTOR 16-C, NEW DELHI APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Research Paper Title: BIOPHILIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE ‘The following study is hereby approved as a eredible work on the approved subject, carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite to the degree for which it has been submitted It is to be informed that by this approval the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made , opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein , but approves the study for the purpose of which itis submitted himself as to the requirement laid down by the dissertation committee, ited By : ANKUR GAUTAM AR. HEMLATA. ATH Year, Section A (RESEARCH PAPER GUIDE) Roll Number: 03490701613, Batch : 2016-17 EXTERNAL EXAMINER AR. SUMANT SHARMA (RESEARCH PAPER CO-ORDINATOR)UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY DWARKA SECTOR 16-C, NEW DELHI ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ‘This research paper has been an exceptional experience of learning regarding a subject that has engrossed me for quite a long time. It has been a result of labour, help and support from a large number of people, ‘The success and final outcome of the research required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and Lam extremely fortunate (0 have got this all along the completion of my research paper. Tiake this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide Ar. Hemlata for her ‘exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the vourse of this research paper. ‘The blessing, help and guidance given by her time to time shall carry me a long wa ‘on which Iam about to embark. in the journey of life Tam highly obliged to our coordinator Ar. Sumant Sharma for giving me an opportunity and allowance to research on the topic of my choice and providing all support and guidance, | would also like to express gratitude to my family and friends who discussed and questioned my ideas ‘throughout the study, encouraged me and helped me move further with it(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture CONTENTS Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Need for Study 1 1.2 Aim 1 1.3 Objectives 2 1.4 Methodology 2 1.5 Hypothesis 2 1.6 Scope 3 1.7 Limitations 3 Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2. Theories pertaining to Biophilia 2.2.1 Theories on Psycho- evolutionary & Restorative preferences 5 22.1.1 ART 6 2.2.12 SRT 7 2.2.13 PRA 8 2.2.2 Theories on Nature based and Environmental Preferences 8 2.2.2.1 Savannah Hypothesis 8 2.2.22 Prospect Refuge Theory 9 3 Fractal Theory 9 2.2.2.4 Aesthetic Appeal of Natural Contents 9 2.2.3. Inference and Conclusion 9 2.3 Components as Patterns of Biophilia u 2.3.1 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design u 2.3.1.1 Nature in Space Patterns 13 2.3.1.2 Nature Analogues Patterns 20 2.3.1.3 Nature of Space Patterns 2 2.3.2 Dimensions, Blements & Attributes of Biophilic Design 27 2.3.2.1 Organie/ Naturalistic Approach 28 2.3.2.2 Place Based/ Vernacular Approach 29 2.3.2.3 Observation & Inference 30 23.24 RED 31 2.3.2.5 Inference and Conclusion 31(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture Chapter Three: Devising a New Pattern 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Need 3.3 Recapitulating & Presenting a Unified Pattern 3.3.1 Unifying present Patterns Chapter Four: Live Case Study 4.1 Need 42. Analysis Table 4.3 Limitations 44 Site 1: DTU 4.4.1 Site Introduction 4.4.2 Observations & Analysis 4.4.2.1 Site Design 4.4.2.2 Degree of Exposure & Frequency of Access 4.4.2.3. Analysis Table 4.5 Site 2: MRIU 45.1 Site Introduction 4.5.2 Observations & Analysis 4.5.2.1 Site Design 4.5.2.2 Degree of Exposure & Frequency of Access 4.5.2.3. Analysis Table 4.6 Site 2: Inference & Conclusion Chapter Five: Devising a New Framework 5.1 Generation of Framework 5.1.1 Need for Framework 5.1.2 Procedure for Generation 5.1.2.1 Theories $.1.2.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2.1.2 Connection Strategies 5.1.2.1.3 Values in Biophilic Design 5.1.2.3 Proposed Unifying Patterns 5.1.2.4 Strategies for Biophilic Desi 5.1.2.4.1 Introduction 5.1.2.4.2 Observation & Conclusion RSEESS 47 48 48 49 50(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture 5.1.2.5. Perspective for Planning & Design Process 5.1.2.5.1 Introduction 5.1.2.5.2 Identifying Desired Responses 5.1.2.5.3 Design strategies & Interventions 5.1.2.5.4 Diversity of Design Strategies 5.1.2.5.5 Quality & Quantity of Intervention 5.1.2.5.6 Duration of exposure & access 5.1.2.5.7 Inference 5.1.2.6 Variable in Design Patter Applicability 5.1.2.6.1 Introduction 5.1.2.6.2 Climate, Ecology & Vernacular 5.1.2.6.3 Character & Density 5.12.64 Scale & Feasibility 5.1.2.6.5 Culture & Demographics 5.1.2.6.6 Inference 5.1.2.7 Benefits of Inhabitants 9.1.2.7.1 Introduction 5.1.2.7.2 Inference Design Integration $.1.2.8.1 Introduction 5.1.2.82 Inference Chapter Six: Conclusion 6.1 Conelusion 6.2. Further scope of research. 59 59 59 59) 60 60 61 62 62 62 62 62 63 66 66 69 a 2 3 5(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 : NY Times Building moss and Birch Garden, New York Figure 2 : A fountain & gardens in Calat Alhambra in Granada, Spain, Figure 3 : Dockside Green Community on Vancouver Island Figure 4 : Khoo Tech Puatt Hospital Figure 5 : Robert & Alene Kogod Courtyard, Smithsonian American, ‘Art Museum Figure 6 : Yale centre for British Art, New Haven, Figure 7 : Green roof of CCOKFOX Architects, NY... Figure 8 : Staircase, Hotel Tussle in Bruselles Figure Figure 10: Allen Lambert Galleri and Atrium at Brookfield levator lobby of Bank of America Tower, NY__, Figure 11: Salk Institute, Louis Kahn, nite Figure 12: Alcoves of Handerson Bridge, Singapore. Figure 13: Park in Brooklyn, NY Figure 14: Levitated mass at Los Angeles Country Museum of Art, Figure 15: Jubille Campus, University of Nottingham, Figure 16: Kent Bloomer Figure 17: Harkness Tower, Yale University. Figure 18: Genzyme Building, Cambridge Figure 19: Bastille Viaduct Figure 20: Falling Waters, America Figure 21: Reichstag Dome Hg 3 Baan Frans gonencarsnexeneceaneencce Figure 23: Sydney Opera house Figure 24: Bahai Temple Figure 25: Gardens By the Bay, Singapore Figure 26: Site Model of DTU(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture Figure 27: Site plan of DTU Figure 28: Orientation of built form Figure 29: Self shaded courtyards of DTU Figure 30: Seasonal varying landscape of DTU, Figure 31: Angular shading de’ s DTU. Figure 32: Dense vegetation DTU Figure 33: Wind direction plan DTU. Figure 34: Section of site DTU Figure 35: Central entrance of MRIU,__ Figure 36: Site Plan of MRIU. Figure 37: Orientation of built form MRIU, Figure 38: Fagade shading DTU. Figure 39: Shaded courtyards DTU Figure 40: Dense and Seasonal varying landscape MRIU, Figure 41: Wind direction plan MRIU._ Figure 42: Site Section MRTU. Figure 43: Direct contact. Figure 44: Indirect contact Figure 45: Symbolic contact(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 : Biophilic Design Patterns and their Health Impacts (Browning et al, 2014.12 TABLE 2 ; VISUAL CONTACT. 1B TABLE 4: NON RHYTHMIC SENSORY STIMULL 4 TAMLS NON VISDBLCONTIET occa ccscuneneccesernersnerannnnnnena ened TABLE 5: THERMAL & AIRFLOW VARIABILITY, 16 ‘TABLE 6: PRESENCE OF WATER a TABLE 7: DYNAMIC & DIFFUSED LIGHT. 18 TABLE 8: CONNECTION WITH NATURAL SYSTEMS 0s! TABLE 9: BIOMORPHIC FORMS & PATTERNS eee 20 TABLE 10: MATERIAL CONNECTIONS WITH NATURE. 21 TABLE 1: COMPLEXITY & ORDER 0 cnssoensnersnnnnnnnennnen 22 ABLE 12: PROSPECT so. cceescunenar neem enraiensnirmnnaanstmestesnensa TABLE 13: REFUGE, 4 TABLE 14: MYSTERY evnntnnnetnnnniarenenenrnnes®S TABLE 15: RISK / PERIL 27 ‘TABLE 16: DIMENSIONS, ELEMENTS & ATRIBUTES OF BIOPHILIA 33 ‘TABLE 17 :2014 Terrapin Bright Green/ 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design, M4 TABLE 18: DIMENSIONS, ELEMENTS & ATRIBUTES OF BIOPHILIA 35 TABLE 19: BIOMIMICRY 36 TABLE 20: CURIOUSITY 37 TABLE 21: CHANGE & METAMORPHOSIS. 38 TABLE 22 : SECURITY & PROTECTION eB TABLE 23: ;ATTACHMENT. 38 ‘TABLE 24: ATTRACTION & BEAUTY entree ‘TABLE 25: EXPLORATION & DISCOVERY. a) TABLE 26: FEAR & AWE, 40 ‘TABLE 27: REVERENCE & SPIRITUALITY... 40jophilic Design and Architecture Privacy(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture Chapter One | Introduction “The relationship between humankind and nature can be one of respect and love rather than domination...The outcome...can be rich, satisfying, and lastingly successful, but only if both partners are modified by their association so as to become better adapted to each other...With our knowledge and sense of responsibility...we can create new environments that are ecologically sound, aesthetically satisfying, economically rewarding...This process of reciprocal adaptation oceurs...through minor changes in the people and their environment, but a more conscious process of design can also take place.” 1.1 Need for study Planet Earth sustains because of the Yin & Yang that is the mankind and nature. Both of them acts as counterparts, maintaining an equilibrium. We are indeed a miniscule fraction of the planet, recently thrived on. Surrounded by billions of years of researcher-Mother Nature, humans themselves can never be detached from nature as they are said to be made of its 5 Elements: the the Mother Nature who engulfs us and makes us a part of their never ending ecological processes. Our ancestors have evolved being present in such surroundings, that they have deep reverence and affinity towards, Nature, as at that time they were surrounded by nafure’s stimulus provided various benefits to the mankind and evolved a mechanised behaviour to positively respond to nature, This conceptualization, termed as Biophilia, is in great demand at present due to the current urbanization, greatly affecting our surroundings and taking us away from nature's benefits in one way or the other, This change, according to the society, ean be bought through application of Biophilia in various aspects of construction of spaces, like Architecture, Interior Designing, etc. Architecture is one such field which has an infinite power to dictate the character and stimuli generation of a space, If bought into Architecture, Biophilic Design can act as bridging the gap between human nature connections and establishing an equilibrium. For this, a framework needs to be generated that would Iead to adoption of Biophilic literature, practically, to various aspects of the designing and planning procs The term Biophila, coined from two words ‘Bio: nature’ & ‘Philia: love or affinity’ articulates relationship between nature, science and built environment so that we may experience it's benefits. Biophilic Design is a reflection of human- nature relationship architecturally mend into the built and landscape spaces. The Biophilic concept revolves around a belief that humans hold a biological need for connecting with nature on physical, mental and social levels and their connections affects our personal well being, productivity and societal relationships. 1[Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture 1.2 Aim Generation of a framework that would bridge the gap between Biophilia and Architecture 1.3 Objectives o introduce Biophilia as a concept, To investigate and infer from the present literature related to Biophilia, ‘To devise a new framework that would bridge the gap between Architecture and Biophilia itself. To test the feasibility, design considerations and success of biophilic patterns, present on a live architectural site, through case studies, 1.4. Methodology ‘The process of research of the paper is as follows: To study and explore various theories pertaining to biophilic design. Study Biophilia through its theories and providing a unified base to their application. To study and explore various patterns, elements and attributes and strategies related to Biophilia. To generate a unified pattern, taking inferenc present around, Introduction of various subheads of framework, their function and importance in the framework, Generation of a new framework which can be applied by designers to their processes to generate Biophilic spaces To present an inference table, that considers practical, traceable and quantified subheads from the framework, useful for case studies. ‘Tovuse the table in studying a biophilie space or a space having biophilie elements, to test the generality and success of the Biophilie patterns ‘To conchude with the limitations and further scope of research in this domain. and contributions from the literature LS. Hypothesis Biophilic Design patterns can be applied in Architectural spaces, restoring human- nature connections. 21Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture Research Question ‘The main question addressed is: How to bridge the gap between Architecture and Biophilic design for application in design process? In order to answer the main research question, the following sub ~questions are required to be addressed: What defines Biophilic design? What are the present theories related to Biophilia? What are the present patterns and dimensions related to this field? Which other factors can be incorporated in the framework for bridging the gap? What are the success rates of the proposed patterns on different zones of applicability? 1.6 Scope Biophitic Design has a wide scope of applicability in various domains of Architectural spaces like residential, commercial, offices, healthcare and institutional building uses, also having varied health benefits related to varying problems of each domain. The scope of the current research is limited to the applicability on an institutional setup, where the Biophilic design elements will be tested ona live site to access the generality of the present biophilic elements. 1.7. Limitations ‘The limitations of the research are as follows: + Existing scientific knowledge still, doesn’t tie particular strategies to specific health, benefits, since that relationship is still unclear. ‘© Boundaries between strategies are also blurred, and will many times rely on the judgement to access the value of strategy. A detailed survey, to know the occupants response and level of wellbeing affected due 10 ‘various variables, can't be carried out die to the time constraints, 3[PageLITERATURE REVIEW © BIOPHILIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture Chapter Two | Literature Review “Lean think of no more important way to apply the naturalistic approach to human behaviour than in the design of the places in which we live and work, The evidence is overwhelming that, given a choice, people want to bring the beauty and harmony of nature within site. When possible, they like to blend these qualities into details of their daily existence, because in so doing, they add their own sense of worth and security” (E.. Wilson) 2.1 Introduction There have been various attempts by the researchers to describe the Biophilic Design hypothesis of various aspects of the human- nature connections and it’s relation with architecture. Various theories and patterns have been proposed to explain the hypothesis, This section assists to examine and infer most relevant Biophilic Design Theories and Components as patterns through a common platform, accessible to the designers: ‘Theories, + Attention Restoration Theory (ART) * Stress Reduction Theory (SRT) * Perceptual Fluency Account (PFA) + Favourable and unfavourable settings to mental health * Savannah Hypothesis * Naturalness and Stress Reduction Aesthetic Appeal of Nature * Fractal Theory * Prospect and Refuse Theory Patterns: #14 Patterns of Biophilic Design * Dimensions, Elements, Attributes of Biophilie Design © Restorative Environment Design (RED) 4|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture 2.2 Theories pertaining to Biophilia We, as humans have evolved our behaviour mechanism and problem solving tactics mimicking nature, taking lessons from them and in return through our actions and generated stimuli, have shaped our natural environments. It is the presence of natural environment around us which is instrumental in generation of our evolutionary mechanism and ways of getting through the challenges surrounding us. These theories are based on the Biophilic Hypothesis that humans have affiliation and attraction towards nature and natural elements further leading to wellbeing of person as a whole. The theories, relating to this literature, have been broadly divided to two classifications instrumental in affecting the Human- Nature Relationship: © Theories on Psycho- Evolutionary and Restorative Preferences * Nature- Based and Environmental Preferences Nature based ond Environmental preferences Both the preferences are inter-related, providing a common platform for analysis. 2.2.1 Theories on Psycho- Evolutionary and Restorative Preferences ‘Theories on Psycho-Evolutionary and Restorative preferences have certain links with the Nature- Based and Environmental Preferences. To justify this, the present theories refer to the challenges faced by humans, during evolution and the evolutionary environment which shaped their adaptation mechanism, Humans, at present, have to undergo constant levels of stress and reduced mental and physical ‘wellbeing as an aspect of evolutionary challenges. This is mainly due to their evolving lifestyles and the environment surrounding them. The conceptualization of the Human-Nature Connection proves instrumental in enhancing physiological, psychological wellbeing and stress reduction in present context. This stimulus can be related back to our ancestors, who also possessed similar stimuli towards Human Nature Connection, in a particular environmental surrounding, facing different evolutionary challenges, as of now. ‘These evidences concretizes the role of Human- Nature Relationship and provides a framework for generation of a positive and restorative response tawards the evolutionary challenges. S|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture Based on these statements, Theories which can be classified under this domain are: Attention Restoration Theory (ART) # Stress Reduction Theory (SRT) © Perceptual Fluency Account (PFA) 2.2.1.1 Attention Restoration Theory (ART) Attention restoration theory is an example of a Restorative Theory synthesized From the Biophilic Hypothesis presented by Dr. Stephen Kaplan, a psychologist, In 1977. According to the hypothesis, human's response to nature- generated stimuli, through involuntary actions, supported by involuntary attention. This, reduces the stress and energy wastage due to cognitive thinking in case of a C4 challenging environment, which deviates a person’s attention. J ‘Thus, this theory, developed by Stephen and Rachael Kaplan (Kaplan and Kaplan, 1989: Kalpan, 1995), explains the restorative quality of nature which restores one’s attention from prolonged tasks that are mentally fatiguing. From present literature, it is evident that nature, particularly natural elements provides a restorative effect on a person, evident from the ancestral records of nature having a restorative effect, Attention Restoration Theory proposes four elements that promote Cognitive Restoration: + Fascination + Being away Extent © Compatibility Fascination Fascination refers to the component of ART which is an involuntary action generated due to nature's beanty, accessed in various dimensions, leaving no room for stress on brain, for cognitive attention to soft and hard fascination Hard Fascination: emphasizes on a particular natural element or natural selting, leaving no room for distraction, Soft Fascination : emphasizes on a variety of natural elements, arranged in a Particular pattern, as to engage the person, through a defined path, generating the stimuli for exploration and generation of excitement. Being Away ‘The compunent; emphasizes, on ihe attibuve: of ‘being: physically and < e >» psychologically away from a Biophilic element and the restoration quality it generates. It can be through being physically away from the element and reconciling or remembering it, with eyes closed, reducing, mental fatigue and energy wastage on cognition of brain functioning. 6|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture “This diverts the mind from stresses of work and takes it on natural elements, which doesn’t stresses brain, providing relaxation and restoring brain and neuromuscular system, restoring a person’s attention” (Tatiana Abaurre Alencar,2010: biophilic design framework: Structuring the relationship between exposure to nature and health benefits p.64) Extent It emphasizes on the extent of natural surroundings those are efficient to engage person through continuous series of attention generating elements, further generating fascination, If the extent is at a micro level, say potted plants, the attention restoration would be minimal, in comparison to field of flowers or forest, providing ample extent Compatibility Compatibility component emphasizes that the natural environment and elements provided and the human inclination towards it must be compatible and complementary. That is, the human inclination shall be fulfilled without much struggle or effort. Thus, the experiences those takes place within this component ought to have a high degree of compatibility 2.2.1.2 Stress Reduction Theory (SRT) ‘The stress recovery theory devised by Roger Ulrich in 1983, in his article “Aesthetic and affective response to natural environments”, concerns recovery from psychological stresses. According to this theory, stress is described as a process of generation of human stimuli in response of events, environmental features or situations that are considered as a threat to persons well being. This further generates negative emotions, Based on work of Zojone(1980), Roger Ulrich argues initial response of a person towards an unfamiliar or unknown environment is one of a dislike or disinterest, until specifie environmental features are addressed like: Presence of vegetation: complexity: symmetries: textures: views : vistas and absence of elements, leading to generation of threat. ‘These features are said to reduce negative emotions and disliking and arouses attachment or attraction, providing a restorative experience. Roots of these features lies in the evolutionary adaptation and the environmental conditions present during that time, Thus, nature based features may reduce stress, but not artificial o non- natural features like glass, aluminum, etc 7|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture 2.2.1.3 Perceptual Fluency Account (PFA) PPA acts as an intersection of ART and SRT Theories. The synthesis of this theory dictates that human brain can more frequently and fluently comprehend and generate stimuli to a natural setting in a structured manner, than an urban setting, dominating on the built environments. Thus, fluent encounters, reduces stress on cognition of brain, restoring attention and ultimately, reducing stress, ‘The diagram showing intersection of Attention Restoration Theory and Stress SRT Reduction Theory forming an intersection ny forming al PFA. PRA 2.2.2 Theories on Nature- Based and Environmental Preferences ‘Theories on nature- based and environmental preferences are based on the concept that humans have affifiation towards nature, evident from the evolutionary adaptation of the evolutionary adaptation of the ancestors in a natural setting and Surroundings. According to the present literature, present theories pertaining to this domain, can be divided into four preferenc: Savamnah Hypothesis Prospect and Refuge Theory Fractal Theory Aesthetic Appeal of Natural Contents 2.2.2.1 Savannah Hypothesis Savannah Hypothesis, introduced by Ecologist Gordon Orions in 1980, emphasizes on the “Environment Selective Theory”. This theory specifies that humans prefers Landscape features to have elements from the African Savannah, As Orions argued that due to long history of survival of humans in the Savannah Environment and evolutionary adaptation taking place in these environments, generated psychological linkages with the Savannah like landscapes. ‘Thus, a person would intrinsically prefer a Savannah like landscape than present cityscape, that would lead to well being of a person. The features of Savannah- like landscapes include high diversity of flowers; animal lives; scattered cluster of trees; topographic changes; scattered water bodies and multiple long- distances view corridors for surveillance for predators and a bright obstruction Sree sk 8[Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture 2.2.2.2 Prospect- Refuge Theory For geographer Jay Appleton(1975) . the ability of a person to view a space, without being seen by any other person, is described as the main motivation of this theory, to view a space is “Prospect” and not being seen by others is “Refuge” ‘The existence of this theory can be linked to our ancestors for whom shelter has been a vital element, be it any form. providing a refuge from outside world and at the same time surveilling areas around from enclosed space, that is Prospect, Prospect and Refuge can’t exist singularly at any place as both are at equilibrium, where prospect can be divided to two parts: Direct : emphasizing on views and vistas, ditectly visible from a point Indirect: or deflected vistas, in which vistas change after every point of movement of the viewer. And Refuuge being small and dark, where a person feels secured. 2.2.2.3 Fractal Theory Fractal theory is led by the ideology that the fractal geometries, present in nature, if mimicked in various components of the built environment, can promote stress- reduction and well being, visually. This concept, generated by Mandelbrot in 1977, suggests that fractal components enhances well being rather than non- fractal components and can be incorporated into various elements of Built- spaces like the staircase design symbolizing fractals and so on, 2.2.2.4 Aesthetic Appeal of Natural Contents Fractal theory is led by the ideology that the fractal geometries, present in nature, if mimicked in various components of the built environment, can promote stress- reduction and well being, visually. This concept, generated by Mandelbrot in 1977, suggests that fractal components enhances well being rather than non- fractal components and can be incorporated into various elements of Built- spaces 2.2.3 Inference and Conclusion ‘The present proposed theories describes aptly and justifies the Biophi Hypothesis, where the two preferences co-exists in harmony and are pivotal in being a major component of the Biophilic framework. Due to limited time frame and less scope fro modifications, the present theories are adopted in the process of Framework design for adaptation of Biophilia in architectural design, without much modifications and are present in a singular structural system: Oe *€ 9|Page[NONI Biophitc Design and Architecture Da Se) Eee Beat veh 10|Page Privacy(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture 2.3 Components as Patterns of Biophilia Christopher Alexander explains patterns as — “, describes a problem which occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the case of the solution to that problem, in such a way that you can use this solution a million times over, without ever doing in the same way twice.” (drowning WD, RyaC0,,Clanes,1.0,2019}.14 Patterns of Biophilic Design New Yorks Terrain Bright Green LLC; p21) ‘The current Biophilic Design literature lists four guidelines describing various aspects of human- nature connections: © 14 Patterns of Biophilie Design © Dimensions, Attributes and Elements of biophilic Design © Restorative Environment Design (RED) 2.3.1 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design a phe Deg Ne er Tera igh Gree 22) Conceptualized by Terrapin Bright Green LLC, a multi-disciplinary consultation company, the Biophilia Hypothesis by Wilson, set up a turning stone in generation of three major concepts of Biophilic Design: © Nature of Space Patterns © Nature Analogues ‘© Nature in Space Patterns ‘These main pillar concepts are further subdivided into fourteen sub patterns of Biophilic design, where they have been explained in depth, in terms of experience they create, roots of patterns, design attributes, examples and relation with other pattems, providing opportunities for integrated Biophilic Design Strategies. ‘The table present on the following page is an effort by Terrapin Bright Green, to relate the proposed patterns of Biophilic Design, with the health benefits to the inhabitants, by the patterns: Visual connection with Nature; Nonvisual connection; Non- Rhythmic sensory Thermal & Airflow Variability: Presence of Water: Dynamic & diffuse light; Connections with natural systems; Biomorphic forms & patterns; Material connection with nature; Complexity & order; Prospect; Refuges Mystery; Risk/ Peril stimuli 11|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture (PATTERNS COGNITIVE. PSYCHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING HEALTH HEALTH Positively impacted! ] Visual Connection Improved mental Lowered biood pressure Saeiee srgegenen aiervness singel a Shea vate aa ceareamien | Ragrormanrnens | Rearstoneas ned Connection ‘cognitive performance aes aaa =i Non- Rhythmic, | Gueaved tsurte Reta Setebgd sone, -attertion & exploration _Rewoue sytem actty Teernat dition | edicyinesss’ | Immomipeminit’ | Pohlinecs ode Variability oneettalon seroan Cxpatel wor being &producivty pe at al Observed preferences & ong bee abe Spier cg me Presence otviater | SG, pes en aan, persone | TT Cyanide & tune Leen ommanist cee oon al SS Ene pss ih Natural System ‘ShiRad perception of panes Biomorphic Forms & linea | ators Material Connection | "Reduced diastolic blood aia oo es nn cosened vi perce | Pos pata Complexity & Order re vewnns Durell prytlgicl ose Prospect i, 7 2S 7 ere | ar Betuge. Improved concentration, Sais Mystery Induced strong pleasure: ce Risk/Peril | 7 ited sing re a Table! : Biophilic Design Patterns and their Health Impacts (Browning et al, 2014 2|Page Privacy(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture ‘The following patterns have been explained on the basis of their: * Experiences they create: briefly considers how the pattern might impact the way a space feels; * Working with the pattern: highlights design attributes, examples, and consideration * Design considerations ‘Spatial elements used to create design of spaces + Degree of importance : (*) depicts the quality & quantity of pattern & potential for further research fer 2.3.1.1 Nature in Space Pattern ‘This pillar talks about the direct inclination or presence of natural elements in a space like plants, air, water, earth and its connections with buill- environment. Humans haye an inclination towards nature and this also enhances well being of a human. This can be sub- divided to seven patterns as follows: (1L_Viswal Connect with Nature: A view of elements of nature, IEA new von by heres ise Cota cout living systems and natural processes. fctearan on of calm isnaly aa mal Image © Haber Steed + DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: **4 Experience Naturally Occuring Health Benefits Simulated/ Constructed [A space with a good vistal + Netinal fw af water + Mechanical flow of water connection with nature feels + Vegetation, inching Improved mental SFE pont yierin whole; it grabs one’s» fruit bearing plants So * Green wall attention & canbe « Animals, insects + Amrwork depicting nature simulating + Fossils + PSYCHOLOGICAL scenes calming. Te cam convey 8 erin, soil earth Fost impacied «Video depicting nate scenes sense of time, weather & Bude & vera eee = + Highly designed landscapes, + PHysIoLoctcaL Lowers beod pressure hear rate TABLE? = WSUAL CONTACT DEISGN CONSIDERATION: Prioritize real nature over simulated nature; and simulated nature over no nature, Prioritize biodiversity over acreage, area or quantity. ‘© Prioritize or enable exercise opportunities that are in proximity to green space. ‘© Design to support a visual connection that can be experienced for at least 5-20 minutes per day. Design spatial layouts and furnishings to uphold desired view lines and avoid impeding the visual access when in a seated position. 13|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture © Visual connections to even small instances of nature can be restorative and particularly relevant for temporary interventions, or spaces where real estate (floor/ground area, wall space) is limited, ‘© The benefits of viewing real nature may be attenuated by a digital medium, which may be of greatest value to spaces that, due to the nature of its function (e.g., hospital radiation units) cannot easily incorporate real nature or views to the outdoors [02]_Non-Visual Connect with Nature: olfactory, auditory, gustatory oor haptic stimuli that provides a positive reference to nature and natural processes. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated/ Constructed ragmentherbs & —-» COGN + Digital simulations of nature A space with a good non lowers cee sounds visual connection feels fresh 6 Songhirds cogniveperiarmance ¢ Mechanically released & well balanced; the | Fy ambient conditions are |. Weather( rain, wind & percieved as complex & ” juiiy variable but at the same lowing water snaturl plant oils + PSYCHOLOGICAL + Highly textured Perieved improvements fubrics/textiles that mimic "E+ Natural ventilation Inmerat healt 8 natural Fema ect | (operable windows, Trangaity ‘material textures sounds, wromis & textures |, PETE™Y + PHYSIOLOGICA, ee ae ee ee eee Megas | ¢ Textured msteras accessible water ee ce ‘stone, wood, fur) Reduced gate bed «feature + Crackling fire! Prsnue fies + Musie with fractal qualities fireplace oeciee ‘+ Horticulture/gardening, including edible + planes + Domesticated animals/pets ‘# Honoyisee apiary DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS. ‘© Prioritize nature sounds over urban sounds, ‘sual connections that can be easily accessed from one or ‘multiple locations, and in such a way that allows daily engagement for 5 to 20 minutes at atime. ‘© Imegrate non-visual connections with other aspects of the design program. ‘© A single intervention that can be experienced in multiple ways can ‘enhance the impacts, ‘© Design for visual and non-visual connections to be experienced simultaneously to maximize potential positive health responses. gure 2A fountain and gardens in {he Cast Alhambra in Gonads, Spon rovide 3 nomtuat experience of ‘ature mage © Dax Ferestom lide © Design for non: 14 [Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture [03] Non- Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli: short term connections with nature, that can be analysed systematically, bbut can't be predicted precisely. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated/ Constructed + Billowy fabric or screen A space with a good Non- ¢ Cloud movement + COGNITIVE materials thst move oF fhythmic stimuli feels as if + Breezes ‘Observed & quantted listen with one is momentarily privy to « Plant liferusling | Gehawoutalmeasutes f= Tight or brcsrcs something specila, + Water babbling sttenon 4 expiction efits ot ier ar something fresh, interesting,» lnsect and animal surface stimolating & energizing. It movement Shadows or dappled Kat 6 eh ee ee || eee Beers lena distraction + Fragrant flowers, o trees and herbs Posivelyimpactedon # time host rao, site Hood «Nature sounds broadcasted pressure smectic "gt unpredictable intervals nenOIs system ACY, Sochanicaly selene pant oils TABLE: NOM RHYTHMIC SENSORY STILL DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- + As a goneral guideline, non-rhythmic sensory experiences should occur approximately every 20 minutes for about 20 seconds and, tor visual stimuli, from distance of more than 20 feet awa + Many stinnli in nature ane seasonal, soa strategy that is effective year- round, such as with multiple interventions that overlap with seasons, will help ensure that non-shythmic sensory experiences can occur at any given time ofthe year. + In some cases, the intervention may be similar to that of [PI] Visual or [P2] Non-Visual Connection with Nature; what's important here is the ephemeral and stochastic quality ofthe intervention + An intervention that leverages. simulation of (rather than naturally ‘ccurring) natural stimuli will likely necessitate early collaboration with the mechanical engineer or facilites team. +A non-hythmic stimuli strategy can be interwoven with almost any landscape or horticulture plan, For instance, selecting plant spe: window boxes that will altact bees, butterflies and other pollinators muy AWA seashell rok be a more practical application for some projects than maintaining a owes, Toonosiar honeybee apiary or buterly sanctuary. + Humans perceive movement in the peripheral view much quicker than straight ahead, The brain also processes the movement of living things in a different place than it does of mechanical objects (Beauchamp et al. 2003), whereby natural movement is generally perceived as positive, and mechanical movement as neutral or even negative ‘gure 3 Te Daclade Green Community for an Vancouver and inmerses people 15|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture + Asa result the repeating rhythmic motion of a pendulum will only hold one’s attention briefly, the constant repetitive ticking of a clock may come to be ignored over time, and an ever-present scent may lose mystique with long-term exposure; wherea a butterfly will capture one’s attention each time for recurring physiological benefits. the stochastic movement of {p4]_Thermal_and Air Flow Variability: subtle changes in ait temperature, relative humidity, airflow across the skin and surface temperature that mimics natural environments v DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated/ Constructed = -Seloriieat gain + cooxrrivE + HVAC delivery strategy A. space with a good | Siudiow and shade | -Positvelyimpacted = Systems controls Thermal air flow & zs (Concentration ‘+ Window lazing and window variability feels reireshing, * Radiant surface treatment smaterials + PSYCHOLOGIC: active, live, invigorating & # Window operability and eross comfortable. The space * Space/place improved perception of provides hoth a sense of orientation temporal & spatial Aexibilty & contol, * Vegetation with eee seasonal + puysiouocieat, densification ‘Postively impacted comfort wel beng & fpredcby DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS. TABLES; THERMAL BAIRFLOW VARBUITY + Incorporation of airflow and thermal conditions into materials, = daylighting, mechanical ventilation and/or fenestration will help =~ listribute variability over space and time. + Thermal comfort is a vital bridging component between biophilic design and sustainable design, especially in the face of climate change and rising ‘energy costs. When Thermal and Airflow Variability is implemented in a way that broadens people's perception of thermal comfort, it may also hholp reduce energy demands for air conditioning and heating. + Designing in fearures that allow users to easily adapt and modify theie perceived thermal conditions of their environment will inerease the range of acceptable temperatures by two degrees Celsius above and below the conventional parameters for thermal comfort (Nicol and Humphrey 2002). Figures: Thethoo Teck uxt Hosp * Coordination of design strategies among a project team (eg. architect, (Sete ar andsunghttomcrense lighting designer and MEP engineers) as early as the schematic design image s+-Yongsm tii. process will be particularly important for achieving design intent 16|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture [5] _Presence of Water: simulation and calmness, accessed by fluidity. lighting, proximity and accessibility, creating a sense of place through seeing, hearing and touching water. DEGREE OF IMPORTANC. ‘Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated’ Construct + coextmve A space with good waters River, sarcam, ocean, | Improved oncontation © Water wall conditions feels compelling” pond, yeti memory estaion. + Constructed waterfall A copuivating. Fhidity, Yisuat access xo. ENMANGEDACEEIONS 6 Fountain sound, lighting. proximity & * Nini and flows Pringle | Ccnatructel steam accessibility cach comtsibute 4 Seasonal arroyes «PSYCHOLOGICAL, _—* Reflections of water feal or to whether a space is Obsened preferences £ | simulated) on another surfuce stimlating, calming, or postive emotonal Imagery with water inthe bth Fesponee composition + PHYSIOLOGICAL ‘edoed sess inoressed octng of trang, lower hear rate blood pressure TABLE Presence of ter DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- + Prioritize « multi-sensory water experience to achieve the most beneficial oteome + Prioritize naturally fluctuating water movement over predictable movement or stagnaney. * High volume, high turbulence water features could create discomfort, impact humidity levels or decrease acoustic quality. so proximity may influence appropriateness + Water features can be water and energy intensive and as such should be used sparingly, particularly in climates with lithe access to water, Shading the water, using high albedo surfaces, and minimizing. the exposed water surface area will minimize water loss through evaporation, —rgnres:Therobrt ond ane oped and possibly contribute to the biophilic experience. erode Staessen ‘ies mamta tht teeing rather and hing fendltions. Image Tim Fvanson/Fir 17 |Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture [06] Dynamic and Diffused Light: expands varying intensities of light and shadow, with diurnal changes, mimicking observations from nature DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated’ Constructed © Daylight from Soe ‘Multiple low glare electric A space with a good multiple angles = Jight sources: Dysamic & diffuse light Hiveot sunlight + luminance condition conveys expressions of time & movernent to evoke feelings of drama & intrigue, buffered with sense of calm. DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS ‘Diurnal and seasonal i Firelight Moonlight and sar light Bioluminescence «+ PSYCHOLOGIE. + paysioocicat Psitvely impacted CGreaian sysiem Funeionng inoreased ‘sual euor + Dynamic lighting conditions can help transition between indoor and ‘outdoor spaces, » Drastically dynamic lighting conditions, such as with sustained ‘movement, changing colours, direct sunlight penetration and high contrasts, may not be appropriate for spaces where directed attention activities are performed. © Circadian lighting will be especially important in spaces the people ‘occupy for extended periods of time, * Light distabution *Aimbient difftse lighting om ‘walls and ceiling ‘Day light preserving. window ‘woatments Task and personal lighting # Accent lighting Personal user dimming controls ‘*Cicadian colour reference white light during tke day and lack of blue light acnighd) gare 6: The Yale Cente er Bt ese Have, utes natural ghtng to Safly Marinate ar end erate dramatic ‘experiences. mage © X,Kendl/ Fer [27] Connection with natural Systems: Experience of relaxation, nostalgia, enlightenment and frequently anticipating, connections with natural systems, characterizes seasonal and temporal changes. of healthy ecosystems. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: 18 |Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated’ Constructed + coe Climate and weather + Simulated dastighing A mae mh + goed) paces syste ha transit with ooo oan |. eee + vovenorociea sli eyces stems enakes 8D tn + Wilde habits ip to 8 geet Sima havin een eanbes ‘whole, making one ance of” Dritratinn moot seasonality & the eyeles of | Pan and apiary; hedges, flowering Wie The experience oten | SEE AME egy npates vegetation) relaxing nostalgic. profound, Diumal puters ‘Furclennginaromad _ * EXPoSUre of water or enlightening & frequently > Niche sky sual comfort infeastrncture anticipated. = Semweal teens + Step wells for seasonal (freeze thaw: light rainwater storage and intensity and colour; social convergence plant cycles; animal + Natural patina of materials Iga: ain latent euey sae) bronze, wood) DEISGN CONSIDERATION rain/moisture, or shading), structures (eg., steps wells), and land ti dace oreo Sinden sesso sonkngiey ib i tl Figure 7: The greenroof of COOKFOX archtect New York office dramatialy changes appearence through the yea, veully onmectng seeupats withthe seasons and acl ecosystem atty- Images courtesy of Bl Browning 19|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture ~ 2.3.1.2 Nature Analogues Pattern ‘This pillar talks about the analogues of nature where elements of natural environments can he applied or mimicked to the built form. The benefits of nature represented in artwork are measurable but less effective than benefits derived from actual trees or plants in the outdoors. These can be sub-divided into three patterns: [p8]_Biomorphic Forms and Patterns: interest, comfort, captivation, Ee contemplation, biomorphic forms and pattems symbolize contoured, — Ses cements fhe Hoel Tse patterned and textural arrangements possible in nature {Canc of omorphicFoms and ates Image tlosenoohens DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: * Experience Decor Health Benefits | Form/ Function + Fabrics,corpet, _* £06 «Arrangement of the sructral A space with a good ees wallpaper designs system (eg. columns shaped Biomorphic, forms & | hased.on Fibonasct like tees) Pollems feels interesting & SOS Se Gauien |S SCHOLOGICAL foam comfortable, pessbly, Mean Onereed dow prterenee | cease paneling (wall or captivating contempolsive | 4 Window dealin) « pYSIOLOGICAL ceiling) even absorptive and moldings, lass + Roilings,banisters, fencing. colour, texture gates slic design + Furniture form window reveal dete + Window details rit, Hight + Inseallations and shelves fins free-standing + Pathway and hallway form + Wall deal, paint sivle or texture DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS + Apply on 2 or 3 planes or dimensions (e.g., floor plane and wall; furniture windows and soffits) for greater diversity and frequency of exposure. * Avoid the overuse of forms and patterns that may lead to. visual toxicity + More comprehensive interventions will be more cost effective when they are introduced early in the design process. 20|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture (291 Material Connections with Nature: warmth, authencity, stimulations of touch, ‘material connections with nature, reflects local ecology and geology to create a distinetive sense of place. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: nil Experience Decor Health Benefits | Form/ Function # Accent details (matoral cogyrrive + Wall. construction (wood A space with a good wood arains: lather: stone, stone) Material conection with y figeit textuies: bamboo, mprovadcreste | OEY nature, feels rich, warm & ee pevrmance ructural systems an rattan, dried grasses, cork) * (heavy timer hears) authentic & sometimes |« Inicion mufaces (ence, + Fagade material neat ae countertops) + Fursture form + Woodwork, stonework Bootpats, bridges + Natural colour palewe, * PHYSIOLOGICAL particularly greens Reduced ast blood prsssure TABLE 20: MATERIA CONNECTIONS WTA MATURE DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- * Quantities of a (natural) material and colour should be specified based on Intended function of the space. In the same vein, a degree of variability of materials and applications is recommended over high sitios of any one material or colour, * Real materials are preferred over synthetic variations because human receptors can tell the difference between real and synthetic, so minimally ‘processed materials from real nature are preferred whenever possible, © Incorporating instances of the colour green may help enhance creative ‘environments; however, scientific studies on the impact of the colour green figyre 9 Lether cod eevator lobby of ‘have mostly been conducted in controlled lab environments, so dependence he Bank of Ameria Tower n Hew York by fn colour o eager erelvty shold be considered experimental OOHFON architects aly warms he ciate peers eect ie : space. Image © Bilyana Dimitrova / Ptah Baa Dern. (210]_Complexity and Order: information- richness, balance between boring and overwhelming, complexity and order sticks to spatial hierarchies similar to those encountered in nature, Experience Decor Health Benefits Form/ Function TWipeaia an gene Oe | ca tory Complexity & order fecls moldings, glass colour, ‘© Bloor plan, lands: engaging & informaiton gexturg, mullion design, a a ich, as an intriguing a eat plan, urban grid balance between boring & 4 Plant selection variety and ‘+ Pesistrian traffic & overwhelminy + PHYSIOLoGreMt a e placement resource Hows: Complex plant oil_-—-ledueed dastl blo fragrances pressure ‘© Auuitory stimuli TABLE 12: COMPLEXITY 8 ORDER 21[Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS. + Priovitize artwork and material selection, architectural expressions, and landscape and muster planning schemes that reveal fractal geometries and hierarchies, + Fractal structures with iterations of three will be more impactful than a design limited to two iterations. * Computer technology using the algorithms of mathematical and geometric functions can produce fractal designs for architectural, design and planning applications with ease. * Over-use of and/or extended exposure to high-fractal dimensions ‘could instill discomfort or even fear, countering the intended response: ‘to nourish and reduce stress. Avoidance of under-utilization of fractals Figure 10 = The engazing eine structure of the Alle Lambert in design could result in complete predictability and disinterest. Galles and Arum at” roskfield Pee oy Stns et + A now building or landscape design should tke ito aecount its THe My, Samy Carn impact on the fractal quality ofthe existing urban skyline Sucre a Toone image © Reo aur I 2.3.1.3 Nature of Space Pattern This pillar elaborates the physiological and psychological human fesponses to the environment generated stimulus, which leads to well being of humans. “This canbe divided to four sub- heads r figyre 11: The central plaza of the Salk Instate by Lous Yah aL fa alfcna frames. the view of the Paci, tough [PLL] Prospect: openness and freedom, impacting sense of security and prospec mage’ silsrewning control, prospect pattern is a view, over a distance, for surveillance and planning. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: *** ‘Spatial Attributes | Health Benefits ‘Common Features ITIVE # Transparent materials Peer eee Pose ctich Ee *Focal lengths >20 feet frmton late = Balen, catwalks, taircase ee ee) pe eter eee imparts a sonse of safety inches hedges opaque * SECHOLOGICAL |» Open floor plans & control, particularly workplace partitions) impocied confor Eivate planes when alone or in an ees _ = Views including shade wees, ‘uniamiliae environments gold al tex or ees of fates Faun habitation Reciced evens 22|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- + Orienting building, fenestration, corridors and workstations will help optimize visual access to indoor or outdoor vistas, activity hubs or destinations. + Designing with or around an existing or planned savanna-tike ecosystem, body of water, and evidence of human activity or habitation will help the information- richness of the prospect view. + Providing focal lengths of =20 feet (6 meters), preferably 100 feet (30 meters); when a space has sufficient depth, spatial properties can be leveraged to enhance the experience by removing visual barriers. Limiting patttion heights to 42° will provide spatial barriers while allowing seated occupants to view across a space. Understory vegetation or hedges should use a similar guide; preferred height limitations will depend on terrain and how the space is most experienced (. while siting, standing, on a bicycle), + Locating stairwells at building perimeter with glass facade and interior glass stairwell walls can form a dual Prospect condition + When high ceilings are present, perimeter or interior spaces elevated 12-18” will ‘enhance the Prospect condition. * Often the view quality and the balance between Prospect and [P12] Refuge will be ‘more important than the size or frequency of the experience. [p12]_Refuge: experiencing safety, sense of retreat and withdrawal, refuge is « place for withdrawal, from environmental conditions. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: *** GB "| Common Features Experience ) Spatial Attributes | Health Benefits + Modular refuge: + COGNITIVE A space with a god Refuge | Sigall protection Improovad cancenttion, condition feels safe, providing a sense of retreat & withdrawl for work, protection, rest or healing ‘weather alone or in small (higi-back chair, overhead trellis) Partial refuse Several sides covered altenion & perception of reading nooks, groups. A good refuge space | (Feading nooks, fecls separate or unique bouth seating, bay from its surrounding | window seas, ce environments: ils spatial canopy beds.te) characteristics can feel |» Extensive rfuge contemplative, embracing & ar or complete protective, without ee unnecessarily disengaging eens POSOEEE (ealinghelephone! sleeping pods, private offices, wee houses) © Spaces with weather/limate proveetion, or spesch and visual privacy ‘© Spuces reserve for reflection, nieditation, rest relaxation, realing. or complex cognitive tasks * Operable, adjustable or Wwanslucent shades, blinds, screens or pattions * Drop or lowered ceiling, soffit, overhang or canopy ‘© Lowered or varied light colour, temperature oF brightness aot 13: REFUGE 23 [Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS. * Indoor refuge spaces are usually characterized by lowered ceiling conditions. For spaces with standard ceiling heights, is may equate {o approximately 18-24 inches below the main ceiling, and is often achieved through treatments like a soffit, a drop-ceiling or acoustical panelling, or suspended fabric. + For outdoor or indoor spaces with particularly high ceilings (>14 feet), a more drastic differential may be necessary to achieve the desired outcome; freestanding or vegetative alcoves and mezzanine-like structures are often effective. * When designing for larger populations or multiple activity types, providing more than one kind of refuge space can address varying needs, which can often be met through differing spatial dimensions, lighting conditions, and degree of concealment. ‘© Light levels in refuge spaces should differ from adjacent spaces and ser lighting controls will broaden functionality as a refuge space. [o13]_Mystery: sense of anticipation, denial and reward, achieved through partially blocked views, that excites the individual, to travel deeper into the environment. Figure 12 Protete vesting aleoves slong the enderson Ble, Singapore provide a sense of tefage mage ® Reggie Wane ‘gure 13 ¢ obscured views io Prospect Pack i Broolya, Naw vor, by Frederick {aw Olnsted and ahert Yank cesta a sense of mystery and enticement. mage @ Ed Yourdon/Fice DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience Spatial Attributes | Health Benefits | Common Features * Views are medium» cogyrrive + Light and shadow A. space with good |“ 204)tohigh@ |" rereovedconcentaon, | * Sound or vibration Mystery condition as | 100) depth offield | onion’ peresptonet’ | © Scent Palpabic sense of Atleast one edge of salty | + Activity or movement ftpaon. or of bi8g | th foal subject i + Artwork oe instalation tease, offering the senses 8 obscured, preferably + Form and flow Kind of dni revardhat Sroaages + Towel compels one to forther ‘investigate the space ‘Auditory stimulation from an imperceptible source + Pecke-arboo windows tha partially reveal = Curving edees, = Winding paths 24 [Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS. * Curving edges that slowly reveal are more effective than sharp corners in drawing people through a space. + Dramatic shade and shadows can enhance the mystery experience. Strategies that provide dark shadows or shallow depth of field could instil unappreciated surprise or fear + The speed at which users are transiting through a space will influence both the size of the aperture and the size of the subject; faster typically ‘means bigger * Organically evolved mystery conditions (e.g., low maintenance gardens with winding paths) are expectedly going to change ‘characteristics over time. These changes should be monitored as they may enhance the mystery condition, or otherwise degrade it as it evolves into a surprise condition (e.g., overgrowth of plantings leads to obscuring of depth of field). [wld] Risk/ Peril: Experiencing threat, danger, identifiable threat, with ‘The Levtated Mass at Los Angeles a feasible safeguard County Museum of Ar Michael EXPRESSION OF RISK. Image ® Kate DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: *** Dolrhydei Experience ‘Spatial Attributes " Health Benefits | Common Features © Heights 4 Double height atsium with A space with a Risk? peril Se ee Vetere, Inproov concortion, | __ balcony o catwalk Aes allesion & perospion | | * Architectural cantilevers sand with an implied threat, * Water sally © Eucades with floor to evling transparency for perverse. One fecls that it reversal + PSYCHOLOGICAL ‘Experiences perceived to be might be dangerous, but defying/ testing gravity A OSE | ayers & Transparent tallingo oor a imesisable Falling {Pasig under, ver or + Cening wet — through wate Gating han + Lite sad phograpy of wild animals maybe a litle mischievous | Predator- prey role | Loss of contol agus 15: 5K, Pemn, 25|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS. i/Peril design interventions are usually quite deliberate and as such i " will not be appropriate for all user groups or places. TX + Design strategies that rely on spatial conditions will be easier to implement oe when incorporated as early as concept design and schematic phases of the design process. + The element of safety must protect the user from harm while still permitting the experience of risk 2.3.1.4 Observations and inference ‘The three main components of Biophilic design contributes to three major themes present: Designing with natural elements and direct human- nature connection; mimicking natural elements, including shapes and forms; character of spaces and spatial patterns of nature Reviewing literature, the three pillars emphasizes on the simple and clear framework for adoption to Biophilic design The various patterns presented are also inter-related to each other, having their own set of design considerations, attributes, health benefits which is elaborated in the table presented below: 26|Pageis SEEN Sh a eo le we Privacysewareicesess| fe pneagetmoceminn ne stieene | Serer |, Sennen oor a ay aimee Bees! = (Sooo | en eeat| ee 7 ecereset iene amen | ERSTE a oe oo aoe Privacy(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture 2.3.2. Dimensions, Elements and Attributes of Biophilic Design ‘The dimensions, elements and attributes related to Biophilic Design are mentioned in depth by Kellert(2008), in which Biophilic Design is classified to two basic dimensions, further divided into six elements, having seventy attributes, which provides a clear image as to what Biophilic Design is and what are it’s characteristics. Kellert classified information on Biophilic Design to two basic dimensions: © Organie/naturalistic Place based/ Vernacular Environmental Features Natural Shapes & Forms Natural patterns & process Colour Water Air ‘Sunlight Plants Animals ‘Natural Materials ‘Views & Vistas Facade & greening Geology & landscape Habitats & ecosystems Fire Light & Space Botanical motifs ‘Troo & columnar supports Animal motifs Shells & spirals gg, oval & tubular forms Arches, vaults, domes Shapes resisting straight of natural Place- based relationship Sensory variability Information richness ‘Age, change & platina of time Growth & efflorescence Central focal Patterned wholes Bounded spaces ‘Transitional spaces Linked series & chains Integration of parts to whole Complementary contrasts Dynamie balance & tension Fractals Hierarchically organized Ratios and scales Evolved human-nature Tnside- outside spaces Integration of culture & ecology + Spirit of place ‘+ Avoiding placelessness relationship + Natural Hight + Geographic connection to ¢ Prospect & refuge + Filtered & diffuse light space © Order & complexity + Light & shadow + Historie connection to place + Curiosity & excitement + Reflected light + Feological connection to + Change & metamorphosis, + Light pools place + Security & protection + Warm light + Cultural connection to + Mystery & control + Light as shape & form place + Affection & attachment + Spaciousness + Indigenous materials + Attraction & Beauty + Spatial visibility + Landscape orientation + Exploration & discovery + Space as shape & form + Landscape features + Information & Cognition ‘+ Spatial barmony defining built form © Pear & awe . + Landscape ecology . Reverence & spirituality 27|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture 2.3.2.1 Organic/Naturalistic Approach ‘The first dimension of Biophilic Design stresses on the natural environments, those directly, indirectly or symbolically reflects our affinity with nature and its elements, There are four elements within this dimension : Environmental features; Natural shapes and Forms; Natural Patterns and Processes: + Environmental Features: This is the most important element of Biophilic Design and refers to the use of nature's characteristics and nature's elements in the built environment. gare 15: ible campus , University of Netmgham, corporates water a5 3 postive ‘experimental 2nd oo-impact Ihe eraporative ‘Twelve attributes, related to this element are: Colour; Water; Air; Sunlight; Plants; Animals; Natural Materials; Views and Vistas; Facade Greening; Geology and landscape: Habitats and ecosystems: Fire ‘© Natural Shapes and Forms: This element replicates or mimics the natural shapes, geometries and mathematical pré the built environment. Eleven attributes, related to this element are jons of nature into Botanical motifs; Tree and columnar supports; Animals; Shells and Spirals: Egg, oval and tubular forms; Arches, vaults and domes; Shapes worn - resisting straight lines and right angles. Ses weophetel tqreceattin er cone that deus wall on instinct for vegetative forms ‘© Natural Patterns and Processes: This element refers to the incorporation of the nature's patterns like fractals and processes into various components of built-environment that would generate a similar stimuli, as being surrounded by nature. Fifteen attributes, related to this element are: Sensory variability; Information richness: Age, Change and platina of time; Growth and Efflorescence ;Central focal point; Patterned whole; Bounded spaces; Transitional spaces: Linked series and chains; Integration of parts to wholes Complementary contrast; Dynamic, balance and tension: Fractals; Hierarchally organized ratios and seales “This complex clement is likely to be allered in the future, with additional understanding”. ( Kellert,2008,p.9) Sith aut een betas ae ‘conntredn goth setcare 28|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture ‘© Light and Space: Light and space are instrumental in generating a similar stimuli, as when being in nature and has been categorized to seven attributes: Natural light; Filtered and diffused light; Light and shadow; Reflected light; Light pools; Warm light; Light as shape and forms; Spaciousness; Spatial variability; Space as shape and form; Spatial harmony; Inside-outside spaces. 2.3.2.2 Place based/Vernacular Approach _ ROURE 28 + Gensyme boeing, cambrdse Second baste dimension refers tothe feeling of placelessness generated Ici iis Wwe and by a natural setting, majorly having landscape elements, that connects ettanced warker confor, morale and to the culture and ecology of a certain geographical area. ‘This "**“*** dimension enlivens the “spirit of place” within the inhabitants and metamorphically transforms from something Fifeless to lively and attractive. This dimension is further fragmented to two basic elements: Place-based relationship, Evolved-human nature relationship © Place- based relationship: The connection of people with their places reflects a deep inherent connection with the geographical territory, which has been utilized as a medium for provision of resources, safety and attachment and security. Also, this has developed various cultural aspects on the place- based relationships. Eleven attributes, related to this element are: FAGUAE 19 : Basle vad, Pats stimulates Geographic connections to place; Historic connections to place; Ecological —cammercal an sacl atitym this section of connections to place; Cultural connections to place; indigenous materials; "*" Landscape orientation; Landscape features that define building form; Landscape ecology; Imagination of culture and ecology; sprit of place; ‘Avoiding placelessness, + Evolved hwnan-nature relationship: The sixth and final element of the Organic/ naturalistic dimension is different from the others as it doesn’t elaborates on the innate human- nature attraction. Instead, the attributes, are more inclined towards the description of fundamental aspects: of inherent human relationships to nature. GURE 20 + Fall waters, America tefl prominent prospect and reluge cements, 25 Mall ar Re connection to hile and acent 29|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture Twelve attributes, related to this element are: Prospect and Refuge; Order and complexity; Curiosity and excitement; Change and metamorphosis; Security and protection; Mastery and control; Affection and attachment; Attraction ond beauty; Exploration and discovery; Information and cognition; Fear and awe; Reverence ond spirituality 2.3.2.3 Observations and inference ‘The information on Biophilic Design has been thoroughly mentioned, with a detailed classification of concepts, providing a great variety of ways in Fe 2% Syamic sed oie ua Which a designer can gain from. The various elements have an inter- SUmoH and rk, tlvten ad relationship and inter- dependence, not mentioned here as well as absence experienced at the Relthstag Dome of relation to health benefits, weakens the classification Seedy Foster Parts i 1383 0 Bere, Gomany. mage cnt fae on Moreover, Kellert recognizes this framework as initial benchmark, concluding that, classification should- “be viewed as work in progress, which will inevitably be modified and improved over time” (Kellert,2008,p.14) FHGURE 22: San tanssco hotel lobby, Incorporating nature ite. the tenors though plastations and aature minke mois FIGURE 2% Syiney epora house ramatcaly tapes: bd and sake forms agains the water of ey harbor, rimikngaatreto thebadng form, 30|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture 2.3.3 Restorative Environment Design (RED) ‘The components of Biophilic design- the various elements, attributes, dimensions and patterns described by Stephen Kellert, leads to “Restorative Environmental Design” establishment. Within this domain, the main aim is to achieve a relationship between humans and natural environment( Kellert,2005) and consists of two parts + Reducing the negative fet of presen surounings and declining ‘G imi esting os environ impart apn seg © Promote more positive relationship between humans and nature, through Biphilic desi. ‘Thus, this pattern concludes on the note that new design principles ought to restore human- nature connections, providing a fresh perspective and interO- relating with the previously presented patterns, 2.3.4 Inference and Conclusion All the dimensions, elements, attributes and patterns present are extremely important and each fone of them present a varied and diverse perspective on the present literature on Biophilic Design. However, there seems to be a lack of a concrete Biophilic pattern that inter~ relates the qualitative dimensions, with the quantitative and practical dimensions, deseribing the benefits to the inhabitants, which presents a need for generation of 2 common, more detailed and elaborated pattern, ro Paes Baa es Por er co 31 [PageDEVISING NEW PATTERN BIOPHILIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture Chapter Three | Devising a New Pattern “Perhaps we don’t need such rigorons evidence wien it comes to nafure contact... Maybe we don’t know everything there is to know about benefits of nature contact, but we have a pretty fair idea, and we know a lot about designing nature into the built environment. And given the pace at which decisions are made and places built, there is a pressing need to implement what we know. We can’t wait for the research.” (Horward Frumkin, 2008, Nature Contact and Human Health, Biophilic Design) 3.1 Introduction Since the demands for human- nature relationship in well being increased, as relevant from the Biophilia hypothesis, the role of environment surrounding the user is of the utmost importance. Architects have a major role in shaping the surroundings of space through the vocabulary present, with him. Biophilic design, having a similar role, can be directly related to Architectural practice. However, there exists a GAP between present and proposed Biophilic elements, patterns, dimensions and their application into Architectural Design, Keeping this a viewpoint a framework needs to be devised which can BRIDGE the GAP between present Biophilic Literature and application into Architectural Design, ‘Thus, the devised framework is expected (0 establish a direct contact between present Biophilic Hypothesis and elements to Architectural practice, providing benefits to the users inhabiting the spaces. 3.2 Need Although various theories, patterns, attributes, strategies, variables and applicability parameters, are presented and devised by the researchers, there seems a lack of an extensive framework for adoption of these to establish a link between Biophilia and Architectural Design, 3.2.1 Need for New Pattern ‘The present proposed patterns, although elaborate in their specific and respective domains, fail to generate a detailed qualitative and practical domain, lacking certain inter- relationships. Thus, a unified pattern is the need of the hour which integrates all the present patterns on a common figure ground, concentrating on each domain of study 32|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture 3.3 Recaptulating and Presenting a Unified Pattern 3.3.1 Recapitulating present Patterns ‘The present patterns can be briefly summarized as ‘+ 14Patterns of Biophilic Design PATTERNS COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING HEALTH HEALTH a SS ee cn ‘with Nature | engagement attentiveness prerehs | A heart rate Non Visual Positively impacted on fs pore esreocb oo aa Connection cave patarmanes eee” posers | Pata impala Eee Ee ts tai Sais oe a nn eee Improved concentration & ‘Observed preferences & Reduced stress , inoreased wees crecreereet rete, Presence of Water | Eenowtcpaceions eee fran ae Abtod persre ees a esis cannes =a =e Natural System ited poromfon of environment = Material Material Comestion ccnp sown ene Rehowt deeb ee a aoe |e ‘os mee paceved stat ohare oe Improoved concentration, Mystery | Induced strong pleasure Eas — Induced strong pleasure respons ‘Table 17 :2014 Terrapin Bright Green! 14 Patterns of BiopilicDeston 33 [Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture * Dimensions, Elements and Attributes of Biophilic Design: Environmental Features | Natural Shapes & Forms Natural patterns & process + Colour + Botanical motifs + Sensory variability + Water + ‘Tree columnar supports + Information richness Air + Animal motifs ‘+ Age, change & platina of time + Sunlight | Shells & spirals + Growth & efflorescence + Plants + Egg, oval & tubular forms * Central focal point © Animals: + Arches, vaults, domes * Patterned wholes + Natural Materials + Shapes resisting straight * Bounded spaces + Views & Vistas Fines + ‘Transitional spaces + Fagade & greening + Simulation of natural © Linked series & chains + Geology & landscape features + Integration of parts 0 whole + Habitats & ecosystems + ‘Biomorphic + Complementary contrasts © Fire, * Geomorphology * Dynamic balance & tension + Biomimicry + Fractals + Hierarchically organized Ratios and scales Light & Space Place- based relationship Evolved human-nature relationship | + Natural light + Geographic connection to * Prospect & refuge + Filtered & diffuse light space + Order & complexity + Light & shadow + Historic conneotion to place | * Curiosity & excitement © Reflected light * Ecological connection to * Change & metamorphosis © Light pools place * Security & protection + Warm light # Cultural connection to» Mystery & control Light as shape & form place + Affection & attachment + Spaciousness | + Indigenoas materials © Attbasior Beauly + Spatial visibility + Landscape orientation + Exploration & discovery + Space as shape & form + Landscape features | © Information & Cognition + Spatial harmony ) isl ale oat Rae | MA |S ecb comarca ee oie : ee = ee totes oie DEISGW CONSIDERATIONS * Landscapes providing a quality of prospect + Placement of openings in a building in a certain pattern + Visual composition of the open- built + Sensory stimuli presence, when source hidden + Curving edges that slowly reveals are more effective than sharp, in drawing people through spaces + Strategic placement of transitional spaces through sensory stimulating and visually exciting spaces. FHGURE 25: Gardens By the Bay, Sinempore, ‘through tetlomimetc forms arouse curosty ‘ovetement n mind ofthe ator 36|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture > O 217 chon ont toneros ‘Common Features Experience Spatial Attributes _ Health Benefits 5 + coaxrnive: A space with Change & eae aticces (Sunlight Improoved concentration, pce ee gawk, © Growth and ation maturation & | elflorescence sv ouonocie metamorphosis, generawes nae positivtyfesh, lively, eee, enthusiastic, ejuvenating & soothing + PHYSIOLOGICAL, Reciced dato ood pressure DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS Seasonal variation in landscape Visually determinant ‘harmonious change © Building processes resembling metamorphosis © Play of facade » Variability of character of. spaces about path © Diurnal variability of solar patterns TABLE 21: CHANGE & METAMORPHOSIS * Dynamic facades those constantly changes according to indoor comfort conditions. * Change in the character of landscape due to diurnal and seasonal variations + Dynamic flow of water through the contours + Light and shadow pattern variability due to diurnal patterns (2) {P18} Security and Protection- TABLE 22 SECURITY & PROTECTION ‘Experience ‘Spatial Attributes Health Benefits | Common Features > Spaces with weather/timate + couxrrive: protection, or specch and visual A space with a S508 of. Vase and visas sony praca iacrecrd pepeciaie Prov con of healing: | * Botinded spaces | nmmmvedemeersaten treat alone or io smal | * Warm fight ey {Boups. A good secure space |* Spatial harmony eee eee ae Ce eee eee Sunes tan tee - kee es + vsvcHOLoc protective, without unnecessarily disengaging with world, privacy Spaces reserved for reflection, ‘meditation, rest relaxation, reading, or complex cognitive tasks + Operable, adjustable or ‘translucent shades, blinds, screens or partitions * Drop or lowered ceiling , soit overhang or canopy. ‘© Lowered or varied light colour, temperature or brightness 37|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS. * Visual connection in a space, enhancing the refuge character + Low ceiling heights in the int + Preventing view of prospect + Application of sensory stimuli to trigger sense of security. PP {P19} Attachment. Experience Spatial Attributes | Health Benefits | Common Features eee rae eet Ae + Buildings & landscapes that elicit tachment evokes urnan _© Information richness oe rooved concentration, | _sitong emotional affinity for capacities. for bonding & © Growih and tepfoiedcueongaton, | rong emo ity attichment, loyalty & | efflorescence sa Teling _ © Cental focal point 2 Bounded spaces PSYCHOLOGICAL + PHYSIOLOGICAL DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS. TABLE 28: ATTACHMENT Visual connect triggering attachment ‘* Non- visual connect through direct contact or cognitive remembrance ‘* Connections with natural systems like landscapes ‘* Attention and beauty of a space through various attributes of space fr {P20} Attraction and beauty- Experience Spatial Attributes | Health Benefits Common Features A spice wih a sense of + Govlogy &landseype + COGMITE | puisings & tndicapes hose feta nly, + Fagide erecnin Ineaoved concentration ai crim, Bice scsting ee sana | appl ar aes appeesation strongest inclination of _ * Complementary ealatty ex artical pervs aa human specs. fosters contrast euviousty, imagination, | « Face + psvewoLostcar creativiy, exploration | + Hekrachaly Postvly impacted aude prablem solving. ‘organized ratios and scales ‘+ Warm Light ‘Space as shape & form + Spatial harmony A overal happiness 38|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS. * Visual appeal of landscape through colour, height variability and physical character + Symmetry and proportions merged with geometrical accuracy of spatial design + Non visual elements like smell, taste, noise {P21} Exploration and Discovery "| Spatial Attributes "Health Common Featur A spuce with a seme of | + Govlogy & landscape + COGNITIVE, © Tight and shadow exploration & discovery _* Fagade greening Improoved careenteation, | 5 Sound or vibration i ‘enon 8 peraon of provides information» Complementary sey = Scent Fichnest, are intellectually | mtrast + Activity or movement Rimlting & generates a | « Fractals sesvewoLocical | + Artwork or installation mixed emotions of mystery, | + Heiarclly Postivetyimoactedattude) = Form and flow curiousity & excitement. ‘organized ratios and overall happiness © Translucent materials: scales © Views and vistas + puysioLocicat + Warm light rene Information riehness Fediced systole ood 3 ‘Bpccanhapes | Seagate Diesel eae ‘orm termones + Growth and efflorescence Spatial harmony © Linked series and chains + Complementary contrasts Dynamic hatance and tension Heitarchally organized ratios and scales DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- * Visual connections creating mystery and curiosity, leading to urge for discovery + Non- visual connections and presence of water + Metamorphing landscapes + Long, untreaded curved paths * View of prospect 39|Page(EONNIIINN stophitic Design and Architecture ¢ J {P22} Fear and Awe "Experience “Spatial Attributes | Health Benefits | Common Features |A space with a sense of fear * Colour + cogtrivE I hs cape ot amet awe gore sims + Geology and balcony or catwalle fe themiron srerenorpeca, | © Astinctral entivere tater ‘combincn revercoce | © ‘ranationalspeccs, | esesisienrionure | * Feestee with our (ociing space gles transparency wath fear ae + Experiences perceived tbe ‘+ PHYSIOLOGICAL defying/ testing gravity == ‘© Transparent tailing ot floor cee ne + Life sized photography of wild animals ‘+ ‘Majestic maura features that erecta es pees paler than ourselves DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- TARE AS TEAR SALE + Designing peril and adventure into built form + Rushing water * View of prospect + Non-human scale of built form and landscape evoking sense of grandeur + Shadow patterns due to diurnal changes * Unpredictable visual elements * Long meandering pathways ©) {P23} Reverence and spirituality “Common Features Experience Spatial Attributes | Health Benefits |A space with a sense of © Views and vistas + COGNITIVE reverence & spirit establishes meaninisfal relation to creation, evokes + EScuOLOGiCAL feelings of transcendence & ‘enduring comections that defy aloneness of a single person isolated in time & spice + PHYSIOLOGICA Reduced eves ercleved safely, ranqulty > Elevated planes ‘Views including shade trees, bodies of water or evidence of human habitation ‘Architectural cantilevers ‘+ Facades with floor to ceiling teansparency 4 Experiences perceived ta he ‘fying testing gravity ‘Passing under, over or through ‘waiet ‘Ambient diffuse lighting on walls and ceiling 40 [Page