Chapter 16 Further rates test

Student name:

1 The side lengths of a square are increasing at 4mm per hour.

a Find the rate at which the area is increasing when the side length is 12 cm.

b Find the rate at which the diagonal is increasing when the area is 81 c m2.

2 Coal is pouring from a high conveyor belt onto a conical pile. The conical pile has a semi-
vertical angle of 45 ° , and at time t the radius of the base is r .

a Find the height of the cone in terms of r , and hence show that the volume of the cone is
3
πr
V=
3
dV dr
b Differentiate to express in terms of .
dt dt
c Find the slant height l in terms of r , and hence show that the area A of the curved
surface of the cone is A=√ 2 π r 2. (See Box 2.)

dA dr
d Differentiate to express in terms of .
dt dt
dA 2 √ 2 dV
e Hence show that = .
dt r dt
f If the coal is pouring onto the pile at a rate of 6 m3 /s , find the rate at which the radius and
area are increasing when the radius is 4 metres.

3 Mice are multiplying in Mosman. Their population was estimated to be 100 000 at the start of
2010 and 195 000 at the start of 2016. Assume an exponential growth model,

dM
=kM , where k is a constant∧t istime∈ years after 2010.
dt
a Show that M =100000 e kt satisfies the differential equation, and has 100 000 at time

t=0 .
b Find k to the nearest 2 decimal places, and predict the population at the start of 2028,
correct to the nearest 1000.

c Predict in what year the population will first exceed 1000 000.

4 Caesium-137 has a half-life of about 41.2 years, meaning that half its mass decays into
something else in 41.2 years. This element was deposited in very tiny, but highly toxic, glass-
like grains around Fukushima in Japan as a result of the nuclear power-plant disaster there
dM
on 11th March 2010. Radioactive decay follows the exponential decay model =−kM ,
dt
where M is the mass remaining after time t years from an initial mass M0.

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Chapter 16 Further rates test

−kt
a Prove that M =M 0 e satisfies the differential equation and has initial mass M 0 .

b Use the half-life given above to calculate k, Give your answer to 3 decimal.

c Find what percentage of the original caesium-137 remains after 200 years, correct to the
nearest 0.01%.

d How long will it take for the mass of caesium-137 to decrease to 1% of its original level? Give
your answer correct to the nearest year.

5 A steel bar is taken out of a fire that has temperature of 750° C . Newton’s law of cooling tells us
that the temperature T after t minutes satisfies the differential equation

dT
=k ( T −E ) , where k is a constant∧¿ Eis room temperature .
dt
a Explain how the constant is negative.

b Show that T =E+ A ekt satisfies the differential equation, and that A=750−E .

c After 8 minutes, the bar has cooled to 375° C .

i If the room temperature is 0 ° C , find A and k , and find the temperature after 20
minutes, correct to the nearest degree.

ii If the room temperature is 40 ° C , find A and k , and find the temperature after 20
minutes, correct to the nearest degree.

6 Goats have been introduced for the second time onto Goat Island, and their population P is
growing. It is know from earlier years that their population is limited by the lack of resources
to an estimated maximum of M =25000 . Their numbers are therefore being modelled by
the differential equation:

dP
=−k ( P−M ) , where k is a constant ∧t is time∈ years.
dt
a Explain why the constant k is positive.

b Show that P=M −A e−kt satisfies the differential equation, has initial value M − A , and has
limit 25000

c The population at the start of 2010 was 1500, and at the start of 2020 is 4750.

i Find A and k .

ii What is the predicted population, correct to the nearest 10 goats, at the start of
2030?

iii In what year is the population predicted to reach 22000?

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Chapter 16 Further rates test

Answers
1 a 96 cm/ hour

b 4 √ 2 cm/ hour

2 a Since the conical pile has a semi-vertical angle of 45 ° , this means that the height of
the cone equates to the radius. Such that r =h .
1 2 1 3
V = π r h= π r .
3 3
dV 2 dr
b =π r
dt dt
c Using the Pythagoras theorem we can calculate that the slope of the cone is:

l= √ r 2 +r 2= √ 2 r .
Area of the curve surface of the cone = π ×r ×l= √ 2 π r 2 .

dA dr
d =2 √ 2 πr
dt dt
dr 3 dA
f = m, =3 √2m2
dt 8 π dt
3 b k =¿0.11, 724000
c 21 years
4 b 0.017
c 3.34 %
d 271 years
5 a We are observing the cooling of a steel bar hence we would expect that as time
passes the change in temperature will fall. Since we are given the formula of
dT
change in temperature =k ( T −E ) . Where the decreasing temperature of
dt
the bar hasn’t been taken account of. This means that k must be negative in
order to take into account of the cooling hot bar.
c i k =−0.12, T =68 ° C . Notice that the constant k is negative due to
how the temperature of the steel bar is decreasing.
ii k =−0.13, T =93 ° C . The reason for k being negative is similar to
the reasoning for part 1.

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Chapter 16 Further rates test

6 a We can see the change in population as k (M −P) instead of −k (P−M ).

We know that M =25000 is the maximum population that the island can hold.
Hence we have a population that will be increasing at a decreasing rate.
Therefore k must be positive as the population is increasing.
c i A=23500 , k =0.015
ii 7590 goats
iii 138 years

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