HBSE BOARD 2021 IMPORTANT POINTS

CLASS – 12TH [ CHEMISRTY ]

Unit – 1st solid state
 Solids have definite shape ,mass and volume
due to the fixed positions of constituent
particles.

 There are two types of solids :

Crystalline : Arranged in manner

Amorphous : not in manner

 Crystal lattice : The three dimensional
arrangement of constituent particles in a
crystalline solids .

 UNIT CELL : The smallest repeating pattern

of the crystal lattice is known as unit cell.

[ A unit cell is characterised by six

parameters : a , b , c or ]
[ Number of lattice points or atoms in:
Simple cubic = 1 , fcc= 4 , bcc= 2 ]
 Seven types of unit cells and properties :

 Bravais lattice : The fourteen lattices

Corresponding to seven crystal system is
called bravais lattices .

 Coordination Number : The coordination

number of any constituent particle in a
crystal is the number no its nearest
neighbours.

 PAKING FRACTION :- The fraction of the total

space filled by the particles is caleed packing
fraction .
 VOIDS :- The empty space / non-occupied
space between the packing of atoms is called
voids / holes.

 Types of voids:-
1. Tetrahedral void :- The void surrounded
by four [4] spheres/atoms sitting at the
corners of a regular tetrahedron .
2. Octahedral void:- The void surrounded by
six [6] atoms / spheres sitting at the
corners of a regular octahedron .
 Radius Ratio Rule : The ratio of the radius of
the cation to the anion is called radius ratio
rule.

 IMPORTANT TABLE ;

 Imperfactions / Defects :--- Any departure

from perfectly ordered arrangement of
constituent particles in crystal is called
imperfactions or defect .
OR
 Any irregularity in the pattern of crystal
arrangement in a solid lattice is called
imperfaction / defects in solids.

*** ***********************************
 Schottky defect : This defect arises when
equal numbers of cations and anions are
missing from their normal sites ,resulting in
equal no of cation and anion vacancies.

Schottky defect
 Frenkel defect : This defect arises when some
ions [ generally cations ] leave their lattice
site and occupy interstitial site.

Frenkel defect

DIFFERENCE :--
 Some important points
1. Examplesof schottky defect – Nacl ,
Kcl ,AgBr , Cscl …..

2. Examples of frenkel – Agcl ,AgI , AgBr

, Zns …..

3. AgBr shows both schottky and frenkel

defect.

4. These defects shown by ionic

compounds.

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