REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

GRADUATE SCHOOL
CTU-Main Campus
Corner M.J. Cuenco Ave. & R. Palma St., Cebu City
website: http://www.ctu.ph email: information@ctu.ph
Telephone No. (032) 412-1400 Fax No. (032) 416-6706

HARNESSING TECHNOLOGICAL THEORIES AND SKILLS FOR

EMPOWERMENT since 1969

Name: BATOON, MARCH ANTHONY M. Professor: Atty. Catherine D. Damole

Subject: MPA 616 – Philippine Values System Term: October to December 2022

FINAL EXAMINATION

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Write a 3-page digest of the published paper of Zenaida S. Macaspac, entitled:

THE PINOY MANAGEMENT STYLE: HOW IT HAS SERVED THE PAST AND
HOW ITSHOULD EVOLVE TO SERVE THE FUTURE

When it comes to management style, the Filipino culture is still evident in the
way Pinoy’s lead. In an article by University of the Philippines Professor Zenaida
Macaspac, the leadership style of Filipinos was described as one of a hybrid or
dualistic nature. It emphasizes on one hand, influences from the West and the
Filipinos’ rich culture and tradition on the other.

Classic leadership literature abounds with examples of leaders’ aim to predict,

categorize, classify, and control within organizations for every possible variable. The
combination of old and borrowed has evolved into something new and quite unique –
a Pinoy managerial style that tempers the blunt, straightforward ways of Western
managers with “good, old” Filipino values and traditions, including familism and
personalism. It might also be described as a dualistic style that varies at different
levels in the organizational hierarchy, more “borrowed” at the top rungs and
traditional at the lower levels. It might also be regarded as achieving a tricky balance
between being people- and work-oriented.

Familism dominates Filipino behavior whether at home, in the community, or

in the work place. The family is considered as the most important social unit in the
community. In its expanded sense, the family includes kinsmen acquired through
descent (consanguinity of blood) as in parents-children relations; marriage (affinity)
as in husband-wife relations; and compadrazgo (ritual affiliations) as in godparents-
godchildren relations. The latter, compadre relationship, is formed when one stands
as sponsor for baptism or marriage rites.

Renowned anthropologist Felipe Jocano adds to this description of the Filipino

management style, citing how it is differentiated through its focal features including
familism and personalism. He paints a picture of Pinoy leaders as those who value
kinship and relationship not just in the home but in the corporate setting as well. This
is seen in the way leaders seek ways to train and “look after their protegees”, and in
how they recommend to their company people with whom they share close
relationships with.

The American influence on Filipino culture became more pronounced. It was

to become a dominant contemporary influence on Philippine society, education and
even management style. Most of the Pinoy managers have adopted one or another
of Western management theories and principles. Taylor’s Scientific Management
theory convinced most Pinoy managers that financial incentives was the best way to
motivate workers to perform well. And there were other Western concepts that
caught their interest. The Western textbook orientation taught them to give high
premium on:

1. Being objective in handling problems, situations and people.

2. Being oriented to goals through building a team of people dedicated to the
common goal.
3. Being productivity-oriented by resorting to the most efficient ways to finish a
job with the least input of time and energy
4. Being impersonal or professional detached in hiring, promoting and firing
employees.
5. Being organization-oriented, to the extent of putting company interests before
other interests, including those of family.

These new management orientations brought in, too, formal management

systems and tools, including organizational charts, job descriptions, wage and salary
structures, training needs analysis, personal career paths, and performance
evaluation systems, to name a few.
Five Types of Filipino Managers (by Ernesto A. Franco)
A. Manager by Kayod (Realist)
Kayod is a Filipino term that means to sweat it out or to give oneself to hardwork.
He cuts down problems into manageable size; a fast decision maker,
impatient and
shrewd. He dedicated highly. He knows how to use people and his manners are
rather
formal and that of an introvert, He is a serious worker and will not give in to bribing or
any anomalous deals, does firsts things firsts.
B. Manager by Lusot (The Opportunist)
Lusot means capitalizing on a loophole. He always be on the lookout for loopholes
of anything and will use them to avoid too much work or as an excuse for failure. He
is
also given to make shortcuts and to do unconventional or even illegal ways to
attain
objectives, Generally an extrovert, he deals with people informally and like to resort
to
shaky deals to achieve easy settlement.
C. Manager by Libro (The Idealist)
Libro is a Spanish word for book. This manager literally goes by the book. He is
thinker, cautious, planning oriented, strive for professional performance, stubborn,
seeks
quality results and has high ideals. He usually has adequate formal
training in
management.
D. Manager by Oido
Oido comes from Spanish word “oir” or “to listen”. The Manager learns
his
managerial skills by oido or by ear. He has a vast field of practical
experiences to
compensate for his lack of formal management education. He is the opposite of
“libro”
manager.
E. Manager by Ugnayan
A hybrid of all types of managers. Tie integrates various styles of management
depending on the need and conditions of his organization. He is
participatory and
coordinative.
Five Types of Filipino Managers (by Ernesto A. Franco)
A. Manager by Kayod (Realist)
Kayod is a Filipino term that means to sweat it out or to give oneself to hardwork.
He cuts down problems into manageable size; a fast decision maker,
impatient and
shrewd. He dedicated highly. He knows how to use people and his manners are
rather
formal and that of an introvert, He is a serious worker and will not give in to bribing or
any anomalous deals, does firsts things firsts.
B. Manager by Lusot (The Opportunist)
Lusot means capitalizing on a loophole. He always be on the lookout for loopholes
of anything and will use them to avoid too much work or as an excuse for failure. He
is
also given to make shortcuts and to do unconventional or even illegal ways to
attain
objectives, Generally an extrovert, he deals with people informally and like to resort
to
shaky deals to achieve easy settlement.
C. Manager by Libro (The Idealist)
Libro is a Spanish word for book. This manager literally goes by the book. He is
thinker, cautious, planning oriented, strive for professional performance, stubborn,
seeks
quality results and has high ideals. He usually has adequate formal
training in
management.
D. Manager by Oido
Oido comes from Spanish word “oir” or “to listen”. The Manager learns
his
managerial skills by oido or by ear. He has a vast field of practical
experiences to
compensate for his lack of formal management education. He is the opposite of
“libro”
manager.
E. Manager by Ugnayan
A hybrid of all types of managers. Tie integrates various styles of management
depending on the need and conditions of his organization. He is
participatory and
coordinative.
Five Types of Filipino Managers (by Ernesto A. Franco)
A. Manager by Kayod (Realist)
Kayod is a Filipino term that means to sweat it out or to give oneself to hardwork.
He cuts down problems into manageable size; a fast decision maker,
impatient and
shrewd. He dedicated highly. He knows how to use people and his manners are
rather
formal and that of an introvert, He is a serious worker and will not give in to bribing or
any anomalous deals, does firsts things firsts.
B. Manager by Lusot (The Opportunist)
Lusot means capitalizing on a loophole. He always be on the lookout for loopholes
of anything and will use them to avoid too much work or as an excuse for failure. He
is
also given to make shortcuts and to do unconventional or even illegal ways to
attain
objectives, Generally an extrovert, he deals with people informally and like to resort
to
shaky deals to achieve easy settlement.
C. Manager by Libro (The Idealist)
Libro is a Spanish word for book. This manager literally goes by the book. He is
thinker, cautious, planning oriented, strive for professional performance, stubborn,
seeks
quality results and has high ideals. He usually has adequate formal
training in
management.
D. Manager by Oido
Oido comes from Spanish word “oir” or “to listen”. The Manager learns
his
managerial skills by oido or by ear. He has a vast field of practical
experiences to
compensate for his lack of formal management education. He is the opposite of
“libro”
manager.
E. Manager by Ugnayan
A hybrid of all types of managers. Tie integrates various styles of management
depending on the need and conditions of his organization. He is
participatory and
coordinative.
Five Types of Filipino Managers (by Ernesto A. Franco)
A. Manager by Kayod (Realist)
Kayod is a Filipino term that means to sweat it out or to give oneself to hardwork.
He cuts down problems into manageable size; a fast decision maker,
impatient and
shrewd. He dedicated highly. He knows how to use people and his manners are
rather
formal and that of an introvert, He is a serious worker and will not give in to bribing or
any anomalous deals, does firsts things firsts.
B. Manager by Lusot (The Opportunist)
Lusot means capitalizing on a loophole. He always be on the lookout for loopholes
of anything and will use them to avoid too much work or as an excuse for failure. He
is
also given to make shortcuts and to do unconventional or even illegal ways to
attain
objectives, Generally an extrovert, he deals with people informally and like to resort
to
shaky deals to achieve easy settlement.
C. Manager by Libro (The Idealist)
Libro is a Spanish word for book. This manager literally goes by the book. He is
thinker, cautious, planning oriented, strive for professional performance, stubborn,
seeks
quality results and has high ideals. He usually has adequate formal
training in
management.
D. Manager by Oido
Oido comes from Spanish word “oir” or “to listen”. The Manager learns
his
managerial skills by oido or by ear. He has a vast field of practical
experiences to
compensate for his lack of formal management education. He is the opposite of
“libro”
manager.
E. Manager by Ugnayan
A hybrid of all types of managers. Tie integrates various styles of management
depending on the need and conditions of his organization. He is
participatory and
coordinative.
Five Types of Filipino Managers (by Ernesto A. Franco)
A. Manager by Kayod (Realist)
Kayod is a Filipino term that means to sweat it out or to give oneself to hardwork.
He cuts down problems into manageable size; a fast decision maker,
impatient and
shrewd. He dedicated highly. He knows how to use people and his manners are
rather
formal and that of an introvert, He is a serious worker and will not give in to bribing or
any anomalous deals, does firsts things firsts.
B. Manager by Lusot (The Opportunist)
Lusot means capitalizing on a loophole. He always be on the lookout for loopholes
of anything and will use them to avoid too much work or as an excuse for failure. He
is
also given to make shortcuts and to do unconventional or even illegal ways to
attain
objectives, Generally an extrovert, he deals with people informally and like to resort
to
shaky deals to achieve easy settlement.
C. Manager by Libro (The Idealist)
Libro is a Spanish word for book. This manager literally goes by the book. He is
thinker, cautious, planning oriented, strive for professional performance, stubborn,
seeks
quality results and has high ideals. He usually has adequate formal
training in
management.
D. Manager by Oido
Oido comes from Spanish word “oir” or “to listen”. The Manager learns
his
managerial skills by oido or by ear. He has a vast field of practical
experiences to
compensate for his lack of formal management education. He is the opposite of
“libro”
manager.
E. Manager by Ugnayan
A hybrid of all types of managers. Tie integrates various styles of management
depending on the need and conditions of his organization. He is
participatory and
coordinative.
Five Types of Filipino Managers (by Ernesto A. Franco)
A. Manager by Kayod (Realist)
Kayod is a Filipino term that means to sweat it out or to give oneself to hardwork.
He cuts down problems into manageable size; a fast decision maker,
impatient and
shrewd. He dedicated highly. He knows how to use people and his manners are
rather
formal and that of an introvert, He is a serious worker and will not give in to bribing or
any anomalous deals, does firsts things firsts.
B. Manager by Lusot (The Opportunist)
Lusot means capitalizing on a loophole. He always be on the lookout for loopholes
of anything and will use them to avoid too much work or as an excuse for failure. He
is
also given to make shortcuts and to do unconventional or even illegal ways to
attain
objectives, Generally an extrovert, he deals with people informally and like to resort
to
shaky deals to achieve easy settlement.
C. Manager by Libro (The Idealist)
Libro is a Spanish word for book. This manager literally goes by the book. He is
thinker, cautious, planning oriented, strive for professional performance, stubborn,
seeks
quality results and has high ideals. He usually has adequate formal
training in
management.
D. Manager by Oido
Oido comes from Spanish word “oir” or “to listen”. The Manager learns
his
managerial skills by oido or by ear. He has a vast field of practical
experiences to
compensate for his lack of formal management education. He is the opposite of
“libro”
manager.
E. Manager by Ugnayan
A hybrid of all types of managers. Tie integrates various styles of management
depending on the need and conditions of his organization. He is
participatory and
coordinative.
Five Types of Filipino Managers (by Ernesto A. Franco)
A. Manager by Kayod (Realist)
Kayod is a Filipino term that means to sweat it out or to give oneself to hardwork.
He cuts down problems into manageable size; a fast decision maker,
impatient and
shrewd. He dedicated highly. He knows how to use people and his manners are
rather
formal and that of an introvert, He is a serious worker and will not give in to bribing or
any anomalous deals, does firsts things firsts.
B. Manager by Lusot (The Opportunist)
Lusot means capitalizing on a loophole. He always be on the lookout for loopholes
of anything and will use them to avoid too much work or as an excuse for failure. He
is
also given to make shortcuts and to do unconventional or even illegal ways to
attain
objectives, Generally an extrovert, he deals with people informally and like to resort
to
shaky deals to achieve easy settlement.
C. Manager by Libro (The Idealist)
Libro is a Spanish word for book. This manager literally goes by the book. He is
thinker, cautious, planning oriented, strive for professional performance, stubborn,
seeks
quality results and has high ideals. He usually has adequate formal
training in
management.
D. Manager by Oido
Oido comes from Spanish word “oir” or “to listen”. The Manager learns
his
managerial skills by oido or by ear. He has a vast field of practical
experiences to
compensate for his lack of formal management education. He is the opposite of
“libro”
manager.
E. Manager by Ugnayan
A hybrid of all types of managers. Tie integrates various styles of management
depending on the need and conditions of his organization. He is
participatory and
coordinative.
Management expert Ernesto Franco identifies four general styles of Pinoy
management.

Manager by Kayod

Kayod is a Filipino term that means to sweat it out or to give oneself to

hardwork. He cuts down problems into manageable size; a fast decision maker,
impatient and shrewd. He dedicated highly. He knows how to use people and his
manners are rather formal and that of an introvert, He is a serious worker and will not
give in to bribing or any anomalous deals, does firsts things firsts.

Manager by Lusot

Lusot means capitalizing on a loophole. He always be on the lookout for

loopholes of anything and will use them to avoid too much work or as an excuse for
failure. He is also given to make shortcuts and to do unconventional or even illegal
ways to attain objectives, Generally an extrovert, he deals with people informally and
like to resort to shaky deals to achieve easy settlement.

Manager by Libro

Libro is a Spanish word for book. This manager literally goes by the book. He is
thinker, cautious, planning oriented, strive for professional performance, stubborn,
seeks quality results and has high ideals. He usually has adequate formal training in
management.

Manager by Ugnayan

A hybrid of all types of managers. Tie integrates various styles of management

depending on the need and conditions of his organization. He is participatory and
coordinative.

The Realist Manager does-evaluates-plans a little-does. The Idealist Manager

plans a lot-does-evaluates-replans a lot. The Opportunist Manager plans-does-does
again and again. The Reconciler-Manager evaluates-plans-does and at the same
time evaluates again. Franco believes that Idealist-Managers eventually realize that
they are ineffective in real life and become Realist Managers. The same goes for the
Opportunity Managers. The best of the four are the Reconciler-Managers, claims
Franco. It is noteworthy that this type is equipped with superior human relations
skills.
SUGGESTIONS, CONCLUCIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 Filipino managers should be careful to ensure that others do not suffer
embarrassment or any sense of shame as a result of their own actions or their
inability to meet the expectations of others. It is considered to be very bad behavior
to criticize another in public, as this is the greatest insult that can be given. To be
openly criticized in public results in a loss of self-esteem and personal dignity. Any
attack on an individual’s self-esteem may have to be revenged.

Therefore, managers are keen to treat subordinates with respect whilst, at the
same time, maintaining the dignity of the position of boss. Instructions will be given
clearly and precisely and subordinates will be expected to follow those instructions
with little or no discussion.

Lastly, relationship bonds run deep in Filipino culture and the manager expects
loyalty. In return for this loyalty the boss will look after the interests of those
subordinates. It is very much a reciprocal arrangement.

“Keep your thoughts positive because your thoughts become your words. Keep your
words positive because your words become your behavior. Keep your
behavior positive because your behavior becomes your habits. Keep your habits
positive because your habits become your values. Keep your values positive
because your values become your destiny.” -

Mahatma Gandhi