F ayoun Acar 86° Poss of cok Neng ¥ ~ AIL Living o¥gomnrams are made OF colts - “The cel % Ler baste unit of life. -Now coll arise Mem oll cous: Cell: Structure and Function: © mest imperos’ cpr j pte): Q: What is a cell - Cells ave MW builoting bloder : oe : O¢ fife. Tt is tw $ mnallest cell is called the structural and functional unit of an organism. unit OF (ie + They con Q biscovery of Cells~In 1665, an English scientist names Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of cork under ive his basic microscope. He noticed tiny spaces enclosed by walls. He called them_cells, {nolependantly ‘Thedore Schwann declared that animal tissues are made up of cells and finally conducted that cell is the basic unit of life. = 1. Scientists study living cells using high resolution microscopes. 2._ Stains (dyes) are used to color the cells, which helps in getting a detailed look at the structure of the cells. 3._ Different living organisms may have a variation in cel size, shape and number. Questions that can be asked from this - - nism: = What isacell? Acell is Caled The Shructuras and Cynehomal unit ofan organ! = Who discovered cells? An Engnish sclenbs+ name Robert Hoole « = Who declared that the cellis the basic unit ofife? TheodoY Schwan”) : ‘What type of microscopes do scientists use to study living cells? High Resolution microsuopes Why are stains used? Stains aya use colov twe cous + Oren A Variations in Cell Number - Secono! ropic: Unicellular organisms: ‘Aliving organism can be made up of a single or many cells ‘An organism made up of a single cel is known as a unicellular organism, Examples of unicellular organisms — Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, yeast and bacteria, Ina unicellular organism, a single cell performs all life functions ae Multicellular organisms - ‘An organism made up of many cells is called a multicellular organism, Examples of multicellular organisms are plants and animals, ‘Questions that can be asked from this - Whatisa unicellular organism? An Ovanismmad upof a single CU Give some examples of unicellular organisms. PrMoebay Paramacdiwn » Euflena What is a multicellular organism? AN o¥oanism mack up ef multiple Celo~ Give some examples of multicellular organisms. flan}s and ani mass - Variations in cell shape and size - 1. Cells become specialized to perform specific {unctions and exist in different shapes and sizes. 2. They can be disc shaped, polygonal or even without a fixed shape like Amoeba. Scanned with CamScannerTmetine : é ; ‘ \ 1665 — Robert Hanke aiscoverel cello while OdSeNV HG, a cov und Wa micro scope + \CT4~ Anton vam teeuu enhoole hoe Obsevuch LA living cell nBSee Tesdany fname Mostar Lhlean ano! cto\Ph Viren cau 2 'A53~ saynes Wokson anck Fronets Cri ch olerivesA the 3 -olimens| eng helicad motel of flu Ora. N a Fe = Scanned with CamScannerFor! xample, Nerve cells are elongated as they need to carry messages to different parts of the pout Huan nerve cells are said to be the longest cells. usc! ees are cylindrical and branched. They help with movement by contracting and relaxing, Cells are flat in shape to produce a large surface area for covering the body for protection. = blood cells can change their shape to help in destroying the germs present in the body. Sperm cells need to swim long distances, so they have a wiggly tail to propel themselves, Nowe Th a size of cells may be as small as a micrometer or as large asa few centimeters. i micrometer is .0000001 M, (1 millionth of a meter)) NOF thar im portont - ‘The smallest living organism s the bacteria cell, which ranges in size from 0.1 to 0.5 micrometer. Wo. too.s mom. Questions that can be asked from this - What are some of the shapes that cells can be? Hexagenial oly genie» waitnoe aOrxEAL ‘What is the shape of the human nerve cell? Human ces ant eleng HA. lies ‘What is the shape of the muscle cell? Cylindyical & branche . How does the muscle cell help with movement? Byconwadsng and velewing * What are the shapes of the skin cells? And why? ‘Shin cells ave Mat bo prick a bot Why does siein Wacs matter? WECS Change #neit #rdpe Io dualroy gui“ ave” Whaat is the shape of sperm cells? Wigaly fails ( ploper dhums auer- What is the smallest living organism? @aelevia « What isthe longest cell? Nevus colt. Ctanged Prom Olt 0 “6 micromuta ) Preparing a slide to view cells: = Most living cells are microscopic in nature, so they are viewed with a compound microscope. (stepstoviewacellonaside Only to View 2 ceo sn a sour Conly rounbing? « meer Mounting’ To view a cell under a microscope, the specimen is first placed on a glass slide, this Ampot a step is called mounting. Mounting can be carried out in the laboratory in 2 ways: dry mounting or wet mounting, Dry mounting does not require water whereas wet mounting requires water. ‘A dry mount is generally used for viewing inanimate objects. Pa Tees 1. Specimens to be viewed under a microscope are often stained using dyes such a{methylene blue, safranin or crystal violet) learn these names » 2. (Stains are observed by the tissues and organelles present in the cel, which brightens and differentiates them making it easier for ust view the detailed structure.) Amipottank - Questions that can be asked from this - i a 4 ' += Explain the mounting step to view a cell under a microscope. TW specinen ispace ah ths slide [+ Explain the difference between dry mounting and wet mounting, ty mounting does nv t a on - What are some of the dyes used to stain the cells? sigue £ wetmasniny | ie) ~ | Explain how stains are observed and how staining the cells can be useful to us. memuylene ble, safianin , crystat vietel-+ stains are obser bY tessuen and organelle prenent in me Coll wonich pyiqnkr And diem vonciatis noting & cari Ber @ view the derailed S¥yuctune- Scanned with CamScanner 3 4Pe using thewet mount method ‘watchglass, water, dropper, iodine sol ye eee Vex side, you will see thin lay ‘Temove asmall piece ‘ofan onion and takea piece of i eneolon| ce of the fleshy layer from b atisoni yet it Structure of aCell-ymadt important * = Acell has both living and non living parts. ~ Che living parts present in a cell have a definite shape, structure and function and are commonly called organelles.) YZ Qnelto Legini'evr - There are 3 major parts seen in all cells except for bacteria —cell membrane, protoplasm and nucleus. ey porkotm cued ogo Spcciat (unchiowy in +cell on Scanned with CamScanner: (re plant cells have another part called the cell wall, which surrounds the cell membrane, but it is not found in animal cells) portant out ~ ~ (Diferent cel onan perform diferent functions) cal or gor Questions that can be asked from this- proroplasm s Whee + 1, What are the 3 major parts in all cells? Cel mmernovOre s 2. Whatis the cell that only plants have called as? (2M WOU - 3._ Different cellacga.neaus perform different functions. \ 7 cell wall. vacuoles | —eplasrna membrane! [Ly boos oshdy-— Scanned with CamScanner‘cell membrane, 3 membrane. Cmnignt CovWD = Acell surrounded by a thin covering called the ~The different name for cell membrane is plasma membrane. = The cell membrane protects the cel! and gives it shape, Cus «only allows selective materialin and out of thecel. C Fu ncireri) it The cell membrane is also called the selectively permeable membrane. CVC) 3 wmpovkot) rent of selected substances, water and minerals in.and out of the cell. no tev wyanie Wego WHat * = Brvetien): = It regulates the movem eM ‘Questions that can be: has from this 1. What isa cell membrane? Acell wembone If a thin coating For mw wa. 2. What isa different name for cell membrane? Payynq. evyvane,- 3, Whyisthe cell membrane useful? Protects ys UCM amol gid Ub Moyet * 4. Whats the cell membrane also known as? Seach COL, membran + 5. What isthe function ofthe cell membrane? Shereccit Selerrn ncleniady » wal minvewals. Us Ores Ok 9, ies wa: mowmant And Cord yegutals selva = The cell wallis present only in plant cells; animal cells do not have a cell wall. Scanned with CamScanner~ This extra layer provides rigidity and protection to the cells, as plants do not have skeletal su The cell wall is.completely permeable to all substances. = The cell wall contains a large amount of cellulose. . - CER tdeGrate swengnnt: : auest ht that can be asked from th pp oe eo Pha pliers | 1. Whatisacellwall? A Cell walk is an exho. prowech™ fouger FO only pant Oa PID plo vigi@ k proetion 2. Whyisthe cell wall useful? Ts OL walk givd p 3. Which living organism is the cell wall present in? Plan's * ‘Stoplesm. : Cytoplasm is the jelly —like fluid found within the cell membrane. Many organelles are embedded in the cytoplasm. Questions that can be asked from this - 1. Whatisa ortoplasm? Cy pla gry is THe jeg = Wke fivid eounal winnin ae Sa plants maraiorganeuns Oe Pre Here aresomecytonasmic orarels om peddled im dd ey to PIM ° Nucleus- Croat important Uyf plasm c ovganed > «The nucleus controls the major functions ofthe cell. Thus, itis referred to as the brain of the cell Fre nucleus s surrounded bya membrane called the quclear membrane. Protoplasm present inside the nucleus is called nucleoplasm. = The nucleoplasm contains, thread — like substances called chromosomes. = Chromosomes carry the hereditary material called genes ‘that are responsible for transferring characters from parents to offspring. ——— - (when a cell is not ina state ‘of division, they are seen as a network called the chromatin network.) Cole-topic buk important) - = _ronmémbvane bound spherical structure called nucleolus also present inside the nucleus, Muciegy coniowd ny Ueolus hich evitouns protein Syntngss» ‘Uclean ev Fol Anremakin wnion Fors onYomosemss: Guevyspecied had @Gxedk AUM ber OF Chromoserud: tumon beings Rowe 46 Chyemeremt each booly cxdh. Chiomosamy’ Com foun OWA, each si ome oF ONA is d gem. Scanned with CamScannerQuestions that can be asked from this - a ; vihatisthe nucleus? ucleys the bvOIM of THE te bye wal pteoere odsich . What is a nuclear membrane? (Wuch# oY re lyud cB nv eee 1 2 3. Where isthe protoplasm present in? |$! vepene IM oplaem'. x areare cromesomespresentin? Onremagenns ae PLO Ce 5, Does the nucleus contain genes? Yer ' “ . ee OT : 6. Whatis the chromatin network? &h WHOM oO CAL wD nek 9) ante ae 7. Whatis the nucleolus? The nucleolus i Ce Golgi - apparatus (Golgi bodies) - nem: membyant bound sprue oh Srucrum Ur put pvdeRo- = Itismade up of a stack of tube-lke structures called vesicles. T gubstances such as enzymes, hormones = Vesicles are responsible for the secretion of chemical and proteins. Questions that can be asked from this - 1, Whatis the Golgi - apparatus made from? Tube tx Sruchw Cool Vericles+ 2. What sits function? T44) OM Yerponnioec Ger Lim sCcrehion oe, Mitochondria CAmpavio J Subsionced such an enzymes herons K* s 2 prot « = Small god-like or spherical structures. = They guidize food to provide energy. ‘ - Fee aasrsteae powerhouse ofthecel. CPrapont inborn Saimnalo ond pind) Questions that can be asked from this - 1. What are Mitochondria? Smadt vook [ia ev werwrtical Shuu-wu0- 2. Whot dothey do? Tuy oxloti 2 Covel £5 pvoviolt energy 3. are they called the powerhouse of the cell? Y{@0 + vacuoles: Qoern amivek and plane cals) = These are sac-like structures enclosed by a membrane called tonoplast. = They store excess water, food and waste inside them, Questions that can be asked from this - 1, What are the Vacuoles? Vacaoles O12 SQC lite SHoCHWY ahcleged ba am 2. Whatdothey do? Trans StOxe EXCOB WALD» Pood! One way. ah ane Aeplost lysosomes: (bem plowk & omnirvol. sett : nick. {Yun . - 7 PO arta stances cated enaymes np semi cone, Aragon t Seal pes and extracellular materials. - They are called the suicide bags of the cell as they are capable of bursting and destroying the cells during emergency. calls during emergency., Questions that can be asked from this - Scanned with CamScannerGalgi vedios: Calg; apparatus) : *TRee oye Fok-wemprangous Sac live JHuckuwy thor ave Geund hear The nucQows + # Thuy ove otaneol in Stale * + Wy Secrets, Syntresize and sore wratartaly ile ney y hormonuy # Mew Ove also Lnewn ap Seeekaty erganeths - © Th plank colo Thy ove. net uel olebined and ave caluol ae Mire onvendia. C4y bern ouninnalo ond planta) dichiosermad: eGlieadl fe pownneme Of HA aU. ATP Adenocine Triphosphate . 8 Me aniendia procuce fiw majen'iy of culls’ adenocint triphesphat (oP) be Upeck ap “un wunten cy" 4 i i. ° ane meaner bana ney i Cease ite eels eT Ox(did Ags Fovol in bi SF pre 7 ° Singular Mnin0 Chrendian « es se) fe = ad Vac voles * Le lnmatue plank cls, yaoi hats séou fesol, wath andwayla * SvamBrs provide tuigiaily ( previcl stucwiat yep) fe 0% plone Function th animal ells a WIT NUmeval andl dligeation « © Sac Wile Shue enclexd by a Mumbranne A tenezloy. Scanned with CamScanner2. what dothey do? Te) Gethain, chan celleol enaynus (ok 2. What arethey known for? Tansy ave. ld ea aioli bay Aixar Ula - Ribosomes- Con, plows anol avimals) OF ye WAL a PL DUE dufins, enUIQNY * ~ They are small granular structures found scattered in te cytoplasm and on the endoplasmic, reticulu ~ They are responsible for protein synthesis. Questions that can be asked from this - : w 1. What are Ribosomes? MAMA GraartaN dhrock wey ears BAP SORA AM | 2, What are they responsible for? oh, Care atm ae AW ‘endlp poem's Yenulum , [Endoplasmic reticulum- CBotr plann ond aeimnols 1a network of tubules, which are involved in the storage and transportation of substances within the cell. = There are 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER): = Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface, appearan = The smooth ER does not have any ribosomes. : smooth ER and rough ER. due to which the surface has a grainy Questions that can be asked from this ~ 4. Whatisthe Endoplasmic Reticulum? [NOAwIo" SteA4OD UICDy ya ue ee ee 2. What ae the 2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum? Explain more about ther. On en ee centrosomes: PREM EL Br Aoogn ER . Centrosomes” Cony im owl vat tlh’) These structures are present only in animal cells Centrosomes mainly function to initiate and regulate cell division. ‘Questions that can be asked from this - 1. Where can these Centrosomesbe found in? Ania tbs & Coviiete - 2. What is their function? 7 feguoki & ini nok Clavisien > Plasis: Comyy iv p bank cols) + (These are present only in plant cells) Wm Porrant ~ = Plastids contain certain pigments that have specific functions. = Depending on the pigment color, plastids are of 3 kinds. = Chloroplasts These contain the green pigment called chlorophull, which helps plants in making food. = Ghromoplasts — These contain the non green pigment, which gives color to flowers and fruits Leucoplasts - These are colorless and store food in the form of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. They mostly contain starch. Questions that can be asked from this - Scanned with CamScanner£ Endoploarn’e. foycutum : RCA OF mtembiatous bea That omnect ne cod nomb i fre nedeav Membrane. met ite int emdo parm ic. ‘ . p Sl dog Se fe helps in domspettab'on OF BunBrow ces ing 7 Se Sanmaisy mostécotion ond hamypattation of Peery ts a by endoplasmic Vohesluum CER + Thun © 9a DNBSt. 2 fevgn endo plaamic Webiculum- - Sian tere : — The Aiforene rete He Qin Me preanse 96 -Huekas vivorenun, OHacwol (5 Ha ovley Sunéace of tte Rongn ER. Gatrosome = ON PIERO Gn Ounimat cella not Plant—colb. Ton ter Cwmhisu CA.drum bike sheen COM Be. CNVor oy One peru) - ~ fou initiate” Anol regulate coll ofrviwen ~ Scanned with CamScanner; Where are they Present in? In plone ob - lat are the 3 COP larity types of plastids based on the pigment alo? Explain about them. najor'a g Queer! — Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell hat yonc &: dst + Ee oe ee chat lack a weltdefned membrane - bound nucleus. The genetic material is suspended freely in the cytoplasm. fs. wy One ease PIO * - Examples include bacteria and blue - green algae such as nostoc. 39 + pacen'a, fh ™: up homo . = Eukaryotic cells are the cells that have a well — defined membrane — bound nucleus. 3 | Genetic material is found enclosed within the nucleus. A( vw ulcgWiulor andprotozeans All plants and animals have eukaryotic cells. ON Fo ke : aryestic ee a wall of efinest mombron bomel NUM - Questions that can be asked from this |. What are Prokaryotic cells? (ably Trak 1a Examples of Prokaryotic cells? Backer ra 6 Nesree - What are eukaryotic cells? Coli That haweg roll olagneol mum bye bound 4. Where is genetic material found in? Within tue ef Neocles - huceuo- Cell division and growth - : = Once a cell is formed, it starts ingesting and digesting food, and grows. After reaching a certain size it divides to form 2 cells. ~The new cells formed in this manner are known as daughter cells and are the exact opposite of eee the parent cell "fad blood wb tin fof nent - Whe plot ello I'ur her 1-8 : oe tin cob liu (er Q-y vaeks * Scanned with CamScanner= When atissue is damaged, the surrounding cells begin to divide to replace the damaged cells. = However, inthe brain, the spinal cord and nerves, the damage is. permanent, because these cells cannot undergo division to geplace the damaged cells ' Hence, when there is an injury to a bone, it will heal, but an injury to the spinal cord will not, Sometimes, during division, errors might occur in the division of the genetic material. This results in changes called mutations, which can cause diseases such as cancer and abnormal . Browth ‘such as non-cancerous tumors. - Questions that can be asked from this - Cis i ' Civics |, 1. Explain the steps of cll dsion and growth. foverk cllegedie te beim haus 2. Explain the errors that might occur in the division of the genetic: material. ah a Somme s durma atvigien effets migMe OC eS i Br pinche Material Calleol ee on, x Qbneymam ris co” cour yw Evol mar Vive Vex von concious RAMEN Scanned with CamScannerThe Oo unit oF Wee’ 0 ‘qVondh odin eainayebaeac Hers Alam pacers tt ewrsp ing, Scanned with CamScanner