Name: ……………………………………………………………………………

Gosford High School

Trial HSC 2022

Mathematics Extension 2
General Instructions
• Reading time – 10 minutes
• Working time – 3 hours
• Write using black or blue pen
• Calculators approved by NESA may be used
• A reference sheet is provided
• In Section II, show relevant mathematical reasoning and/ or calculations

Total Marks
100 Section I – 10 marks
• Attempt Questions 1–10
• Allow about 15 minutes for this section
• Answer questions on the Multiple-choice answer sheet

Section II – 90 marks
• Attempt Questions 11–16
• Allow about 2 hours 45 minutes for this section

1
Section I
10 marks
Attempt Questions 1–10
Allow about 15 minutes for this section
Shade the best response on the multiple-choice answer sheet.
_t
1 + 3i
1. Given z = , the modulus and argument of the complex number z 5 are respectively
~-_t 1+ i
5π
(A) 2 2,
6
-_t 5π
(B) 4 2,
12
-_t 7π
(C) 4 2,
12
-_t −π
(D) 2 2,
12
3 
2. Which vector represents the unit vector in the direction  −6  ?
 
 2
1 1  3  3 
(A)   (B)   (C)
1 
(D)
1  
1  −1 −6 −6
    7   49  
1 1   2  2
3. The angle between the vectors u = 3i + 5 j + 7 k and v =11i + 13 j + 17 k is closest to
       
(A) 8
(B) 11
(C) 79
(D) 82
3
4. ( 3 + i ) n is purely real when

(A) =n 6k , k ∈ 

(B) n =6k + π , k ∈ 

k
(C) =n , k ∈
6
6
(D) =n , k ∈
k

5. Which of the following is the contrapositive of the statement “If Star Wars was released then I did
not go school” ?
(A) If I went to school then Star Wars was released.
(B) If I did not go to school then Star Wars was not released.
(C) If Star Wars was not released then I went to school.
(D) If I went to school then Star Wars was not released.

iπ
−
3
6. The diagram which best represents the two square roots of 9e is:
(A) Im(z) (B) Im(z)

Re(z) Re(z)

3
9e

(C) (D)

Im(z) Im(z)

Re(z) Re(z)

3
9e
4
7. Which of the following statements is NOT always true.

(A) a + b I ≥ Ia I − 11
b

(B) a − b I ≤ Ia I − 11
b

(C) a + b I ≤ Ia I + 11
b

(D) a − b I ≤ Ia I + 11
b

8. The polynomial P ( z ) =z 4 − 4 z 3 + Mz + 20, M ∈  . Given that 3 + i is a zero of P( z ) , which of the

following could be a quadratic factor of P( z ) ?

(A) z2 + 2z + 2

(B) z2 − 6z + 4

(C) z 2 + 6 z + 10

(D) z 2 − 2 z + 20

9. Which of the following relations has a graph that passes through 1 + 2i on the complex plane?
π
(A) Arg(z) =
6
(B) z − 1 = z − 2i
I I
(C) Re(z) = 2Im(z)
(D) z+z =2

1
10. Evaluate ∫ tan −1 x dx
0

(A) -π4 − ln .r2

(B) -π6 − ln .r3
(C) -π2 − ln .r5
(D) -π2 − ln .r6
5
Section II
90 marks
Attempt Questions 11-16
Allow about 2 hours 45 minutes for this section

Answer in the appropriate booklet provided

Question 11. (15 marks) Answer in the booklet labelled Question 11

a) Given that z1 = 1 + 5i , express the following in the form a + bi , where a, b, are real.
2 − i, z2 =

(i) ( z1 ) 1

z1
(ii) 2
z2

(iii) z2 − z1 2

(iv) z1 z1 2

b) Prove by counter-example that the proposition ∀x ∈ , ∃y ∈  : x =y 2 is false. 1

c) Find the cube roots of 8i and clearly represent the solutions on an Argand diagram. 3

 
d) Let OA =− i + 4k and OB = 4 i + j + 3k .
    

(i) Find AB . 1

(ii) Find | AB | 1

(iii) Find the coordinates of point C such that AC =− i + j − k 2
  

6
Question 12 (14 Marks) Answer in the booklet labelled Question 12

2 + ln x
a) (i) Show that ∫ x 2
dx can be expressed as ∫ (2 + u )e − u du 2

e 2 + ln x
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, determine the exact value of ∫
1 x2
dx 3

b) Determine the vector equation r of the line segment 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 where 𝐴𝐴 = (1, 2, 1) and

𝐴𝐴 = (4, 10, −3). 2

2x A Bx + C
c) (i) Express in the form + 2 where A, B and C are real. 3
( x + 1)( x + 1)
2
x +1 x +1
1 2x
(ii) Hence or otherwise, find ∫0 ( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)
dx 4

7
Question 13 (14 Marks) Answer in the booklet labelled Question 13

a) Prove by contradiction that for positive real numbers a, b, and c, if ab = c then 2

a ≤ c or b ≤ c

b) Given that 3 + qi is one of the roots of the quadratic equation z 2 + 12 pz + 58 =

0 , where
p and q are real constants, find the values of p and q. 3

c) A sequence is defined by the recursive formula Tn +1 =

1 2
5
( ) 5
Tn + 6 , T1 = . Prove
2
Tn +1 < Tn ∀ n > 0, n ∈  by the process of mathematical induction. 3

d) Find the cartesian equation of the curve given by r =

(t ) .Jt i + - 1j and hence find the
  t +1 
maximum value of the function. 3

π
e) Represent on the Argand diagram where the two inequalities z − i ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ arg( z + 1) ≤
I I 4
both hold. 3

8
Question 14 (15 Marks) Answer in the booklet labelled Question 14

a) The diagram shows points O, R, S, T and U in the complex plane. These points correspond
to the complex numbers 0, r, s, t and u respectively. ∆ORS and ∆OTU are equilateral.
π π
=
Let z cos + i sin
3 3

T
U

O
S

(i) Explain why u = zt 1

(ii) Express the complex number r in terms of s. 2
(iii) Use complex numbers to show that the lengths of RT and SU are equal. 3

n
1 3 1 
b) Prove by mathematical induction that ∑=
3
k =0
k 1 − n +1  for positive integers n.
2 3 
3

x+ y+z 3
c) It is known that ≥ xyz . DO NOT PROVE THIS.
3
1 1 1 9
If x, y and z are the interior angles of a triangle, show that + + ≥ 3
x y z π

d) Determine the Cartesian equation of the sphere with centre (9, 20, 12) and passes through the point
(25, 0, 0). 3

9
Question 15 (16 Marks) Answer in the booklet labelled Question 15

a) (i) Find ∫ sin 2 x dx 2

1
∫ x sin x dx = (2 x 2 − 2 x sin 2 x − cos 2 x) + C
2
(ii) Show that 3
8

(iii) The diagram shows a finite region bound by the curve y = x sin x and the x axis.

-Fx sin x
----- y=

Find the volume of revolution when the shaded region is rotated about the x axis. 3

b) Let the roots of z 3 =−4 + 4 3i be z1 , z2 and z3 .

(i) Find z1 , z2 and z3 , expressing your answers in the form reiθ ,

where r > 0 and − π < θ ≤ π . 3

2π  4π  8π
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, show that cos  
 + cos 

 + cos 

=0 2
 9   9   9 

c) Let y = x 2 e x . Prove by mathematical induction that

dn 2 x
x e= (n(n − 1) + 2nx + x 2 )e x ∀n ∈  + . 3
dx n

10
Question 16 (16 Marks) Answer in the booklet labelled Question 16

x 1
a) By using the substitution t = tan
2
or otherwise, find ∫ 2 + sin x dx 3

1
= ∫ e (2 − x) dx for integers n ≥ 0 .
x n
b) The integral I n is defined by In
0

(i) Show that I n =e − 2n + nI n −1 2

1
∫ e (2 − x)
x 4
(ii) Hence or otherwise, evaluate dx 3
0

c) (i) Show that both sin 2 x + cos 4 x and sin 4 x + cos 2 x can each be expressed as
1
1 − sin 2 2 x 2
4
1 1 8
(ii) Show that + 4 = 1
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x 4 − sin 2 2 x
2 4 2

1 1 8
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, show that 2 ≤ + 4 ≤ 2
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x 3
2 4 2

d) Prove that a 3 + 3a 2 + 2a , where a is a positive whole number, is divisible by 6 by

mathematical induction. 3

End of Exam

11
 Gosford High School
Trial HSC 2022

Mathematics Extension 2

Sample Solutions and Marking Guidelines

1
Section I

1 B

2 C

3 A

4 A

5 D

6 B

7 B

8 A

9 D

10 A

2
Section II
Question 11. (14 marks)

a) Given that z1 = 1 + 5i , express the following in the form a + bi , where a, b, are real.
2 − i, z2 =

(i) ( z1 ) 1

1 mark Correct answer

a) Students performed very well in parts (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), however attention to detail
Markers
would have eliminated some basic errors when manipulating expressions.
Comments

Sample solution
z1= 2 + i

z1
(ii) 2
z2

2 marks Correct answer

1 mark Attempt to realise the denominator or equivalent
Markers
See above
Comments

Sample solution
z1 2 − i
=
z2 1 + 5i
2 − i 1 − 5i
= ×
1 + 5i 1 − 5i
2 − 10i − i + 5i 2
=
1 − 25i 2
−3 − 11i
=
26
1
= − (3 + 11i )
26

3
 (iii) z2 − z1 2

2 marks Correct answer

1 mark Evaluates z2 − z1 correctly or determines modulus of a complex number
Markers
See above
Comments

Sample solution

z2 − z1 = (1 + 5i ) − (2 − i )
= −1 + 6i
= (−1) 2 + (6) 2
= 37

(iv) z1 z1 2

2 marks Correct answer

1 mark Progress towards correct answer
Markers
Comments

Sample solution
z1 z1 =| z1 |2
= 22 + (−1) 2
=5

b) Prove by counter-example that the proposition ∀x ∈ , ∃y ∈  : x =y 2 is false. 1

1 mark Provides a valid counter-example

Markers a) Any real negative value for 𝑥𝑥 would have been sufficient to gain the 1 mark.
Comments

Sample solution

Let x = −1 . There is no real y such that y = −1 . Hence the proposition is false.

2

4
c) Find the cube roots of 8i and clearly represent the solutions on an Argand diagram. 3

3 marks Obtains all three correct solutions with representation on the Argand diagram
2 marks Obtains all three cube roots or represents solutions on the Argand diagram.
1 mark Obtains one correct cube root or equivalent merit
a) Generally well done, however students who adopted the following approach will
encounter difficulties when dealing with higher powers of 𝑧𝑧.

𝑧𝑧 3 = 8𝑖𝑖 ⟹ 𝑧𝑧 3 + 8𝑖𝑖 3 = 0, ∴ (𝑧𝑧 + 2𝑖𝑖)(𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑖𝑖𝑧𝑧 + 4𝑖𝑖 2 ) =

Markers
0 𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒 (𝑧𝑧 + 2𝑖𝑖)(𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑖𝑖𝑧𝑧 − 4) = 0
Comments 2𝑖𝑖±√−4+16
𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒 𝑧𝑧 = 2𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧 = , leading to 𝑧𝑧 = −2𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑖𝑖 ± √3 .
2
𝑆𝑆tudents are reminded to show the roots on a circle of radius 2

Sample solution
Let z 3 = 8i
π 
= 23 cis  
2
1 π 
=z1 2cis  ⋅ 
3 2 
π 
= 2cis  
6
 π  2π  
=z2 2cis  +  
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
 6  3  −2 6 6
2 Re(𝑧𝑧)
 5π 
= 2cis  
 6 
π  2π  
=z3 2cis  + 2   −2
6  3 
 9π 
= 2cis  
 6 
 π
= 2cis  − 
 2
∴ z1 = 3 + i, z2 =− 3 + i, z3 =−2i

5
  
d) Let OA =− i + 4k and OB = 4 i + j + 3k .
    

(i) Find AB . 1

1 mark Correct answer

Markers
Most students performed well on this vector question
Comments

Sample solution
  
= OB − OA
AB
 4   −1
   
= 1  −  0 
3 4 
   
5 
 
= 1 
 −1
 
= 5i + j − k
  

(ii) Find | AB | 1

1 mark Correct answer

Markers
Comments

Sample solution

AB= 52 + 12 + (−1) 2

= 27
=3 3

6
 
(iii) Find the coordinates of point C such that AC =− i + j − k 1
  
1 mark Correct answer
Markers
Comments

Sample solution
  
= OA + AC
OC
 −1  −1
   
=  0  + 1 
 4   −1
   
 −2 
 
= 1 
3 
 

∴ C ( −2,1,3)

7
Question 12 (14 Marks)
2 + ln x
∫ ∫ (2 + u )e
−u
a) (i) Show that dx can be expressed as du 2
x2

2 marks Result logically shown

1 mark Identifies appropriate substitution and correct derivative.
2+𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
a) (i) Show that ∫ 2 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥, required student to show the result step by step rather
𝑙𝑙
Markers than jump steps to reach ∫(2 + 𝑢𝑢) 𝑒𝑒 −𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢. A few students had difficulty in finding the
Comments appropriate expression for 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥.

Sample solution

=Let u ln=x, hence x eu

du 1
=
dx x
1
du = dx
x
2 + ln x 1 1
∫ x 2 ∫
dx = (2 + ln x) ⋅ dx
x x
1
= ∫ (2 + u ) u du
e
∫ (2 + u )e
−u
= du

e 2 + ln x
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, determine the exact value of ∫1 x2
dx 3

3 marks Correct solution

2 marks Evaluation of new limits and application of integration by parts, or equivalent merit
1 mark Evaluation of new limits or application of integration by parts, or equivalent merit
Markers
Well done, however, some students failed to change limits.
Comments

Sample solution
e 2 + ln x 1
∫ ∫ (2 + u )e
−u
2
=
dx du w =
2+u −e − u
v=
1 x 0
=w ' 1=v ' e−u

1
= −e − u (2 + u )  − ∫ −e − u (1) du
1

0 0

 2 +1   2 + 0  −u 1
= − −−  − e  0
 e   1 
3 1 
=− + 2 −  − 1
e e 
4
= 3−
e

8
b) Determine the vector equation r of the line segment 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 where 𝐴𝐴 = (1, 2, 1) and

𝐴𝐴 = (4, 10, −3). 2

2 marks Correct answer, including the restrictions on 𝜆𝜆.

1 mark Identifies vector equation of the line passing through AB or equivalent
a) Only a few students gained full marks.
Markers Many stated that 𝜆𝜆 = 1, the required result needed 0 ≤ 𝜆𝜆 ≤ 1.
Comments Evaluating the values for 𝐴𝐴, 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐶𝐶 was well done

Sample solution
1   4 −1 
   
r = 2  + λ 10 − 2 
    −3 − 1 
1   
1  3 
   
=  2 + λ 8 
1   −4 
   
 
But r represents any point on the line segment 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴. When λ = 0 , r = OA . When λ = 1 , r = OB
  
1  3 
   
∴ r=  2  + λ  8  where 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1
    −4 
1   

9
 2x A Bx + C
c) (i) Express in the form + 2 where A, B and C are real. 3
( x + 1)( x + 1)
2
x +1 x +1

3 marks Correct answer

2 marks Correct set of simultaneous equations or equivalent
1 mark Correct expression involving A, B and C
a) Most students recognised the integrals leading to log and inverse tan however some
Markers 𝑙𝑙+1 𝑙𝑙 1
failed to separate 2 into 2 + 2 .
Comments 𝑙𝑙 +1 𝑙𝑙 +1 𝑙𝑙 +1

Sample solution
2x A Bx + C
= + 2
( x + 1)( x + 1) x + 1 x + 1
2

∴ A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1) =2x

Equating coefficients:

x2 : A + B =
0 1
x : B+C =
2 2
c : A+C =
0 3

∴A=−1, B =1, C =1

2x 1 x +1
∴ =
− + 2
( x + 1)( x + 1)
2
x +1 x +1

10
 1 2x
(ii) Hence or otherwise, find ∫
0 ( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)
dx 4

4 marks Correct answer including evaluation

3 marks Three correct integration components
As per the third line of the suggested
2 marks Two correct integration components
solutions.
1 mark One correct integration
Markers
Comments

Sample solution
1 2x 1 1 x +1
∫0 ( x + 1)( x + 1)
2 ∫
dx =−
0
+ 2
x +1 x +1
dx

1 1 1 2x 1
=∫ − + ⋅ 2 + 2 dx
0 x +1 2 x +1 x +1
1
 1 
=  − ln x + 1 + ln x 2 + 1 + tan −1 x 
 2 0
1
 x2 + 1 
= ln + tan −1 x 
 x +1  0
1 π
=− ln 2 + − ln1 − 0
2 4
π ln 2
= −
4 2

11
Question 13 (14 Marks) Answer in the booklet labelled Question 13

a) Prove by contradiction that for positive real numbers a, b, and c, if ab = c then 2

a ≤ c or b ≤ c
2 marks Valid proof by contradiction
1 mark Valid negation statement
Proof by contradiction requires students to firstly negate the statement. Students
experienced difficulty negating and “or” statement (see solution). Once you have
Markers
negated the statement you show there is a contradiction between what is shown and
Comments
what you are told to be true.

Sample solution

Negation statement: For positive real numbers a, b, and c, if ab = c then a > c and b > c .

If a > c then

a c > c since c > 0

⇒ a c > ab since ab =
c
⇒ c >b

Which contradicts the condition of the negation that b > c

Hence the original statement must be true.

b) Given that 3 + qi is one of the roots of the quadratic equation z 2 + 12 pz + 58 =

0 , where
p and q are real constants, find the values of p and q. 3

3 marks Correct answer

2 marks Progress towards correct answer
1 mark Recognition that the roots occur in conjugate pairs or equivalent
Markers Students should recognise that if a polynomial with integer coefficients then complex
Comments roots occur in complex conjuagates.

Sample solution
3 + qi is a root ⇒ 3 − qi must also be a root since the coefficients are all real.

Sum of roots: (3 + qi ) + (3 − qi ) =−12 p Product of roots: (3 + qi )(3 − qi ) =

58
6 = −12 p 9 + q2 =
58

p= −
1 q 2 = 49
2 q = ±7

12
 1 5
c) A sequence is defined by the recursive formula Tn +1 = (Tn 2 + 6), T1 = .
5 2
Prove Tn +1 < Tn ∀ n > 0, n ∈  by the process of mathematical induction. 3

3 marks Valid proof by mathematical induction

2 marks Significant progress towards valid proof
1 mark Verification of the case for n = 1
Mostly well done. However some students are not writing “by the assumption” when
Markers
using the induction hypothesis.
Comments
Other students had trouble applying the recurrence formula.

Sample solution

1  5  
2
5
For n = 1=
, T1 = , T2    + 6 
2 5  2  
49
=
20
< T1

Assume true for n = k . I.e. Tk +1 < Tk ∀ k > 0, k ∈ 

R.T.P true for n= k + 1 . I.e. Tk + 2 < Tk +1 ∀ k > 0, k ∈  . Hence, r.t.p. Tk + 2 − Tk +1 < 0

= Tk + 2 − Tk +1
LHS

=
1
5
( ) ( 1
(Tk +1 ) + 6 − (Tk ) + 6
2

5
2
)
1
( ) (1
)
≤ (Tk ) + 6 − (Tk ) + 6 from assumption
5
2

5
2

≤ 0 as required

Hence true by the process of mathematical induction.

13
 1
d) Find the cartesian equation of the curve given by r =
(t ) ti + j and hence find the
  t +1 
maximum value of the function. 3

3 marks Cartesian equation for the function, the restriction and the maximum value.
Cartesian equation for the function and either the restriction on domain or the maximum
2 marks
value of the function.
1 mark Cartesian equation for the function
Markers
Mostly well done, although students should be mindful of the domain.
Comments

Sample solution

=
xt ⇒= t x 2 for x ≥ 0
1
y=
t +1
1
=
∴y for x ≥ 0
x +1
2

1
The maximum value of y = occurs at the same x ordinate as the minimum value of
x +1
2

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 1.
Hence x = 0 gives the maximum and minimum values of these respective functions.

1 1
Maximum value of y = is y = 2
x +1
2
0 +1
=1
π
e) Represent on the Argand diagram where the two inequalities z − i ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ arg( z + 1) ≤
4
both hold. 3

3 marks Correct diagram

2 marks Significant progress towards correct diagram
1 mark One of the inequalities correctly represented on the diagram
Markers Mostly well done. Please do not draw a solid circle as part of your solution. A solid line
Comments means this is part of your solution.

Sample solution

Im(z)
3

−1 Re(z)
−1 14
Question 14 (14 Marks)

a) The diagram shows points O, R, S, T and U in the complex plane. These points correspond
to the complex numbers 0, r, s, t and u respectively. ∆ORS and ∆OTU are equilateral.
π π
=
Let z cos + i sin
3 3

T
U

O
S

(i) Explain why u = zt 1

1 mark Correct answer

Markers Mostly well done, although many students neglected to mention the modulus of z when
Comments explaining how complex numbers are rotated.

Sample solution
π
u = t as they form sides of equilateral ∆UOT and angle ∠UOT = (angle in an equilateral
  3
triangle).
π
=z 1=
and Arg( z )
  3
Hence zt z t cis ( Arg ( z ) + Arg (t ) )
=
 π
= t cis  Arg (t ) + 
 3
=u
π
As this gives a rotation anticlockwise by from t to u.
3

15
 (ii) Express the complex number r in terms of s. 1

1 mark Correct answer

Markers
Mostly well done with some careless errors from some students.
Comments

Sample solution
s
r = or r = sz
z

(iii) Use complex numbers to show that the lengths of RT and SU are equal. 3

3 marks Correct solution

 
2 marks Valid expressions for both SU and RT or equivalent merit
 
1 mark Valid expression for either SU or RT or equivalent merit
Markers Many different solutions to this question and students should be mindful about how they
Comments communicate their solution. Neatness and diagrams help.

Sample solution
  
= SO + OU
SU
=− s + tz
 
  
= RO + OT
RT
s
=− + t
z

1
= ( − s + tz )
z  

= z ( − s + tz )
  
= z SU

 
=
But z 1= hence RT SU


16
 n
1 3 1 
b) Prove by mathematical induction that ∑=
3
k =0
k 1 − n +1  for positive integers n.
2 3 
3

3 marks Valid proof by mathematical induction

2 marks Significant progress towards valid proof
1 mark Verification of the case for n = 1
Many students should revise summation induction proofs. Careless errors were made in
Markers
showing the base case and students need to write “by the assumption” at the induction
Comments
hypothesis step.

Sample solution
1 1 3 1
For n = 1 :
LHS = + 1 RHS = 1 − 2  Hence true for n = 1
0
3 3 2 3 
4 4
= =
3 3
p
1 3 1  1 1 1 3 1 
Assume true for n = p . ∑=
3
k =0
k 1 − p +1 
2 3 
I.e. 0
3 3
+ 1 +  + p = 1 − p+1 
3 2 3 

1 1 1 1 3 1 
Required to prove true for n= p + 1 . I.e. r.t.p + 1 +  + p + p +1 = 1 − p + 2 
0
3 3 3 3 2 3 

1 1 1 1
LHS = 0
+ 1 +  + p + p +1
3 3 3 3
3 1  1
= 1 − p +1  + p +1 from assumption
2 3  3
3 1 2 1 
= 1 − p +1 + ⋅ p +1 
2 3 3 3 
3 3 2 
=1 − p +1
+ 
2  3⋅3 3 ⋅ 3 p +1 
3 1 
= 1 − p + 2 
2 3 
= RHS as required

Hence true by the process of mathematical induction.

17
 x+ y+z 3
c) It is known that ≥ xyz . DO NOT PROVE THIS.
3

If x, y and z are the interior angles of a triangle, show that 1 + 1 + 1 ≥ 9 3

x y z π

3 marks Valid proof

1 1 1
Application of given inequality to the terms + + and incorporation of
2 marks x y z
π or equivalent merit.
x+ y+z =
1 1 1
Application of given inequality to the terms + + or incorporation of
1 mark x y z
π or equivalent merit.
x+ y+z =
Students over complicated this question by squaring x + y + z. There were a few
Markers
different methods for this question and students should be mindful to communicate
Comments
clearly.

Sample solution
x+ y+z 3
π (Interior angle sum of a triangle) 1
x+ y+z = Given ≥ xyz 2
3

Substituting into the given inequality 2 :

1 1 1
+ +
x y z 1 1 1
≥3 ⋅ ⋅
3 x y z
1 1 1 3
+ + ≥ 3
x y z 3 xyz

Consider the original inequality 2 :

x+ y+z 3
≥ xyz
3
x + y + z 3 xyz
≥
9 3
3 9
≥
3 xyz x+ y+z

Hence
3
3
≥
xyz π
9
( from 1 ) 4

Now applying result 4 to 3 :

1 1 1 9
+ + ≥ as required.
x y z π

18
d) Determine the Cartesian equation of the sphere with centre (9, 20, 12) and passes through the point
(25, 0, 0). 3

3 marks Correct answer in the stated form

2 marks Further progress towards correct answer
1 mark Calculation of radius
Markers
Very well done.
Comments

Sample solution

radius= (25 − 9) 2 + (0 − 20) 2 + (0 − 12) 2

= 800

∴ ( x − 9) 2 + ( y − 20) 2 + ( z − 12) 2 =
800

19
Question 15 (15 Marks)
a) (i) Find ∫ sin 2 x dx 1

1 mark Correct answer

Markers
Very well done
Comments

Sample solution
1
∫ sin x dx = (1 − cos 2 x ) dx
2∫
cos 2 x =
1 − 2sin 2 x 2

1 1 1 
sin 2 x = (1 − cos 2 x ) =  x − sin 2 x  + C
2 2 2 

1
∫ x sin x dx = (2 x 2 − 2 x sin 2 x − cos 2 x) + C
2
(ii) Show that 3
8

3 marks Correct answer

2 marks Significant progress towards correct answer
1 mark Valid substitution into integration by parts formula or equivalent merit
Markers
Very well done
Comments

Sample solution
1 1 
Let=u x=v  x − sin 2 x  from (i)
2 2 
=
u ' 1=v ' sin 2 x

∫ x sin = uv − ∫ vu ′dx
2
x dx
1  1  1  1 
= x  x − sin 2 x  − ∫  x − sin 2 x  dx
2  2  2  2 
x 2 x sin 2 x 1  x 2 1 
=− −  + cos 2 x  + C
2 4 2 2 4 
x 2 x sin 2 x x 2 cos 2 x
= − − − +C
2 4 4 8
= ( 4 x 2 − 2 x sin 2 x − 2 x 2 − cos 2 x ) + C
1
8
= ( 2 x 2 − 2 x sin 2 x − cos 2 x ) + C
1
8

20
(iii) The diagram shows a finite region bound by the curve y = x sin x and the x axis.

Find the volume of revolution when the shaded region is rotated about the x axis. 3

3 marks Correct answer

2 marks Further progress towards correct answer
1 mark Calculation of bounds of integration or equivalent merit
Markers
Very well done
Comments

Sample solution

x intercepts: x sin x = 0
x = 0, π

Volume of revolution:
π
V = π ∫ x sin 2 x dx
0

π π
=  2 x 2 − 2 x sin 2 x − cos 2 x 
8 0

=
π
8
( )
( 2π 2 − 2π sin 2π − cos 2π ) − 2 ( 0 )2 − 2 ( 0 ) sin 2 ( 0 ) − cos 2 ( 0 ) 
π
=  2π 2 − 0 − 1 − 0 + 0 + 1
8
π3
=
4

21
 Let the roots of z =−4 + 4 3i be z1 , z2 and z3 .
3
b)

(i) Find z1 , z2 and z3 , expressing your answers in the form reiθ ,

where r > 0 and − π < θ ≤ π . 3

3 marks Correct answers expressed in the required form

Finds one root and expresses in the form reiθ or finds three roots but not expressed in
2 marks
the required form, or equivalent merit
1 mark Express z3 in the form reiθ or equivalent merit
Markers
Mostly well done, some students found the modulus incorrectly
Comments

Sample solution

z 3 =− 4 + 4 3i
2π
i
= 8e 3
Let z = reiθ
2π  2π 2π   2π 4π 
i  + i  + i
z1 2=
e9 , z2 = 2e 9 3  , z3 2e 9 3 

2π  8π   4π 
i  i  − i
z1 2=
e ,9
z2 = 2e , z3 2e  9   9 

 2π   4π   8π 
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, show that cos   + cos   + cos  =0 2
 9   9   9 
2 marks Result shown
1 mark Valid progress towards solution
Markers
Very well done
Comments

Sample solution
Consider the equation: z 3 =− 4 + 4 3i
z 3 + 4 − 4 3i =0
I.e. z 3 + 0 z 2 + 0 z + 4 − 4 3i =0

2π  8π   4π 
b i  i − i
Sum of roots: z1 + z2 + z3 =− From (i): 2e 9 + 2e 9  + 2e 9  = 0
a  8π   4π 
2π
−
=0 i  i
e 9 + e 9  + e 9  =
i
0
Hence both the real parts and imaginary parts of the LHS must be 0.

22
  2π   8π   4π 
Real part: cos   + cos   + cos= − =
 0 But cos( −θ ) cos(θ )
 9   9   9 
 2π   8π   4π 
cos   + cos   + cos  =0
 9   9   9 
 2π   4π   8π 
cos   + cos   + cos   = 0 as required.
 9   9   9 

c) Let y = x 2 e x . Prove by mathematical induction that

dn 2 x
x e= (n(n − 1) + 2nx + x 2 )e x ∀n ∈  + . 3
dx n

3 marks Valid proof by mathematical induction

2 marks Significant progress towards valid proof
1 mark Verification of the case for n = 1
Markers
Mostly well done, some students chose an incorrect value for the initial case
Comments

Sample solution

For n = 1 : LHS=
d 2 x
dx 
 x e  RHS= (1(1 − 1) + 2(1) x + x ) e
2 x

=
x 2 e x + 2 xe x e ( x + 2x)
= x 2

ex ( x2 + 2 x )
= =
LHS hence true for n =
1.

dk
Assume true for n = k :  x 2 e x=
 (k (k − 1) + 2kx + x 2 )e x ∀k ∈  +
dx k 
k +1
R.T.P true for n= k + 1 I.e. r.t.p d k +1  x 2 e x = ((k + 1)(k ) + 2(k + 1) x + x 2 )e x ∀k ∈  +
dx

d k +1 2 x
LHS = k +1  x e 
dx
d d 
=   x 2 e x  
dx  dx 
d
= (k (k − 1) + 2kx + x 2 )e x  from assumption
dx
= (k 2 − k + 2kx + x 2 )e x + (2k + 2 x)e x by product rule
= (k 2 − k + 2kx + 2 x + 2k + x 2 )e x
= (k 2 + k + 2kx + 2 x + x 2 )e x
= ( (k + 1)(k ) + 2(k + 1) x + x 2 ) e x
= RHS as required

Hence true by the process of mathematical induction.

23
Question 16 (16 Marks)
x 1
a) By using the substitution t = tan
2
or otherwise, find ∫ 2 + sin x dx 3

3 marks Correct answer in terms of x

2 marks Valid integration in terms of t or equivalent merit
1 mark Valid substitution into integral or equivalent merit
Markers 2𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Well done, however, some students were unable to successfully show that 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 =
Comments 1=𝑑𝑑 2

Sample solution
x 2t
=
Let t tan =
⇒ sin x
2 1+ t2
dt 1 2 x
= sec
dx 2 2
1 2 x
= 1 + tan 
2 2
1+ t 2
=
2
2
dx = dt
1+ t2

 1  1 2
∫  2 +=  dx ∫
sin x  2t
⋅
1+ t2
dt
2+
1+ t2
2
=∫ dt
2 + 2t 2 + 2t
1
=∫ dt
1+ t2 + t
1
=∫ 2
dt
3  1
+ t + 
4  2
1
=∫ 2
dt
 3   1 2
  + t + 
 2   2
2  2t + 1 
= tan −1  +C
3  3 
 x 
 2 tan + 1 
2 2
= tan −1  +C
3  3 
 

24
 (2 − x) n dx for integers n ≥ 0 .
1
= ∫e
x
b) The integral I n is defined by In
0

Show that I n =e − 2 + nI n −1
n
(i) 2

2 marks Result shown

1 mark Progress towards the required result
𝑑𝑑
a) Well done, however, students who incorrectly stated that (2 − 𝑥𝑥)𝑙𝑙 =
𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑙
𝐻𝐻(2 − 𝑥𝑥)𝑙𝑙−1 ,were either unable to obtain the appropriate Recurrence formula or attempted
Markers to fudge the result.
Comments (i) Errors when dealing with + and – signs were not uncommon.
(ii) Students are again reminded of the importance of attention to
detail.

Sample solution

[uv ]0 − ∫0 vu′ dx
1 1
Let u =
(2 − x) n v=
ex =
In
u′ =
−n(2 − x) n −1 v′ =
ex 1
= e x ( 2 − x )  − ∫ −e x n ( 2 − x ) dx
n 1 n −1
 0 0
1
= e1 (2 − 1) n − e0 (2 − 0) n + n ∫ e x (2 − x) n −1 dx
0

=e − 2 + nI n −1
n

1
∫e (2 − x) 4 dx
x
(ii) Hence or otherwise, evaluate 3
0

3 marks Correct answer

2 marks Significant progress towards correct answer
1 marks Demonstrates knowledge of how to apply the recursive formula or equivalent merit.
Markers
Comments

Sample solution
Required to find I 4
1
I 0 = ∫ e x dx I1 =e − 21 + 1I 0 I 2 =e − 22 + 2 I1 I 3 =e − 23 + 3I1
0
1 = e − 2 + e −1 = e − 4 + 2(2e − 3) = e − 8 + 3(5e − 10)
= e x 
0
= 2e − 3 = 5e − 10 = 16e − 38
= e −1

I 4 =e − 24 + 4 I1
=e − 16 + 4(16e − 38)
= 65e − 168

25
c) (i) Show that both sin 2 x + cos 4 x and sin 4 x + cos 2 x can each be expressed as
1
1 − sin 2 2 x 2
4

2 marks Both results shown

1 mark Shows one of the required results
Markers (i) Most students were successful in proving the required result.
Comments

Sample solution
sin 2 x + cos 4 x = sin 2 x + cos 2 x cos 2 x sin 4 x + cos 2 x = sin 2 x sin 2 x + cos 2 x
=sin 2 x + cos 2 x(1 − sin 2 x) =sin 2 x(1 − cos 2 x) + cos 2 x
= sin 2 x + cos 2 x − cos 2 x sin 2 x = sin 2 x + cos 2 x − sin 2 x cos 2 x
1 − ( sin x cos x )
= 1 − ( sin x cos x )
=
2 2

2 2
1  1 
=
1 −  sin 2 x  =
1 −  sin 2 x 
 2   2 
1 1
=
1 − sin 2 2 x =
1 − sin 2 2 x
4 4

1 1 8
(ii) Show that + = 1
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x 4 − sin 2 2 x
2 4 4 2

1 mark Result logically shown

(ii) Well done by almost all students. It was pleasing to see that those who were unable to
Markers show the result in (i) were able to show the required result in (ii).
Comments

Sample solution
1 1
=LHS +
sin x + cos x sin x + cos 2 x
24 4

1 1
= +
1 2 1 2
1 − sin 2 x 1 − sin 2 x
4 4
2
=
1
1 − sin 2 2 x
4
8
=
4 − sin 2 2 x

26
 1 1 8
(iii) Hence, or otherwise, show that 2 ≤ + ≤ 2
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x 3
2 4 4 2

2 marks Result logically shown

1 mark Progress towards the required result
(iii) Using −1 ≤ 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1 ⟹ 0 ≤ 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖𝐻𝐻2 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1 enabled to successfully obtain the minimum
Markers and maximum values for the denominator and hence the maximum and minimum values
8
Comments for
4−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙2 𝑙𝑙

Sample solution

Consider the range of the known function 4 − sin 2 2x

0 ≤ sin 2 2 x ≤ 1
3 ≤ 4 − sin 2 2 x ≤ 4
1 1 1
≤ ≤
4 4 − sin 2 x 3
2

8 8
2≤ ≤
4 − sin 2 x 3
2

1 1 8
Hence 2 ≤ + ≤
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x 3
2 4 4 2

d) Prove that a 3 + 3a 2 + 2a , where a is a positive whole number, is divisible by 6 by

mathematical induction. 3

3 marks Valid proof by mathematical induction

2 marks Significant progress towards valid proof
1 mark Verification of the case for n = 1
(iii) Using −1 ≤ 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1 ⟹ 0 ≤ 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖𝐻𝐻2 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1 enabled to successfully obtain the minimum
Markers and maximum values for the denominator and hence the maximum and minimum values
8
Comments for
4−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙2 𝑙𝑙

Sample solution

For a = 1: 6 which is divisible by six hence true for a = 1

13 + 3(1) 2 + 2(1) =

Assume true for a = k . I.e. k 3 + 3k 2 +=

2k 6 M , M ∈ .

For a= k + 1 , r.t.p (k + 1)3 + 3(k + 1) 2 + 2(k + 1) is divisible by 6.

27
(k + 1)3 + 3(k + 1) 2 + 2(k + 1) =k 3 + 3k 2 + 3k + 1 + 3k 2 + 6k + 3 + 2k + 2
=k 3 + 3k 2 + 2k + 3k 2 + 9k + 6
= 6 M + 3(k 2 + 3k + 2)
= 6 M + 3(k + 2)(k + 1)
  
consecutive integers
hence 2 must be a
factor of one of the


even integer

Both 3 and 2 are factors

of this term.

∴ both of these terms are divisible by 6.

Hence true by the process of mathematical induction.

End of Exam

28