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419 views28 pagesMaths Formula Sheet
Maths formula sheet download it for free and do your studies
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4 Relation: > If A and 8 ane two non-empty sets, then any subset R of AXB is called
Relation from set A to 8. ce RtA-B @ROAKB
If (%ER then we waite xRy (Head as x is R nelated toy) and
Hf (Cy) R then we woite xRy (read as x is not R elated toy)
Domain’ and Range of a Relation : If k is any relation fnom Set A to Set B then,
© Domain of R is the set of all finst coondinates of elements of R and is denoted by Dom(R)
© Rarige of R is the set of all second coondinotes of R and it is denoted by Ronge (R)
A nelation R on set A means, the relation ftom A to A ie, REAKA
Aémpty! Relation: A Relation ‘R in a set A is called empty velation, if no element of A is
xelated to any element of A, be R= PCAKA
A Universal Relotion : A Relation & ino set A is called univensal xelation each of A is
nelated to eveny element of A, ie R= AXA
S Identity Relation © R=((x.y): LEA, YER, mays oR R= Ff (t0); reat
A Relation R in a set A is called ~
Wi Reflexive Relation : If (a,a)€A, fox eveny atA
A Symmetaic Relation ¢ Tf Ca,,a,) € R implies (0,,0,) € R fon all a,,¢) EA
A Transitive Relations If (a, a) © R and (0,405) € R implies (0,,0,) ER fon all 0,,@,,0, 6 A
Vi Equivalence Relation : Tf R is neflesive, symmetric and tnansitive
AAntisymmelnic Relation’ 2 A relation R in a set A is antisymmetnic
f (aod R,(o,a)ER > a= bY O,bER on GRb and bRa > a=b, V a, dER
WInvense Relation: If A and & ane two non-empty sets and R be a nelation from A to B,
such that R={(a,b):@€8, 0685, then the invense of R, denoted by R's
ia xelation from 8 to A and is defined oy R= f(b a):Caod ERT
Equivalence class > Let R be an equivalence relation on a non-empty set A. Fon all ach,
the equivalence class of ‘a is defined os the set of all such elements of A
which ane related to a unden R. $1 is denoted by fa).
ie [a] = equivelence class of ‘= f r€A=Cx,a)ER}
wi Function : let X and ¥ be two non-empty sets. Then a mule f which associates
to each element xeX, a unique element , denoted by f(x) of ¥, is called
@ function from X to Y and wnitien as fiX—+Y whene, fx) is called image of x
and x is called the pre - image of f(x) and set ¥ is called the co-donmin of f
and f(x)-f Flt KEXS is called the nange of f.:
£ One= One on’ “Lnjective Function : A furction f:X—Y is defined to be one-one if the
images of distinct element of X unden f ane distinct 5
ie my tp EX 2 Pla) = $4) 9 n= % Otherwise fis called mong - one Onto oR Sunjective +A function fi Y is said to be onto if eveny element of ¥
is the image of some clement of X unden f + ive fon every yEY,
thene exists an element x in X such that fC +g
A One = One and onto vor Bijective > A function f:x->¥ is said to be one - one and
onto , if f is both one-one and onto.
Ponjote sf: is onto iy ond only if Range of F-¥
4 Composition of function : let f:A— 8 ond gi 8—C be two function then the
composition of f and g denoted by gef and defined as
the function gof : AC
gof = gto) >» ¥ een
A Inventible function : A function fix—Y is defined to be inventible, if thence
exists 0 function g: ¥—+X such that gof> I, and fog ty.
The function q is called the Invense of f and is denoted by ig:
F Binary operation =f binany operation * on a Set A is a function *: AKAA.
we denote * (4,0) by a*>
*A binary openation * on a set A is called commutative , if a*b = b* a, for
eveny abEA.
"A binany operation R:AXA—*A is said to be associative if
(0%b)*c = oF (b%c), ¥ a6,CEA iesily emo
"A binary openation *: AXA A, an namie: i it exists, 1 called tdentity
for the operation *, if a*e-e*a, ¥ aca
eA binany openation *SAXAA with the identity element e in A, an element aA
is said to be inventiole with nespect to the operation *, if thene exists an element
b in A such that a*b= @ = b*a and 6 és called the invense of o and is
denoted by 0”.
4 Noo of funtion : Let fi: AB be any mopping and (Al and [61+ m where,
IAL mepnesent no. of elements in Set A
181 nepnesent no. of elements in Set 8
Then ; Total mo. of function from A to B = m”
* cased) Tf msm; then — Total mo. of mapping = n
Total mo. of one-one mapping = 1!
Total mo. of onto mapping = mt
+ casediy Tf mem; then — Total mo. of mapping = m”™
Total of one-one mapping =
Total na. of onto mapping = 0
cased) Tf nem; then — Total mo. of mapping = m”
Total mo. of one-one mapping = 0
Total mo. of onto mapping = $° (-1)" "cy Coma)” yo sine
yrloste
yr conte
yr tosecn | R-C-11)
yrsecte | R-CiN
yr earl R 2
BhaiyaQDdidi
4 Properties of invense trigonometric functions een tER gem
sin(Sint) <2 ze [23] i = Cores $21 ok xZ-1
22
tos(toex) -c 2 2 €[0,1) " - See px2t oe xe-4
ton"(tenz)-2 ba &(-E2) x(t) Cote + 1>0
28
ctt(oun)=1 + 2 € (0,11) aE) stat 2 <0
Sec! (secx)=t ¢ ze [0,m)- fy
2 R= Revi Numbens
Cosec" (toseex) t+ epee
zg 2
sine (Sinz) = Sin !Cn) = -Sin'z t ef-1,1)
Cosx (Cos'x) : Cost) + Tl ~ Costx e417
tan (tan'z) + tan"-x) = -ton'x
fotx (Cot'z) te R=) Cotten) = T= Cotte
sect (Seo'x) : re R-(-,0 Secten) © 1 -seclx
coseex(Cosec'z) > 2 ER Coreen) = - Cosec'x
Sita soit ot xe fi)
tin + Coble = Ho: TER
*
Secte + Cosy I: |alza
2 + Sin ty = Sin f xP + yee} = siv'(antee™) 2 +
~ Sin"y = Sil" fc Fog - pleat} + tos!(oxt-1)
+ Canty = Cor fxg glPE TGS
Oostn ~ Cosy = Cos "fags play
tom's + tony tan(2E) + xyes
ry]
tote ~ tony = tan" zt] Paget
Thy
Sao = se) epee | L_ Seren EY sutton
: FE | eat = re
Sos" = Cor"(us?- 3x) pdeees Se
Stone = ren
T+ tor'(ae
Costx = sin "([T=a*) = tan’ (EZ)
: Ss) - aen(t) = Cosec’}
tant'n = one) . (a)
- wt") = sec (TFA) - Cosee' (EE) Gf Matrices
AiMatnix) A melnix & a meclangulen ansanyement of urmbens om fonctions onvanged into a fixed nurmben
of owe and columns, fl mataix is waitten inside bnactets [ J. Fach entay in a matnix is
called an element of the matn
fiy Hasso hy, elim lll He shatt waite A+Laql nae of se
yy yy ++ ay |—* Stent na (8) fei
fim a“ tm Gany > n# (we. of nowes Xs. of columns) Ghine
tt
(ep! Sex (,)
colar ay) ale
Column Matte + A matrix is said to be a column mataiz if it has only one column. Ex [ a
als
RoMAtRiX) ¢ A metnix iS sald to be a now matnix if it nas only one now. Bledel
35 9)h
C SquaneMatnin: = No. of xows(m)- Ne. of colums(m) Ex[4 7 4 % on
10.8) geen
64 y OS
CDiogonal\ Mattie) : A squone matnix is sald to be a diagonal matniz if all its non diagonal
elements ane zeno. Ex [-1'¢] | “4 ‘non- diagonal cements: 2090,
Le
ASeatan Meta : «A diagonal matrix is said to be a scaler matrix if its diagonal elements
ono] [2°
ane equal. Ex [E9) [i ¥ |
0 ONAL + diagonal elements epual
4 Tdentity Mathie: =f squane mathix in which all diagoro! elements ane 1 and nest ane atl reno
oie) RS)
oot diagonal elements (1)
CINUILR Zeal’ + fall Us lemenls ant zexa. We denote ceno malaix ty 0. Ex (21,/2 0
A\EqHaLTMatRIE? $ Two matrices A> [aj] ond B=[b,) ane said to be equal
i they ont of the same orden
Gib) Each Clement of A is equal to the conrespording clement of B it. Oy = by for
all iand j
A Upper thiangilok” Mabxix = An uppen tnianguion matnix , éf oy=0 ¥ Inf, be all entnies below principal
diagonal ane zene. exemple + (83) [Bq]
Slower tniongulenmatnix) : A owen tniangulan matnix, if oy=0 ¥ i B=C
4 Benoa IMaltiplieation of A MnOLATe «Let A = [Oy Je, D2 a matnix and k (s a sealan, Then the
Mmatnix obleined by multiplying each element of matnix A dy
k and is denote by kA on Ak
4 Properties “of Sealan” Multiplication of “a matwix” «Tf A - [aj] ond B= (by) be two matnices of the
. Some onder, soy min, and k and ( ane scalars,
thee = [kCate)= kat ke) [(kt0 A+ kAtIA
¥ Multiplication of Matnices
Two matnices A and 6 ane said to be defined for multiplication,
if the mumben of columns of A (pxe- multipin) is equal to the number
Of mows of 8 (post multipiien).
att
“ Propenties of multiplication of matrices =
(i “Associative tow —[(aBdC = Alec) | cid oretmibative tow @ LACB+C) = AB + AC
- ,
id Gristenee of multiplicative entity AT QOxtmimaEy”
a Elementary opexation Transformation) of @ malsix: Tiere ane six operations (tnansformetion) on a
matric 5 of wnich due to now and 3 of
due to column , called Elementary Transformation
@) he interchenge of any two ows on two column
Gd The multiplication of the elements of ang now ox column by a non-zero number
id The addition to the elements of any now 9% column, the cornesponding elemenis of ang
cites nom on colurin multiplied by any mon- zero numben
AS Triventible abn) 97 A is square matric of onden min ond if thene exist anothen square
‘matrix 8 of the same onden such that AB > BA > Ip
The A is inventibie ond B is called inverse of A
Trvense of a squane matnic , if it exists, is unique
Hf A and B ane Inventible matnices of the same onden, then (AB)"> 6A"
Tavense of a matrix by elementony operations
Let X, Mond B be matrices Of the same oxden Such that X=AB. In onden to opply sequence of
elementany new openations on the matrix equation X= AB, we will apply these now openations
stmultaneously on X and om the finst matnix A of the produet on RWS.
Similanly , im onden 10 apply a sequence of elemontany column openations on matnix 4
{= AB, we ill apply , tneee operations simultaneously on X end on second mataix B of the product
AB on HS.
In view of the atove discussion, we conclude that if A is ¢ matnix such that A” exists, then to find A” using elementary now operations, waite A=TA and apply sequence of mow
opmnation on A+ TA till we get, T+ BA. The matxix B will be the invense of A. Similonly,
f we wish to find AY using column openctions, then write A>AT and apply a sequence of
column operations on A= AX till we gel, T+ AB
1 Reantnk) tm case, after applying one on mone efementang now (column) operations on ATA ( A+ AI)
if we obtain all cenos in one on mone xows of the matnix A on LHS. then A” dots not
exist. SO Detenininané To eveny square matnix A= Cog) of oxden m, we can associate a no. (neal
ox complex) called delerminant of the Square matnix A, where oj (i,j) element of A
Denoied a5 2 det A on IAL.
4 Deteiminant of matnie‘of onden“One™+ Let A - [0] be the malnic of ondes £, then detenminant
of A is defined to be equal toa
Ode) «IAL =
Expansion along finst sow (Rp
On Ay My
deta) -IAl= O= |dy Mn Or
Oy On Oy
* eofigss em ade se
Oy, (059055 ~ Mpg) ~ Ayal Dy, 0y5~ 05,055) + Oy (Oye Opp O3, Ose
> Fon malnix A, 1Al is neod as determinant of A ond noi modulus of A
GY only square motnices have detenmirants,
ti) The value of ihe detenminant nemains unchanged if it sows and colunins intenchanged
GO Tf any two xows Cex columns) of @ determinant ane interchanged , then sign of determinant
changes.
Gli) tf any two ows Cox columns) of a detenminont ane identical , then value of detexmninant
is zene.
WD Tf each element of a xow (one column) of a determinant is multipied by a constant k,
then its value gets rnultiplied by k.
W) Tf some on all elements of a now ox column of 0 determinant is expressed sum of two
(ox mone) tenms, then tne detenminant can be expnessed as sum of two (on mone) determinants,
(Wi) TF, to cach element of any How ok column of a determinont, the equimultiple of connesponding
tlements of othen xow Con column) ane added , then the value of determinant nemains the some
ive. the value of determinant nemains some if we apply the opexation Bj RtkR, on G-*Cj+ key
“Aiea of Triangle’ 2 Anca of Triangle with ventices Cayy,),€%, x.) ond Cay, g)) is,
asa[™ ft
2 la, ys
% yt
Note =
Axea is @ positive quantity , we always take the absolute value of A.
Gi) tf Anca is given, use both positive ond negotive values of the Adetenminant fon celeulation
Ci) the onea of the tniangle fowmed by tnxee collinear pounts is zen, A Minons) ¢ Minor of an element oy of the IAI it detenminant obtained by deleting i now
and j™ column ond is denoted by My iminnon of ty
¥ Cfactons): Cofacton of on element ay , denoted by Ay is defined oy Ag = en"
F Adjeint of @matwIx * The adjoint of a square rnatnin A+ (ay) is defined as the tnanspose
of the matrix [Ay Tangy - Adjint of ihe matnix A denoted by ody A
(ive cofactor of the elervmt 04)
4 Singulan maltix : A squone mainix A is said to be singulan if IAl=0
ANON Singulan mathix = A squane matnix A is sald to be non~ singuian if IAl# 0
MTatonem) Tf A be any given squone matnix of oxden nm, then ACadjA) = (adja)A = 1AIT
ATueaRERED «Tf A and B one non-singulan matnices of the same onder, then AB and
BA axe also non-singular matnices of the same oxden,
Theorem 3) 1AB1=1Al 16! whene A and B ane squone malnices of seme onder.
Teoneri4? «A squane matnix A is inventible (f and only if A is non- singulan matnia.
‘Consistent cystem) t Sf system of equation have solution (one on mone) exists
4 19f system has no solution ov solution docs mot exist.
/ :
ax + by + Gr = dy & nb G
ax 4 byt Greed, a bs ty
Contiden ine equations, ax 4 bys cjz=d, Hene,A=/a, b& | X =| ™! and B=| a
as
z
4
Then the system of equations can be waittem es, AXB 9! aq yc
y| =| as
z 4;
ao b E dy
a bs cy
Cae Tf A is a non- singular matnix, then its invense exists. Now X= A'S
(ase Tf A is 0 singuian matrix, then |Al=0 (Adj A) 8 + 0 sol" does mot exist Cincosistent)
(Ady A) 8 = 0 infinitely many sol” on no sot”|
Ceonsistent on inconsistent) 4 Continuity = Suppose f is a weal function on a subset of the xeal numbens and let ¢
be a point in the domain f. Then f is continuous at ¢ if [ tim FOx)= fc)
ae
SH Discontinuity + A function said to be discontinuous at point x=a, if it is not continuous
at this point. This point xa whene the funclion is not continuous is called
the point of discontinuity
“A TheoHern't Suppose f and g be two neal functions continuous at a neal no. then,
w ftg {§ continuous at x=C @ ry is continuous al x-c
Q) f-g t continuous at x-c wg) is continuous at x=c {provided g¢c) ¥ 0}
A TheoweMR Suppose f and g axe neal valutd funciions such that (fog) is defined at c
Tf q ts continuous atc and if f is continuous at gfe), then (fog) is
continuous at ¢
A Dipfenentiability) > suppose f is @ eal function and ¢ is @ point in its domain. The
denivaive of f at © defined by im Plcoh)= £60) provided this limit
a h
exists, Denivative of f at c is denoted by f'Cc) on oll, The function defined by
it
fix) = tim $Ctth)- FOO wheneven the limit exisis is defined to be the dexivative
fa
off. The Ante ea by plex) on a [fal] on of ye fxd by dy om y!
dx dx
<< Algebxo of denivaties +, 17
CLuibniiz ox paoduet mute)
Zyou'ne gs ti {6
neal a 7 Ge
ge aosh | a eee 078 cous na
Y Theorems: Tf a funciion f is diffenentiable at a point c, then it is also continuous
at that point.
9 Note: Eveny differentiable function és continuous.
“WeCholnRUTe + Let f be a neal valued function of which is a composite of two
fundions u and v ie f+ vou; Suppose t= ulx) and if dt
dz
and de exist,we have QE» di. dt
dt de dt de
Suppose f is neal valued function which is a composite of ¢hnee functions u,v
and wi ive. f= (wou)ov and if t= v(x) and s- uct) then
de dt ds
© Some pxopenties of Logonithmic Function
tage = RE) [logon = ogee + tong | ['oqe's He + On 2opp
9,
eal) = log,x = logy] |lo,x Te
log," = nlogp YOUCAN
De iT’
© Some standard derivative
Da) cen jd (Sinz) = tose L(Gsintz) = oi!
a le ee ee
yy =a
a (ee) Ee
] ease aS
f
Tea
“EC = tor
a loganithmic differentiation Denivalive of functions in
Poxametnic forums
ye fer = Cuca)” = FLU = gE) mst tm i art
aking tag both sides = dy. de
logy ~ vCx) (og Cuca} hedees
using chain mule to diffeneiite d
Led « Ce. 1. wo 4 ler) tog [uc] oy. dt [omnes ex]
y de um) ae de -
= ae
= y [BOO ud + v'Cn). log Fuca)
pee ie °t y ge Gt) fe ap gto ont te) pt 0 0)
dx f'C#) *
dx
4 Second oxder dexivative
lel oy flx)
oy fC)
dx
% Note: Highen onder dexivalive may be defined sirmitanly
differemiote ti again wind to x,
(dy). 4 (f'n) Denoted D'y on y"
de a] at ? meg
S Roles theorem : If fi lap) —* R ws continuous on [a,6) and differentiable on (a,b)
such that f(a) f(b) then thene exists sm C in (a,6)such that f'Cc) = 0
% Langnange Theonem ox Mean value theonem + If f: a,b] is continuous
on (0,67 and differentiable
on (0,6). Then thene exists some c in (a@,6) such Hat
fice) = _fle)-fla) s
oa o & emavenapienange + If 0 quantity y varies wilh onsthen quenlty x saifying some aule y>fCe), then
SA] CF) apmute 0 vate a ous oy ak rp Wx at 2-36
dt) yen,
A DipeReRAtaLsD Let y+ FI be any function of x which is differentiable in (2,6). The denivalies of this
furctim at some point x of (a,0) is given by the nefation
Ye tim Spe im LGM Opry
dx At An kad an
2 ae [> Benen gaia © eveas
¢ Tneneasing and decneasing funtitons) 4 junction { sold 0 be,
(G) incatasing om an intenval Ca,0) of x, € % tm (0,0) > flu) s fx) fon all a,x, € (2,0)
GB) eeneasing on am intemal (2,9) of )< Rim (0) 9 fla) = fH) fom all ym € Cay0)
A Theonem1 Let f de continuous on [4,4] and diffenentiatle on ihe open intenval (a,b). Then
(@) fis incneasing in [o,0) if fice 70 for each © € (0,0)
(bs f 1 decneosing in [0,01 if f°C#<0 for each x € C0,0)
(3 fis a constant fonction in if {'(x)=0 fon each x € C0,0)
4 Tangent toa veunve) The equation of the tangent at (xp, y,) i the cunve y= fx) is given by
ai] Fits moe po
Cera)
rist_at the polnt (te,Yo), then the tangent at this point is panaliel to the y - axis
And its equation is =x
Tf tangent to a cunve y= fCz) at X=, iS parallel to x-axis , then A, 0
ary,
~ Nonmol to the cunve
Equation of the normal to the cunve y= fee) at a point (1, yo) és given by,
FG) = m= spe af oye Cyd
ut 2 at the point (%q, Yo) is zene. then equation of the nonmal is x7,
x
Tr AY. at the point Cx, yo) dots nal exist, then Uke nanmal is ponallel to x-axis and its ey. y=y,|
ax
4 Approximation» Let y~ fix), ax be a small incneament in x and ay be the increment in y
Connesponding to the incneament in zy ive dy= f(xtdx)- f(x). Then opprosimate value 6 Mozimum on Minimum value of @ function ( Absolute Maxima om Absolute Minima)
A function f is said to attain ynaximum value of a point a€ Df, if fla) f(x) ¥ xe Dp
then fla) is colled absolute masimum value of f.
A function f is said to attain minimum value ala point be De, if flb)< f(x) V xe Dp
then f(b) is called absolute marimum value of f.
otal Maxima and local Minima ( Relative Extrema)
toca maxima, A function f(x) ts said to attain a (ocal masima at «=a, if there
exists a neighbounhood (a-6,a+6) of ‘a’ such tnat ftx)< fla) ¥
* € (Ca-6,0+5), #Q, then FCO) is tne focal maximum volue of f(x) at x=a
Local Minima A function f(t) is said to attain a local minima at “=a, if thene
exists 0 nefghbouxheod (0-5, 248) of ‘a’ Such that f(x) >F(a) ¥
« €Ca-6 ats), 2#a, then fla) is the local minimum value of f(x) at x-a
(@) Finst denivative test =
G Sf f'C changes sign fnom positive to negative as x incneases through ¢, then ‘c’ is a
point of focal maxima and fle) is local maximum value
(iy Sf f'Cxd changes sign from negative to positive os x increases thnough c, then ‘isa
point of lecal minima and f(c) is {ocal minimum value
WD Sf f'C dosen't changes sign as x incneases thnough ¢ , then ¢ is meithen @ point of local
minima non a point of local rraxima. Such a point is called paint of inflection.
(b) SeeondsDenivative Test Let f be 0 function defined on an intenal T and CET. wt f be
twice differentiable at ¢. Then
ti) t-c iS a point of local maxima if f'lc)=0 and fc) <0. In this case fCe) is
called total maximum value
Wi) t-c iS a point of local minima if fi(c)=0 and f"(c)>0. In this case fle) is
called tocat minimum value
ip the test faits of f'cch-0 and f"Cci= 0. In this case, we go back to finst denivative
test
4 Working Rule fon finding absolute maximum on absolute minimum values
step: Find all the enitical points of f in the given intenval, i-e, find points x whene
eithen [x)= 0 on f is not diffenentiable .
Step + Toke the end points of the intenval
StepHL: At all these points, Calculate the value of f.
StepI: Identify the maximum and minimum value of f out of the values calculated in
Step I. The maximum value ill be the obsolute maximum volue of f and the
minimum value will be the absolute minimum value of f.
A cCHitieaPainl A Point C in the domain of a function f at which eithen f'(c)=0 on f is
rot differentiable is called 0 cnitical point of f.
° g 4 Tntegnation (Anti diffenentiation) : Integration is the inverse process of differentiation .
Tnsteod of diffenentioting ® funetion. we one given
the denivative of a function and asked to find its primitive , i-e , the oxtginal
function. Such @ pnocess is called integration on antl diffenniotion. fx tT ys J ftadax
a(x") = ne”! [ede a gc meet
It q
a net
gx as
a (Sinz) = Cos J cosede * sine +0
aL (Cosx) > - Sinz ff --
da x [sine dx (osu tc
(tant) = seca
dx
ad (Cotx) > -Cosec*x
x
[secre = tonnt+e¢
[sen ae = -Cotr tc
ae * Sex. tonx Secs tonede = Sece +c
1
id (Cosecx) = -Cosecx. Cotx
dx
d(sin'z) = dx_ = Sinn tc
i" oa f (ez
a (os'z) = = Gt. egsty +c
dx ee fiw
ah (tan) = 1 dx = tan'n te
dx tin Jet
od (cot'x) = a1 (dx . ~Cot'x +6
dx itz? J lt?
ah (Sec) = — f_ds_ = Sec'z+c
ax af[out (Fre
ot (cosee"a) =f dx. - Coser +¢
a x [ret [fa
L(e7) = e% ede = eX +e
ae fe dx
(log) =
4 (az) = a fotdx > ye
ax (loga, toga
Cosecx Cotxdx = ~ Cosecx + ¢
fie + login! +c
x Integration by substitution method
ff tanx de * lag | seex) +0 J secrde . 'og (Secr + tanx| +¢
Sf cotcax * {og I sine + f cosecrdx = log | cosecx - Cotx] +
Tntegnals of some pantisulan functions
de. & 0 jee [a = log lar lae@lee
ea? ara f-a
[8 - Lily arx| yc dx_ = Sina yc
oa a-x Tar x? a
de Ltan'z4¢ ox = log [a+ Saal +c
740" a a Ta
To find the integral ‘| -
aera
we waite, ax'+bx+c = - these] alee) +(e- 8)
a a ya)
Now; put rth at 3 dzedt and c-b? 24k"
@ 4a?
The integral re i
Tek
‘To find the wnepurien of the type: | Pt+4 as
Jr's oxt
whene p,q,a,b,¢ ane constants
To find the neal numbens A,B such that,
prt+q = Ad (oxtt+ bx+c)+ B= A(2ax+5)+B
d:
x
¥ Integration by pantial fraction
ee
atb
(4-0) (x-b) <
pry
(1-0)
prtgren
(4-0) (a-b) (x-0)
eee A ee
(2-0) (4-b) (a-a) (x-a) (x-b)
DEERE A Bure
5 Hp tal
(4-0) (0% bate) (z-a) (+ br +0)
whene 2+ x4 _connot_be_factenised _furtten 4 Integravion oy pants | f adgcorde = feaafgtarax - f [p00] carer] ax
Integral of the type [fet[frw sfc] de = fer flwde
[aan « alee a2 |t0y x+lea| te
ror 2 Fea 4 a tog x+ Jaa] +6
[Toate * alee +s c
~ Fundamental theonem of Calculas
z
Ameo function : |ACx) = i) fde
Finst fundmente| theonem of integral calculas t
Thtokemt; Let f be a continuous function _on the closed intenval [a,b] and let A(x)
be the anea function, Then [ACx)=fCx)], fon all xela, 0)
Second fundmental theorem of integral calculas *
Treonem2 f be continuous function defined on the closed interval [a,o] and F
be an antidenivative of f
o
Cade = [eC] = FCb)- F(a)
a a
~ Definite Integral If Fx) is Lhe integnal of f(x) oven the interval [a,b], ie.
[ f(xar = Fx) then the definite integnal of fz) oven the intenval
[a,b] is denoted by ffx is defined os r
'
‘uppen (iat | [ F(xddx = FC) - Fa)
towen tinite_ >
% Definite integral as the limit of the sum
J toou = im (flO) + FCQP) bn fla+(n-t)h))
OR
2 Some pxopexties Of Definite Tategnals i
BR: f teax - [roe Rp Frou . [pote + ['pcae-0ec
me [rea - af Irae 3 ip P(ta-2) = fo
t Ot flta-z)=-ftx)
®t J, fldae --[ ftodx
6
at J, tod ade + [ fea 5 d
6: ct J flnde - 2f' fedex + 00 is even function
° ‘ ie fn 29)
ti [fede =O TO is 0 forein,
. 5
tf ttoar - [flote-nax
PR: [ roux . [rena W) The axea of negion bounded by the curve
and a-b (>a) is given by S Diffenentiation + An equation involving the independent variavie x (say), dependent variable
y (say) and the bs ae fate of dependent vaniable with
espe to independent vai ae, diy, dey
dx det
Erammpte ? Mb y yee , Oy 3 yy Sy =x* one differential equations.
dx dx dx
¥ Onden and Degnee of a differential equation +
The Orden of a diffenendial equation is the highest onder denivative occuming in the
differential equation
The degree of 0 diffenential equation is the degnee of the highest onden denivative
occumming in the equation, when the differential cofficients ane made fnee from
nadicals , fractions and it is wnitten os a polynomial in diffenential co- efficient
Fxample + Aignest onten dente <-> onden = 3
‘he aepe of hE great onden desvtine xen G0 the equation
degnee = 4
ax? da degnee > mot defined (because this diffenential eq” cannot
be wnitten in the fonm of polynomial in diff" co- efficient )
Pinote : onden ond degnee of @ diffenentiol eq” ane always positive integens
A Genenal Solution + The solution which contains axbdltnany constants is called the
qenenal solution (primitive) of the diffenential equation
% Poxticulan solution t The solution obtained from the genenal solution by giving
ponticulan values to the axbitnany constants is called a
panticulan solution of the diffenential equation.
~ Cquations in vaxiable sepaxable fonm !
Considen tne equation dy = X.Y whene K is a function of x omly and Y is a function
ax of y only
A) Put the equation in tne form Lays kas
(ii) Tnieqnating both the sides, we get fa = [xdx #C whene ¢ is an anditnony constant,
Thus the xequined sol" is obtained
% Equations Reduclble to vaniables Sepenable form ‘
(i white the given equation in form dy = fCax+ by +c)
dx
Gi Pu ox+oytcz, 50 that . i(te-4)
4 it b\az (i Putting this dy in the given equation , we get (az -a) . f(z). This eq” is
ax b\dx
neduced in the foxm : dz —_ = dx. Aften integnating , we get the Hequined
neni, a+ bf(z)
Momogenous differential Equation A differenial equation of the. fom ate FCay)
is said to be homagerous differentia! equation if Fay) is a homogenous function of deywe zero.
(D Suppose y-vx and so dy = vt ride.
dx az
Wd The value y= ve and dy = v+ ede is substituted in given eq”. The eq” meduces to
di dx
Vanable sepanobie form, which can be solved by integnaling both sides.
W) Finally vis replaced by y to get ie nequined solution
x
P note: If ine homogenous diffenentiol equation is in the form dz = FC2,y) ihen we
Subsite a+ vy and 20 da v4ydn ond preced as above, “E
di ay
Finst onden linean differential equation
dy Py = @ ——i) dey Preg —
oe dy
whene P and @ ane constonis on function of x only Pwhene P and @ ane. constants on function of y only
fede
d
TAs e (> Thtegnatiog factor) ree el cre. Integrating. factor)
Solution of (i) is 5 Solution of (1) i 5
y(DF)+ [ex (rAde te x(LR)= [9x (teddy te
L Sivectow? A quantity thoi mas magnitude as well as disettion is called o vector
denoted by FB on 7. A——2—"*" 58
A Tnitial point : The point A whene from the vecton AB stants is known as initial point,
“Texminal point : The point 8, where it ends is said to be the tenminal point
SB Magnitude: : The distance between initial and tenminal points of a vecton is called the magnituae
Con length) of the vecton .
“(Salam + Those physical quontities which have only magnitude one called sealon, €.9., anea, volume,
mass ete.
Dineelion cosines + If w- of bf+ck makes angle o,P,7 with +ve dinection of x-axis, y-axis
and z-asis nespectively, then Cos#, COSp and CosT ane the dinection cosines
of ® and ane denoted by I,m ond n_whene ,
C= tose m= Cop ne (ost=
Sa? be a4 BMC?) atebtect
¥ Dinection watios + If numbens 0,6,¢ ane pnopotional to direction cosines |,m and n
nespectively of ®, then a,byc ane called dinection nalios of x
F Position’ vecton = Considen a point (x,y,z) in space. The vector OP with initial point ,
onigin O ond texmninal point P, és called the position vector of ?.
f zenovvecton ? A veclon whose intlial and teaminai points coincide is known as zeno vector.
A Unit vecton ¢ fi vecton whose magnitude is unity is Said to be unit vecton. denoted
yb. Fea e
Ja}
S Toe tnitial Vectors : Two on mone veclons having the same inilial point ane called coinitéal
vectons,
~ Colltnean” Veetons’ > Two on mone vectons ane said (0 be collinean if they ane panallel
to ine same tine, inmespective of thein magnitudes and dineclions
Equal veetons + Two vectons a ond ane said to be equal, if they have the same
magnitude and dinection megandiess of the positions of thein initial
points, and waitien as a= &
OD Negative ‘of a vecton : A vecton whose magnitude is the same as that of a given vecton,
but_dineclion is opposite to that of it, és called negative of
the given vecton. [BA = -Aa ‘
FTA Chess: nimrnlion selon components: of ft
GG Nevsxassho | vmeen sain |vaisnaw seini 4 veeton joining wo points? | IPP. 1 = Canney g'* Gea
Case) When R divides PQ intennally
(ase) When R divides PA extennally
% properties :
@
TB = ab, 4 Oyb, + 0505
@ | @- eee ond 8 - bit bjt byk , then
(6) |Projection of @ on B > 2B ond position veetor of & ale
nm
(| Projection of B on & ae position veeton of Bon @ oe
Pivots: af two vectors @ ond B axe given in component foam ax o,t+ofe ak and 14 f+ bf
WB = 0b, + Ob, + A; by
~ Obsenvations =
dab is a neal number:
2 Let @ and B be two ron- zeno vectons , then @-B=0 if ond only if
penpendiculon to each olhtn ie. [GOs 0 @LB
170-0 men @.=1TITI. To ponticelan A= IRI, a8 6 in dois case is 0.
Wtf O+m then B= -1AIIBL. Sy ponticulan F1-@)=-1z I", as 0 in this case is T
5. In view of the Dosenvetions 2 and 5, fon mutually penpendicutan unit vectors f,j and &, we hove
CteP fe bet tp-pt bt-o
& tne angie between two nan-ceno vectons @ and ¥ is given by |toso + aE
Sarat igi
H Te scalon product is commutative. je Las
A ‘Projection ofa vecton on wLine! + The 7 is called the projection veeton ond ite magnitude I#1 is
simply called as the projection of tne vecton 6’ on the directed
ab
("<6 <9) (o0'< 6< 180!) usw'< 8<270%
0 0 aiiy
~~ “obsenvotions) +
W 1f F is the unit veeton olong a tine (, then the projection of a vecton @ on ihe line | is given by
ap B Projection of a vecton @ on othen vecton B, is given by | BB oe @ Fi ot (8.8)
Veil lel
¥ If 0-6, then the projection vecton of AB will be AB itself and if G* 1, then the projection vecton
of AB will be 6h
a on on one. + then lhe projection vecton of AB will be zeno vecton
Note: Tf a, p and 1 ane tne dinection angles of vecton @~ als ay] + ok , then ils dinection
be given as
0,10,» 94 * scalon components
@ + anit vecton
rt:
tf T= at+afeak and F-otrof+ ok , Rx =] a a a
br by by
® O-JL then
2
Angle belween twio vectors & and B
tide [upe kak 3]
taf=i, fet-t, eats
Ex fe-t] ont [Pett
4 Area of tniongle ABC - 1 (Bilal sind - |4lexdl
2 2
“nea of ponalielogram ABCD ~ |PIITI sind ~ [lax el
Projection formulae +
(£)|@ = blose + cCosB ()|b = cosh + alose [o> alosc + bcosa ET eset
tmnt
# Relation between Une dinection cosines of @ line
4 Dinection cosines of o line syment joining two points P(x,,y,,z,) and 9( x,,4,,z,)
ane 3 5 a4
a tT tene 09 Se APY gh aT
9 PQ Po
% Vecton Equation of a tine thet posses thaough the given point whose position vectors
T and parallel to a given vecon 6 is [Grogaap | (verton foxm)
Cantesian Equation,
Ze, (oo | a 7h. Ee
tl mm. n dinecon ratios
# Vector Equation of a tine that posses through two points [7 =@ ag), AER
position vetans
Contesion Equation points = (4.04.42) (toys) | 2m a do | ez
Th fede ah
A Tf a bis cy and Cys bys cy ane the dinection natios of two lines and O is the
acule angle Selween two lines then; [epgp | Oa + bt GG
Lore rep Jot Be ey
Two lines with dinection nalios a,b) se) and a,b, ¢y ane
(0 penpendieulan 0-90 [Qh t bt tit =O
Gd porated «= oo" [eS
[a_4h 4
Tf 0 i the arate ongle between the line w= a+ Ab, and m= G+ Ab;
then 0 is given by : aa
Tiel
[eel
Cyeeton form)
% The shontest distance between the lines
Wet Ab and We Bead is
Cantesion form, lines 22% - 27. 27%
C
aT Ya 2-2
a by
oy
FCs. bee ¥ (6.0, = 0) C0 ~ 096)"
M Distance between Ponallel tines w= 3,4 ud and We a, + ud is
% Equation of a plone in a nonmat form (pie cveetn fonm)
itis jie fp
‘untesion fonm, |e + my 4 nz =a vit rormalectn ¥ The equation of a plane thnough a point whose position vector is and perpendicular
te the veeton Dts | (Pa). =O | (vector foum)
contesion fonm, [ACx-x) + BCy-y)+ CG2-1,)= 0
Equation of © plane passing Unxough thee non collinean points
(H-a)[(B-)x@-@)) = 0] (vecton form)
Cantesian form, Kem yyy Zz,
Heh Gry ty | 0
is Yadeesaaey
(vecton form)
Plane passing through the intersection of tuo given planes | -(ry+ Am) = dit Ady
Contesion fon, (Acx + By + Gz-d)+ AC Ax + By + Gz-d))=0
© Angle between two plones | C080 «| My
Tatlin
contesian fonm | C080" ne us + it we |
yt + pd
Angie between a line and 0 plane | cos =
bn _
Lelia
the angle @ between te tine and tne plone is given by 90- 6, i.e. GinQo'- 0) = cose
sing = |
Weal + Linean prognomming (LP) is on optimisation (eennigue in which a linen funeclion is
optimisied (2 minimised on moximised) subject te centain constaaints whieh ane in the fone
of neon ineguolties ond. equations. The function to be oplimised called objective function
1 oplcaionTop ian pneparintng * Lineon programming. optimum combirain of sevenel vesiebles subject to
certain constraints on nestuictions
Feximation of “liens programming problem) (LPP) ¢ The basic pnoblem in the formulation of a linear
programming problem is to set-up some mathematical
mide. THis can be done by asking the follouing questions +
(@ wnat ane the unknown Cvaniadles) 2
(®) what is the objective ?
(©) What one the nestnietions ?
FOW ENS, LEE a Hay Myensnetm DE the vawiadles. Let tne objective function 0 be optimized
Ci-e. mininnised on maximised) be given by Z.
Wd Z2 G4 GIy tt On Xy WhOME Gx (E*1,2...m) ane constraints.
(Let thene be mn constants and let a be 0 set of constonts such thet
yt t Oat. + Ont (£,= 02) 6,
ly ty + Ogg hy tecccccce Oty (£9 2) by
Ooms + ma % + + tnt (S)=2"2) by
The problem of detenminoling values ef 34,2, 0-4 %q which makes Z, 0 minimum on moximam
and which salsies ey ond (il) i called the genenal tinean pnognammning problem
Genenal LPP
(a) Déiltonevaniables + The vovinbles x,y, xg)» %n whose values one 10 be desided , ane called decisian
vaniables.
(b) ‘Objective "function: The lineon function Z~ cx, ¢ ty%t..-..#¢q%— which is to be optimized (masimised on minimised )
& called the objective function on onefencnce fentlion of the gerenal linean proguerming.
problem.
(c) ‘Btmuchanal ‘constnaints : The inequalities given im Ud ene called the structunal constraints of the genenal
Linen pnognornnting problem . The stnuctunal constraints ont generally in the fonen
Of inequalities of 2 type on < type, tut occasionaliy , 2 sinurtunal constnaint may b# in the foxon of
an equation
(d) Hons\niegative ‘constwain’s : The set of inequalities (ii) is usually known os the set of non - negative
Constnaints of the genenal LPP. These constnaints irmply that the
vaniadles 2), %,.....)%y Cannot take negative values,
(ey Feasible Solution’ = Any solution of 0 genenol LP which satisfies all the constnaints, stnuctural and non
negative, of ine problem, is ented o fesidle solution of genenal LPP.
(FY Optimura”solation * Any feasible solution which optimizes (‘-e minimize on maximises) the objective function
Of the LPP is called eptimun solution. A Requinements fox Mathematical’ Formulation of LPP = Gejone getting the mathematical form of a
lineax progsamming problem , it is impoxtant
to necognize the problem which can dé handled by linear programming problem. Fon the
formulation of a lineah puognamming problem, the problem must satisfy the following
nequinements =
ti Thene must be an objective to minimise on mozimise something. The objective must ve capable of being
eonly defined matnematically as 2 (inear function
GD Thexe must de altennative sources of artion so that the problem of selecting Lhe best counse of actions
may anise
ii) The resounces must be in economically quantifiable limited supply. Tie gives the consinaints to LPP
GH) The constraints (nestnictions) must be capable ef being expnessed in the fonm of linean equations
on inequalities .
Solving tinea PxOpmoMming"pHObIeM = To solve linear programming problems, Connen int method
ts ndopted . Unden this method following steps one penfonmed +
istepon’s At finst, feasible negion 1s obtained by plotting tne graph of given lineon constraints and
iis connen points ane obloined by solwng the {wo equations of the lines intensecting at that
point
GP step : the value of objective function Z= ax4 by is obtained fox each connen point by putting its
x and y- coordinate in place of and y in Z=axtby. Let M and m be langest end
smallest value of Z nespeetively
(oe T + Tf tne feasible is bounded , then M and m one the maximum ond minimum values of Z
(ase: Tf tne feasible is undoundled , tnen we proceed as follows t
Piste: the open half plane detenmined by ax+ dy>M and axt byM and feasible
xegion , then M is marimum value of Z, ctheawise Z nas no maximum value.
(ase: Tf thene is no common point in the half plane determined by ax+ by
