Rojgar Coaching Center: Vafdr HKKVH LJ

Rojgar Coaching Center
ys[kd
vafdr HkkVh lj
lEiknd
Shokendra Panwar
jkgqy oqQekj
r izdk'kd%
Rojgar Publication
Bilaspur, Greater Noida,
Gautam Buddha Nagar,
U.P. 203202
Mobile : 9818489147
E-mail: rojgarwithankit@gmail.com
r uohure laLdj.k
r © lokZf/kdkj izdk'kdk/khu
Hkkjrh; dkWihjkbV osQ varxZr bl iqLrd esa lekfgr leLr lkexzh (VkbfVy&fMtkbu] vanj dk eSVj
vkfn) osQ lokZf/dkj 'Rojgar Publication' osQ ikl lqjf{kr gSaA blosQ fy, dksbZ O;fDr@laLFkk@lewg
bl iqLrd dh ikB~; lkexzh dks vkaf'kd ;k iw.kZ :i ls rksM+&ejksM+dj ;k fdlh vU; Hkk"kk esa
izdkf'kr ugha dj ldrkA mYya?ku djus okys dkuwuh rkSj ij gtsZ&[kps± o gkfu osQ ftEesnkj Lo;a
gksaxsA U;kf;d {ks=k uks,Mk gksxkA
r Distributor:
ROHIT GENERAL STORE
Bilaspur, Greater Noida
Mobile : 9557571762, 8171579050
uksV% bl fdrkc esa fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ la'kks/u ;k =kqfV lacaf/r vkiosQ lq>ko Lokxr ;ksX; gSaA
ftlosQ fy, vki gekjs uacj 9818489147 ij laioZQ dj ldrs gSaA
r ystj Vkbi lsfVax%

xzkfQDl fotu
izLrkouk
I;kjs ckydksa@ckfydkvksa
tSlk fd vki lHkh dks fofnr gS] fd "SSC GD-2023" dh foKfIr 'kh?kz gh izLrkfor gSA
foKfIr osQ ekè;e ls 50000+ (yxHkx) in vkus dh laHkkouk,¡ gSaA brus lkjs in okLro esa
jkstxkj dh vikj laHkkouk,a ysdj vkus okys gSaA bl HkrhZ esa viuk LFkku lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy,
vki lHkh dks vHkh ls dfBu ifjJe rFkk lVhd j.kuhfr ls esgur 'kq: dj nsuh pkfg, D;ksafd
bl ckr dks Hkh udkjk ugha tk ldrk gS fd xr o"kks± esa SSC dh izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa izfrLi/kZ
dk Lrj cgqr T;knk c<+ x;k gSA ,sls esa mPp xq.koÙkk okyk oaQVsV lkFk gh lgh ekxZn'kZu vkidh
liQyrk esa lgk;d fl¼ gks ldrk gSA
xr o"kZ 2022 esa SSC GD dh gekjh pkjksa fdrkcksa dh izfrfozQ;k vkt Hkh vo.kZuh; gSA bu
fdrkcksa osQ ljy o lqxe oaQVsV us SSC GD ijh{kk esa liQyrk osQ u, ekud LFkkfir fd, gSaA
foxr o"kks± dh ijh{kk osQ VkWilZ us RWA dh SSC GD BOOKS osQ vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku dk mYys[k
fd;kA blh dM+h esa bl o"kZ Hkh SSC GD dh pkj fdrkcksa esa ls ,d General Knowledge
cqd vkiosQ le{k izLrqr dj jgs gSaA
xr o"kZ dh Hkk¡fr bl o"kZ Hkh SSC GD BOOKS dk izk#i] xr o"kZ 2022 dh fdrkcksa dh
rjg j[kk x;k gS ftlesa SSC GD 2022 osQ lHkh iz'uksa dks 'kkfey djosQ ljy o lqxe Hkk"kk esa
O;k[;kRed gy fn;k x;k gSA
cqDl osQ vfrfjDr vorkj cSp iw.kZr% vkiosQ fy, lefiZr gSA
esjk liuk iafDr esa [kM+s vafre fo|kFkhZ rd f'k{kk dh igq¡p rFkk jkstxkj lqfuf'pr djus dk gS]
blh fn'kk esa ge dk;Z dj jgs gSaA ;g fdrkc vkidh liQyrk esa lgk;d fl¼ gksxhA var esa ,d
izsj.kknk;d iafDr] tks izR;sd fo|kFkhZ thou dh la?k"kZiw.kZ ;k=kk esa lcy iznku djus dk dke djsxhA
^^[kqn ls gkj tkÅ¡ oks vyx ckr gS]
ojuk >qdus okyk balku ugha gw¡ eSa]
eqlhcrksa ls dg nks fn'kk cny ysa]
D;ksafd #dus okyk balku ugha gw¡ eSa*
'kqHkdkeukvksa lfgr
µvafdr HkkVh
(jkstxkj fon vafdr)
fo"k;&lwph
LVªSfVd G.K.
1. 7-60
v Hkkjrh; yksd u`R; 7
v izeq[k 'kkL=kh; u`R; 8
v ok|;a=k ,oa oknd 11
v Hkkjr osQ izeq[k R;ksgkj] mRlo ,oa esys 14
v Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa osQ uoo"kZ 17
v ;q¼ dyk,¡ 17
v osaQnz ljdkj dh izeq[k ;kstuk,¡ 18
v Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªh; m|ku 22
v Hkkjr osQ Vkbxj fjtoZ 23
v Hkkjr osQ izeq[k jkelj lkbV (2021&22) 24
v Hkkjr esa tSfod vkjf{kr {ks=k 24
v Hkkjr osQ izeq[k i{kh fogkj 25
v egRoiw.kZ fnol@lIrkg 25
v oqQN egRoiw.kZ lIrkg 26
v [ksy 27
v ;wusLdks gsfjVst lkbV~l 35
v fo'o osQ izfl¼ ioZr 36
v Hkkjr dh izeq[k >hysa 37
v fo'o dh izeq[k >hysa 37
v Hkkjr osQ izeq[k Xysf'k;j 38
v fo'o osQ izeq[k e#LFky 38
v fo'o osQ izeq[k vuqla/ku osaQnz 38
v Hkkjr osQ izeq[k canjxkg tyekxZ 39
v Hkkjr osQ izeq[k iqy 41
v Hkkjr dh izeq[k unh ?kkVh ifj;kstuk 41
v izeq[k xqIrpj laLFkk,¡ 42
v izeq[k lekpkj ,tsalh 42
v izeq[k nLrkost 42
v egRoiw.kZ ozQkafr;k¡ 42
v Hkkjrh; /kfeZd] lkekftd] jk"Vªh; vkanksyu 43
v Hkkjr esa izFke (efgyk) 44
v Hkkjr esa izFke (iq#"k) 45
v Hkkjr esa lokZf/d cM+k] yack] ,oa Å¡pk 46
v fo'o esa izFke 46
v varjkZ"Vªh; lhek,¡ 47
v tux.kuk 47
2. bfrgkl 61
3. Hkwxksy 92
4. Hkkjrh; jkt O;oLFkk 126
5. vFkZ'kkL=k 155
6. foKku 182-232
v HkkSfrd foKku 182
v jlk;u foKku 196
v tho foKku 202
jkstxkj ifCyosQ'ku SSC-GD (GS)
1 LVsfVd th-ds-
cqM+kg] FkksM+k Ne] ?kqa?kVhA

Hkkjrh; yksd u`R;
>kj[k.M
vka/z izns'k TT iQxqvk] eqMkajh] ljgqy] ckjko] Medp] ?kksjk&ukp] i#fy;k
TToqQEeh] flf¼ ek/qjh] ?kaVk enkZyk] cqV~Vk cksEekyq] HkkedYie] NÅ] ljk;osQyk NÅ] lksgjkbZ] e.Mk] ikbdk] ftrkdk] laFkkyh]
nIiw] risrkxqYyw] yEckM+h] f<Elk] dksykV~Ve] ohjukV~;e] xksch] gqrka u`R;] yglw;k] enkZuhA
MkaMfj;k] cksukyw] fcNqvkA dukZVd
(SSC GD 17 Jan, 2023, Shift II)
TT ;{kxku] Mksyw] oqQfuFkk] ohjxkls] fcykyrk] o`Q".k ikfjtkr
vle ukxe.Myk] twMw gSyh] cSykVk] Hkwrk osQykA
TT fcNqvk] uViwtk] egkjkl] [ksy xksiky] fcgw] vfd;kukV] osQjy
dfyxksiky] ukxku`R;] ckxq#Eck] dksukbZ] >qeqjkA TT dkdlhZ dkyh] nIiw dkyh] liZe ?kqyy] doknh;ksV~Ve] osyk
v#.kkpy izns'k dkyh] FkEih FkqYyy] dMqok] ekxZedyh oqQefrA
TT eq[kkSVk] ;q¼ u`R;] cqb;k] Nkyks] okapks] iklh dksaxdh] yk;u y{k}hi
,aM fidkWd] iksax] iksihj] cksM+ksZ Ne] fj[keikM+kA TT dksydyh] ykok] ijhpdyhA
fcgkj eè; izns'k
TT tkV&tkfVu] ikoafj;k] fcnsfl;k] dtjh] NÅ] djek] /ksfc;k] TT tokjk] eVdh] lSyk] rqrhyh u`R;] eqfj;k u`R;] ckjnh u`R;]
tksfx;k] f>f>;k] >juh] ikbdk tqejh] iQxqvk] MksedpA vfgjh u`R;] ysgaxh] iwQyifr u`R;A
NÙkhlx<+ egkjk"Vª
TT djek] Mxyk] ikyh] Vikyh] >wej] xsM+h] i.Mokuh uokjkuh] TT yko.kh] dksyh] fMaMh] rek'kk] /uxM+h xktk] ySfte] iksokM+k]
iaFkh] jkmrukp] ckxerh] dkikfyd] FkkjFkjh] pansuh] lqvk udVk] xiQkA (SSC GD 17 Jan, 2023, Shift II
ukpk] lSykA (SSC GD 25 Jan, 2023, Shift II)
ef.kiqj
xksok TT ykbZ gjksck] iqax pksykse] [kack /kch] uwik u`R;] jklyhyk]
TT iqQxaMh] Ms[kuh u`R;] /uxj] Vksuhesy] dksjsfMUgks] eks:yse] tkxksbZ] FkkxaVe] Mksy pksye] ekoZQ u`R;A
oqQuch] ryxMh] tkxksj] Hkksaoknks] eqlksy up] n MksyksA
es?kky;
xqtjkr TT MkajsxsVk] ykgks] uksxozsQe] csgnhu[kye] okxayk] MklsZxkVk]
TT xjck] Mkf.M;k] fVIiuh] ykL;k] jklyhyk] tqfjFkqu] ifugkjh] 'kknlqdA
HkobZA
fetksje
gfj;k.kk TT pSjko u`R;] [kqvkye u`R;] Nsg yke u`R;] lkaofy;k u`R;]
TT >wej] iQkx u`R;] MiQ] ?kwej] /eky] ethjk] xqXxk] ywj] pSye] rsyxae u`R;] ikj ySe] ljykedkbZ u`R;A
jklyhyk] lkax] Nfo u`R;] [kksfj;kA
ukxkySaM
fgekpy izns'k TT eksnl] jsXek] e;wj ukp] eks;uk'kks] tsfy;kax pxkabZ] owQdh u`R;]
TT Mkaxh] NUud] Ne] d;kax ekyk] jk{kl u`R;] uketsu dkjkfy;k] ys'kkyqr] [kEck fye] lny osQdbZ] frryh u`R;] vfxz'kqoqQyk]
ykslkj 'kksuk] ?kq?kaVh pqDle] Nisyh MaMkukp] ukVh] dM+Fkh]
7
vy;qrq] pkax yks] oqQyqRlsuA rfeyukMq

vksfM+'kk TT oqQEeh] dkSyV~Ve] dkoM+h vkV~Ve] dkjxe] dkbZ flycV~Ve]
ekf;y vVke] vksf;yV~Ve] nsojre] iskbDdy oqQfnjkbZ vV~VeA
TT ?kqeqjk] ikyk] MLdfFk;k] nY[kkbZ] NkÅ ukp] ck?kk ukp] deZ
ukp] dhlkcknh] <i u`R;] xksVh iqvk] MaMkjh] eq.kjhA rsyaxkuk
mÙkj izns'k TT isjhuh] f'koarnoe] xqlknh] f<Elk] yEckMh] MIiw] cksukyw]
ekiqjhA
TT jklyhyk] ukSVadh] >wyk] dtjh] tn~nk] pkpjh] tSrk] >ksjk]
pkisyh] [;ky] e;wj] /ksfc;k] pjoqQyk] tksfxuh] dekZ] iklh] f=kiqjk
uVojh] jkbZ] }hi] ikbZ M.Mk] nhokjh] pkSyj] <jdgjhA TT gkstkfxjh] xkSfj;k] ysckax] eferkeksld lqYekuh] fcTgw]
mÙkjk[kaM fgd&gd] laxjkbZ] xtkuu osyde] Msyks] xksykeqpkvks]
cksekuh] ek;ekrhA
TT x<+okyh] oqQek;qa] dtjh >ksjk] jklyhyk] piknh] pSaiy] ljks]
gk#y] rkanh] ykaxohj] pksadyk] Nksifr] ?kq?kqrh] HkSyk ikMao]
izeq[k 'kkL=h; u`R;
j.kHkwr Nksfy;k] Hkxuksy] HkksfV;kA
if'pe caxky TT laxhr ukVd vdkneh }kjk ebZ 2022 rd 8 Hkkjrh; u`R;ksa dks
'kkL=kh; u`R; osQ :i esa ekU;rk nh xbZ gSA
TT dk<h] xEHkhjk] /kyh] tk=kk ckmy] ejfl;k] dhrZu] NÅ
TT oqQy la[;k & 8
(xksiky izlkn)] laFkky] ykBhA
¾¾ HkjrukV~;e (Bharatnatyam) (iqjkuk uke % lkfnj)
tEew&d'ehj & rfeyukMq (eafnjksa dks lefiZr)
TT fgdkr] eantky] owQn nk.Mh ukp] nekyh] giQhtk] jÅiQ ¾ ¾ eksfguhvV~Ve (Mohiniattam) & osQjy (fo'ks"kr%
MqEgky] fojsg] uojsgA efgykvksa }kjk)
¾¾ dFkd (Kathak) & mÙkj izns'k
yn~nk[k ¾¾ vksfM'kh (Odishi) & vksfM'kk
TT 'kksMksy] 'kksu] Mªxik&jpsl] tcjks] yktk] dks'ku] rq[kr ueks] ¾¾ ef.kiqjh (Manipuri) & ef.kiqj
lqjgh] ;kd] cSxLVksupSl] rd&FkksdA ¾¾ oqQfpiqM+h (Kuchipuri) & vka/z izns'k (dukZVd laxhr)
¾¾ l=kh;k (Satriya) & vle
neu vkSj nho
¾¾ dFkdyh (Kathkali) (egkHkkjr] jkek;.k) & osQjy
TT ea.Mks] onhZ xkvks] ohjk
(fo'ks"kr% iq#"kksa }kjk)
iqMwpsjh TT yksdu`R; (Folk dance) & 2500 (yxHkx)
TT xjkM+h (Garadi)A TT 'kkL=kh; u`R;ksa dk o.kZu ukV~;'kkL=k esa feyrk gS] ftls Hkjreqfu
us fy[kk gS] iapeosn dgykrk gSA
iatkc TT lcls izkphu u`R; (Oldest classical dance) & HkjrukV~;e
TT HkkaxMk] fx¼k] /wey] MiQ] /eky] uowQyk] yqM~Mh] twyh] TT lcls u;k 'kkL=kh; u`R; lf=k;k gSA blosQ iQkmaMj Jheark'kadj
/udjk] lEeh] fddyh tkxks] rhtu] ckxkA nso (Shri MantaShankar Dev) gSaA bldks 'kkL=kh; u`R;ksa
esa o"kZ 2000 esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA
jktLFkku
TT xsj u`R;] ifugkjh] iwaQnh] dkycsfy;k] x.kxkSj] >wek] lwbZfluh] HkjrukV~;e
?kwej] rsjgrkyh] pjh] ftUnkn] dBiqryh] HkokbZ] xojh] dksey o/Zu] xksfoUn] 'kkUrk] oh-ih- /uat;u] ehuk{kh Jhfuoklu]
gkFkhekukA (SSC GD 16 Jan, 2023, Shift II) xhrk panu] vkuan 'kadj t;ar] ehuk{kh lqanje fiYybZ (iaMk uYywj
'kSyh)] vufye oYyh (in~e Hkw"k.k&2004)
flfDde
TTpwiQkV] fldekjh] Luks yk;u] ;kd Iyke] Msutksax] rk'kh ;kfeuh o`Q".kewfrZ
;kxowQ] usugk] dkXa;sn u`R; (fnlacj ekg)A iqjLdkj & ineJh (1968)
(SSC GD 16 Jan, 2023, Shift I) ine Hkw"k.k (2001)
(SSC GD 23 Jan, 2023, Shift III)
ine foHkw"k.k (2016)
vkRedFkk & ^, iS'ku iQkWj Mkal*
8
jkT; & rfeyukMq fcLlkuks jkexksiky

'kkL=kh; u`R; & HkjrukV~;e vkSj oqQfpiqM+h jkT; & dukZVd
lksuy ekuflag iqjLdkj & vkMZj vkiQ n fczfV'k ,Eik;j (1999)
jkT; & eqacbZ] egkjk"Vª lfozQ; o"kZ & 1912&2003
iqjLdkj & 1992 (in~e Hkw"k.k) iqLrd & bafM;u Mkflax (1951)
2003 (ine foHkw"k.k) fjnEl bu gSosu (1957)
(lcls de mez esa in~e foHkw"k.k izkIr djus
okyh u`R;kaxuk) infeuh fiz;nf'kZuh (infeuh jkepanzu)
laxhr ukVd isQyksf'ki jkT; & osQjy
(SSC GD 16 Jan, 2023, Shift III) e`R;q & 2016 (71 o"kZ)
'kkL=kh; u`R; & HkjrukV;e] vksfM+lh iqjLdkj & 'kkaryk ukV; Jh iqjLdkj
jktuhfr & jkT;lHkk lkaln (2018) (dyk {ks=k esa) O;olk; & fiQYe
#dfe.kh nsoh v:aMsy oSt;arhekyk
jkT; & rfeyukMq jkT; & rfeyukMq
e`R;q & 1986 iqjLdkj & loZJs"B vfHkus=kh (laxe] 1965_ xaxk tequk
iqjLdkj & in~e Hkw"k.k (1956) 1962_ e/qerh (1959)
laxhr ukVd vdkneh (1957) 'kkL=kh; u`R; & HkjrukV~;e
izk.kh fe=k iqjLdkj (1968)
oSt;Urhekyk igyh nf{k.k Hkkjr dh vfHkus=kh
dkfynkl lEeku (1984) (eè; izns'k ljdkj)
Fkha] ftlus fganh fiQYeksa esa dke fd;kA
'kkL=kh; u`R; & HkjrukV~;e
jktuhfr & #fDe.kh nsoh v:aMsy igyh urZdh gSa tks Vh- ckyk ljLofr
jkT;lHkk esa dyk {ks=k esa ukfer gqb±A jkT; & rfeyukMq
yhyk lSelu iqjLdkj & in~e Hkw"k.k (1957)
jkT; & rfeyukMq ine foHkw"k.k (1977)
iqjLdkj & in~e Jh (1990) laxhr ukVd vdkneh (1955)
laxhr ukVd vdkneh (1999&2000) (izfl¼ fiQYe fuekZrk lR;thr js us muosQ
'kkL=kh; u`R; & HkjrukV~;e dk;ks± ij ,d o`rfp=k cuk;k gSA)
e`.kkfyuh lkjkHkkbZ 'kkL=kh; u`R; & HkjrukV~;
jkT; & xqtjkr ekyfodk l:DdbZ
iqjLdkj & in~e Jh (1965) jkT; & rfeyukMq
ine Hkw"k.k (1992) iqjLdkj & laxhr ukVd vdkneh (2002)
'kkL=kh; u`R; & HkjrukV~;e ine Jh (2003)
11 ebZ 2018 dks Google Doodle us muosQ 'kkL=kh; u`R; & HkjrukV~;e] vksfM+lh
100osa tUefnu ij ;kn fd;kA uksV% o"kZ 1995 esa ekyfodk l:DdbZ us
uksV% e`.kkfyuh lkjkHkkbZ] izfl¼ varfj{k vesfjdk dh iQLVZ ysMh fgysjh fDyVu ls
oSKkfud foozQe lkjkHkkbZ dh iRuh gSaA eqykdr dh FkhA
esfDldks osQ cSys iQksd yhfjDl dh dksfj;ksxzkiQh
,e- osQ- ljkstk
osQ fy, Lo.kZ ind izkIr fd;kA
tUe & 7 vizSy] 1931
in~ek lqcze.;e fu/u & 13 twu] 2022
jkT; & rfeyukMq jkT; & rfeyukMq] HkjrukV~;e
iqjLdkj & in~e Jh (1981) iqjLdkj & in~e Jh (2011)
ine Hkw"k.k (2003) laxhr ukVd vdkneh (1995)
'kkL=kh; u`R; & HkjrukV~;e
9
lh-oh- pUnz'ks[kj uksV % o"kZ 1991 esa ekbdy tSDlu osQ VªSd CySd vkSj OgkbV esa
lfozQ; o"kZ & 1947 & orZeku ;equk lkxj f'koe us vksfM+lh u`R; dk izn'kZu fd;kA
iqjLdkj & laxhr ukVd vdkneh (1993) osQyqpj.k egkik=k
dkfynkl lEeku (2008) (eè; izns'k ljdkj) jkT; & vksfM'kk
ine Hkw"k.k (2011) lfozQ; o"kZ & 1935 & 2001
'kkL=kh; u`R; & HkjrukV~;e iqjLdkj & in~e Jh (1974)
in~e Hkw"k.k (1988)
oqQfpiqM+h in~e foHkw"k.k (2000)
;kfeuh o`Q".kewfrZ] y{eh ukjk;.k 'kkL=kh] osEifr fpUuk lR;e (SSC GD 17 Jan, 2023, Shift II)
(rfeyukMq] in~eHkw"k.k 1998] laxhr ukVd vdkneh 1967)]
TT tc vksfM+lh u`R; foyqIr gksus dh dxkj ij igq¡pk rks osQypj.k
gyhe[kku] vi.kkZ lrhlu] osnkarae lR;ukjk;.k] Hkke dYieA
egkik=k gh Fks] ftUgksaus vksfM+lh dks iquthfoZr fd;kA
(SSC GD 24 Jan, 2023, Shift IV) TT lu~ 1994 esa mUgksaus vksfMlh u`R; osQ Nk=kksa dks izf'k{k.k nsus
viZ.kk lrhlu osQ fy, ^Jhtu (Sarjan) LowQy dh LFkkiuk dhA

TT viZ.kk lrhlu osQjy ls laca/ j[krh gSaA T T dbZ izfl¼ 'kkL=kh; urZd_ tSls&la;qDrk ikf.kxzgh] lksuy eku
TT ;s oqQfpiqM+h u`R; dh iz[;kr u`R;kaxuk gSaA flag] fiz;oank eksganh] ;kfeuh o`Q".kewfrZ_ osQywpj.k egkik=k dh
TT oqQfpiqM+h {ks=k esa muosQ ;ksxnku osQ fy;s tuojh 2022 esa f'k";k jgh gSaA
izfrf"Br ^jk"Vªh; u`R; f'kjksef.k* iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k ek/oh eqnxy
x;k gSA jkT; & vksfM'kk
jk/k jsM~Mh iqjLdkj & laLo`Qfr iqjLdkj (1984)
jkT; & vka/z izns'k in~e Jh (1990)
iqjLdkj & in~e Hkw"k.k (2000) xzSaM esMsy Ms yk foys (izQkal) (1997)
ine Jh (1984) laxhr ukVd vdkneh (2000)
(SSC GD 24 Jan, 2023, Shift I)
dFkdyh
LoIu lqanjh vkuan f'kojkeu] o`Q".kuoqQV~Vh] e`.kkfyuh lkjkHkkbZ] cYyrksy
jkT; & rfeyukMq ukjk;.k esuu] mn;'kadj] o`Q".k uk;j] 'kkarkjko] xksihukFk] oqaQpq
iqjLdkj & in~e Hkw"k.k (2003) oqQ#iA (SSC GD 24 Jan, 2023, Shift I)
'kksHkk uk;Mw dFkd
jkT; & rfeyukMq fcjtw egkjkt (in~e foHkw"k.k 1986)] yPNq egkjkt (laxhr
iqjLdkj & in~e Jh (2001) ukVd vdkneh 1957)] flrkjk nsoh (in~e Jh 1973)] lqjrnso
gElk iqjLdkj (vka/z izns'k ljdkj) egkjkt] xksiho`Q".ku] 'kksHkuk ukjk;.k (lcls de mez esa in~e
inetk jsM~Mh Jh izkIrdrkZ & 1992)] ekyfodk ljdkj] pUnzys[kk fcUnknhu
jkT; & vka/z izns'k egkjkt] vPNu egkjkt] izsj.kk Jhekyh] ukjk;.k izlkn] eatwJh
iqjLdkj & laxhr ukVd vdkneh iqjLdkj (2015) VthZ] oqQeqfnuh yf[k;k] dkfydk izlkn] fo|k xkSjh vM+dj] jksf'kuh
ine Jh (2022) oqQekjh] defyuh vLFkkuk] ufyuh vLFkkukA
(SSC GD 17 Jan, 2023, Shift II)
vksfM+'kh (SSC GD 23 Jan, 2023, Shift II)
gjso`Q".k csgjk] lksuy ekuflg] fdj.k lgxy] jkuh d.kZ] la;qDr
ikf.kxzkgh] dkyhpj.k iVuk;d] banzk.kh jgeku] nqxkZpj.k j.kohj] ef.kiqjh
'kfeZyk fo'okl] eksgu egkik=k] lqtkrk egkik=k (laxhr ukVd u;uk >kosjh] lqo.kkZ >kosjh] jatuk >kosjh] n'kZuk >kosjh (>kosjh
vdkneh)] xaxk/j iz/ku (in~e Jh 2023)] feukrh feJk] oqQeoqQe cgusa)] xq# veyh flag] uyoqQekj flag] ,y fcuks nsoh] pk#
eksgarhA (in~e Jh 2005) ekFkqj] lfork esgrk] dykorh nsoh] fcEckorh] fueZyk esgrk]
(SSC GD 24 Jan, 2023, Shift III) jktoqQekj fla?k thr flag] xq# uhys'oj eq[kthZA
(SSC GD 16 Jan, 2023, Shift III)
10
eksfguh vV~Ve~ TT in~e Hkw"k.k (1991)

;g u`R; fo".kq th osQ lEeku esa muosQ vorkj eksfguh dks lefiZr vkuan xksiky cUnksikè;k; (28 vizSy 1942&2021)
gSA TT budk laca/ cukjl ?kjkus ls gSA
Hkkjrh f'kokth] jkfxuh nsoh] gsekekfyuh] Jhnsoh] dykeaMye TT laxhr jRu vokMZ (2012)
dY;k.kh vEek (osQjy)] 'kkarkjko] dykeaMye {kseorh] MkW- lquank lq[kfoanj flag uke/kjh
uk;j] t;k izHkk esuu] fLerk jktu] jk/k nÙkk TT lq[kfoanj flag Hkkjr osQ iz[;kr Mªeoknd gSaA
yrhiQ vgen [kku
lf=k;k
TT budk laca/ r{kyk osQ fnYyh ?kjkus ls gSA
Jher 'kadjnso] 'kkjksnh lkSfd;k] xq#tfru xksLokeh (laxhr ukVd
mLrkn iSQ;kt [kku
vdkneh)] izHkkr 'kekZ] ijekUnk ck[k;ku] xgu panzk] xksLokeh
ef.kd ck[k;kuA (SSC GD 16 Jan, 2023, Shift III) TT rky lezkV vokMZ 2010
vuks[ks yky feJk (1914&1958)
'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk,¡ TT vuks[ks yky feJk dks ûk f/u f/Uuk* dk tknwxj dgk tkrk
Hkkjr esa Ng Hkk"kkvksa dks 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk (Classical language) gSA
dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gSA iafMr tljkt (28 tuojh] 1930&2020)
1. rfey (o"kZ 2004 esa ?kksf"kr) lcls iqjkuh TT iafMr tljkt dk laca/ esokrh ?kjkus ls gSA
2. laLo`Qr (2005) TT in~e Jh (1975)
3. dUuM+ (2008) TT laxhr ukVd vdkneh vokMZ (1987)
4. rsyqxw (2008) TT in~e Hkw"k.k (1990)
5. ey;kye (2013) TT in~e foHkw"k.k (2000)
6. vksfMvk (2014) (lcls u;h ?kksf"kr Hkk"kk) iafMr fuf[ky T;ksfr ?kks"k (28 fnlacj] 1918&1995)
TT in~e Hkw"k.k (1990)
ok|;a= ,oa oknd TT mLrkn gkfiQt vyh [kku vokMZ (1995)
rue; cksl
rcyk TT laxhr lEeku (ia- caxky ljdkj)
vYyk jD[kk [kk¡ fcozQe ?kks"k
TT vYyk jD[kk [kk¡ dks o"kZ 1977 esa in~e Jh ls lEekfur fd;k TT thek vokMZ (GIMA) 2012
x;k FkkA
TT laxhr ukVd vdkneh & 1982 flrkj
TT xwxy us buosQ 95osa tUefnol ij 29 vizSy 2014 esa MwMy iafMr jfo 'kadj
cukdj lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA TT dkfynkl lEeku (1987&88 eè; izns'k ljdkj)
mLrkn tkfdj gqlSu (9 ekpZ 1951&orZeku) TT laxhr ukVd vdkneh vokMZ (1962)
TT in~e Jh (1988) (lcls ;qok in~e Jh izkIrdrkZ) TT in~e Hkw"k.k (1967)
TT in~e Hkw"k.k (2002) TT in~e foHkw"k.k (1981)
TT in~e foHkw"k.k (2023) TT Hkkjr jRu (1999)
TT laxhr ukVd vdkneh vokMZ (1990) TT jSeu eSXlsls vokMZ (1992)
TT iqLrd % tkfdj gqlSu % v ykbiQ bu E;wftd (15 lk{kkRdkj TT ik¡p xzSeh vokMZ % 1967] 1973] 2002] 2013 rFkk ykbiQVkbe
dk fdrkch ladyu) vphoesaV xzSeh vokMZ
iafMr fd'ku egkjkt TT xwxy MwMy us 7 vizSy 2016 dks 96osa tUefnol ij
TT og Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; laxhr osQ cukjl ?kjkus ls laca/ j[krs FksA lEekfur fd;kA
TT in~e Jh (1973) foyk;r [kku
TT in~e foHkw"k.k (2002) TT in~e Jh 1964
xqnbZ egkjkt (lerk izlkn) (20 tqykbZ 1921&1994) TT in~e Hkw"k.k 1968
TT laxhr ukVd vdkneh vokMZ (1979) mek 'kadj feJk
TT ine~ Jh (1972) TT laxhr ukVd vdkneh vokMZ (1991&92)
11
cq¼kfnR; eq[kthZ TT rkfgj vokMZ (bZjku 1992)

TT in~e Hkw"k.k (2019) TT Hkkjr jRu (2001)
TT laxhr ukVd vdkneh (2011) TT Hkkjr us budh Le`fr esa 21 vxLr 2008 dks `500 dk Mkd
fuf[ky cuthZ fVdV tkjh fd;kA
TT buosQ 102osa tUefnol ij xwxy us fcfLeykg [kku dks MwMy
TT in~e Jh (1968)
TT in~e Hkw"k.k 1986 cukdj lEekfur fd;kA
'kkfgn ijost [kku vyh vgen gqlSu [kku
TT laxhr ukVd vdkneh vokMZ (2009)
TT ine Jh (2012)
TT cax fonq"k.k vokMZ (2012)
TT laxhr ukVd vdkneh (2006)
TT dyT;ksfr ykbiQ Vkbe vphoesaV vokMZ (2020) ckxs'ojh dej
jktho tuknZu TT ;g Hkkjr dh bdykSrh efgyk 'kgukbZ oknd gSaA
TT 'kgukbZ Dohu (1983] paMhx<+)
TT budk laca/ benkn[kkuh ?kjkus ls gSA
ck¡lqjh oh.kk
TT ljLorh ,l- ckypUnzu
gfjizlkn pkSjfl;k
TT o`Q".kk Hkxokrkj
TT ch- nksjksLokeh
TT dks.kkZd lEeku (1992)
TT cn#n~nhu Mkxj
TT in~e Hkw"k.k (1992)
TT t;arh oqQekjs'k
TT ;'k Hkkjrh lEeku (1994)
TT lqanje ckypUnzk
TT in~e foHkw"k.k (2000)
TT ia- fcLothr jk; pkS/jh
TT gkfiQt vyh iqjLdkj (2000)
TT jktho rkjukFk
TT nhukukFk exsa'kdj iqjLdkj (2000)
TT jktho rkjukFk vyh vdcj [kku osQ f'k"; FksA
TT Books : Breath of Gold by lR;k 'kj.k TT in~e Jh (2019)
iUukyky ?kks"k (24 tqykbZ 1911&1980)
TT iUukyky ?kks"k us o"kZ 1952 esa ^vkf/;k¡* esa mLrkn vyh e`naxe
vdcj [kku rFkk ia- jfo'kadj osQ lkFk dke fd;kA Vh- xksiky o`Q".ku (osQjy)
TT ;s vykmn~nhu [kku osQ f'k"; FksA TT in~e Hkw"k.k 2012
TT bUgksaus Hkkjr esa lsou&gksy ck¡lqjh ctkus dh dyk dk izfriknu TT osQjyk laxhr ukVd vdkneh (1983)
fd;kA iky?kkV vkj- j?kq
jktsUnz izlUuk TT laxhr ukVd vdkneh (1983)
TT budk laca/ cukjl ?kjkus ls gSA TT in~e Jh (1985)
TT xzSeh vokMZ lfVZfiQosQ'ku (2004) TT laxhr dyk fuf/
jktsanz oqQyd.khZ ljksn
TT ikoZrh iq.;Hkw"k.k iqjLdkj (iw.kZ) vykmn~nhu [kku (8 vDVwcj 1862&1972)
TT bUgsa ljksn lezkV dgk tkrk gSA
'kgukbZ TT in~e Hkw"k.k (1958)
fcfLeYyk [kku TT in~e foHkw"k.k (1971)
TT bUgsa Hkkjr osQ izFke iz/kuea=kh ia- tokgjyky usg: }kjk 15 tjhu 'kekZ (nk:okyk)
vxLr 1947 dks izFke Lora=krk fnol ij 'kgukbZ izn'kZu osQ TT budk laca/ vkxjk osQ [;ky ?kjkus ls gSA
fy, vkeaf=kr fd;k x;kA TT 13 o"kZ dh vk;q esa bUgksaus ubZ fnYyh esa vky bf.M;k jsfM;ks
TT rkulsu vokMZ (eè; izns'k ljdkj) E;wftd dkWfEifV'ku thrk FkkA
TT laxhr ukVd vdkneh (1956) TT laxhr ukVd vdkneh (1988)
TT in~e Jh (1961) TT egkjk"Vª xkSjo iqjLdkj (1990)
TT in~e foHkw"k.k (1980) TT nknk lkgc iQkYosQ vdkneh vokMZ (2007)
12
ia- eqosQ'k 'kekZ larwj

TT buosQ firk i- jfld csgjh yky ,d izfl¼ ljksn dykdj FksA TT f'kooqQekj 'kekZ] Hktulksiksjh] o"kkZ vxzoky] r:.k HkV~Vkpk;ZA
TT mÙkj izns'k laxhr ukVd vdkneh (1976&77)
gkfiQt vyh [kku #nzoh.kk
TT mLrkn lkfnd vyh [kk¡] vln vyh [kk¡
TT cukjl ?kjkuk
TT in~e Hkw"k.k (1960) i[kkot
vyh vdcj [kku TT oqQuky ikfVy] osQywpj.k egkik=k] (e`nax rcyk] vksfM+lh
TT in~e Hkw"k.k (1967) urZd)] mLrkn jgeku [kk¡] rksrk jke] iafMr Hkokuh 'kadj]
TT in~e foHkw"k.k (1989) BkoqQj y{e.k flag] xksikynkl] N=kifr flag
vetn vyh [kku
?kVe
TT vetn vyh [kku us vius nks csVksa] v;ku vyh [kku rFkk
TT Vh-,p- fouk;djke (xzSeh iqjLdkj fotsrk (1996)] ine
veku vyh [kku osQ lkFk 'Raga For Peace' ukscsy izkbt
Hkw"k.k (2014))] bZ- ,e- lqcze.;e
dkUlZV esa izLrqfr nhA
TT in~e Jh (1975) lkjaxh
TT in~e Hkw"k.k (1991) TT 'kowQj[kku] iafMr jke ukjk;.k] jes'k feJk] lqYrku [kku]
TT in~e foHkw"k.k (2001) mLrkn fcUnq [kk¡] bfy;kl [kku] vCnqy djhe [kku] xksiky
cq¼nso nkl xqIrk feJk] vgen [kkuA
TT in~e Jh (2011)
TT in~e Hkw"k.k (2012) flE>uh
TT laxhr ukVd vdkneh (1993) tqfcu esgrk
TT ine Hkw"k.k & 1966
ok;fyu TT ine foHkw"k.k & 2001
TT Vh-,u- o`Q".ku] ,y- lqczã.;e] fo".kq xksfoUn tksx] MkW- ,u- TT VSxksj iqjLdkj & 2013
jktu] laxhrk jktu] oqQukoqQMh] oS/ukFk] eksgu pUnz 'ks[kj]
ykyxqM+h] yfyrk] uafnrkA
?kjkuk
?kjkuk f'k";
Xokfy;j ?kjkuk [;ky xk;dh ckyo`Q".k] ckypy deZdj] ekfyuh jktwdj] oh-Mh- ikyLdj] vkse BkoqQj] ohuk lgkL=k cq¼s]
jke ejkBs] ukjk;.k jko O;kl
vkxjk ?kjkuk ( vkokt esa cy o iSQÕ;kt [kku] yrkiQr [kku] fnudj fdfduh
etcwr xgjkbZ)
fdjkuk ?kjkuk (Lojksa dk è;ku j[kk izHkk vk=ks] xaxwckbZ] Hkhelsu tks'kh] csxe v[rj] ljLorh jk.ks] fiQjkst nLrwj] ufposQrk 'kekZ
tkrk gSA)
ifV;kyk ?kjkuk cM+s xqyke vyh [kku] eqUuoj vyh [kku] vtk; ijohu] csxe v[rj
cukjl ?kjkuk jktu feJ vkSj lktu feJ
fnYyh ?kjkuk pk¡n [kku] ukflj vgen [kku] mLeku [kku] bdcky vgen [kku vkSj o`Q".kk fcLV
esokrh ?kjkuk eksrhjke] euhjke] tljkt] izrki ukjk;.k
13
TT NB iwtk @ Chhath Puja

Hkkjr ds izeq[k R;ksgkj] mRlo ,oa esys
NÙkhx<+
vka/z izns'k TT gjsyh @ Hareli
TT Ýysfeaxks @ Flamingo (Imp.) TT eM+bZ @ Madai
TT dY;k.kksRloe~ @ Kalyanotsavam TT iksyk @ Pola
TT ;syEek trkjk @ Yellamma Jatara TT Hkkstyh @ Bhojli
TT nqxZEek @ Durgamma TT Nsj&Nsjk @ Chher-Chhera
TT es?kukn ioZ @ Meghanath parv
v#.kkpy izns'k
TTlksyqax mRlo @ (Solung Utsav) (Imp.)
xksok
TTMªh mRlo @ Dree Utsav (Imp.) TT lsaV izQkafll tsfo;j ioZ @ Saint Francis Xavier Fest
TTykslj @ Losar (eksukik tutkfr }kjk @ Monapa Tribes) TT cksMje @ Bonderam
TTeksfiu @ Mopin (Imp.) TT vaxwj egksRlo @ Angoor Mahotsav
TTlkaxosQu @ Sangken TT lkvks tksvkvks egksRlo @ Sao Joao Mahotsav
TTikaxlkam @ Pangsau TT Fkzh foaQXl @ Three kings
TTyksowQ TT FksEl fxfoax (Sakut)
TTU;ks oqQe TT iqQxMh
TTthjks isQfLVoy TT oqQuch
TTiDosQ ikxk gkuZfcy TT f'kxeks egksRlo
TTrksjX;k (rhu fnolh; mRlo] eksukik tutkfr }kjk) TT rjaxesy
(SSC GD 23 Jan, 2023, Shift I) xqtjkr
vle TT eks<+sjk mRlo @ Modhera Utsav
TT ek/oiqj esyk (o`Q".k $ #fDe.kh) @ Madhavpur Mela
TT fcgw @ Bihu
TT iSjkXykbZfMax mRlo @ Paragliding Utsav
¾¾ cksgkx fcgw
TT irax egksRlo @ Kite Mahotsav
¾¾ ek?k fcgw
TT j.k mRlo @ Rann Utsav
¾¾ dkFkh fcgw
TT [ksy egksRlo @ Khel Mahotsav
TT eh&MSe&eh&iQh @ Me-Dam-Me-Phi (vgkse)
TT mÙkjk;.k
TT cS'kkxq @ Baishagu (cksMks tutkfr)
TT ';keykth mRlo
TT nsfgax iVdkbZ @ Dehing Patkai
TT chp isQfLVoy
TT cS[kks @ Baikho
TT vacqckph (iwoZ dk egkdkO;_ dkek[;k nsoh eafnj) @ gfj;k.kk
Ambubachi (Poorv ka Mahakumbh) (eè; iwtk) TT fiatkSj gsfjVst
TT vyh&,&fyaxkax @ Ali-Ai-Ligang TT xqXxkuoeh
TT tkWuchy esyk TT x.kxkSj (efgykvksa }kjk)
TT jkaxosQj (vizSy) TT lwjtoqaQM
TT fn;ks/kuh TT xqXxk uqvkeh isQfLVoy
TT Vh isQfLVoy TT xqXxkihj
fcgkj fgekpy izns'k
TT lke&posQok @ Sama-Chakeba (Imp.) TT gkyM+k
TT fcgwyk @ Bihula TT lktks
TT thrh;k @ Jitiya TT uyokM+h
TT lksgjk; @ Sohrai TT pS=k uojk=k esyk
TT ljgqy @ Sarhul TT xksFkh
TT djek @ Karma (SSC GD 25 Jan, 2023, Shift I)
14
TT Mqaxjh isQfLVoy egkjk"Vª

TT iksjh isQfLVoy TT foBksck
TT iqysp isQfLVoy TT vk;q/ iwtk
TT dks;y E;wftd isQfLVoy TT dkyk ?kksM+k dyk mRlo
TT ekgk lkth TT ukjyh iwf.kZek
>kj[kaM TT xqM+h iM+ok
TT iksyk
TT ljgqy (eqaMk] mjko rFkk gks tutkfr;ksa }kjk euk;k tkrk gSA)
TT ,fyisaQVk egksRlo
TT Hkxrk ijc
TT x.ks'k prqFkhZ (fryd] 1894)
TT iQxqvk
TT dkstkxjh iwtk
TT pkaM+h ioZ
TT lksgjk; ef.kiqj
TT Vqlw TT vkvks lkax (Mksy tk=kk)
TT gy iw.;k TT ykb&gjksck (esjh esfoaQx vkWiQ n xkMl)
TT eqaMk esyk TT dkax jFk ;k=kk
TT /ucuh TT psjh Cykle
TT thfr;k (ekr` izse dks lefiZr) TT pqeiQk
dukZVd TT 'kqeax yhyk mRlo
TT gEih egksRlo (SSC GD 16 Jan, 2023, Shift III) es?kky;
TT iV~VkMkdy TT okaxyk
TT oaQckyk (HkSalk nkSM+) TT uksaxozsQe
TT dxkZ TT csgnhu[kye
TT oSQyiks/ TT LVªkcsjh egksRlo
TT mxknh
TT eSlwj n'kgjk egksRlo (10 fnu rd euk;k tkus okyk R;ksgkj) fetksje (Mizoram)
TT pkipj oqQV
osQjy TT ehe oqQV
TT fo'kq @ Vishu TT Fkky iQkaokx oqQV
TT vks.ke (iQly dVkbZ) (Hkxoku okeu dh t;arh $ jktk cfy
osQ Lokxr esa) (10 fnu) ukxkySaM
¾¾ igyk fnu & vFke @ Athem TT gkuZfcy (f=kiqjk esa Hkh euk;k tkrk gS)
¾¾ nlok¡ fnu & fFk:oksue TT eksvklw (,svks tutkfr }kjk)
TT f=k'kwj iwje @ Thrissur pooram TT lsdjusbZ
TT oYye dkyh cksV jsl (iqUuenk >hy) @ Vallam Kali TT vkaxeksax
Boat Race TT ;e'ks
TT FkÕ;e @ Theyyam
TT vjV~Vw @ Arattu vksfM'kk
TT vV~Vqdky iksaxkyk @ Attukal Pongal TT NÅ
TT /kuqtk=kk (nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k [kqyk jaxeap)
eè; izns'k TT jktk ijck
TT ?kM+Y;k TT ckfy;k=kk
TT x.kxkSj TT dks.kkoZQ egksRlo
TT eaMbZ TT feV~Vh dyk egksRlo
TT jluok TT uqvk[kkbZ (SSC GD 16 Jan, 2023, Shift I)
TT dkdlkj
TT gjhjh iatkc
TT ihjcq/u TT gksyk eksgYyk
15
TT cSlk[kh (13 April 1699] [kkylk iaFk) mÙkj izns'k

TT xq#ioZ TT oaqQHk egksRlo (iz;kxjkt] gfj}kj] mTtSu] ukfld)
TT yksgM+h (iQly dVkbZ) TT dtyh egksRlo
jktLFkku TT vk;qosZn egksRlo
TT Jko.kh esyk
TT x.kxkSj mRlo
TT dkfyatj egksRlo
TT ekseklj
TT ukSpanh
TT iq"dj esyk
TT cVs'oj <kbZ ?kkV
TT cwanh mRlo
TT 'kkoqQEHkjh nsoh mRlo
TT panzHkkxk mRlo
TT eRL; mRlo mÙkjk[kaM
TT dksyk;r mRlo TT iwQy nsbZ (SSC GD 16 Jan, 2023, Shift II)
TT e# egksRlo TT gjsyk
flfDde TT ?kh egksRlo
TT ykslwax if'pe caxky
TT lksue Ygkslj TT ucks cksj'kks
TT ykslj (ykslkjh) TT nqxkZ iwtk
TT lkxk nkok TT tx/k=kh iwtk
TT Hkwepw (SSC GD 24 Jan, 2023, Shift I) TT Mksy mRlo@Mksy tk=kk
rfeyukMq TT xaxk lkxj mRlo
TT iksbyk cSlk[k
TT iksaxy
TT rhLrk pk; egksRlo
TT iksaxy osQ pkj fnu
¾¾ Hksaxh iksaxy osQUnz'kkflr izns'k
¾¾ lw;Z iksaxy / FkkbZ iksaxy
¾¾ eV~Vw iksaxy vaMeku&fudksckj
¾¾ dU;k iksaxy TT efj;Eeu
(SSC GD 17 Jan, 2023, Shift I) TT leqnz rV egksRlo
TT tYyhdV~Vw (cSy) TT ekulwu egksRlo
TT fp=kkfFk paMhx<+
TT FkkbZiqle TT jkst mRlo
rsyaxkuk TT oSQdVl mRlo
TT xqynkmnh mRlo
TT cksukyq
TT cFkqdEek nknj uxj vkSj neu o nho
TT esnjke tk=kk TT fnoklksy
TT vykbZ cykbZ TT rkjik egksRlo
TT rsyaxkuk n'kgjk
fnYyh
f=kiqjk TT Mªksu egksRlo
TT [kphZ iwtk mRlo TT clar mRlo
TT larjk mRlo TT gSIihusl mRlo
TT fctw yn~nk[k
TT gkstfxfj
TT ykslj egksRlo
TT osQj mRlo
TT gSfel Rlq
TT [kaiqbZ
TT gsfel xksEik
TT xfj;k iwtk
16
TT 'kd nkok flyEece

TT dksjtksd TT rfeyukMqA bl dyk esa ykBh pykus dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
tEew&d'ehj FkkaxVk
TT gsfel egksRlo TTef.kiqjA Fkkax Vk&Hkkyk osQ fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA
TT V~;wfyi egksRlo (SSC GD 17 Jan, 2023, Shift II)
TT f'kdkjk egksRlo
TT [khj Hkokuh mRlo lfjrljd
TT ef.kiqj& fu'kL=k ek'kZy vkVZA
iqnqpsjh
TT iksaxy psbch xn&xk
TT izsaQp iwQM mRlo TT ef.kiqjA FkkaxVk dh rjgA
ijh[kaMk
Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa ds uoo"kZ TT fcgkjA
jkT; uoo"kZ BksM+k
vka/z izns'k] mxknh (ekpZ&vizSy) TT fgekpy izns'kA
dukZVd] rsyaxkuk xrdk
egkjk"Vª xqM+h iM+ok (pS=k ekg osQ igys fnu) TT iatkc& bldh 'kq:vkr xq# gjxksfoUn flag us dh FkhA
iatkc cSlk[kh (13 vizSy) [kkylk iaFk 1699
rfeyukMq iqFkaMq (14 vizSy)
enkZuh
TT egkjk"VªA ryokj rFkk Mksjhnkj dk iz;ksxA
vle cksgkx fcgw (vizSy osQ eè;)
if'pe caxky iksgsyk cksb'kk[k (vizSy dk eè;) ykBh
xqtjkr csLVq ojl (nhikoyh osQ vxys fnu) TT if'pe caxky vkSj iatkcA
osQjy fo'kq (14 vizSy) dV~Vw cjlkbZ
flfDde ykslwax (fnlacj ekg) TT rfeyukMqA 'kkfCnd vFkZ [kkyh gkFk laxzkeA
d'ehj uojsg (pS=k osQ igys fnu)
bacqvkbZ oqQ'rh (bacqv)
vksfM+'kk ikuk laozQkafr (guqeku eafnjksa dk iwtu)
TT fetksjeA
Hkkjrh; R;ksgkjksa dh fganh frfFk eq"Bh ;q¼
TT cukjl (mÙkj izns'k)
egkf'kojkf=k iQkYxqu ekg osQ o`Q".k i{k dh prqZn'kh frfFk Ldk;
dks)
TT tEew&d'ehjA ryokj&<ky dk iz;ksxA
gksyh iQkYxqu ekl dh iwf.kZek dks
iS.kk v[kkM+k
nhikoyh dkfrZd ekl osQ o`Q".k i{k dh vekoL;k dks TT vksfM'kkA u`R; vkSj laxzke dk lfEefyr :iA
jkeuoeh pS=k uojkf=k dk vafre fnol eYy [kaHk
TT eè; izns'k] egkjk"VA jLlh vkSj iksy ([kaHkk) dk iz;ksxA (eè;
x.ks'k prqFkhZ Hkknzin 'kqDy prqFkhZ
izns'k dk jktdh; [ksy)
dkFkh&lke
;q¼ dyk,¡
TT vka/z izns'kA
dy;kjhiV~Vw eYy ;q¼
TT osQjy esa ,d izfl¼ ;q¼ dyk gSA bldh mÙkj'kSyh dk mn~Hko TT nf{k.k Hkkjr & ;g nks izdkj osQ gSa&
ij'kqjke dks dgk tkrk gSA 1. ijuhiV~V
17
2. vklqjk TT mn~ns'; % bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns'; dkS'ky fodkl vkSj vU;

mik;ksa osQ ekè;e ls vkthfodk osQ voljksa esa o`f¼ djuk vkSj
dsanz ljdkj dh izeq[k ;kstuk,¡ xzkeh.k xjhch dks de djukA
LoPN Hkkjr fe'ku
tu /u ;kstuk (Jan Dhan Yojna) TT 2 vDVwcj] 2014
TT 28 vxLr] 2014 (vkjaHk frfFk) TT ea=kky; % is;ty vkSj LoPNrk ea=kky;
TT vf/dre yksxksa dks cSadksa ls tksM+uk ftlls mUgsa cpr dk TT mn~ns'; % LoPN Hkkjr dk mn~ns';] fnukad 2 vDVwcj] 2019
izksRlkgu fey losQA rd LoPN ,oa [kqys esa 'kkSp eqDr (vksMh,iQ)
TT ;g ;kstuk 'Ministry of Finance' }kjk lapkfyr dh
tkrh gSA lkaln vkn'kZ xk¡o ;kstuk
TT bl ;kstuk esa cSysal 'kwU; gksus ij cSad vkils dksbZ 'kqYd TT 11 vDVwcj] 2014
ugha ysrk gSA TT izR;sd lkaln }kjk ,d xk¡o dks xksn ysdj fodflr djuk
TT tu/u ;kstuk ij chek ykHk ys ldrs gSa] ftlosQ rgr #i;s
fe'ku banz/uq"k ;kstuk
100000 dk nq?kZVuk chek rFkk #i;s 30000 dk lkekU; chek
TT 25 fnlacj] 2014
doj fn;k tkrk gSA
TT banz/uq"k osQ lkr jaxksa dks iznf'kZr djus okyk fe'ku banz/uq"k dk
fLdy bafM;k fe'ku (Skill India Mission) mn~ns'; mu cPpksa dk 2020 rd Vhdkdj.k djuk gS ftUgsa
TT 'kq:vkr % 15 tqykbZ] 2015 VhosQ ugha yxs gSa ;k fMIFkhfj;k] cyxe] fVVusl] iksfy;ks]
TT varxZr % iz/kuea=kh dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk risfnd] [kljk rFkk gsfiVkbfVl&ch jksdus tSls lkr VhosQ
TT ea=kky; % dkS'ky fodkl vkSj m|ferk ea=kky; (Ministry vkaf'kd :i ls yxs gSaA
of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship)
if.Mr nhun;ky Jeso t;rs ;kstuk
TT mn~ns'; %
TT 16 vDVwcj] 2014
¾¾ fLdy bf.M;k fe'ku dk mn~ns'; xjhc cPpksa osQ dkS'ky
TT ea=kky; % Je ea=kky;
dks mHkkjuk gS ftUgksaus fdlh dkj.ko'k viuh i<+kbZ dks
TT mn~ns'; % LFkkuh; fuekZrkvksa dks izksRlkfgr djosQ êsd bu
fojke yxk fn;k gSA
TT ;g dkslZ iw.kZr% fu'kqYd gksrk gSA
bf.M;k* ;kstuk dks ykxw djukA
TT m|ksxksa osQ Je dkuwuksa vkSj Je izfozQ;kvksa esa lq/kj djuk
TT blesa ;qokvksa dks 2 yk[k #i;s dk O;fDrxr nq?kZVuk chek
feyrk gSA ân; ;kstuk
esd bu bafM;k (Make in India) TT 21 tuojh] 2015
TT fo'o fojklr LFkyksa dh ns[kHkky djuk vkSj bu 'kgjksa dk
TT 25 flracj] 2014
(SSC GD 24 Jan, 2023, Shift IV)
vkfFkZd fodkl djuk
TT ea=kky; % vkokl vkSj 'kgjh dk;Z ea=kky;
TT o"kZ 2014 esa ykap dh xbZ ;kstuk êsd bu bf.M;k* dk
TT ctV % 500 djksM+
eq[; mn~ns'; ns'k dh oSf'od fofuekZ.k dh dk;kdYi dks
cnyuk gSA csVh cpkvks] csVh i<+kvks
TT bl igy dk mn~ns'; nqfu;k Hkj osQ laHkkfor fuos'kdksa vkSj TT 22 tuojh] 2015
Hkkxhnkjksa dks U;w bf.M;k osQ fy;s vkeaf=kr djuk gSA TT bl ;kstuk dk y{; yM+fd;ksa dks i<+kbZ osQ tfj, lkekftd
TT ns'k osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa fofuekZ.k {ks=k dh fgLlsnkjh dks vkSj foÙkh; rkSj ij vkRefuHkZj cukuk gSA
o"kZ 2022 rd 16% ls c<+kdj 25% djuk gSA TT ea=kky; % efgyk vkSj cky fodkl ea=kky;] LokLF; ifjokj
TT ea=kky; % okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=kky; dY;k.k ea=kky; rFkk ekuo lalk/u ea=kky;
nhun;ky mikè;k; vUR;ksn; ;kstuk lqdU;k le`f¼ ;kstuk
TT 25 flracj] 2014 TT 22 tuojh] 2015
TT ea=kky; % Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty TT ckfydkvksa osQ izfr ifjokj osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu mlosQ uke
Alleviation, Govt. of India ls cpr dks izksRlkgu iznku djuk
18
iz/kuea=kh eqnzk ;kstuk iz/kuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk xzkeh.k

TT MUDRA : Micro Units Development & TT 1 vizSy] 2016
Refinance Agency Ltd. TT lHkh cs?kj vkSj th.kZ&'kh.kZ ?kjksa esa jgus okys yksxksa dks iDdk
TT 8 vizSy 2015 edku cukus osQ fy;s foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djuk
TT NksVs dkjksckfj;ksa dks 50 gtkj ls ysdj 10 yk[k rd dk TT ea=kky; % vkokl vkSj 'kgjh dk;Z ea=kky;
½.k nsuk
TT ea=kky; % Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lw{e] y?kq ,oa eè;e m|e fMftVy bafM;k fe'ku
ea=kky; TT 1 tqykbZ] 2015
TT lHkh ljdkjh lsokvksa dks bysDVªkWfud rjhosQ ls turk dks
mtkyk ;kstuk miyC/ djkuk
TT 1 ebZ] 2015 TT ea=kky; % bysDVªkWfudh vkSj lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ea=kky;
TT fctyh dh [kir dks de djus osQ fy, ,y-bZ-Mh- cYcksa dk
de ewY; ij forj.k Lo.kZ ekSfnzdj.k ;kstuk
TT ea=kky; % fo|qr TT 5 uoacj] 2015
TT ?kjksa o vU; laLFkkuksa esa fuf"ozQ; iM+s lksus dks mRiknd dk;ks±
vVy isa'ku ;kstuk esa yxkuk
TT 9 ebZ] 2015 (iwoZ dh Lokoyacu ;kstuk dk foy; djosQ) TT ea=kky; % foÙk ea=kky;
TT 18 ls 60 o"kZ osQ vlaxfBr {ks=k osQ yksxksa osQ fy, ekfld
isa'ku mn; (UDAY)
TT ea=kky; % foÙk ea=kky; TT 2015
TT lkoZtfud {ks=k dh fctyh forj.k oaQifu;ksa dks ?kkVs ls
iz/kuea=kh thou T;ksfr chek ;kstuk mckjuk
TT 9 ebZ] 2015 TT ea=kky; % fo|qr
TT 18 ls 50 o"kZ rd osQ yksxksa osQ fy, 2 yk[k dk thou chek
(330 #i;s lkykuk dk izhfe;e) iz/kuea=kh iQly chek ;kstuk
TT ea=kky; % foÙk ea=kky; (Finance Ministry) TT 18 iQjojh] 2016
TT mn~ns'; % fdlkuksa dk izhfe;e de djuk gS tks viuh [ksrh
iz/kuea=kh lqj{kk chek ;kstuk osQ fy;s ½.k ysrs gSaA
TT 9 ebZ] 2015 TT ea=kky; % o`Qf"k ,oa fdlku dY;k.k ea=kky;
TT 18 ls 70 o"kZ osQ yksxksa osQ fy, lk/kj.k chek@nq?kZVuk chek
2 yk[k dk (12 #i;s@o"kZ) LVkVZ&vi bafM;k
TT 16 tuojh] 2016
LekVZ flVh ;kstuk TT u;s m|eksa dks c<+kok nsuk
TT 25 twu] 2015
TT 2015 ls 2020 rd ns'k osQ 100 pqus gq, 'kgjksa dks LekVZ 'kgj lsrq Hkkjre ;kstuk
osQ :i esa fodflr djuk TT 4 ekpZ] 2016
TT ea=kky; % 'kgjh fodkl ea=kky; TT jk"Vªh; jktekxks± dks jsyos ozQkWflax jfgr cukus osQ fy, vksoj
vkSj vaMj fczt dk fuekZ.k djkuk
ve`r (AMRIT) ;kstuk
TT 25 twu] 2015 LVSaM vi bafM;k
TT ,d yk[k ls vf/d tula[;k okys 500 ls vf/d 'kgjksa esa TT 5 vizSy] 2016
lHkh vk/kjHkwr lqfo/kvksa dk fodkl djuk TT vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr rFkk efgyk m|fe;ksa dks ubZ oaQifu;k¡
TT ea=kky; % vkolu o 'kgjh fodkl ea=kky; LFkkfir djus gsrq 10 yk[k ls 1 djksM+ rd dk ½.k nsuk
iz/kuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk 'kgjh xzkeksn; ls Hkkjr mn;

TT 25 twu] 2015 TT 14&24 vizSy] 2016
TT lHkh cs?kj vkSj th.kZ&'kh.kZ ?kjksa esa jgus okys yksxksa dks iDdk TT ns'k esa lgh fodkl osQ fy, xk¡oksa dk fodkl djus ij cy
edku cukus osQ fy;s foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djuk nsuk
19
iz/kuea=kh mTToyk ;kstuk TT lkoZtfud LokLF; lq/kj vkSj lrr~ fodkl osQ y{;ksa dks
TT 1 ebZ] 2016 izkIr djuk
TT xjhch dh js[kk ls uhps osQ ifjokjksa osQ fy, fj;k;rh ewY; ij TT ea=kky; % vk;q"k
LPG dk dusD'ku miyC/ djkuk iz/kuea=kh fdlku eku/u ;kstuk
TT ea=kky; % isVªksfy;e ,oa izko`Qfrd xSl ea=kky;
TT 12 flracj] 2019
iz/kuea=kh mTToyk ;kstuk 2-0 TT o`¼koLFkk laj{k.k vkSj y?kq ,oa lhekar fdlkuksa dh lkekftd
TT 10 vxLr] 2021 lqj{kk osQ fy;s gSA
TT xjhch dh js[kk ls uhps osQ ifjokjksa osQ fy, fj;k;rh ewY; ij iz/kuea=kh fdlku lEeku fuf/
LPG dk dusD'ku miyC/ djkuk
TT 24 iQjojh] 2019
uekfe xaxs ;kstuk TT Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ns'k esa NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa dks izR;{k
TT o"kZ 2014 vk; laca/h lgk;rk nsukA
TT xaxk unh dh LoPNrk TT ea=kky; % o`Qf"k
TT ea=kky; % osQUnzh; ty lalk/u unh fodkl vkSj xaxk iz/kuea=kh oqQlqe ;kstuk
dk;kdYi ea=kky;
TT o"kZ 2019
vkthfodk xzkeh.k ,Dlizsl ;kstuk TT fdlkuksa osQ fy;s lkSyj iai vkSj uohuhdj.kh; ÅtkZ la;a=kksa
TT 2017 dh LFkkiuk osQ fy;sA
TT xzkeh.k vkthfodk fe'ku dh mi&;kstuk gSA iz/kuea=kh xjhc dY;k.k ;kstuk
TT ea=kky; % xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky;
TT o"kZ 2016
iz/kuea=kh lgt fctyh gj ?kj ;kstuk ^lkSHkkX;* TT ljdkj }kjk xjhcksa osQ fy;s 'kq: dh x;h ,d vUu forj.k
TT 25 flracj] 2017 ;kstukA
TT gj ?kj dks fctyh iznku djus osQ fy;s ;kstuk ty thou fe'ku
jk"Vªh; iks"k.k vfHk;ku TT 15 vxLr] 2019
TT 8 ekpZ] 2018 TT xzkeh.k Hkkjr osQ lHkh ?kjksa esa 2024 rd O;fDrxr ?kjsyw uy
TT o"kZ 2022 rd ôqQiks"k.k eqDr Hkkjr* dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA dusD'ku osQ ekè;e ls ty igq¡pkukA
TT ea=kky; % ty 'kfDr ea=kky;
xkscj /u ;kstuk
TT 1 iQjojh] 2018 fiQV bafM;k ewoesaV
TT i'kqvksa osQ xkscj vkSj [ksrksa osQ ^Bksl vif'k"V inkFkks± dks TT 29 vxLr] 2019
dEiksLV] ck;ksxSl] ck;ks&lh,uth esa ifjofrZr djuk TT vklku thou 'kSyh ls ysdj fnu&izfrfnu osQ thou osQ
'kkjhfjd :i ls lfozQ; rjhosQ ls O;ogkj esa ifjorZuA
ou /u ;kstuk
TT 14 vizSy] 2018 lqjf{kr ekr`Ro vk'oklu (lqeu) ;kstuk
TT ou mit osQ fy;s izkFkfed izlaLdj.k vkSj ewY; lao/Zu dh TT 10 vDVwcj] 2019
miyC/rk lqfuf'pr gks losQ TT ekr`Ro e`R;q nj ,oa f'k'kq e`R;q nj esa deh ykukA
ih&,e vk'kk vVy Hkw&ty ;kstuk

TT flracj] 2018 TT 25 fnlacj] 2019
TT fdlkuksa dks mudh mit osQ fy;s ykHkdkjh ewY; lqfuf'pr TT ns'k osQ mu lHkh {ks=kksa esa ty ladVxzLr {ks=kksa esa Hkwty
djuk lalk/uksa osQ izca/ esa lq/kj djuk gSA
vk;q"eku Hkkjr (fo'o dh gsYFk osQ;j dh lcls cM+h LokfeRo ;kstuk

TT 24 vizSy] 2020
;kstuk)
TT xzkeh.k bykdksa esa jgus okys yksxksa dks mudh tehu dk
TT 23 flracj] 2018
ekfydkuk gd nsukA
20
vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr ;kstuk NIPUN Hkkjr dk;ZozQe

TT 12 ebZ] 2020 TT 5 tqykbZ] 2021
TT ftrus Hkh xjhc vkSj Jfed yksx gSa] mUgsa vk; osQ lk/u TT vk/kjHkwr lk{kjrk ,oa la[;kRed osQ Kku dks Nk=kksa osQ varxZr
izkIr djkukA fodflr djukA
iz/kuea=kh eRL; laink ;kstuk ih,e fe=k ;kstuk
TT 10 flracj] 2020 TT 6 vDVwcj] 2021
TT eRL; fu;kZr 5 o"kks± esa nksxquk djuk TT Hkkjrh; VSDlVkby dk Lrj c<+kuk vkSj blls tqM+s yksxksa dh
fLFkfr dks etcwr djukA
vkijs'ku xzhu ;kstuk
TT 2018 iz/kuea=kh xfr'kfDr ;kstuk
TT [kk| izlaLdj.k dks c<+kok nsukA TT 13 vDVwcj] 2021
TT ;qokvksa dks jkstxkj osQ volj iznku djukA
vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr jkstxkj ;kstuk
TT 12 uoacj] 2020 Lofuf/ ls le`f¼ ;kstuk
TT dksjksuk ladV esa jkstxkj c<+kus dh fn'kk esa 'kq: gqbZA bldk TT 1 twu] 2020
mn~ns'; ubZ ukSdfj;ksa dk l`tu djuk vkSj jkstxkj volj TT LVªhV osaMlZ dks de C;kt nj vkSj vklku 'krks± ij dke djus
c<+kuk gSA osQ fy;s ½.k miyC/ djkukA
iz/kuea=kh thou T;ksfr chek ;kstuk vfXuiFk ;kstuk
TT 9 ebZ] 2015 TT 14 twu] 2022
TT detksj vkSj xjhc oxZ osQ yksxksa dks de izhfe;e okys chek TT ns'k osQ ;qokvksa dks 4 o"kZ osQ fy;s lsuk esa HkrhZ djuk gSA
;kstuk dh lqfo/k nsukA
iz/kuea=kh ekr` oanuk ;kstuk
iz/kuea=kh dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk 3-0 TT 1 tuojh] 2017
TT 15 tuojh] 2021 TT efgyk vkSj cky fodkl ea=kky; }kjk lapkfyr
TT ,sls yksxksa dks jkstxkj eqgS;k djkuk gS tks de i<+s&fy[ks gSa ;k TT ykHkkFkhZ % xHkZorh ,oa Lruiku djkus okyh efgyk,¡
chp esa LowQy NksM+ nsrs gSaA
fdlku ozsQfMV dkMZ (KCC) ;kstuk
ty 'kfDr vfHk;ku % oSQp n jsu TT vxLr] 1998
TT 22 ekpZ] 2021 TT ykHkkFkhZ % NksVs fdlku] lhekar fdlku] caVkbZnkj rFkk iV~VsnkjA
TT ty lap;u vkSj o"kkZty dk lap; djuk
iz/kuea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk
;qok&ih,e ;kstuk TT 25 fnlacj] 2000
TT 29 ebZ] 2021 TT ea=kky; % xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky;
TT mu lHkh uoksfnr ys[kdksa dks c<+kok nsuk ftUgksaus ns'k dh
Lora=krk osQ fy;s fd;s x;s cfynkuksa dk o.kZu fd;k
iz/kuea=kh JI-VAN (Jaiv Indhan- Vatavaran
Anukool Fasal Awashesh Nivaran Yojana)
^lqjf{kr ge lqjf{kr rqe* vfHk;ku TT 28 iQjojh] 2019
TT 8 twu] 2021 TT ljdkj dk y{; 2023 osQ var rd ns'k esa ,FkukWy dk mi;ksx
TT dksfoM esa izHkkfor O;fDr osQ fodkl esa lexz lq/kj djuk 10% rd djuk gSA
^tku gS rks tgku gS* vfHk;ku T T ea=kky; % isVªksfy;e vkSj izko`Qfrd xSl ea=kky;
TT 21 twu] 2021
TT dksfoM Vhdkdj.k dks c<+kok
21
Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; m|ku fte dkcsZV jk"Vªh; m|ku mÙkjk[kaM 1936

uUnk nsoh jk"Vªh; m|ku mÙkjk[kaM 1982
LFkkiuk jktkth jk"Vªh; m|ku mÙkjk[kaM 1983
jk"Vªh; m|ku jkT;
o"kZ xaxks=kh jk"Vªh; m|ku mÙkjk[kaM 1989
dkUgk jk"Vªh; m|ku eè; izns'k 1955 xksfoan i'kq fogkj jk"Vªh; m|ku mÙkjk[kaM 1990
ek/o jk"Vªh; m|ku eè; izns'k 1958 iwQyksa dh ?kkVh jk"Vªh; m|ku mÙkjk[kaM 1982
cka/ox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku eè; izns'k 1968 lqanjou jk"Vªh; m|ku if'pe caxky 1984
iQkWfly thok'e jk"Vªh; m|ku eè; izns'k 1983 cDlk jk"Vªh; m|ku if'pe caxky 1992
isap jk"Vªh; m|ku eè; izns'k 1975 tYnkijk jk"Vªh; m|ku if'pe caxky 2014
ou fogkj jk"Vªh; m|ku eè; izns'k 1979 flaxkyhyk jk"Vªh; m|ku if'pe caxky 1986
iUuk jk"Vªh; m|ku eè; izns'k 1981 uvksjk oSyh jk"Vªh; m|ku if'pe caxky 1986
lriqM+k jk"Vªh; m|ku eè; izns'k 1981 xks#ekjk jk"Vªh; m|ku if'pe caxky 1992
lat; jk"Vªh; m|ku eè; izns'k 1981 j.kFkaHkkSj jk"Vªh; m|ku jktLFkku 1980
vksadkjs'oj jk"Vªh; m|ku eè; izns'k 2004 eqoqQUnjk jk"Vªh; m|ku jktLFkku 2006
Mk;uklksj thok'e m|ku eè; izns'k 2011 osQoyknso jk"Vªh; m|ku jktLFkku 1981
owQuks jk"Vªh; m|ku eè; izns'k 2018 Fkkj jk"Vªh; m|ku jktLFkku 1992
panksyh jk"Vªh; m|ku egkjk"Vª 2004 lfjLdk jk"Vªh; m|ku jktLFkku 1982
xqxkey jk"Vªh; m|ku egkjk"Vª 1975 ckyiQdje jk"Vªh; m|ku es?kky; 1986
lat; xka/h jk"Vªh; m|ku egkjk"Vª 1983 uksdjsd jk"Vªh; m|ku es?kky; 1997
rkM+ksck jk"Vªh; m|ku egkjk"Vª 1955 dkthjaxk jk"Vªh; m|ku vle 1974
isap jk"Vªh; m|ku egkjk"Vª 1975 ekul jk"Vªh; m|ku vle 1990
uksV% isap (tokgjyky usg:) jk"Vªh; m|ku vksjax jk"Vªh; m|ku vle 1999
uosxkao jk"Vªh; m|ku egkjk"Vª 1975 fMczw&'kS[kksok jk"Vªh; m|ku vle 1999
cusj?kVk jk"Vªh; m|ku dukZVd 1974 uesjh jk"Vªh; m|ku vle 1998
ckanhiqj jk"Vªh; m|ku dukZVd 1974 jk;eksuk jk"Vªh; m|ku vle 2021
ukxjgksy (jktho xka/h) jk"Vªh; dukZVd 1988 nsfgax iVdkbZ jk"Vªh; m|ku vle 2021
m|ku DykmMsM ysiMZ jk"Vªh; m|ku f=kiqjk 2007
oqQnzseq[k jk"Vªh; m|ku dukZVd 1987 jktho xka/h jk"Vªh; m|ku vka/z izns'k 2005
valh jk"Vªh; m|ku dukZVd 1987 ikihdksaMk jk"Vªh; m|ku vka/z izns'k 2008
isfj;kj jk"Vªh; m|ku osQjy 1982 Jh osadVs'oj jk"Vªh; m|ku vka/z izns'k 1989
vukeqM+h 'kksyk osQjy 2003 csryk jk"Vªh; m|ku >kj[kaM 1986
lkbySaV oSyh jk"Vªh; m|ku osQjy 1984 oalnk jk"Vªh; m|ku xqtjkr 1979
iacnqe 'kksyk jk"Vªh; m|ku osQjy 2003 leqnzh jk"Vªh; m|ku xqtjkr 1982
,jkfooqQye jk"Vªh; m|ku osQjy 1978 fxj ou jk"Vªh; m|ku xqtjkr 1975
efFkosQÙku 'kksyk jk"Vªh; m|ku osQjy 2003 CySdcd jk"Vªh; m|ku xqtjkr 1976
eqnqeykbZ jk"Vªh; m|ku rfeyukMq 1990 ukeniQk jk"Vªh; m|ku v#.kkpy izns'k 1983
eUukj dh [kkM+h jk"Vªh; m|ku rfeyukMq 1980 ekSfyax jk"Vªh; m|ku v#.kkpy izns'k 1986
eqoqQrhZ jk"Vªh; m|ku rfeyukMq 1990 lqYrkuiqj jk"Vªh; m|ku gfj;k.kk 1989
bafnjk xka/h (vUukeykbZ) jk"Vªh; rfeyukMq 1989 Hkhrjdf.kdk jk"Vªh; m|ku mM+hlk 1988
m|ku
fleyhiky jk"Vªh; m|ku mM+hlk 1980
xqbaMh jk"Vªh; m|ku rfeyukMq 1976
fljksgh jk"Vªh; m|ku ef.kiqj 1982
22
osQcqy yketkvks jk"Vªh; m|ku ef.kiqj 1977 banzkorh jk"Vªh; m|ku NÙkhlx<+ 1982
(,dek=k rSjrk gqvk m|ku) xq# ?kklhnkl jk"Vªh; m|ku NÙkhlx<+ 1981
yksdVd >hy dkaxsj ?kkVh jk"Vªh; m|ku NÙkhlx<+ 1982
lkmFk cVu vkbZySaM jk"Vªh; m|ku vaMeku fudksckj 1992
}hi lewg Hkkjr ds Vkbxj fjtoZ
oSaQicSy cs; jk"Vªh; m|ku vaMeku fudksckj 1992
}hi lewg Vkbxj fjtoZ ?kksf"kr o"kZ jkT;
egkRek xka/h ejhu jk"Vªh; m|ku vaMeku fudksckj 1983 dkWcZsV Vkbxj fjtoZ 1973&74 mÙkjk•aM
}hi lewg jktkth Vkbxj fjtoZ 2015 mÙkjk•aM
ekmaV gSfj;V jk"Vªh; m|ku vaMeku fudksckj 1987 j.kFkacksj Vkbxj fjtoZ 1973&74 jktLFkku
}hi lewg lfjLdk Vkbxj fjtoZ 1978&79 jktLFkku
ukWFkZ cVu vkbZySaM jk"Vªh; m|ku vaMeku fudkscksj 1987 jkex<+ fo"k/kjh Vkbxj fjtoZ 2022 jktLFkku
}hi lewg eqdanjk fgYl Vkbxj fjtoZ 2013&14 jktLFkku
fefMy cVu vkbZySaM jk"Vªh; m|ku vaMeku fudksckj 1987 iykew Vkbxj fjtoZ 1973&74 >kj•aM
}hi lewg
isfj;kj Vkbxj fjtoZ 1978&79 dsjy
jkuh >kalh leqnzh jk"Vªh; m|ku vaMeku fudksckj 1996
isjEchdqye Vkbxj fjtoZ 2008&09 dsjy
}hi lewg
bUækorh Vkbxj fjtoZ 1982&83 NÙkhlx<+
lSMy fid jk"Vªh; m|ku vaMeku fudksckj 1987
xq# ?kklhnkl Vkbxj fjtoZ 2021 NÙkhlx<+
}hi lewg
uksV % orZeku esa jkT; ljdkj }kjk bldh ?kks"k.kk yafcr gSA
xykr;k jk"Vªh; m|ku vaMeku fudksckj 1992
}hi lewg mnarh&lhrkunh Vkbxj fjtoZ 2008&09 NÙkhlx<+
baVUdh jk"Vªh; m|ku ukxkySaM 1993 vpkudekj Vkbxj fjtoZ 2008&09 NÙkhlx<+
Hkxoku egkohj eksYyse jk"Vªh; xksok 1992 cDlk Vkbxj fjtoZ 1982&83 if'pe caxky
m|ku lqanjcu Vkbxj fjtoZ 1973&74 if'pe caxky
iQkaxiqbZ Cyw ekmaVsu jk"Vªh; m|ku fetksje 1992 ukxktZqulkxj & Jh'kSye Vkbxj 1982 vka/zçns'k
eqysZu jk"Vªh; m|ku fetksje 1991 fjtoZ
oaQputaxk jk"Vªh; m|ku flfDde 1977 ukeniQk Vkbxj fjtoZ 1982&83 v:.kkpy
çns'k
okYehfd jk"Vªh; m|ku fcgkj 1989
deykax Vkbxj fjtoZ 2016 v:.kkpy
egkohj gfjuk ouLFkyh jk"Vªh; rsyaxkuk 1994
çns'k
m|ku
iDds Vkbxj fjtoZ 1999&2000 v:.kkpy
e`xouh jk"Vªh; m|ku rsyaxkuk 1994
çns'k
lyhe vyh jk"Vªh; m|ku tEew vkSj 1992
nq/ok Vkbxj fjtoZ 1987&88 mÙkj çns'k
d'ehj
jkuhiqj Vkbxj fjtoZ 2022 mÙkj&çns'k
nkphxke jk"Vªh; m|ku tEew&d'ehj 1981
ihyhHkhr Vkbxj fjtoZ 2014 mÙkj çns'k
fd'rokM+ jk"Vªh; m|ku tEew&d'ehj 1981
vekux<+ Vkbxj fjtoZ 2012 mÙkj çns'k
gsfel jk"Vªh; m|ku yn~nk[k 1981
dykdM eqanuFkjbZ Vkbxj fjtoZ 1988&89 rfeyukMq
flacyckjk jk"Vªh; m|ku fgekpy izns'k 2010
lR;eaxye Vkbxj fjtoZ 2013&14 rfeyukMq
bUnzfdyk fgekpy izns'k 2010
vukeykbZ Vkbxj fjtoZ 2008&09 rfeyukMq
f[kjxaxk jk"Vªh; m|ku fgekpy izns'k 2010
eqnqeykbZ Vkbxj fjtoZ 2008&09 rfeyukMq
fiu oSyh jk"Vªh; m|ku fgekpy izns'k 1987
okYehfd Vkbxj fjtoZ 1989&90 fcgkj
xzsV fgeky;u jk"Vªh; m|ku fgekpy izns'k 1984
baæk fç;n'kZuh isap Vkbxj fjtoZ 1992&93 eè;çns'k
nq/ok jk"Vªh; m|ku mÙkj izns'k 1977
23
cka/ox<+ Vkbxj fjtoZ 1993&94 eè;çns'k 'kkycqx vknzZHkqfe laj{k.k fjtoZ tEew&d'ehj (75ok¡)
iUuk Vkbxj fjtoZ 1994&95 eè;çns'k gkbxe vknzZHkwfe laj{k.k fjtoZ tEew&d'ehj
lat; nqcjh Vkbxj fjtoZ 2008&09 eè;çns'k yksukj >hy egkjk"Vª
lriqM+k Vkbxj fjtoZ 1999&2000 eè;çns'k Bk.ks fozQd egkjk"Vª
dkUgk Vkbxj fjtoZ 1973&74 eè;çns'k ;'koar lkxj eè; izns'k
VMksck va/sjh Vkbxj fjtoZ 1993&94 egkjk"Vª fljiqj rkykc bankSj] eè; izns'k
isap Vkbxj fjtoZ 1998&99 egkjk"Vª lk[; lkxj >hy eè; izns'k
lákæh Vkbxj fjtoZ 2009&10 egkjk"Vª va'kqik >hy vksfM'kk
ukosxkWao uxthjk Vkbxj fjtoZ 2013&14 egkjk"Vª ghjkoaqQM tyk'k; vksfM'kk
cksj Vkbxj fjtoZ 2014 egkjk"Vª raikjk >hy vksfM'kk
esy?kkV Vkbxj fjtoZ 1973&74 egkjk"Vª lrdksf'k;k xkWtZ vksfM'kk
ukesjh Vkbxj fjtoZ 1999&2000 vle jaxukfFkÙkq dukZVd
dkthjaxk Vkbxj fjtoZ 2008&09 vle uank ysd xksok
vksjax Vkbxj fjtoZ 2016 vle ikyk vknzZHkwfe fetksje
ekul Vkbxj fjtoZ 1973&74 vle cf[kjk oU;tho vHk;kj.; mÙkj izns'k
lRdksfl;k Vkbxj fjtoZ 2008&09 mM+hlk gSnjiqj vknzZHkwfe mÙkj izns'k
flfeyhiky Vkbxj fjtoZ 1973&74 mM+hlk lwj ljksoj mÙkj izns'k
MkaMsyh ;k dkyh Vkbxj fjtoZ 2008&09 dukZVd f[ktfM+;k i{kh vHk;kj.; xqtjkr
ukxjgksy Vkbxj fjtoZ 2008&09 dukZVd Fkksy >hy oU;tho vHk;kj.; xqtjkr
Hkæk Vkbxj fjtoZ 1998&99 dukZVd fHkaMkokl oU;tho vHk;kj.; gfj;k.kk
fcfyfxfj jaxukFk Vkbxj fjtoZ 2010&11 dukZVd lqYrkuiqj jk"Vªh; m|ku gfj;k.kk
ckUnhiqj Vkbxj fjtoZ 1973&74 dukZVd Rlks dj >hy yn~nk[k
dkoy Vkbxj fjtoZ 2012&13 rsyaxkuk dkaojrky >hy fcgkj
vejkckn Vkbxj fjtoZ 2014 rsyaxkuk
MEik Vkbxj fjtoZ 1994&95 fetksje Hkkjr esa tSoeaMy vkjf{kr {ks=
/kSyiqj djkSyh VkbZxj fjtoZ 2023 jktLFkku
TT dksYM MstVZ] fgekpy çns'k
TT uank nsoh] mÙkjk•aM
Hkkjr ds izeq[k jkelj lkbV (2021&22) TT daputaxk] flfDde (2018 esa eSu ,aM ck;ksLiQh;j fjtZo
izksxzke osQ rgr)
dkathjoqQye i{kh vHk;kj.; rfeyukMq
TT nsgkax&nsckax] v#.kkpy çns'k
fipoje eSaxzkso rfeyukMq TT ekul] vle
ifYydjubZ ek'kZ fjotZ iQkWjsLV rfeyukMq TT fMc:&lkb•ksok] vle (lcls NksVk)
dfjfdyh i{kh vHk;kj.; rfeyukMq TT uksdjsd] es?kky;
lqfpUnze Fks:j vknzZHkwfe dkWEiysDl rfeyukMq TT iUuk] eè; çns'k
fp=kkxqM+h i{kh vHk;kj.; rfeyukMq TT ipe<+h] eè; çns'k
osEckuwj vknzZHkwfe dkEIysDl rfeyukMq TT vpkdekj&vejdaVd] eè; çns'k&NÙkhlx<+
TT dPN] xqtjkr
osyksM i{kh vHk;kj.; rfeyukMq
TT flfeyhiky] vksfM'kk
oankaFkkaxy i{kh vHk;kj.; rfeyukMq
TT lqanjcu] if'pe caxky
mn; ekrZ.Miqje i{kh vHk;kj.; rfeyukMq TT 'ks"kkZpye] vka/z çns'k
xYiQ vkWiQ eUukj ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ rfeyukMq TT vxLR;ekyk] dukZVd&rfeyukMq&dsjy
owaQFkkuoqQye i{kh vHk;kj.; rfeyukMq TT uhyfxjh] rfeyukMq&dsjy
24
TT eUukj dh •kM+h] rfeyukMq

TT xzsV fudksckj] vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi
egRoiw.kZ fnol@lIrkg
TT igyk ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ & uhyfxfj (1986)
jk"Vªh;@varjkZ"Vªh; fnol frfFk
TT orZeku lcls cM+k fjtoZ &dPN (xqtjkr)A
oSf'od ifjokj fnol 1 tuojh
Hkkjr ds izeq[k i{kh fogkj fo'o czsy fnol 4 tuojh
izoklh Hkkjrh; fnol 9 tuojh
i{kh fogkj dk uke jkT; fo'o fganh fnol 10 tuojh
dksys: i{kh vH;kj.; vka/z izns'k jk"Vªh; ;qok fnol 12 tuojh
usykiV~Vw i{kh vH;kj.; usYyksj (vka/z izns'k) Hkkjrh; Fky lsuk fnol 15 tuojh
eathjk i{kh vH;kj.; rsyaxkuk jk"Vªh; LVkVZ vi fnol 16 tuojh
xzsV bafM;u cLVMZ i{kh fogkj egkjk"Vª ijkozQe fnol 23 tuojh
uyljksoj i{kh fogkj vgenkckn (xqtjkr) jk"Vªh; ckfydk fnol 24 tuojh
lqYrkuiqj i{kh fogkj xq#xzke (gfj;k.kk) jk"Vªh; ernkrk fnol 25 tuojh
?kVizHkk i{kh vH;kj.; dukZVd jk"Vªh; i;ZVu fnol 25 tuojh
jaxukfFkV~Vw i{kh vH;kj.; dukZVd varjkZ"Vªh; lhek 'kqYd fnol 26 tuojh
uyckuk i{kh fogkj vksfM'kk x.kra=k fnol 26 tuojh
gfjosQ >hy i{kh fogkj iatkc 'kghn fnol 30 tuojh
Hkjriqj i{kh fogkj (bldks vc Hkjriqj (jktLFkku) loksZn; fnol 30 tuojh
osQoyknso jk"Vªh; m|ku osQ uke fo'o oSaQlj fnol 4 iQjojh
ls tkurs gSa) fo'o jsfM;ks fnol ,oa jk"Vªh; efgyk fnol 13 iQjojh
uokcxat i{kh fogkj mUuko (mÙkj izns'k) osysaVkbu Ms ,oa iqyokek 'kghn fnol 14 iQjojh
leliqj i{kh fogkj jk;cjsyh] (mÙkj izns'k) varjkZ"Vªh; ekr`Hkk"kk fnol 21 iQjojh
yk[k&cgk'kh i{kh fogkj dUukSt (mÙkj izns'k) osaQnzh; mRikn 'kqYd fnol 24 iQjojh
lkaMh i{kh fogkj gjnksbZ (mÙkj izns'k) jk"Vªh; foKku fnol 28 iQjojh
c[khjk i{kh fogkj lar dchj uxj (mÙkj fo'o oU;tho fnol 3 ekpZ
izns'k)
jk"Vªh; lqj{kk fnol 4 ekpZ
vks[kyk i{kh fogkj xkSre cq¼ uxj (mÙkj
varjkZ"Vªh; efgyk fnol 8 ekpZ
izns'k)
jk"VªeaMy fnol 2023 13 ekpZ
leku i{kh fogkj eSuiqjh (mÙkj izns'k)
fo'o miHkksDrk vf/dkj fnol 15 ekpZ
ikoZrh vjxk i{kh fogkj xkSaMk (mÙkj izns'k)
fo'o ty fnol 22 ekpZ
fot; lkxj i{kh fogkj gehjiqj ,oa egksck (mÙkj
izns'k) varjkZ"Vªh; [ksy fnol 6 vizSy
iVuk i{kh fogkj ,Vk (mÙkj izns'k) fo'o LokLF; fnol 7 vizSy
lqjgkrky i{kh fogkj (yksd uk;d cfy;k (mÙkj izns'k) fo'o gksE;ksiSFkh fnol 10 vizSy
i{kh fogkj) ckck lkgsc vacsMdj t;arh (lekurk fnol) 14 vizSy
lqj&ljksoj i{kh fogkj vkxjk (mÙkj izns'k) fo'o fojklr fnol 18 vizSy
Hkhejko vacsMdj i{kh fogkj izrkix<+ (mÙkj izns'k) fo'o ;o`Qr (Liver) fnol 19 vizSy
(csarhyky i{kh fogkj) flfoy lsok fnol 21 vizSy
fo'o i`Foh fnol 22 vizSy
25
fo'o iqLrd fnol 23 vizSy varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr fnol 21 flracj

fo'o eysfj;k fnol 25 vizSy fo'o i;kZoj.k LokLF; fnol (World 26 flracj
fo'o ckSf¼d laink fnol 26 vizSy Environment Health Day)
fo'o i'kq fpfdRlk fnol 2022 30 vizSy 'kghn&,&vkte Hkxr flag tUefnol @ fo'o 28 flracj
uksV % vizSy osQ vafre 'kfuokj dks euk;k tkrk gSA jscht Ms
fo'o gkL; fnol 2023 7 ebZ varjkZ"Vªh; o`¼tu fnol@ varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkdkgkjh 1 vDVwcj
fnol
uksV % ;g fnol gj o"kZ ebZ osQ igys jfookj dks euk;k tkrk
gSA varjkZ"Vªh; vafglk fnol 2 vDVwcj
varjkZ"Vªh; Jfed fnol 1 ebZ Hkkjrh; ok;q lsuk fnol 8 vDVwcj
fo'o izsl Lora=krk fnol 3 ebZ varjkZ"Vªh; ekufld LokLF; fnol 10 vDVwcj
fo'o ,FkysfVDl fnol 7 ebZ varjkZ"Vªh; ckfydk fnol 11 vDVwcj
fo'o jsMozQkWl fnol 8 ebZ fo'o lkaf[;dh fnol 20 vDVwcj
fo'o ifjokj fnol 15 ebZ fo'o lqukeh fnol 5 uoacj
varjkZ"Vªh; tSo fofo/rk fnol 22 ebZ fo'o foKku fnol 10 uoacj
ekm.V ,ojsLV fnol 29 ebZ cky fnol 14 uoacj
fo'o rackowQ fu"ks/ fnol 31 ebZ fo'o e/qesg fnol 14 uoacj
fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol 5 twu fo'o 'kkSpky; fnol@ fo'o iq#"k fnol 19 uoacj
fo'o [kk| lqj{kk fnol 7 twu fo'o ,M~l fnol 1 fnlacj
varjkZ"Vªh; vfHkys[k fnol (Record day) 9 twu fo'o e`nk fnol 5 fnlacj
varjkZ"Vªh; ;ksx fnol@fo'o laxhr fnol 21 twu ukxfjd lqj{kk fnol@eS=kh fnol 6 fnlacj
vksyafid fnol@ jk"Vª yksd lsok fnol 23 twu varjkZ"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj fnol 10 fnlacj
vesfjdh Lora=krk fnol 4 tqykbZ fot; fnol 16 fnlacj
fo'o tula[;k fnol 11 tqykbZ fo'o ekuo ,drk fnol 20 fnlacj
varjkZ"Vªh; usYlu eaMsyk fnol 18 tqykbZ jk"Vªh; xf.kr fnol 22 fnlacj
varjkZ"Vªh; 'krjat fnol 20 tqykbZ lq'kklu fnol 25 fnlacj
Parents' Day 2022 23 tqykbZ
dqN egRoiw.kZ lIrkg
uksV % tqykbZ osQ pkSFks jfookj dks euk;k tkrk gSA
dkjfxy fot; fnol 26 tqykbZ
fo'o gSisVkbfVl fnol 28 tqykbZ
lM+d lqj{kk lIrkg
11&17 tuojh] 2023
fo'o ck?k fnol 29 tqykbZ
Fkhe % ^LoPNrk o lM+d lqj{kk*
fgjksf'kek fnol 6 vxLr
fo'o vkfnoklh fnol 9 vxLr jk"Vªh; mRikndrk lIrkg
varjkZ"Vªh; ;qok fnol@fo'o gkFkh fnol 12 vxLr 12&18 iQjojh 2023
Lora=krk fnol 15 vxLr Fkhe % Productivity Green Growth and sustainability
jk"Vªh; [ksy fnol 29 vxLr : Celebrating India's G20 Presidency
xqV fujis{k fnol 1 flracj
jk"Vªh; iks"kd lIrkg
tkiku fnol@fo'o ukfj;y fnol 2 flracj
1&7 flracj] 2023
f'k{kd fnol 5 flracj
varjkZ"Vªh; lk{kjrk fnol 8 flracj fo'o Lruiku lIrkg
fganh fnol 14 flracj 1&7 vxLr] 2023
fo'o vkstksu fnol 16 flracj Fkhe % ^^ysV~l esd czsLV iQhfMax ,aM ooZQ**
26
fo'o Vhdkdj.k lIrkg fjax LosQfVax] eqDosQckth

24&30 vizSy] 2023 dkslZ xksYiQ
Fkhe % ^^n fcx oSQp&vi** iwy rSjkdh
jsat fu'kkusckth] rhjankth
fo'o ty lIrkg
,syh ckmfyax
20&24 vxLr] 2023
eSV twM+ks] djkVs] rkbDokaMks
Fkhe % lhM~l vkWiQ psat % buksosfVo lkWY;w'ku iQkWj v okVj okbt
oYMZ ,jhuk ?kqM+lokjh
osykMªe lkbfDyax
lroZQrk tkx:drk lIrkg iQhYM iksyks] iqQVckWy] gkWdh
31 vDVwcj ls 6 uoacj] 2022 cksMZ Vsfcy Vsful
Fkhe % Hkz"Vkpkj eqDr Hkkjr & fodflr Hkkjr VªSd ,FkysfVDl
fip fozQosQV] jXch
lq'kklu lIrkg
20&26 fnlacj] 201 çeq[k ns'kksa ds jk"Vªh; [ksy
Fkhe % iz'kklu xk¡o dh vksj ns'k [ksy
fo'o varfj{k lIrkg la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk cslckWy
4&10 vDVwcj] 2022 Hkkjr iQhYM gkWdh
Fkhe % Lis'k ,M lLVsusfcfyVh izQkal iqQVckWy
HkwVku rhjankth
jk"Vªh; oU; tho lIrkg :l caMh (;k :lh gkWdh)@'krjat
2&8 vDVwcj] 2022 tkiku twM+ks
lqjf{kr ekr`Ro lIrkg ikfdLrku gkWdh
15&21 vDVwcj] 2022 ckaXykns'k dcM~Mh
gaxjh okVj iksyks
[ksy bUMksusf'k;k cSMfeaVu
nf{k.k vizQhdk jXch iqQVckWy
çeq[k [ksyksa esa f[kykfM;ksa dh la[;k bZjku oqQ'rh
D;wck cslckWy
cslckWy 9 jXch iqQVckWy 15
nf{k.k dksfj;k rkbDokaMks
iksyks 4 okVj iksyks 7
ukosZ ozQWkl oaQVªh Ldkb±x
[kks&[kks 9 dcM~Mh 7
Lisu ekuo&lkaM ;q¼
gkWdh] iqQVckWy] fØdsV 11 usVckWy 7
dukMk vkbl gkWdh
okyhckWy 6 ckLdsVckWy 5
phu Vscy Vsful
ftEukfLVd 8 Vsful@Vscy Vsful 1 ;k 2
LdkVyS.M jXch iqQVckWy
Luwdj 1 iqQVckWy 5
baXyS.M fØdsV
TT Vsful jSosQV dh vf/dre yackbZ 29 bap gksrh gSA
vkWLVªsfy;k fØdsV
fofHkUu [ksyksa osQ [ksy ifjlj eysf'k;k cSMfeaVu
ifjlj lacaf/r [ksy Jhyadk okWyhckWy
dksVZ Vsful] cSMfeaVu] usVckWy] gSaMckWy] okWyhckWy] czkthy osQiksbjk
LdoS'k] [kks&[kks] dcM~Mh usiky n.Mh&ch;ks (2017 ls igys) okWyhckWy
Mk;e.M cslckWy
27
m#Xos iqQVckWy n flfDdeh Lukbij ckbpqax HkwfV;k

LohMu iqQVckWy n vk;ju ysMh d.kZe eYys'ojh
U;wthySaM jXch ;wfu;u fÝydj flag lanhi flag
eSfDldks pkjsZfj;k fgVeSu jksfgr 'kekZ
dksyafc;k rstks eqYrku dk lqYrku ohjsUnz lgokx
vkblySaM gSaMckWy xCcj f'k[kj /ou
btjkby iqQVckWy Can't-Miss-Swiss Martina Hingis
ekfjW'kl iqQVckWy
fofHkUu [ksy o muls lEcfU/r di
LdkWVySaM xksYiQ
[ksy di ,oa VªkiQh
f[kykfM+;ksa ds miuke (Nick Name) iqQVckWy csxe gtjr egy di] fcYV di] cksjnksyksbZ VªkWiQh]
miuke f[kykM+h dksyEcks di] duisQMjs'ku di] Mh-lh-,e- VªkWiQh]
gkWdh dk tknwxj estj è;kupUn MwjaM di] jksolZ di] ch-lh- jk; VªkWiQh (jk"Vªh;
Ýykbax fiQ'k ekbZdy isQYIl izfr;ksfxrk)] iQhiQk oYMZ di] larks"k VªkWiQh (jk"Vªh;
izfr;ksfxrk)] lqczrks eq[kthZ di] lj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ
Ýykabx fl[k feY[kk flag
VªkWiQh] VkWM eseksfj;y VªkWiQh
mMuijh@xksYMu xyZ ih-Vh- Å"kk
fozQosQV j.kth VªkWiQh] bZjkuh VªkWiQh] fnyhi VªkWiQh] lh-osQ-
lqij ekWe eSjh dkse uk;Mw VªkWiQh] nso/j VªkWiQh] jksfgUVu ckfj;k VªkWiQh]
ykbVfuax fdM fo'oukFk vkuUn owQp fcgkj VªkWiQh] 'kkjtkg di] ,'kst di] ,f'k;k
bf.M;u ,Dlizsl fy;sUMj isl] Hkqifr di] csalu ,.M gstsl di] cksl VªkWiQh] pSafi;ul
fyfVy ekLVj lquhy xkoLdj VªkWiQh] xkoLdj&ckWMZj VªkWiQh] th-Mh- fcM+yk VªkWiQh]
ekLVj CykLVj fofo;u fjpMlZ] lfpu rsanqYdj xqyke vgen VªkWiQh] gqoqQer jk; VªkWiQh] baVjisQl di]
360 fMxzh A.B. fMfoy;lZ tokgjyky usg: di] jkuh >kalh VªkWiQh] jksfgUVu
pphZ ,Me fxyfozQLV ckfj;k VªkWiQh] jksFkeSUl di] lgkjk di
tEcks vfuy oqaQcys gkWdh vkxk [kk¡ di (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023,
Shift III)] csVu di] jaxkLokeh di] csxe jlwy
lqij oSQV Dykbo ykW;M
VªkWiQh (efgyk)] egkjktk jathr flag xksYM di]
jkoy fi.Mh ,Dlizsl 'kks,c v[rj ysMh jru VkVk VªkWiQh (efgyk)] xq#ukud izfr;ksfxrk
caxky VkbZxj@nknk lkSjo xkaxqyh (efgyk)] è;kupan VªkWiQh] usg: VªkWiQh] flaf/;k xksYM
tseh @ n okWy @ feLVj jkgqy æfoM+ di] lks<h di] eq:xIik xksYM di] osfyaxVu di
fjyk;cy cSMfeaVu vksyafi;u pSysatj di] ,f'k;k di] pM~<k di]
VfeZusVj@HkTth gjHktu flag dksfudk di] ukjax di] lksfiQ;k di] FkkWel di]
rkjfiMks b;ku FkksiZ rqaoqQ vCnqy jgeku di] mcsj di] ;ksusDl diA
CySd iyZ isy Vscy cukZ cSyd di (iq#"k)] dkWfcfy;u di (efgyk)]
oSQIVu owQy egsUnz flag /ksuh Vsful t; y{eh di (efgyk)] jkekuqt VªkWiQh (dfu"B
fpyh jkT; o¼Zu flag jkBkSj iq#"k)
CR7 fozQfLV;kuks jksukYMks ckLosQV ,l-,e- vtqZu VªkWiQh] VksM eseksfj;y VªkWiQh] fofy;e
ikWosQV Mkbueks fy,aMj isl ckWy tksUl di] cSaxyksj CY;wl pSysat di] usg: di]
isQMjs'ku di
<hax ,Dlizsl fgek nkl
iksyks ,stzk di] Dykfld di] i`Fohiky flag di] LukbMj
ju e'khu@phowQ fojkV dksgyh
di] izsflMsaV~l di] foapsLVj di] isQMjs'ku di]
Mkaflax vEik;j fcyh ckmMu jk/k eksgu di
gfj;k.kk gfjosQu dfiy nso xksYiQ jkbMj di] okdj di] Mufgy di] eiQhZ di]
Msful n eksuksl@ifu'kj vkanzs vxklh ukseqjk VªkWiQh
28
Vsful Msfol di] focEyaMu] izsaQp vksiu] gkiQeSu di] eukst ljdkj cSMfeaVu
oksYoks Vsful di] xzSaM fizDl] xzSaM LySe xhrk iQksxkV oqQ'rh
'krjat uk;Mw VªkWiQh] [ksrku VªkWiQh] fyEdk VªkWiQh] nqcbZ di ctjax iqfu;k oqQ'rh
okWyhckWy lsaVsfu;y di] iSQMjs'ku di] bafnjk iz/ku VªkWiQh] ;ksxs'oj nÙk oqQ'rh
f'koUFkh xksYM di jfo dqekj nfg;k oqQ'rh
fous'k iQksXkkV oqQ'rh
izeq[k [ksy o mlls lacaf/r f[kykfM+;ksa osQ uke
cchrk iQksxkV oqQ'rh
f[kykM+h [ksy
lq'khy dqekj oqQ'rh
fØfLV;kuks jksukYMks iQqVckWy (iqrZxky)
nhid iqfu;k oqQ'rh
fy;ksuy eSlh iqQVckWy (vts±UVhuk)
lk{kh efyd oqQ'rh
ckbpqax HkwfV;k iqQVckWy (Hkkjr)
uotksr dksj oqQ'rh
usekj iqQVckWy (czkthy)
eSjh dkWe eqDosQckth
fM;sxks ekjkMksuk iQqVckWy (vts±UVhuk)
fctsUæ flag eqDdsckth
MsfoM cSdge~ iQqVckWy (baXyS.M)
xkSjo fc/qMh eqDdsckth
ftusfMu thMku iQqVckWy (izQkal)
yoyhuk cksjxksgsu eqDdsckth
lquhy Ns=kh iQqVckWy (Hkkjr)
f'ko Fkkik eqDdsckth
isys iqQVckWy (czkthy)
vfer ia?kky eqDdsckth
dkdk iqQVckWy (czkthy)
fodkl o`Q".k eqDdsckth
osu:uh iqQVckWy (fczVsu)
iwue ;kno fØdsV
xqjçhr flag la/q iqQVckWy
gjeuizhr dkSj fozQosQV
,sysfDl;k iqVsykl iqQVckWy (Lisu)
jfoUæ tMstk fØdsV
jkstj iQsMjj Vsful (fLoV~tjyS.M)
vt; Bkdqj dcM~Mh
lkfu;k fetkZ Vsful
jkgqy pkS/jh dcM~Mh
,.Mh ejs Vsful (fczVsu)
tlohj flag dcM~Mh
vkUæs vxklh Vsful (U.S.A)
çnhi ujoky dcM~Mh
LVsiQh xzkiQ Vsful (teZuh)
jkts'k ujoky dcM~Mh
fy,aMj isl Vsful (Hkkjr)
vuwi oqQekj dcM~Mh
egs'k Hkwifr Vsful (Hkkjr)
iQokn fetkZ ?kqMlokjh
jkiQsy uMky Vsful (Lisu)
nhik dekZdj ftEukfLVd
uksokd tkdksfod Vsful (lfcZ;k)
uhjt pksiM+k tSofyu Fkzks
lsjsuk fofy;El Vsful (U.S.A)
lqfer vafry tSofyu Fkzks
ekfj;k 'kkjkiksok Vsful (:l)
nsosUnz >ka>fj;k Hkkyk isaQd (;k tSofyu Fkzks)
,'ys ckVhZ Vsful (vkWLVªsfy;k)
laqnj flag xqtZj Hkkyk isaQd (;k tSofyu Fkzks)
ih-oh- flU/q cSMfeUVu
VkbZxj oqMl xksYiQ (U.S.A)
çdk'k iknqdks.k cSMfeUVu
tho feY[kk flag xksYiQ
lkfu;k usgoky cSMfeUVu
xhr lsBh fcfy;MZ~l
iqysyk xksih pUn cSMfeUVu
iadt vkMokuh fcfy;MZ~l (Luwdj)
Tokyk xqV~Vk cSMfeUVu
ehjk ckbZ pkuw HkkjksÙkksyu
lqgkl ;fFkjkt cSMfeaVu
tsjseh ykyfjuqaxk HkkjksÙkksyu (Hkkjr)
euh"k ujoky cSMfeaVu
iwue ;kno HkkjksÙkksyu
d`".kk ukxj cSMfeaVu
d.kZe eYys'ojh HkkjksÙkksyu
29
Hkkfouk csu iVsy Vscy Vsful jfo oqQekj nfg;k oqQ'rh

;ksxs'k dFkwfj;k pDdk isaQd ctjax iwfu;k oqQ'rh
flagjkt v/kuk 'kwfVax lk{kh efyd oqQ'rh
vouh ys[kjk fu'kkusckth LoIuk ceZu gsIVkFkykWu
vfHkuo fcUnzk fu'kkusckth vukgr flag LDoS'k
lkSjHk pkS/jh fu'kkusckth nqrh pan /kod
euq Hkkdj fu'kkusckth ih-Vh- Å"kk /kod
xxu ukjax fu'kkusckth nhfidk oqQekjh rhjankt
fguk fl¼w fu'kkusckth fgek nkl /kod
efj;Iiu Fkaxkosyw Å¡ph dwn euizhr flag gkWdh
izoh.k dqekj Å¡ph dwn jkuh jkeiky gkWdh
'kjn dqekj Å¡ph dwn vpar 'kjr dey Vscy Vsful
fu"kkn dqekj Å¡ph dwn lkfu;k fetkZ ykWu Vsful
vatw ckch tktZ yEch dwn nhik djekdj fteukfLVd
gjfoanj flag rhjankth Js;lh flag fu'kkusckth
mlSu cksYV ,FkysfVDl vfHkuo fcUnzk fu'kkusckth
fgek nkl ,FkysfVDl /esZUnz frokjh rhjankth
dkLVZu okjgkse ,FkfyVl (ukosZ) jkT;o/Zu flag jkBkSj fu'kkusckth
bySu Fkkelu ,FkfyVl (teSdk) vatw ckWch tkWtZ ,FkyhV] yach owQn
rsftanj iky flag ,FkysfVDl efj;Iiu] Fkaxkosyq iSjk&Å¡ph owQn
nhik efyd iSjk&,FkyhV ferkyh jkt efgyk fozQosQVj
lqanj flag xqtZj iSjk&,FkyhV Hkkouk iVsy iSjk&Vscy Vsful
eSXul dkyZlu 'krjat Hkokuh nsoh ryokjckth
iSQfc;kuks dk:vkuk 'krjat tsjkseh ykyfjuqaxk HkkjksÙkksyu
fMax fyjsu 'krjat ehjkckbZ pkuw HkkjksÙkksyu
fo'oukFk vkuUn 'krjat d.kZe eYys'ojh HkkjksÙkksyu
ekbdy 'kqekdj dkj jsflax okbZpqax HkwfV;k iqQVckWy
iQuk±Mks vykslks dkj jsflax (Lisu) lktu izdk'k rSjkdh
fdeh jkbdksusu dkj jsflax (fiQuyS.M) nhik efyd iSjk ,FkysfVDl
yqbZl gsfeYVu dkj jsaflx (fczVsu) uhjt pksiM+k Hkkyk isaQd
fo'oukFku vkuan 'krjat
izeq[k Hkkjrh; f[kykM+h lacaf/r [ksy gf"kZr jktk 'krjat
f[kykM+h [ksy lhek iqfu;k fMLdl Fkzksvj
lkbuk usgoky cSMfeaVu vofu ys[kjk iSjkyafid 'kwfVax
ih-oh- fla/q cSMfeaVu lqfer vafry iSjkyafid tsofyu Fkzks
fdnkach Jhdkar cSMfeaVu euh"k ujoky iSjkyafid 'kwfVax
eSjh dkWe eqDosQckth izeksn Hkxr iSjkyafid] cSMfeaVu
yoyhuk cksxksZgsu eqDosQckth o`Q".kk ukxj iSjkyafid] cSMfeaVu
yD[kk flag eqDosQckth flagjkt v/kuk iSjkyafid 'kwfVax
fu[kr tjhu eqDosQckth iq#"kksÙke jk; ,FkysfVDl
fous'k iQksxkV oqQ'rh vfnfr v'kksd xksYiQj
30
d:.k paMksd dkj jsflax bejku [kku ikfdLrku % , ilZuy fgLVªh

[ksyksa ls lacfU/r iqjLdkj cyohj flag xksYMu gSfVªd] xksYMu ;kMZfLVd
estj è;kupan [ksy jRu iqjLdkj (iqjkuk uke % jktho ih-Vh- Å"kk xksYMu xyZ
xka/h [ksy jRu) estj è;kupan xksy
TT ;g iqjLdkj 1991&92 esa vkjEHk fd;k x;k Fkk rFkk ;g lcls fo'oukFku vkuan ekbZ csLV xse vkWiQ psl
igys fo'oukFku vkuan dks feyk FkkA bl iqjLdkj osQ varxZr eSjhdkWe vuczsosQcy ,u vkWVksck;ksxzkiQh
buke dh jkf'k 25 yk[k :i, gSA lk;uk usgoky Iysbax Vw fou
TT izFke efgyk & d.kZe eYys'ojh (1995) feY[kk flag n jsl vkWiQ ekbZ ykbiQ
è;kupan iqjLdkj Vkbxj oqM~l gkÅ vkbZ Iys xksYiQ
TT è;kupan iqjLdkj [ksy osQ {ks=k esa vkthou miyfC/ osQ fy, MsfoM csdge ekbZ lkbM
fn;k tkus okyk loksZPp iqjLdkj gSA bl iqjLdkj dh 'kq:vkr 'kkghn viQjhnh xse psatj
o"kZ 2002 esa gqbZ FkhA bl iqjLdkj osQ fotsrk dks è;kupan dh
,d izfrek] ,d izek.k i=k] vkSipkfjd iks'kkd vkSj 10 yk[k vksyafid [ksy
#i, dk udn iqjLdkj fn;k tkrk gSA TT çkphu vksyafid [ksy ;quku ds vksyafi;k 'kgj esa 776 bZ-iw- esa
[ksys x;sA igyh ck++j ;g [ksy xzhd nsork T;wl ds lEeku esa
vtZqu iqjLdkj [ksys x;sA mlds ckn jkse ds jktk fFk;ksMksfl;l ds vkns'k
TT ;g iqjLdkj 1961 esa vkjEHk fd;k x;k FkkA bl iqjLdkj osQ ds dkj.k 394 bZñ esa [ksyksa dk vk;kstu cUn dj fn;k x;k
varxZr 15 yk[k :i, dk udn iqjLdkj fn;k tkrk gSA ;g TT vk/qfud vksyafid [ksy çfr;ksfxrk dk çkjEHk 1896 bZñ esa
f[kykfM;ksa ds fiNys 4 o"kks± ds çn'kZu ds vk/kj ij fn;k izaQkl osQ fi;js fM dksckfMZu ds ç;klksa ls ;wuku ds ,Fksal
tkrk gSA (SSC GD 24 Jan, 2023, Shift III) 'kgj esa gqvkA bldk vk;kstu çR;sd 4 o"kZ ds vUrjky ij
æks.kkpk;Z iqjLdkj gksrk gSA
TT ;g iqjLdkj 1985 esa vkjEHk fd;k x;kA bl iqjLdkj osQ TT varjkZ"Vªh; vksyafid lfefr dh LFkkiuk 1894 bZñ esal[kksu
varxZr buke dh jkf'k 15 yk[k :i, rFkk æks.kkpk;Z dh uked LFkku ij gqbZ FkhA bldk eq[;ky; yqlkus (LohV~tjyS.M)
çfrek nh tkrh gSA esa gSA blesa ,d Mk;jsDVj tujy] ,d vè;{k] 4 mikè;{k o
10 vU; lnL; gksrs gSaA
;g iqjLdkj dsoy [ksy çf'k{kdksa (dksapks) dks gh fn;k TT vksyafid e'kky tykus dh 'kq:vkr 1928 ls ,ElVMZe
tkrk gSA vksyafid ls gqbZA
TT vksyafid [ksyksa esa 'kiFk xzg.k djus dh 'kq:vkr ,.VoiZ
f[kykM+h ,oa mudh iqLrosaQ vksyafid [ksy ls 1920 esa çkjEHk gqbZA
f[kykM+h iqLrd TT vksyafid [ksyksa esa 'kqHkadj dh 'kq:vkr 1968 ds eSfDldks
lkfu;k fetkZ ,l vxsaLV vksM~l flVh vksyafid ls çkjEHk gqbZA
;qojkt flag n VsLV vkWiQ ekbZ ykbiQ TT vksyafid ds mn~?kkVu lekjksg esa ekpZ ikLV esa ;wuku dh Vhe
lkSjHk xkaxqyh , lsapqjh bt ukWV ,suiQ lcls igys o estcku ns'k dh Vhe lcls ihNs gksrh gS] ckdh
Vhe chp esa gksrh gSA
lfpu rsanqydj Iysbax bV ekbZ os
TT vksyafid fnol eukus dh 'kq:vkr 1948 ls gqbZA ;g 23 twu
fojkV dksgyh Mªkbou dks euk;k tkrk gSA
dfiy nso fozQosQV ekbZ LVkby
lquhy xkoLdj vkbMksYl] luh Mst
VksD;ksa vksyafid 2020 esa 'kkfey fd, u, [ksy
VksD;ks vksyafid 2020 esa u, [ksy 'kkfey fd, x, gSaA tks fd
jksys.M isjh czsMeSu csLV
fuEufyf[kr gSa&
,yu MksukYM OgkbV ykbVfuax
1. LosQVcksfM±x
g'ksZy fxCl Vw n IokWb.V (thouh)
2. cslckWy@lkWÝVckWy
,Me fxyfozQLV Vªw dylZ (vkWVksck;ksxzkiQh) 3. LiksVZ Dykbafcax ,aM lfi±Qx
'kks,c v[rj dkW.Vªksof'kZ;yh ;kWlZ (thouh) 4. djkVs
31
vksyafid èot esa fd;k x;kA

TT èot dk loZçFke ç;ksx 1920 ds ,.VoiZ vksyafid [ksyksa TT33 osa vksyafid [ksyksa dk vk;kstu 2024 esa isfjl (izaQkl)
es fd;k x;kA èot ds eè; es ik¡p pØ ,d&nwljs ls feys esa fu/kZfjr gSA
gq, n'kkZ;s x;s gS] tks fo'o ds 5 egk}hiksa dks n'kkZrk gSA TT 34 osa vksyafid [ksy dk vk;kstu 2028 esa ykWl ,aftyl
vksyafid fjax loZizFke 1913 esa lkoZtfud :i ls izLrqr (USA) esa fu/kZfjr gSA
fd, x,A TT 35 osa vksyafid [ksy dk vk;kstu 2032 esa fczlcsu
uhyk pØ & ;wjksi (vkWLVªsfy;k) esa fu/kZfjr gSA
gjk pØ & vkWLVªsfy;k xzh"edkyhu vksyafid
ihyk pØ & ,f'k;k xzh"edkyhu vksyafid gh vksyafid [ksy gSA ftuosQ fo"k; esa blh
yky pØ & mÙkjh o nf{k.k vesfjdk i`"B ij igys crk;k x;k gSA
dkyk pozQ & vizQhdk
TT vr% vksyafid èot esa oqQy 6 jax gSaA bldks izQkal osQ 'khrdkyhu vksyafid
dkscfVZu us fMtkbu fd;k FkkA ;g Hkh 4 o"kks± osQ varjky ij gh [ksyk tkrk gSA 'khrdkyhu
TT varjkZ"Vªh; vksyafid lfefr dh igyh Hkkjrh; efgyk lnL; vksyafid [ksyksa dh 'kq:vkr 1924 esa gqbZ FkhA igyk 'khrdkyhu
uhrk vEckuh gSA vksyafid [ksy izQkal esa [ksyk x;k FkkA 'khrdkyhu vksyafid
TT orZeku varjkZ"Vªh; vksyafid lfefr dk vè;{k Fkkel ckp [ksy&2022 esa chftax (phu) esa vk;ksftr gqvk FkkA Hkkjr buesa
(teZuh) gSA 1964 ls 'kkfey gqvkA
TT vksyafid esa eSMy nsus dh 'kq:vkr 1904 ls gqbZA
TT ,d gh vksyafid esa lokZf/d Lo.kZ ind thrus okys iq:"k
iSjk vksyafid
f[kykMh U.S.A ds ekbdy isQYIl gSA xksYMu lkdZ ds uke TT iSjk vksyafid [ksy fnO;kaxksa dh ,d varjkZ"Vªh; [ksy izfr;ksfxrk
ls fo[;kr isQYIl us 2008 ds chftax vksyfEid esa 8 Lo.kZ gSA 1960 esa igyh ckj jkse esa iSjk vksyafid xsEl vk;ksftr
ind thrs FksA vc rd oks 23 Lo.kZ] 3 jtr o 2 dkaL; fd, x, FksA iSjk vksyafid [ksyksa esa Hkkjr 1968 ls 'kkfey
lfgr dqy 28 ind thr pqds gSA gqvk FkkA
TT vksyafid [ksyksa esa lokZf/d Lo.kZ ind thrus okyh efgyk TT nsosUnz >k>fj;k us iSjkvksyafid esa oqQy 3 ind (2004 &
yjhuk ykO;k uhuk gSA Lo.kZ ind] 2016 & Lo.kZ rFkk 2020 & jtr) tSofyu Fkzks
TT TV ij vksyafid [ksyksa dk igyk çlkj.k 1960 ds jkse esa thrs gSaA
vksyafid [ksyksa dk gqvk FkkA TT efj;Iiu Fkaxkosyq us iSjkvksyafid esa oqQy 2 ind (2016 &
TT Hkkjrh; vksyafid ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk vLFkk;h :i ls 1924 Lo.kZ rFkk 2020 & jtr) esUl gkbZ tai esa thrs gSaA
esa gqbZ] ftls o"kZ 1927 esa LFkk;h :i ls LFkkfir fd;k x;k TT nhik efyd iSjkvksyafid ind thrus okyh igyh Hkkjrh;
Fkk vkSj lj J. R.D. Tata blds çFke vè;{k FksA orZeku efgyk gSaA (fj;ks 2016 esa 'kkViqV bosaV esa jtr ind thrk)
vè;{k P.T. Usha gSaA rhu ckj vksyafid [ksy jn~n gq, gSaA
TT Hkkjr dh vksj ls vksyafid esa Hkkx ysus okyk çFke f[kykM+h 1916 & cfyZu (izFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ nkSjku)
,d ,aXyks&bf.M;u ukeZu çhtkMZ Fkk ftlus (1900 bZñ) osQ 1940 & VksD;ks (f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ nkSjku)
vksyafid esa Hkkx fy;kA
1944 & yanu (f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ nkSjku)
TT vksyafid esa Hkkx ysus okyh çFke Hkkjrh; efgyk f[kykM+h
eSjh yhyk jko gSA TT chftax 'khrdkyhu vksyafid & (2022 chftax)_ (2026
TT izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk ftlus flMuh vksyafid 2000 esa Hkkjr bVyh)A
dks esMy fnyk;k Fkk vkSj 2016 fj;ks vksyafid esa izFke ¾¾ ukosZ & 37 (16 Lo.kZ] 8 jtr] 13 dkaL;)
Hkkjrh; efgyk ftUgksaus jtr ind thrk ih-oh- fla/q gSaA ¾¾ teZuh & 27 (12 Lo.kZ] 10 jtr] 5 dkaL;)
TT VksD;ks vksyafid 2021 osQ mn~?kkVu lekjksg esa Hkkjr osQ ¾¾ phu & 15 (9 Lo.kZ] 4 jtr] 2 dkaL;)
èotokgd % eSjh dkWe (eqDosQckt) ,oa euizhr flag ¾¾ oqQy & 25
(iq#"k gkWdh Vhe osQ dIrku)] lekiu lekjksg esa Hkkjr osQ TT chftax esa 2022 osQ bdykSrs Hkkjrh; osQ rkSj ij mrjs 31 o"khZ;
èotokgd % ctjax iqfu;k (igyoku) FksA vkfjiQ [kku dksbZ ind ugha fnyk ik;sA
TT VksD;ks vksyafid&2021 esa igyk LFkku vesfjdk rFkk Hkkjr dk
Hkkjr 'khrdkyhu vksyafid esa Hkkx ugha ysrk gSA
LFkku 48ok¡ (1 Lo.kZ] 2 jtr] 4 dkaL; ind osQ lkFk) FkkA
TT 32 osa vksyafid [ksyksa dk vk;kstu 2021 esa VksD;ks (tkiku) ;wFk vksyafid dk vk;kstu 2026 esa lsusxy esa gksxkA
32
jk"Vªe.My [ksy (Commonwealth Games) bldk uke 1956 esa cnyk x;kA
TT vksyafid ds ckn esa fo'o dh lcls cM+h [ksy Li/kZ gSA bu TT ICC dk eq[;ky; nqcbZ esa gS] igys ykM~lZ esa FkkA
[ksyksa dk vk;kstu çk;% nks vksyafid [ksyksa ds eè; fd;k TT BCCI Hkkjr esa fozQosQV dh loksZPp laLFkk gSA bldh LFkkiuk
tkrk gS] ftls vksyafid o"kZ dgk tkrk gSA fnlacj 1928 esa gqbZ FkhA BCCI dk eq[;ky; eqacbZ esa fLFkr
TT jk"Vªe.My [ksyksa dh 'kq:vkr 1930 ls gsfeYVu (dukMk) gSA
esa gqbZA TT fØdsV dk çFke oYMZ di 1975 esa baXyS.M esa gqvk] rFkk
TT Hkkjr us lcls igys 1934 ds yanu [ksyksa esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA osLVbaMht us thrkA
TT 2022 esa jk"Vªe.My [ksy baXyS.M ds cfe±?ke esa gq,A TT igyk 20&20 fo'o di 2007 esa nf{k.k vÝzQhdk esa gqvk
TT 2026 esa vkxkeh jk"Vªe.My [ksy vkWLVsªfy;k osQ foDVksfj;k bldks Hkkjr us iQkbuy esa ikfdLrku dks gjkdj thrkA
esa gksaxsA TT Hkkjr us viuk igyk eSp 1932 esa baXyS.M ds fo:¼ [ksyk
TT dkWeuosYFk xsEl esa Hkkjr us igyk Lo.kZ 1958 esa thrk FkkA FkkA
;g Lo.kZ egku iQjkZVk /kod feY[kk flag us thrk FkkA TT 2019 dk fo'o di baXyS.M esa [ksyk x;k rFkk 2023 dk
TT dkWeuosYFk xsEl esa :ik mUuho`Q".ku Lo.kZ ind thrus vkxkeh fo'o di Hkkjr esa [ksyk tk;sxkA
okyh igyh Hkkjrh; efgyk cuha] ftUgksaus oqQvkykyaiqj esa igyk fnu&jkr dk VsLV eSp xqykch xsan ls vkWLVªsfy;k o
CWG 1998 esa 50 ehVj jkbiQy izksu f[krkc thrkA U;wthyS.M ds chp 2015 esa ,sMhysM esa [ksyk x;kA
TT jk"VªeaMy [ksy 2022 esa Hkkjr us oqQy 61 ind thrs gSaA blesa
22 Lo.kZ] 16 jtr vkSj 23 dkaL; ind 'kkfey gSaA gkWdh
TT jk"VªeaMy [ksy 2022 esa Hkkjr dh LVkj efgyk cSMfeaVu gkWdh dk tUenkrk baXyS.M gSA gkWdh eSp dh vof/&60 feuV
f[kykM+h ihoh fla/q vkSj iq#"k gkWdh Vhe osQ dIrku euizhr gksrh gSA vksyfEid esa lokZf/d 8 ckj gkWdh dk Lo.kZ ind thrus
flag dks jk"VªeaMy [ksyksa osQ fy, Hkkjr osQ èotokgd FksA dk fjdkMZ Hkkjr ds uke gS igyk ind Hkkjr us 1928 esa thrk
lekiu lekjksg osQ fy, Vscy Vsful f[kykM+h vpark 'kjFk FkkA Hkkjr us vafre ckj vksyafid [ksyksa esa Lo.kZ ind 1980 esa
dey vkSj eqDosQckt fudgr tjhu Hkkjr osQ èotokgd FksA thrk FkkA
TT Hkkjr esa o"kZ 2010 esa bldk vk;kstu gqvk FkkA
TT Hkkjr }kjk vksyafid esa thrs x;s gkWdh Lo.kZ ind
,f'k;kbZ [ksy (Asian Games) ¾¾ ,ElVZMe & 1928
TT budk çkjEHk 4 ekpZ] 1951 dks ubZ fnYyh esa gqvk FkkA 1982 ¾¾ ykal ,ftYl & 1932
esa iqu% bu [ksyksa dh estckuh Hkkjr us dh FkhA Hkkjr us 1951 ¾¾ cfyZu & 1936
osQ ,f'k;u xsEl esa 51 ind thrs Fks] ftlesa 15 Lo.kZ] 16 ¾¾ yanu & 1948
jtr vkSj 20 dkaL; ind 'kkfey FksA Hkkjr ls vkxs fliZQ ¾¾ gsyfldh & 1952
tkiku FkkA ¾¾ esycuZ & 1956
TT pedrk gqvk lwjt ,f'k;kbZ [ksyksa dk çrhd fpUg gSA 2018 ¾¾ VksD;ks & 1964
ds ,f'k;kbZ [ksy b.Mksusf'k;k ds tdkrkZ esa gq;s FksA ¾¾ ekLdks & 1980
TT 2023 esa ,f'k;kbZ [ksy phu ds gkax>w esa gksaxs] ftUgsa 2022 ckWyhckWy
esa [ksyk tkuk FkkA
bldk tUenkrk U.S.A. gSA ckWyhckWy esa çR;sd Vhe esa
TT 2026 esa ,f'k;kbZ [ksy tkiku esa gksaxsA
6 f[kykM+h gksrs gSaA
TT 2030 esa ,f'k;kbZ [ksy drj dh jkt/kuh nksgk esa gksaxsA
TT 2034 esa ,f'k;kbZ [ksy lÅnh dh jkt/kuh fj;kn esa gksaxsA iqQVckWy
fØdsV TT
bldk tUe baXyS.M esa gqvk Fkk 1857 bZñ esa baXyS.M esa fo'o
TT bldk tUenkrk baXyS.M dks ekuk tkrk gSA igyk VsLV eSp
osQ igys iqQVckWy Dyc lsiQhYM iqQVckWy Dyc dk xBu
1877 bZñ esa vkWLVªsfy;k o baXyS.M ds eè; esycuZ (vkWLVªsfy;k) gqvk FkkA Hkkjr esa iqQVckWy vaxzstks }kjk yk;k x;kA bl [ksy
esa [ksyk x;kA dh vof/ 90 feuV gksrh gSA
TT igyk Hkkjrh; Dyc MygkSth Dyc FkkA
TT igyk One day eSp vkWLVªsfy;k o baXyS.M osQ eè; esycuZ
TT iqQVckWy dh loksZPp laLFkk iQhiQk gS] ftldk eq[;ky;
esa 1971 esa [ksyk x;kA
TT fØdsV dh loksZPp laLFkk ICC gS] ftldh LFkkiuk 1909 esa
T;wfj[k (fLoV~tjyS.M) esa gSA
TT iqQVckWy dk igyk fo'o di m:Xos esa 1930 esa gqvk rFkk
gqbZ FkhA igys bldk uke bEihfj;y fØdsV dkWUisazQl FkkA
bldks m:Xos us thrkA
33
TT lcls vf/d ckj iqQVckWy fo'o di czkthy us thrus esa Tokyo Olympic 2021 Medals:
liQyrk çkIr dh gSA ,FkyhV esMy
TT 2018 dk iqQVckWy fo'o di :l esa gqvkA 2022 dk
uhjt pksiM+k tsofyu Fkzks esa xksYM (87.58 m)
iqQVckWy fo'o di drj esa gqvk ftlesa vtsZUVhuk fot;h jgkA
ehjkckbZ pkuw osV fyfÝVax (49 kg) esa flYoj
TT 2026 dk iqQVckWy fo'o di dukMk] ;w-,l-,-] eSfDldks
esa gksxkA jfo oqQekj nfg;k jslfyax (57 kg) esa flYoj
ih-oh- la/q cSMfeaVu esa czkat
Vscy Vsful yoyhuk cksjxksgsu ckWfDlax esa czkat (69 kg)
bl [ksy dk tUenkrk baXyS.M gSA yackbZ&2-74 ehVj rFkk ctjax iqfu;k jslfyax (65 kg) esa czkat
pkSM+kbZ&1-52 ehVjA
iq#"k gkWdh Vhe czkat esMy
ckLdsVckWy LVsfM;e (Stadium)
bl [ksy dk tUenkrk vesfjdk gS rFkk bl [ksy esa çR;sd Vhe
TT Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk fozQosQV LVsfM;e bZMu xkMZu LVsfM;e
esa 5 f[kykM+h gksrs gSaA
gS tks dksydkrk esa fLFkr gSA ;g Hkkjr dk nwljk lcls cM+k
cSMfeUVu LVsfM;e gSA
TT bl [ksy dk tUenkrk baXyS.M gSA blosQ eSnku dh yackbZ&44 TT Hkkjr vkSj fo'o dk lcls cM+k fozQosQV LVsfM;e vgenkckn
iQhV rFkk pkSM+kbZ 20 iQhV gksrh gSA esa fLFkr ujsanz eksnh LVsfM;e gS ftldh orZeku {kerk 110000
gSA bls eksVsjk LVsfM;e Hkh dgrs gSaA
Vsful TT fgekpy izns'k osQ fllw esa fo'o dk lcls Å¡pk fozQosQV
TT bl [ksy dk tUenkrk baXyS.M gSA Vsful dh loksZPp laLFkk LVsfM;e izLrkfor gS] ftldk uke ykgkSy fozQosQV LVsfM;e
bUVj us'kuy Vsful iSQMjs'ku (ITF) dh LFkkiuk 1913 esa gksus okyk gSA
isfjl esa gqbZA T T Hkkjr esa lcls cM+s gkWdh osQ LVsfM;e dk fuekZ.k mM+hlk osQ
TT vkWLVªsfy;k vksiu] foacyMu] izsaQp vksiu] rFkk vesfjdu vksiu jkmjosQyk esa gks jgk gS ftldk uke fcjlk eqaMk LVsfM;e gksxkA
o"kZ dh pkj xzSM LySe çfr;ksfxrk gSA TT xzsVj uks,Mk esa fLFkr cq¼ baVjus'kuy lfoZQV Hkkjr dk ,dek=k
iQkewZyk&1 jsl dkj VªSd gSA
izsaQp vksiu
TT Hkkjr esa lcls cM+k baMksj LVsfM;e bafnjk xka/h baMksj LVsfM;e
;g (Dys dksVZ) yky ctjh ij [ksyk tkrk gSA
ubZ fnYyh esa gSA
foacyMu Hkkjr osQ izeq[k LVsfM;e
;g (xzkl dksVZ) gjh ?kkl ij [ksyk tkrk gSA
LVsfM;e dk uke [ksy 'kgj
iksyks czsckSuZ LVsfM;e fozQosQV eqacbZ
TT vkerkSj ij ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd iksyks dk tUe iQkjl (bZjku) oku[ksM+s LVsfM;e fozQosQV eqacbZ
esa gqvk Fkk ijUrq dqN yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd iksyks dk tUe ekSykuk vktkn LVsfM;e fozQosQV Jhuxj
Hkkjr ds ef.kiqj esa gqvk FkkA lokbZ eku flag LVsfM;e fozQosQV t;iqj
'krjat 'ksj&,&d'ehj LVsfM;e fozQosQV Jhuxj
TT ;g [ksy Hkkjr dh nsu gSA bl [ksy dh loksZPp laLFkk FIDE fpnacje LVsfM;e (psikWd fozQosQV psUubZ
gSA 'krjat esa 64 oxZ cus gksrs gSA LVsfM;e)
fiQjkst'kkg dksVyk LVsfM;e (u;k fozQosQV ubZ fnYyh
xksYiQ uke% v#.k tsVyh LVsfM;e)
TT vk/qfud xksYiQ dk [ksy lcls igys LdkVyS.M esa 'kq:
ljnkj iVsy LVsfM;e (u;k uke % fozQosQV vgenkckn
gqvkA
ujsUnz eksnh LVsfM;e)
cslckWy Hkwisu gtkfjdk LVsfM;e (cklkikjk fozQosQV xqokgkVh
TT bl [ksy dk tUenkrk vesfjdk gSA fozQosQV LVsfM;e)
jktho xka/h varjkZ"Vªh; LVsfM;e fozQosQV gSnjkckn
eSjkFku nkSM+
yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh LVsfM;e fozQosQV gSnjkckn
TT bldh nwjh 26 ehy 385 xt ;k 42-195 fdeh gksrh gSA
34
bdkuk LVsfM;e (u;k uke % vVy fozQosQV y[kuÅ [ktqjkgksa osQ Lekjdksa dk lewgeè; izns'k 1986
fcgkjh oktis;h LVsfM;e) ,yhisaQVk xqiQk,¡ egkjk"Vª 1987
oSQIVu :i flag LVsfM;e fozQosQV Xokfy;j xzsV fyfoax pksy eafnj rfeyukMq 1987
ek/ojk; flaf/;k LVsfM;e fozQosQV jktdksV iÙkndy osQ Lekjdksa dk lewg dukZVd 1987
,dyO; LVsfM;e fozQosQV vkxjk lk¡ph osQ ckS¼ Lekjd eè; izns'k 1989
cq/ baVjus'kuy lfoZQV LVsfM;e iQkWewZyk&1 uks,Mk gqek;w¡ dk edcjk fnYyh 1993
bZMu xkMZu LVsfM;e fozQosQV dksydkrk oqQrqcehukj ,oa blosQ Lekjd fnYyh 1993
xzhu ikoZQ LVsfM;e fozQosQV dkuiqj Hkkjr osQ ioZrh; jsyos (nkftZfyax
fgekpy izns'k] 1999
fonHkZ fozQosQV ,lksfl,'ku LVsfM;e fozQosQV ukxiqj fgeky; jsyos] uhyfxjh ioZrh; flfDde]
egkjktk chj fcozQe LVsfM;e fozQosQV vxjryk jsyos ,oa dkydk&f'keyk jsyos rfeyukMq
è;ku pan us'kuy LVsfM;e gkWdh fnYyh 'kkfey gSa) if'pe caxky
fpUukLokeh LVsfM;e fozQosQV caxyq# cks/x;k esa egkcksf/ eafnj ifjlj
fcgkj 2002
eksbuqy gd LVsfM;e fozQosQV iVuk HkhecsVdk osQ pV~Vkuh fuokl eè; izns'k 2003
'kghn ohj ukjk;.k LVsfM;e fozQosQV jk;iqj pEikusj&ikokx<+ iqjkrkfRod ikoZQ
xqtjkr 2004
cjdrqYykg [kku LVsfM;e fozQosQV tks/iqj N=kifr f'kokth VfeZuy eqacbZ 2004
';kek izlkn eq[kthZ baMksj LVsfM;e i.kth (egkjk"Vª)
fcjlk eqaMk baVjus'kuy gkWdh gkWdh jkmjosQyk yky fdyk ifjlj fnYyh 2007
LVsfM;e tarj&earj t;iqj] 2010
lkYV ysd LVsfM;e iqQVckWy dksydkrk jktLFkku
fcjlk eqaMk LVsfM;e ,FkysfVDl jkaph jktLFkku osQ igkM+h fdys fpÙkkSM+x<_] 2013
oqQEHkyx<+]
ckjkckrh LVsfM;e fozQosQV dVd
j.kFkaHkkSj
xq# xksfoan flag LVsfM;e tkya/j fdyk] xkxjksu
egkjk"Vª fozQosQV ,lksfl,'ku fozQosQV iq.ks fdyk] vkesj
LVsfM;e ikVu esa jkuh dh oko xqtjkr 2014
tokgjyky usg: LVsfM;e iqQVckWy dksfPp] ubZ ukyank egkfogkj dk iqjkrkfRod fcgkj 2016
fnYyh LFky (ukyank fo'ofo|ky;)
bafnjk xka/h ,FkysfVd LVsfM;e iqQVckWy xqokgkVh oSQfiVy fcfYMax dkEIysDl&ys paMhx<+ 2016
fgekpy izns'k fozQosQV ,lksfl,'ku fozQosQV /eZ'kkyk dkcqZfl;j osQ okLrqdyk dk dke
vgenkckn dk ,sfrgkfld 'kgj xqtjkr 2017
;wusLdks gsfjVst lkbV~l foDVksfj;u xksfFkd vkSj vkVZ eqacbZ 2018
Msdks ,ulsEcy
vf/lwpuk
LFky jkT; t;iqj dh pkjnhokjh jktLFkku 2019
dk o"kZ
vkxjk fdyk mÙkj izns'k 1983 dkthjaxk jk"Vªh; ikoZQ vle 1985
vtark xqiQk,¡ egkjk"Vª 1983 osQoyknso jk"Vªh; ikoZQ jktLFkku 1985
,yksjk xqiQk,¡ egkjk"Vª 1983 ekul taxyh vH;kj.; vle 1985
rktegy mÙkj izns'k 1983 lqanjou jk"Vªh; ikoZQ if'peh caxky 1984
egkcyhiqje osQ Lekjdksa dk lewg rfeyukMq 1984 uank nsoh ,oa iwQyksa dh ?kkVh mÙkjk[kaM 1998]
jk"Vªh; m|ku 2005
dks.kkoZQ] lw;Z eafnj mM+hlk 1984
if'peh ?kkV dukZVd] 2012
xksok osQ blkbZ?kj ,oa eB xksok 1986
osQjy]
iQrsgiqj lhdjh mÙkj izns'k 1986
rfeyukMq]
gEih osQ Lekjdksa dk lewg dukZVd 1986 egkjk"Vª
35
xzsV fgeky; jk"Vªh; ikoZQ lqjf{kr fgekpy izns'k 2014 TT ;ksx] 2016
{ks=k TT uojkst] 2016
oaQputaxk us'kuy ikoZQ flfDde 2016 TT oqaQHk esyk] 2017
dkdrs; #ns'oj eafnj rsyaxkuk 2021 TT nqxkZiwtk] 2021
/kSykohjk % gMIik dk ,d 'kgj xqtjkr] dPN 2021
gks;lys'oj dukZVd 2023 fo'o ds izfl¼ ioZr
'kkafr fuosQru if'pe caxky 2023
ioZr f'k[kj ns'k Å¡pkbZ ioZr
fpÙkkSM+x<+ fdyk Js.kh
TT fot; LrEHk fpÙkkSx<+ fdys osQ vanj fLFkr gSA ekmaV ,ojsLV (fo'o usiky 8848 eh- fgeky;
TT bldk fuekZ.k 7oha 'krkCnh esa gqvkA dk lcls Å¡pk) djkdksje&
oqQEHkyx<+ fgUnqoqQ'k
TT fuekZ.k & jk.kk oqaQHkk] 13 ebZ] 1459 K-2 (xkWMfou Hkkjr 8611 eh- Vªkal
vkfLVu) (Hkkjr dk (POK) fgeky;
j.kFkaHkkSj lcls Å¡pk)
TT bldk fuekZ.k 12oha 'krkCnh esa gqvkA oaQputa?kk (Hkkjr esa Hkkjr&usiky 8586 eh- fgeky;
TT fuekZrk % pkSgku jktk j.kFkaou nso fLFkr lcls Å¡ph)
YgksRls usiky&phu 8516 eh- fgeky;
xkxjksu dk fdyk
edkyw usiky&phu 8485 eh- fgeky;
TT fuekZ.k & 12oha lnh
/kSykfxjh usiky 8167 eh- fgeky;
TT fuekZrk % jktk chtynso
euklyq usiky 8163 eh- fgeky;
TT ;g fdyk pkjksa rjiQ ls ikuh ls f?kjk gqvk gSA
uaxk ioZr Hkkjr 8126 eh- fgeky;
ukgjx<+ fdyk (POK)
TT fuekZ.k & t; flag izFke vUuiw.kkZ ioZr usiky 8091 eh- fgeky;
TT LFkku & t;iqj uUnk nsoh ioZr Hkkjr 7817 eh- fgeky;
(mÙkjkapy esa loksZPp)
tSlyesj dk fdyk
jkdkiks'kh (;k nekuh) ikfdLrku 7788 eh- fgeky;
TT LFkkiR; dyk dh n`f"V ls mPp dksfV dh jpukA
dkesV Hkkjr 7756 eh- fgeky;
TT egkHkkjr osQ ;q¼ osQ ckn cM+h la[;k esa ;kno bl vksj vxzlj
frfjpehj ikfdLrku 7708 eh- fgeky;
gq;sA
pkS[kack Hkkjr 7138 eh- fgeky;
;wusLdks vewrZ lkaLo`Qfrd fojklr (oqQy la[;k 14) ,dkadkxqvk nf{k.k 6961 eh- ,UMht
TT oSfnd ti (Vadic Jap)] 2008 vesfjdk
TT jkeyhyk] 2008 ekmaV eSfdUys mÙkjh 6190 eh- vykLdk
TT oqQfV;kV~Ve (osQjy laLo`Qr&ukVd)] 2008 vesfjdk
TT jEek.k (Raman)] x<+oky fgeky;] 2009 ,yczql (;wjksi esa :l 5642 eh- dkosQ'kl
lcls Å¡pk)
TT eqfn;sV~Vw] osQjy osQ u`R; ukVd 2010
ekmaV CySd ;wjksi (bVyh 4808 eh- vkYil
TT dkycsfy;k] 2010
osQ mÙkj esa)
TT NÅ u`R;] 2010
ekmaV ,YcVZ vesfjdk 4401 eh- jkWdh
TT yn~nk[k ckS¼ tki (Laddakh Bodha Jap)] 2012
TT ef.kiqj ladhrZu u`R;] 2013 ,ojsLV dks usiky esa ^lkxj ekFkk* rFkk phu esa ^pksesyqaXek* osQ
TT tafM;kykxq# (BBsjs&PB&f'kYi crZu)] 2014 uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
36
Hkkjr dh izeq[k >hysa isfj;kj >hy osQjy

pks&Ygkeq >hy flfDde
>hy jkT;@ osaQnz'kkflr izns'k dkadjh;k >hy xqtjkr
My >hy tEew d'ehj lqjlkxj >hy xqtjkr
oqyj >hy (ehBs ikuh dh tEew d'ehj gehj >hy xqtjkr
lcls cM+h >hy)
mylwj >hy dukZVd
ekulcy >hy tEew d'ehj
lwjtoqQ.M >hy gfj;k.kk
'ks"kukx >hy tEew d'ehj
js.kqdk >hy fgekpy izns'k
csjhukx >hy tEew d'ehj
efPN;ky >hy fgekpy izns'k
vuarukx >hy tEew d'ehj
lwjtrky fgekpy izns'k
mfe;e >hy es?kky;
xksfoan lkxj >hy fgekpy izns'k
lkrrky >hy mÙkjk[kaM
uSuhrky >hy mÙkjk[kaM fo'o dh izeq[k >hysa
Hkherky mÙkjk[kaM
jkdlrky >hy mÙkjk[kaM >hy ns'k
nzks.klkxj >hy mÙkjk[kaM oSQfLi;u lkxj (fo'o dh :l] vtjcStku] bZjku]
nsorky >hy mÙkjk[kaM lcls cM+h) dtkfdLrku rFkk rqoZQesfuLrku
ukSoqQfN;krky mÙkjk[kaM lqihfj;j >hy USA rFkk dukMk
[kqikZrky mÙkjk[kaM foDVksfj;k >hy osQU;k] ;qxk.Mk rFkk ratkfu;k

iSaxksx Rlks >hy yn~nk[k vjy lkxj (floqQM+rh gqbZ dtkfdLrku ,oa mtcsfdLrku
>hy)
ykSlh >hy ef.kiqj
áwju >hy USA rFkk dukMk
iqeysuikV >hy ef.kiqj
fe'khxu >hy USA rFkk dukMk
yksdVd >hy ef.kiqj
Vkaxkuhdk >hy ratkfu;k rFkk dkaxks x.kjkT;
lkaHkj >hy jktLFkku
cSdky >hy (fo'o dh :l
iapHknzk >hy jktLFkku
lcls xgjh)
jktlean >hy jktLFkku
eykoh >hy eykoh] ratkfu;k rFkk ekstkfEcd
fiNkSyk >hy jktLFkku
xzsV Lyso dukMk
yq.kdjlj >hy jktLFkku
bZjh >hy USA rFkk dukMk
t;lean >hy jktLFkku
fouhisx >hy dukMk
iQrsglkxj >hy jktLFkku
vksaVkfj;ks >hy la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk
MhaMokuk >hy jktLFkku
ckY[k'k >hy dtkfdLrku
psEcjeckDde >hy rfeyukMq
pkM >hy ukbthfj;k] ukbtj o pkM] oSQe:u
iqyhdV >hy rfeyukMq (4% fgLlk) o
vka/z izns'k (96% fgLlk) xkU;h.k >hy vizQhdk
dksys: >hy vka/z izns'k yMkSxk >hy :l
fpYdk >hy vksfM'kk vksusxk >hy :l
valqik vksfM'kk VhVhdkdk >hy is: rFkk cksyhfo;k
yksukj >hy egkjk"Vª fudkjkxqvk >hy fudkjkxqvk
osEcukn >hy osQjy vFkkokLdk >hy dukMk
v"Veqnh >hy osQjy jsfUM;j >hy dukMk
37
Hkkjr ds izeq[k Xysf'k;j fo'o ds izeq[k vuqla/kku dsanz

fl;kfpu dkjkdksje vuqla/ku osaQnz 'kgj jkT;
lklk;uh dkjkdksje us'kuy Ms;jh fjlpZ bafLVV~;wV djuky gfj;k.kk
fgLij dkjkdksje eos'kh iztuu laLFkku fglkj gfj;k.kk
fc;kiQks dkjkdksje jk"Vªh; i;kZoj.k bathfu;fjax ukxiqj egkjk"Vª
ckYVksjk dkjkdksje vuqla/ku
pksxks yqaxek dkjkdksje us'kuy baLVhV;wV vkWiQ ok;jksykWth iq.ks egkjk"Vª
dksMksfiu dkjkdksje us'kuy baLVhV;wV vkWiQ vks'kuksxzkiQh i.kth xksok
jheks d'ehj Hkkjrh; oSaQlj vuqla/ku eqacbZ egkjk"Vª
iqUekg d'ehj VkVk baLVhV;wV vkWiQ iaQMkesaVy eqacbZ egkjk"Vª
:iy] Mk;ehj d'ehj fjlpZ
xaxks=kh] ;equks=kh mÙkjk[kaM Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k ubZ fnYyh ubZ fnYyh
tseq flfDde&usiky oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy psLV bafLVV~;wV fnYyh ubZ fnYyh
lksuk ikuh fgekpy izns'k vf[ky Hkkjrh; vk;qfoZKku laLFkku fnYyh ubZ fnYyh
(,El)
fo'o ds izeq[k e#LFky lsaVªy jksM fjlpZ bafLVV~;wV ubZ fnYyh ubZ fnYyh
Hkkjrh; ekSle foKku os/'kkyk fnYyh ubZ fnYyh
e#LFky ns'k@{ks=k Hkkjrh; o`Qf"k vuqla/ku laLFkku ubZ fnYyh ubZ fnYyh
lgkjk mÙkjh vizQhdk vkWy bafM;k eysfj;k fjlpZ bafLV~V;wV ubZ fnYyh ubZ fnYyh
vjsfc;u vjc izk;}hi us'kuy bafLVV~;wV vkWiQ fnYyh ubZ fnYyh
xksch phu vkSj eaxksfy;k dE;qfuosQ'kuy fMtht
iSVkxksfu;k vtsZUVhuk ,oa fpyh us'kuy ft;ksfiQftdy fjlpZ gSnjkckn rsyaxkuk
xzsV foDVksfj;k vkWLVªsfy;k bafLVhV~;wV
xzsV lSaMh vkWLVªsfy;k us'kuy bafLVhV~;wV vkWiQ U;wfVª'ku gSnjkckn rsyaxkuk
fxClu vkWLVªsfy;k Hkkjrh; i'kq fpfdRlk vuqla/ku bTtruxj mÙkj izns'k
Fkkj Hkkjr] ikfdLrku laLFkku
fpgqvkgqvku eSfDldks lsaVªy Mªx fjlpZ bafLVV~;wV y[kuÅ mÙkj izns'k
xzsV csflu mÙkjh vesfjdk us'kuy ckWVfudy fjlpZ bafLVhV~;wV y[kuÅ mÙkj izns'k
dkjkoqQe mTcsfdLrku] rqoZQesfuLrku vkS|ksfxd fo"k foKku vuqla/ku y[kuÅ mÙkj izns'k
lksuksjku eSfDldks ,oa vesfjdk laLFkku
ekstkos vesfjdk us'kuy 'kqxj fjlpZ bafLVV~;wV dkuiqj mÙkj izns'k
Vdyk edku phu us'kuy ,;jksukWfVdy yscksjsVjh csaxyq# dukZVd
vVkdkek fpyh lsaVªy ysnj fjlpZ bafLVV~;wV psUubZ rfeyukMq
nLr&,&dkfcj bZjku xUuk iztuu laLFkku dks;acVwj rfeyukMq
vaVkoZQfVdk e#LFky vVkoZQfVdk lsaVªy jkbl fjlpZ bafLVV~;wV dVd vksfM'kk
vkoZQfVd e#LFky mÙkjh /zqo lsaVªy ued vkSj leqnzh jlk;u Hkkouxj xqtjkr
vuqla/ku laLFkku
dkykgkjh nf{k.k vizQhdk] cksRlokuk] ukehfc;k
oL=k vuqla/ku laLFkku vgenkckn xqtjkr
jk"Vªh; LokLF; laLFkku vgenkckn xqtjkr
38
osaQnzh; oSKkfud midj.k laxBu paMhx<+ iatkc Hkkjr osQ izeq[k gokbZ vM~Ms
ihthvkbZ esfMdy ,tqosQ'ku ,aM paMhx<+ iatkc varjkZ"Vªh; ,;jiksVZ ds uke 'kgj@jkT;
fjlpZ jktho xka/h varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ gSnjkckn] rsyaxkuk
lsaVªy fcfYMax fjlpZ bafLVV~;wV #M+dh mÙkjk[kaM vM~Mk
Hkkjrh; isVªksfy;e laLFkku nsgjknwu mÙkjk[kaM Jh xq# jkenkl th varjkZ"Vªh; ve`rlj] iatkc
osaQnzh; ou vuqla/ku laLFkku nsgjknwu mÙkjk[kaM gokbZ vM~Mk
osaQnzh; [kuu vuqla/ku laLFkku /uckn >kj[kaM yksdfç; xksihukFk ckjnkyksbZ xqokgkVh] vle
osaQnzh; b±/u vuqla/ku laLFkku /uckn >kj[kaM varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk
mPp Å¡pkbZ vuqla/ku iz;ksx'kkyk xqyexZ tEew&d'ehj chtw iVuk;d varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ Hkqous'oj] mM+hlk
lsaVj iQkWj vk.kfod vkSj lsyqyj gSnjkckn rsyaxkuk vM~Mk
thofoKku bafnjk xka/h varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ ubZ fnYyh] fnYyh
lsaVªy vkyw fjlpZ bafLVV~;wV f'keyk fgekpy vM~Mk
izns'k ohj lkojdj varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ iksVZ Cys;j] vaMeku vkSj
lsaVªy eSosQfudy bathfu;fjax fjlpZ nqxkZiqj if'pe vM~Mk fudksckj }hi lewg
bafLVV~;wV caxky ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy vgenkckn] xqtjkr
varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk
Hkkjr ds izeq[k canjxkg tyekxZ dsEisxkSM+k varjjk"Vªh; gokbZ csaxyq#] dukZVd
vM~Mk
TT Hkkjr osQ 200 NksVs canjxkgksa esa ls oqQN izeq[k canjxkg
dksphu varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk dksfPp] dsjy
,oa mudh vofLFkfr bl izdkj gS&
dkyhdV varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ dks>hdksM] dsjy
canjxkg jkT; vM~Mk
jRuk fxjh canjxkg egkjk"Vª f=kosaæe varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk fr#ouariqje] dsjy
}kjdk canjxkg xqtjkr N=kifr f'kokth egkjkt eqacbZ] egkjk"Vª
ekaMoh canjxkg xqtjkr varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ
iksjcanj canjxkg xqtjkr MkW- ckcklkgsc vEcsMdj ukxiqj] egkjk"Vª
vks[kk canjxkg xqtjkr varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk
Hkkouxj canjxkg xqtjkr t;iqj varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk t;iqj] jktLFkku
dkljxksM canjxkg osQjy psUubZ varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk psUubZ] rfeyukMq
dks>hdksM canjxkg (dkyhdV) osQjy fr#fpjkiYyh varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ fr#fpjkiYyh] rfeyukMq
djkbZdy canjxkg ikafMpsjh vM~Mk
eNyhiV~ue canjxkg vka/z izns'k pkS/jh pj.k flag varjkZ"Vªh; y•uÅ] mÙkj çns'k
ukxiV~Vue canjxkg rfeyukMq gokbZ vM~Mk
yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh varjjk"Vªh; okjk.klh] mÙkj çns'k
Hkkjr osQ tyekxZ gokbZ vM~Mk
tyekxZ la[;k dgk¡ ls dgk¡ rd usrkth lqHkk"k paæ cksl dksydkrk] if'pe caxky
jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&1 iz;kxjkt ls gfYn;k vUrjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk
jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&2 lkfn;k ls /qcjh (czãiq=k unh) dUuwj varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk dUuwj] dsjy
jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&3 dksYye ls dksV~Viqje lwjr gokbZ vM~Mk lwjr] xqtjkr
jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&4 dkdhukMk ls ejDdkue vfgY;k ckbZ gksYdj ,;jiksVZ bankSj] eè; çns'k
jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&5 rypj ls /kejk Mkcksfye gokbZ vM~Mk Mkcksfye] xksok
jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&6 y[khiqj ls Hkkaxk dks;acVwj varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ dks;acVwj] rfeyukMq
vM~Mk
39
'ks• my&vkye varjkZ"Vªh; Jhuxj] tEew vkSj d'ehj bldh oqQy yackbZ 4112 fdeh gSA
gokbZ vM~Mk ;k Jhuxj TT Hkkjr dk lcls NksVk jk"Vªh; jktekxZ 327-B gS ftldh oqQy
varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk yackbZ 1-2 fdeh gSA ;g if'pe caxky esa vO;ofLFkr gSA
baiQky varjjk"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk baiQky] ef.kiqj TT jk"Vªh; jktekxZ&1 vkSj jk"Vªh; jktekxZ&2 dks lfEefyr :i
enqjS gokbZ vM~Mk enqjS] rfeyukMq ls xzkaM Vªad jksM dgk tkrk gSA
TT jk"Vªh; jktekxZ dk fu;a=k.k dsUæh; yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx]
ckxMksxjk varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ flyhxqM+h] if'pe caxky
(PWD) }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
vM~Mk
TT jk"Vªh; jktekxZ &15 jktLFkku ds e#LFky ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA
eSaxyksj varjjk"Vªh; gokbZ eSaxyksj] dukZVd TT Lof.kZe prqHkqZt ;kstuk ds vUrxZr Hkkjr ds pkj egkuxjksa
vM~Mk fnYyh]eqEcbZ] psUubZ] dksydkrk dks jk"Vªh; jktekxZ (NH 44,
paMhx<+ varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk paMhx<+ 19, 48, 16) ls tksM+uk gSA
ukfld gokbZ vM~Mk ukfld] egkjk"Vª (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
Lokeh foosdkuUn ,;jiksVZ jk;iqj (NÙkhlx<+) TT NHAI (National Highways Authority of India)
egkjktk chj fcozQe ,;jiksVZ vxjryk (f=kiqjk) & LFkkiuk 1988
TT iksD;ksax Hkkjr osQ iwoksÙrj {ks=k esa fufeZr igyk ,;jiksVZ rFkk TT BRO (Border Roads Organisation) & LFkkiuk
Hkkjr dk 100ok¡ ,;jiksVZ gSA 7 ebZ] 1960
uksV % BRO] j{kk ea=kky; osQ varxZr dk;Z djrk gSA
fo'o dh varjkZ"Vªh; foeku lsok;sa
foeku oaQiuh ns'k TT PWD & 1854 (ykMZ MygkSth)
,;jksÝyksV :l oqQN çeq[k jk"Vªh; jktekxZ (2022 (iwoZ) vk¡dM+ksa osQ
iSu vesfjdu ,;jost vesfjdk vuqlkj)
vksyafid ,;jost xzhl (;wuku) jk"Vªh; jktekxZ dgk¡ ls dgk¡ rd
yqÝrgkalk teZuh NH -1 J & K ls yn~nk[k
x#M ,;jost b.Mksusf'k;k NH -2 fMczwx< (vle) ls rqbZikax (fetksje)
dksik iukek NH -3 vVkjh (Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ckWMZj) &
vkbfcfj;k Lisu ysg
oSQFkh iSflfiQd ,;jost gkaxdkax NH -4 iksVZ Cys;j&fpfM+;k Vkiw (vaMeku
,fejsV~l ,;jykbu nqcbZ fudksckj }hi lewg)
,;j ,f'k;k eysf'k;k NH -5 fiQjkstiqj (iatkc) & f'kifdyk
DokaVkl ,;jost vkWLVªsfy;k (fgekpy izns'k)
TT Hkkjr esa ok;qnwr ,;jykbu 1981 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
NH -6 tksjkcr (vle) & tks[kkoFkj
lM+d ifjogu (fetksje)
TT Hkkjr fo'o dh lcls cM+h lM+d ç.kkyh okys ns'kksa esa ls nwljs NH -7 iQkftYdk (Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ckWMZj)
LFkku ij gSA vesfjdk dk fo'o esa izFke LFkku gSA & ekuk (mÙkjk[kaM)
TT ns'k esa oqQy ;krk;kr dk 40» Hkkx jk"Vªh; jktekxZ lEiUu NH -8 djhexat (vle) & Hkkjr@ckaXyk
djkrk gSA ckMZj (f=kiqjk)
TT Hkkjr dk lcls yack jk"Vªh; jktekxZ 27-EW gSA ;g iksjcanj
NH -19& (iqjkuk uke fnYyh&dydRrk
(xqtjkr) ls vkjaHk gksdj flypj (vle) esa lekIr gksrk gSA
% NH 2)
;g jk"Vªh; jktekxZ oqQy 7 jkT;ksa ls xqtjrk gS] tks fuEufyf[kr
gS& NH -48&(iqjkuk uke % fnYyh&eqacbZ&psUubZ
1- xqtjkr 2- jktLFkku 3- eè; izns'k NH 4 + NH 8)
4- mÙkj izns'k 5- fcgkj 6- if'pe caxky NH -16&(iqjkuk uke % dydRrk&psUubZ

7- vle NH 5 + NH 6)
40
Hkkjr ds izeq[k iqy

uke yackbZ (fdeh esa) fuekZ.k o"kZ tksM+ LFkku
MkW Hkwisu gtkfjdk fczt 9-15 fdeh 2017 vle vkSj v#.kkpy çns'k yksfgr unh] frulqfd;k] (vle)
fnckax fjoj fczt 6-2 fdeh 2018 v#.kkpy çns'k fnckax fjo
egkRek xka/h lsrq 5-75 fdeh 1982 nf{k.k iVuk ls gkthiqj rd xaxk] iVuk vkSj (fcgkj)
ckaæk&oyhZ lh fyad 5-57 fdeh 2009 ckaæk ls oyhZ (nf{k.k eqacbZ) ekfge cs] (eqacbZ)
cksxhchy fczt 4-94 fdeh 2018 /sekth ls fMczqx<+ czãiq=k unh] (vle)
foØef'kyk lsrq 4-70 fdeh 2001 Hkkxyiqj ls ukSxfN;k xaxk] Hkkxyiqj] (fcgkj)
osEcukM jsy fczt 4-62 fdeh 2011 ,MkiYyh ls oYykjine dksfPp] (dsjy)
osEcukM >hy]
nh?kk&lksuiqj fczt 4-55 fdeh 2016 nh?kk] iVuk ls lksuiqj rd lkj.k xaxk] iVuk] (fcgkj)
vkjk&Nijk fczt 4-35 fdeh 2017 vkjk ls Nijk xaxk rd lkj.k (fcgkj)
xksnkojh fczt 4-13 fdeh 2015 dksOowj ls jkteqanjh rd xksnkojh unh] jkteqanjh] (vka/z
çns'k)
Hkkjr dh izeq[k unh ?kkVh ifj;kstuk e;wjk{kh ck¡/ ifj;kstuk e;wjk{kh unh if'pe caxky
chlyiqj ck¡/ cukl unh jktLFkku
ck¡/ ifj;kstuk unh jkT; ekgh ctkt lkxj ekgh unh jktLFkku
fVgjh ck¡/ HkkxhjFkh unh mÙkjk[kaM jk.kk izrki lkxj ck¡/ pacy unh jktLFkku
ghjkoaqQM ck¡/ egkunh mM+hlk tokgj lkxj ck¡/ pacy unh jktLFkku
ljnkj ljksoj ck¡/ ueZnk unh xqtjkr xk¡/h lkxj ck¡/ pacy unh eè; izns'k
iQjDdk ck¡/ ifj;kstuk gqxyh unh if'pe caxky bafnjk lkxj ck¡/ ueZnk unh eè; izns'k
mjh ck¡/ >sye unh tEew&d'ehj vksadkjs'oj ck¡/ ueZnk unh eè; izns'k
nqygLrh ck¡/ fpukc unh tEew d'ehj ifj;kstuk
lyky ck¡/ ifj;kstuk fpukc unh tEew d'ehj mdkbZ ck¡/ rkih unh xqtjkr
cxfygkj ck¡/ fpukc unh tEew d'ehj dkdjkikjk ck¡/ rkih unh xqtjkr
j.kthr lkxj ck¡/ jkoh unh tEew&d'ehj dks;uk ck¡/ dks;uk unh egkjk"Vª
(Fkhu ck¡/) vkSj iatkc o`Q".kk jktk lkxj ck¡/ dkosjh unh dukZVd
Hkk[kM+k ukaxy ck¡/ lryqt unh fgekpy izns'k f'koleqnze ck¡/ dkosjh unh dukZVd
vkSj iatkc ifj;kstuk
iksax ck¡/ O;kl unh fgekpy izns'k vyekVh ck¡/ o`Q".kk unh dukZVd
ukFkik >kdM+h ck¡/ lryqt unh fgekpy izns'k rqaxHknzk ck¡/ rqaxHknzk unh dukZVd
/kSyhxaxk ck¡/ /kSyh xaxk unh mÙkjk[kaM ukxktqZu lkxj ck¡/ o`Q".kk unh rsyaxkuk
jkuh y{ehckbZ csrok unh mÙkj izns'k ikspeikn ck¡/ (Jhjke xksnkojh unh rsyaxkuk
(jkt?kkV ck¡/) lkxj izkstsDV)
ekrkVhyk ck¡/ csrok unh mÙkj izns'k Jh'kSye ck¡/ o`Q".kk unh vka/z izns'k
eSFku ck¡/ cjkdj unh >kj[kaM bMqDdh ck¡/ isfj;kj unh osQjy
fryS;k ck¡/ cjkdj unh >kj[kaM esV~Vwj ck¡/ dkosjh unh rfeyukMq
iapsr ck¡/ nkeksnj unh >kj[kaM
41
izeq[k xqIrpj laLFkk,¡ valk ( ANSA ) bVyh

vjc U;wt ,tsUlh (Arab News Agency) vjc
ns'k xqIrpj laLFkk,¡ Mhúihú,ú (DPA) teZuh
Hkkjr fjlpZ ,aM ,ukfyfll foax (RAW)] baVsyhtsal ,tsal Úkal çsls (Agence France Presse) Úkal
C;wjks] lsUVªy C;wjks vkWiQ bUosLVhxs'ku (C.B.I.) D;ksMks] ftth tkiku
:l osQ-th-ch- (dksfersr xkslqnjLrosUuksbZ
varkjk (ANTARA) b.Mksusf'k;k
cstksikLrukslrh) G.R.U.
,- ,- ih- ( AAP ) vkLVªsfy;k
la;qDr jkT; lsaVªy baVsyhtsal ,tsalh (CIA)] iSQMjy C;wjks
vesfjdk vkWiQ bUosLVhxs'ku (FBI) okiQk ( WAFA ) fiQyhLrhu
Úkal DGSE (Director General De La
,-,u-ih- (ANP) uhnjySaM~l
Securite Exterieur) cjukek (Barnama) eysf'k;k
btjk;y ekslkn uku ( NAN ) ukbthfj;k
phu lsaVªy ,DluZy ystka fMikVZesaV brhe (ITIM) btjkby
ikfdLrku baVj lfoZlst baVsyhtsal (I.S.I.) izeq[k nLrkost
bZjku lkokd
feÏ eq[kcjkr Cyw cqd fczfV'k ljdkj dh fjiksVZ
;wukbVsM M.I- (fefyVªh baVsyhtsal)& 5 ,oa 6) xzhu cqd bVyh rFkk bZjku dh ljdkjh fjiksVZ
fdaxMe OgkbV cqd iqrZxky] phu rFkk teZuh dh ljdkjh fjiksVZ
bjkd vy eq•cjkr vksjast cqd uhnjyS.M ljdkj dh fjiksVZ
Lisu CESID (Centro Superior de ;syks cqd ÝzQkal ljdkj dh ljdkjh fjiksVZ
Information de la Defensa)
xzs cqd csfYt;e rFkk tkiku dh ljdkjh fjiksVZ
teZuh BND (Bundesnachrichtendienst)
OgkbV isij fczVsu o Hkkjr ljdkj dh fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k;
tkiku ukbpks ij fjiksVZ
dukM+k flD;wfjVh baVsyhtsal lfoZl TokabV isij nks ;k nks ls vf/d ljdkjksa dh la;qDr fjiksVZ
nf{k.k vÚhdk C;wjks vkWiQ LVsV flD;wfjVh
vkLVªsfy;k vkLVªsfy;u flD;qfjVh ,aM baVsyhtsal egRoiw.kZ Økafr;k¡
vkWxZsukbts'ku
'osr ozQkafr nqX/ mRiknu ls
izeq[k lekpkj ,tsalh 'osr ozQkafr osQ tud oxhZl oqQfj;u
gfjr ozQkafr [kk|kUu mRiknu ls
lekpkj ,tsafl;ksa ds uke ns'k
xqykch ozQkafr osQ tud nqxsZ'k iVsy
ih- Vh- vkbZ-] ;w- ,u- vkbZ-] ;qfuokrkZ] lekpkj Hkkjr
uhyh ozQkafr osQ tud MkW- v#.k o`Q".ku ,oa ghjkyky
Hkkjrh] bf.M;u U;wt lfoZl] fganqLrku lekpkj
pkS/jh
uksoksLrh (Novosti), rkl (TASS) :l
jtr ozQkafr osQ tud bafnjk xka/h
flUgqvk (Xinhua), U;w pk;uk U;wt ,tsUlh phu
(New China News Agency) izsfjr iztuu osQ firk izks- ghjkyky pkS/jh
,slksfl,V çsl vkWiQ vesfjdk (Associate Press vesfjdk ihyh ozQkafr osQ tud lSe fi=kksnk
of America)] ;wukVsM çsl baVjus'kuy (United Lo.kZ ozQkafr osQ tud fuji[k rwrst
Press International) Hkwjh ozQkafr lhesaV] moZjd] mu mRiknu ls
bjuk (IRNA) bZjku jtr ozQkafr vaMk mRiknu ls
jk;Vj (Reuters), The Guardian, Daily fczVsu yky ozQkafr osQ tud fo'kky frokjh
Mail
xqykch ozQkafr >haxk eNyh mRiknu ls
Dawn ikfdLrku uhyh ozQkafr eRL; mRiknu ls
esuk (MENA) felz
42
dkyh ozQkafr isVªksfy;e izkWMD'ku ls Hkkjrh; /kkfeZd] lkekftd

lnkcgkj ozQkafr o`Qf"k osQ lexz fodkl ls
ihyh ozQkafr frygu] rsy osQ cht] [kk| rsy]
,oa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
fo'ks"k :i ls ljlksa vkSj lwjteq[kh
LFkkiuk
ls laLFkk,¡ laLFkkid
o"kZ
xzhu xksYM ozQkafr pk; mRiknu ls
czã lekt 1828 jktk jkeeksgu jk;
o`Q".k ozQkafr ck;ksMhty mRiknu ls
vk;Zlekt 1875 Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh
yky ozQkafr VekVj@ekal mRiknu ls
jkeo`Q".k fe'ku 1897 Lokeh foosdkuUn
lsizQkWu ozQkafr osQlj mRiknu ls
izkFkZuk lekt (SSC 1867 ,e- th- jkukMs] vkRekjke
lqugjh ozQkafr iQy mRiknu ls GD 16 Jan., 2023, ikaMqjax
eDdk ozQkafr eksVs vuktksa osQ mRiknu ls Shift II)
ijkeuh ozQkafr fHkaMh mRiknu ls osn lekt 1864 vkpk;Z osQ'kopUnz lsu
xksy ozQkafr vkyw ls lR;'kks/d lekt 1873 T;ksfrck iqQys
flYoj iQkbcj ozQkafr dikl ls ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh 1784 fofy;e tksUl
xksYMu iQkbcj ozQkafr twV ls fFk;kslksfiQdy lkslkbVh 1875 eSMe CykV~OLdh
gfjr lksuk ozQkafr ck¡l mRiknu ls vkReh; lHkk 1815 jktk jkeeksgu jk;
Lo.kZ ozQkafr 'kgn] ckxokuh ls osnkUr dkWyst 1825 jktk jkeeksgu jk;
OgkbV xksYM ozQkafr dikl mRiknu ls (rhljh ozQkafr) ;qok caxky vkanksyu 1826 gsujh yqbZ fofo;u fMjksft;ks
ve`r ozQkafr unh tksM+ks ifj;kstuk ls rRocksf/uh lHkk 1839 nsosUnzukFk BkoqQj
/lj@LysVh ozQkafr lhesaV ls fczfV'k lkoZtfud lHkk 1843 nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth
lujkbt@lw;ksZn; ozQkafr bysDVªkWfud m|ksx osQ fodkl ls ijegal eaMyh 1849 xksiky gfjns'keq[k
xaxk ozQkafr Hkz"Vkpkj osQ f[kykiQ lnkpkj iSnk vyhx<+ eksgEeMu ,saXyks 1875 lj lSÕ;n vgen [kk¡
djus gsrq vksfj,UVy dkWyst
lnkcgkj ozQkafr tSo rduhdh ls bZLV bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku 1866 nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth
LysVh@xzs ozQkafr moZjdksa osQ mRiknu ls iwuk lkoZtfud lHkk 1870 ,e- th- jkukMs
[kkdh ozQkafr peM+k mRiknu ls iQkWjoMZ CykWd 1939 lqHkk"k pUnz cksl
[kk| Ükà[kyk ozQkafr Hkkjrh; o`Q"kdksa dh 2020 rd bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku 1876 vkuan eksgu cksl] lqjsUnzukFk
vkenuh dks nqxquk djus ls cuthZ
NH ozQkafr Lof.kZe prqHkqZt ;kstuk ls Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl 1885 ,-vks- áwe
izksVhu ozQkafr osQ tud iz/kuea=kh ujsanz eksnh vkSj v#.k 'kkjnk lnu 1889 jekckbZ
tsVyh vfHkuo Hkkjr laLFkk 1904 fouk;d nkeksnj lkojdj
banz/uq"kh ozQkafr laiw.kZ o`Qf"k {ks=k fodkl ls losZUV~l vkWiQ bf.M;k 1905 xksiky o`Q".k xks[kys
[kk|kUu Ükà[kyk ozQkafr [kk|kUu@lCth@iQyksa dks lM+us ls lkslkbVh
cpkuk eqfLye yhx 1906 vkxk [kk¡ ,oa lyhe mYyk
feYd eSu vkWiQ bafM;k oxhZt oqQfj;u fgUnw egklHkk 1915 enu eksgu ekyoh;
;wukuh ozQkafr osQ tud ,e-,l- LokehukFku fo'o Hkkjrh 1921 johUnz ukFk BkoqQj
(Hkkjr) gkse:y yhx 1916 fryd ,oa ,uh cslsUV
43
xnj ikVhZ 1913 ykyk gjn;ky] dk'khjke ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy ckjnksyh dh
Lojkt ikVhZ 1923 eksrhyky usg: o fprjatu efgyk,¡
nkl ns'kjRu@vtkr 'k=kq MkW- jktsUnz izlkn egkRek xk¡/h
f[kykiQr vkanksyu 1919 vyh ca/q
xq#nso johUnzukFk VSxksj egkRek xk¡/h
Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vkanksyu osQ izeq[k opu ,oa ns'kuk;d lqHkk"k pUnz cksl johUnzukFk VSxksj
ukjs dk;ns vkte eksgEen vyh ftUuk egkRek xk¡/h
opu ,oa ukjs uke foosdkuUn Lokeh foosdkuUn egkjktk [ksrM+h
tu&x.k&eu vf/uk;d gS johUnz ukFk BkoqQj jktk jktk jkeeksgu jk; vdcj f}rh;
^lkjs tgk¡ ls vPNk fgUnksLrk¡ gekjk* bdcky
Lojkt gekjk tUefl¼ vf/dkj gS cky xaxk/j fryd Hkkjr esa izFke (efgyk)
bUdykc ftUnkckn gljr eksgkuh
Hkkjr dh izFke efgyk 'kkfldk jft;k lqYrku
lkezkT;okn dk uk'k gks Hkxr flag
efgyk jk"Vªifr izfrHkk nsoh flag ikfVy
t; fgUn lqHkk"k pUnz cksl efgyk iz/kuea=kh bafnjk xk¡/h
rqe eq>s [kwu nks] eSa rqEgsa vktknh nw¡xk lqHkk"kpUnz cksl (1966&77)
fnYyh pyks lqHkk"k pUnz cksl yksdlHkk vè;{k ehjk oqQekj
djks ;k ejks] gs jke] Hkkjr NksM+ks egkRek xk¡/h yksdlHkk dh izFke efgyk egklfpo Lusgyrk JhokLro
lkbeu deh'ku okil tkvks ykyk yktir jk; osaQnzh; ea=kh jktoqQekjh ve`r dkSj
osnksa dh vksj ykSVks n;kuUn ljLorh lkaln jk/kckbZ lqckjk;u
dj er nks ljnkj cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy jkT;iky ljksftuh uk;Mw (mÙkj
izns'k)
t; toku] t; fdlku (1965 osQ yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh
ikfdLrku ;q¼ osQ le;) izFke efgyk eq[;ea=kh lqpsrk o`Qiykuh (mÙkj
izns'k)
oUns ekrje~ cafdepUnz pVthZ
;wih,llh dh izFke efgyk vè;{k jkst fefy;u cSF;w
ljiQjks'kh dh reUuk] vc gekjs fny jke izlkn fcfLey lqizhe dksVZ dh izFke efgyk U;k;k/h'k ehjk lkfgc iQkfrek
esa gS chch (1989)
ekjks fiQjaxh dks eaxy ikaMs mPp U;k;ky; dh izFke efgyk eq[; yhyk lsB (fgekpy
t; txr fouksck Hkkos U;k;k/h'k izns'k) (1991)
laiw.kZ ozQkafr t;izdk'k ukjk;.k ns'k dh izFke efgyk l=k U;k;k/h'k vUuk pkaMh (osQjy)
fot;h fo'o frjaxk I;kjk ';ke yky xqIrk ik"kZn Hkkjr dh izFke efgyk vkbZ-,-,l vUuk tkWtZ
esjs flj ij ykBh dk ,d&,d izgkj ykyk yktir jk; Hkkjr dh izFke efgyk vkbZ-ih-,l- fdj.k csnh (1972)
vaxzsth 'kklu osQ rkcwr dh dhy ukscsy iqjLdkj izkIr djus okyh izFke enj Vsjslk (1979)
lkfcr gksxk Hkkjrh; efgyk
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh izFke Hkkjrh; fot;ky{eh iafMr
mikf/] izkIrdrkZ ,oa nkrk jktnwr
mikf/ izkIrdrkZ nkrk vksyafid esa dksbZ ind ikus okyh izFke d.kZe eYys'ojh
efgyk (2000)
usrkth lqHkk"kpUnz cksl ,MksYiQ fgVyj
izFke efgyk dkaxzsl vè;{k MkW- ,uh cslsaV (1917)
egkRek egkRek xk¡/h johUnzukFk VSxksj
KkuihB iqjLdkj ikus okyh izFke efgyk vk'kkiw.kkZ nsoh
jk"Vªfirk egkRek xk¡/h lqHkk"k pUnz cksl vtqZu iqjLdkj ikus okyh izFke efgyk ,y- yElMsu (gkWdh)
(1961)
44
^Hkkjr jRu* ls lEekfur izFke efgyk Jherh bafnjk xk¡/h vksyafid cSMfeaVu (efgyk) esa jtr ih-oh- fla/q
(1971) ind thrus okys o fo'o cSMfeaVu
v'kksd pozQ ikus okyh izFke efgyk uhjtk HkuksV pSafi;uf'ki esa efgyk ,dy dk f[krkc
vkWLdj iqjLdkj thrusokyh izFke Hkkuq vFkSÕ;k thrus okyh izFke efgyk
efgyk vksyafid cSMfeaVu (efgyk) esa dkaL; lkbuk usgoky
baxfy'k pSuy ikj djus okyh izFke vkjrh lkgk ind thrus okyh izFke efgyk
Hkkjrh; efgyk varjkZ"Vªh; vksyafid lfefr dh lnL; uhrk vackuh
,ojsLV f'k[kj ij igq¡pus okyh izFke cPNsUnzh iky (1984) cuus okyh izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk
efgyk lkr izeq[k lkxj rSjdj ikj djus okyh cqyk pkS/jh
,ojsLV ij yxkrkj nks ckj p<+us okyh larks"k ;kno izFke efgyk
izFke efgyk jkT;lHkk dh izFke efgyk egklfpo ch-,l- jeknsoh
^fel oYMZ* cuus okyh izFke efgyk oqQekjh jhrk iQkfj;k jkT;lHkk osQ fy, ukekafdr gksus okyh ujfxl nÙk
(1966) izFke efgyk fiQYe vfHkus=kh
^fel ;wuholZ* cuus okyh izFke efgyk lqf"erk lsu (1994)
Hkkjr esa izFke (iq#"k)
izFke efgyk es;j rkjk psfj;u (psUubZ)
izFke efgyk Lukrd (izfr"Bk) dkfeuh jkW; (1886 Lora=k Hkkjr dk izFke rFkk vafre pozQorh jktxksikykpkjh
bZ-) (Hkkjrh;) xouZj tujy
izFke efgyk Lukrd dknfEcuh xkaxqyh ,oa Lora=k Hkkjr dk izFke xouZj tujy ykWMZ ekmaVcsVu
pUnzeq[kh cklq Hkkjr dk izFke xouZj tujy ykWMZ fofy;e cSafVd
izFke efgyk ltZu MkW- izsek eq[kthZ Hkkjr dk vafre xouZj tujy ,oa ykWMZ oSQfuax
Hkkjrh; jsy dh izFke efgyk Mªkboj lqjs[kk 'kadj ;kno izFke ok;ljk;
ok;qlsuk esa izFke efgyk ik;yV gfjrk dkSj n;ky Hkkjr dk vafre ok;ljk; ykWMZ ekmaVcsVu
izFke efgyk ysfÝVusaV tujy iquhr vjksMk Hkkjr dk izFke jk"Vªifr MkW- jktsanz izlkn
izFke efgyk ,;j okbl ek'kZy ih- canksikè;k; Hkkjr dk izFke eqfLye jk"Vªifr MkW- tkfdj gqlSu
izFke efgyk ps;jilZu vkWiQ bafM;u lq"kek pkoyk Hkkjr dk izFke mi&jk"Vªifr MkW- loZiYyh
,;jykbal jk/ko`Q".ku
,f'k;kbZ [ksyksa esa Lo.kZ ind thrus deythr la/w Hkkjr dk izFke iz/kuea=kh ia- tokgjyky usg:
okyh izFke efgyk Hkkjr dk izFke miiz/kuea=kh ,oa ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy
,f'k;kM esa Lo.kZ ind thrus okyh fous'k iQksxkV x`gea=kh
izFke efgyk Hkkjr dk izFke f'k{kk ea=kh vcqy dyke vktkn
MCY;w-Vh-,- Vsful VwukZesaV thrus okyh lkfu;k fetkZ Hkkjr osQ osaQnzh; ea=kheaMy ls bLrhiQk ';kek izlkn eq[kthZ
izFke efgyk nsus okyk izFke ea=kh (1950)
vksyafid [ksyksa esa Hkkx ysus okyh izFke eSjh yhyk jko Lora=k Hkkjr dk izFke dekaMj&bu&phiQ tujy dfjvIik
efgyk
izFke iQhYM ek'kZy tujy ekfud 'kk¡
O;fDrxr VªSd eqdkcys esa vksyafid ih-Vh- Å"kk
Hkkjr dk izFke ok;q lsukè;{k ,;j ek'kZy ,l- eq[kthZ
iQkbuy rd igq¡pus okyh izFke efgyk
izFke phiQ vkWiQ ,;j LVkWiQ ,;j ek'kZy lj FkkWel
vksyafid esa eqDosQckth (efgyk) esa eSjh dkWe (2012 yanu
,egLVZ
dkaL; ind thrus okyh izFke efgyk vksyafid)
izFke phiQ vkWiQ vkehZ LVkWiQ tujy ,e- jktsanz flag
vksyafid efgyk oqQ'rh esa dkaL; ind lk{kh efyd (2016
Hkkjr dk izFke ukS lsukè;{k okbl ,Mfejy vkj-Mh-
thrus okyh izFke efgyk fj;ks vksyafid)
dVkjh
vksyafid dh ftEukfLVDl izfrLi/kZ nhik dekZdj
Hkkjr dk izFke eq[; U;k;k/h'k ghjkyky ts- dkfu;k
osQ fy, DokfyiQkbZ djus okyh izFke
efgyk yksdlHkk dk izFke vè;{k x.ks'k oklqnso ekoyadj
45
Hkkjr dk izFke pquko vk;qDr lqoqQekj lsu lcls cM+k i'kqvksa dk esyk lksuiqj (fcgkj)
Lora=k Hkkjr esa tUes (29 flracj U;k;ewfrZ ljks'k gkseh lcls yack jsy ekxZ fMczwx<+ ls dU;koqQekjh
1947) Hkkjr osQ izFke U;k;k/h'k dikfM+;k lcls cM+k izko`Qfrd canjxkg eqacbZ (egkjk"Vª)
varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; esa izFke Hkkjrh; MkW- ukxsUnz flag lcls yack jk"Vªh; jktekxZ jk"Vªh; jktekxZ ua- 44
U;k;k/h'k (vè;{k) lcls yach unh xaxk unh
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl osQ izFke vè;{k O;kses'kpUnz cuthZ lcls yach ugj bafnjk xk¡/h ugj
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl osQ izFke cn#n~nhu rS;c (jktLFkku)
eqfLye vè;{k lokZf/d o"kkZ dk LFkku ekflujke (es?kky;)
jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl osQ lEesyu esa Hkkjr dh gljr eksgkuh lcls vf/d Å¡pkbZ ij fLFkr ;q¼ fl;kphu Xysf'k;j
Lora=krk dk izLrko is'k djus okyk LFky
izFke O;fDr lcls yack jsyos IysViQkWeZ xksj[kiqj (mÙkj izns'k)
ukscy iqjLdkj izkIr djus okyk izFke johUnzukFk BkoqQj (1-3 fdeh)
Hkkjrh; lcls vf/d vkcknh okyk 'kgj eqacbZ (egkjk"Vª)
Hkkjr osQ izFke ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk lh-oh- je.k (HkkSfrdh) lokZf/d 'kgjh {ks=k okyk jkT; egkjk"Vª
oSKkfud
lcls yach rVjs[kk okyk jkT; xqtjkr
eSXlsls vokMZ ikus okyk izFke Hkkjrh; vkpk;Z foukck Hkkos
ehBs ikuh dh lcls cM+h >hy owyj >hy (tEew&d'ehj)
LVkfyu iqjLdkj izkIr djus okyk lSiqQn~nhu fdpyw
[kkjs ikuh dh lcls cM+h rVh; >hy fpYdk >hy (vksfM'kk)
izFke Hkkjrh;
lcls cM+h o`Qf=ke >hy xksfoUn cYyHk iar lkxj
Xyksc vokMZ thrus okys izFke Hkkjrh; ,-vkj- jgeku
Hkkjr dh lcls yach lgk;d unh ;equk unh
Hkkjr jRu iqjLdkj izkIr djus okyk MkW- loZiYyh
izFke Hkkjrh; jk/ko`Q".ku nf{k.k Hkkjr dh lcls yach unh xksnkojh
Hkkjr jRu ls lEekfur izFke fons'kh [kku vCnqy xÝiQkj lcls xgjh unh ?kkVh HkkxhjFkh o vyduank
ukxfjd [kku lcls yach rVjs[kk okyk nf{k.k vka/z izns'k (1100 fdeh)
KkuihB lEekfur izFke O;fDr th- 'kadj oqQ:i Hkkjr dk jkT;
lcls yack leqnz rV eSfjuk chp (psUubZ)
Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd cM+k] yack ,oa Å¡pk lcls vf/d ekxZ cnyus okyh unh dkslh unh
MsYVk u cukus okyh lcls cM+h unh ueZnk o rkih
Hkkjr dk loksZPp 'kkS; lEeku ijeohj pozQ (1954)
lcls cM+k unh }hi ektqyh (czãiq=k unh]
Hkkjr dk loksZPp lEeku Hkkjr jRu (1954) vle)
lcls yack lM+d iqy Hkwisu gtkfjdk lsrq
lcls cM+k yhoj iqy gkoM+k fczt (dksydkrk) fo'o esa izFke
lcls yack ck¡/ (26 fdeh) ghjkoqQ.M ck¡/ (vksfM'kk)
fo'o dk igyk /eZ lukru /eZ
lcls Å¡pk ck¡/ fVgjh ck¡/ (mÙkjk[kaM)
fo'o dk izFke fo'ofo|ky; r{kf'kyk
lcls yach lM+d xzSaM Vªad jksM
fo'ofo|ky; (800
lcls cM+k jsfxLrku Fkkj BC)
lcls Å¡ph ewfrZ LVSP;w vkWiQ ;wfuVh ,ojsLV f'k[kj ij igq¡pus okyk igyk 'ksjik rsaftax (Hkkjr)
(xqtjkr) O;fDr o lj ,MeaM fgysjh
lcls Å¡ph ehukj oqQrqcehukj (fnYyh) (U;wthySaM)
lcls Å¡pk njoktk cqyan njoktk varfj{k esa igq¡pus okys izFke O;fDr estj ;wjh xkxjhu
lcls cM+k xqEct xksy xqEct (:l)
lcls cM+k xq#}kjk Lo.kZ eafnj] ve`rlj panzek ij mrjus okyk izFke O;fDr uhy vkeZLVªkax
lcls cM+k fxjtk?kj lSaV oSQFksMjy (xksok) (USA)
lcls cM+k vtk;c?kj dksydkrk vtk;c?kj varfj{k esa rSjus okyk izFke O;fDr ,ysDlh ysukso (:l)
46
varfj{k esa Hkstk tkus okyk izFke varfj{k dksyfEc;k fo'o osQ pkjksa vksj leqnzh ;k=kk djus iQkMhZusaM eSxyu
'kVy okyk izFke O;fDr
varfj{k esa tkus okyh izFke efgyk osysf.Vuk rsjs'dksok panzek ij ekuo Hkstus okyk izFke ns'k la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk
(:l) vk/qfud vksyafid [ksyksa dk vk;kstu ;wuku
o`Qf=ke mixzg dks varfj{k esa iz{ksi.k :l djus okyk izFke ns'k
djus okyk izFke ns'k izFke uxj ftl ij ijek.kq ce fxjk fgjksf'kek (tkiku)
,ojsLV ij p<+us okyh izFke efgyk tqadks rscbZ (tkiku) lokZf/d i'kqvksa okyk ns'k Hkkjr
lokZf/d mez esa ,ojsLV ij p<+us okyk fjpMZ okl Hkkjr ij vkozQe.k djus okyk izFke fldUnj
izFke O;fDr ;wjksi oklh
vaVkoZQfVdk egk}hi ij igq¡pus okyh oSQjksfyu fedYlu i`Foh dk ekufp=k cukus okyk izFke vusXthesaMj
izFke efgyk O;fDr
iqLrd eqfnzr djus okyk igyk ns'k phu foEcyMu VªkWiQh thrus okyk igyk vkFkZj ,s'k
dkxth eqnzk tkjh djus okyk igyk ns'k phu ,f'k;u O;fDr
bafXy'k pSuy rSjdj ikj djus okyh xVZ:M ,Mjys
izFke efgyk varjkZ"Vªh; lhek,¡
la;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk osQ izFke efgyk fot;ky{eh iafMr
jsMfDyiQ js[kk (4096) Hkkjr ,oa ikfdLrku
lHkkifr
M~;wj.M js[kk ikfdLrku ,oa viQxkfuLrku
flfoy lsok izfr;ksfxrk 'kq: djus okyk phu
eSdeksgu js[kk (3488) Hkkjr ,oa phu
igyk ns'k
eSxjhukWV js[kk teZuh ,oa izQkal
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dk izFke jk"Vªifr tkWtZ okf'kaxVu
fg.MucxZ js[kk teZu ,oa iksySaM
fczVsu dk izFke iz/kuea=kh jkWcVZ okyiksy
38oha lekukUrj js[kk mÙkjh dksfj;k ,oa nf{k.kh
fo'o esa fdlh ns'k dh izFke efgyk ekfj;k ,LVsyk jtkcsy
dksfj;k
jk"Vªifr (vts±Vhuk)
eSujghe js[kk :l ,oa fiQuySaM
fczVsu dh igyh jkuh tsu
49oha lekukUrj js[kk USA ,oa dukMk
baXySaM dh izFke efgyk iz/kuea=kh ekxzsZV FkSpj
fo'o esa fdlh ns'k dh izFke efgyk ,l- Hk.Mkjuk;osQ tux.kuk
iz/kuea=kh (Jhyadk)
phu x.kjkT; osQ izFke jk"Vªifr MkW- lu;kr lsu vf/dre tula[;k ?kuRo (oxZ fdeh)
fdlh eqfLye ns'k dh izFke efgyk cSuthj HkqV~Vks TT fcgkj & 1106 O;fDr@oxZ fdeh
iz/kuea=kh (ikfdLrku) TT if'pe caxky & 1028 O;fDr@oxZ fdeh
ikfdLrku osQ izFke xouZj tujy eksgEen vyh ftUuk TT Hkkjr esa ?kuRo & 382 O;fDr@oxZ fdeh
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk izFke egklfpo f=kXosyh (ukosZ) U;wure tula[;k ?kuRo (oxZ fdeh) (jkT;)
f'k{kk dks vfuok;Z djus okyk izFke ns'k iz'kk TT v#.kkpy izns'k & 17 O;fDr@oxZ fdeh
izFke iqQVckWy fo'o di thrus okyk m#Xos TT fetksje & 52 O;fDr@oxZ fdeh
ns'k
lokZf/d tula[;k ?kuRo osQUnz'kkflr izns'k
lafo/ku fuekZ.k djus okyk izFke ns'k la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk
TT fnYyh & 11320 O;fDr@oxZ fdeh
xqVfujis{k vkanksyu osQ izFke lEesyu csyxzsM
TT v.Meku ,oa fudksckj & 46 O;fDr@oxZ fdeh (lcls de)
dk vk;kstu LFky
phu igq¡pus okyk izFke ;wjksfi;u ekdksZiksyks vf/dre fyaxkuqikr (jkT;)
ok;q;ku ls igyh mM+ku Hkjus okyk jkbZV ca/q TT osQjy & 1084
O;fDr TT rfeyukMq & 995
47
U;wure fyaxkuqikr (jkT;) uxjh; tula[;k

TT gfj;k.kk & 879 TT 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj ns'k dh oqQy tula[;k esa
TT tEew&d'ehj & 889 uxjh; tula[;k 31.2% gS] tcfd xzkeh.k tula[;k 68.8%
lokZf/d fyaxkuqikr (osQUnz'kkflr izns'k) gSA
TT iqMqpsjh & 1037 jk"Vªh; tula[;k uhfr] 2000 osQ varxZr tula[;k esa fLFkjrk
izkIr djus dk y{; 2045 ls 2070 dj fn;k x;k gSA
U;wure fyaxkuqikr (osQUnz'kkflr izns'k)
TT 618 (neu ,oa nho) lokZf/d tula[;k okys jkT;
TT uksV % Hkkjr dk fyaxkuqikr 943 gSA TT mÙkj izns'k & 20 djksM+
lokZf/d lk{kjrk nj TT egkjk"Vª & 11 djksM+
TT osQjy & 94% TT fcgkj & 10 djksM+
TT fetksje & 91.3% U;wure tula[;k okys jkT;
U;wure lk{kjrk nj TT flfDde & 6 yk[k
TT fcgkj & 61.8% TT fetksje & 10 yk[k
TT v#.kkpy izns'k & 65.4% (SSC GD 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
lokZf/d lk{kjrk okyk osQUnz'kkflr izns'k osQUnz'kkflr izns'k

TT & 91.8% (y{k}hi) TT lokZf/d tula[;k & fnYyh (1-67 djksM+)
TT U;wure tula[;k & y{k}hi (64 gtkj)
U;wure lk{kjrk okyk osQUnz'kkflr izns'k
TT & 76.2% (nknj ,oa uxj gosyh) n'kdh; o`f¼ (jkT;)
TT es?kky; & 27.8%
L=kh vkSj iq#"k lk{kjrk esa lcls vf/d varj TT v#.kkpy izns'k & 26%
TT jktLFkku
n'kdh; fxjkoV (jkT;)
tula[;k TT ukxkySaM & –0.6%
TT Hkkjr esa tux.kuk dh 'kq:vkr 1872 esa ykMZ es;ks osQ TT osQjy & 4.9%
dk;Zdky esa gq;hA
TT fu;fer :i ls tux.kuk 1881 ls pkyw dh xbZA egRoiw.kZ rF;
TT fo'o esa loZizFke tux.kuk djkus dk Js; LohMu (1749) TT gsujh okYVj dks ^Hkkjrh; tux.kuk* dk firk dgk tkrk gSA
dks gSA TT izFke vukSipkfjd tux.kuk ykWMZ es;ks osQ 'kkludky esa o"kZ
TT bldk lcls mPp vf/dkjh Register General and 1872 esa djkbZ xbZA
Cencus Commissioner of India gksrk gSA TT izFke vkSipkfjd tux.kuk 1881 esa ykWMZ fjiu osQ 'kkludky
TT Lora=k Hkkjr dh ;g 7oha tux.kuk FkhA esa laiUu gqbZA
TT uksMy fefuLVªh & fefuLVªh vkWiQ gkse visQ;Zl
TT 2011 osQ vkadM+ksa osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr dh tula[;k 121 djksM+
TT tux.kuk vuqPNsn 246 osQ varxZr la?k lwph dk fo"k; gSA
(yxHkx) gS] tks fo'o dh oqQy tula[;k dk 17.5% gSA
TT izFke Lora=k tux.kuk 1951 esa dh xbZA
TT 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj ,l-lh- dh la[;k 20 djksM+
TT 2011 dh tux.kuk] 1872 osQ ckn ls 15oha rFkk Lora=krk osQ
gSA
ckn 7oha tux.kuk gSA
TT lcls T;knk ,l lh dh tula[;k okyk jkT; & mÙkj izns'k
TT Lora=k Hkkjr osQ izFke jftLVªkj tujy vkSj lsla'k deh'kuj
TT 2011 dh ,lVh dh tula[;k 10 djksM+ gSA vkj-,- xksikyLokeh FksA
TT lcls T;knk ,lVh okyk jkT; & eè; izns'k TT o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk dk Lyksxu "Our Slogan, Our
n'kdh; o`f¼ Future" FkkA
TT 2001&2011 osQ nkSjku Hkkjr dh tula[;k dh o`f¼ nj TT lh-,e- pUnzekSyh 2011 tux.kuk vk;qDr FksA
17.64% jgh gSA o"kZ 2001 esa ;g 21.25% FkhA TT Hkkjr dh tux.kuk & 121.05 djksM
TT fo'o esa Hkkjr dh tux.kuk izfr'kr & 17.5%
48
TT Hkhy Hkkjr dh lcls yksdfiz; tutkfr gSA ¾¾ U;wure & gfj;k.kk & 834
TT lcls vf/d cksys tkus okyh Hkk"kk fganh gS rFkk nwljh lcls TT izFke vkfFkZd tux.kuk & 1977
vf/d cksys tkuh okyh Hkk"kk caxkyh gSA TT o"kZ 2011 dk lokZf/d tula[;k okyk ftyk & Fkk.ks (1-1
TT fyaxkuqikr (cPpksa) & 919 djksM)
¾¾ vf/dre & v#.kkpy izns'k & 972 TT lokZf/d xzksFk jsV & es?kky; (+27.9%)
ijh{kksi;ksxh iz'u
1. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk egkjk"Vª dk /U;okn Kkiu (a)oqQfpiqM+h (b) ef.kiqjh
mRlo gS] tgk¡ cSyksa dks lEekfur fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd (c)HkjrukV~;e (d) eksfguhv~Ve
mUgsa [ksrh osQ fy, vR;ko';d ekuk tkrk gS\ 9. vksyafiDl esa Hkkjr osQ izFke èotokgd dk uke D;k Fkk\
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(a)dkyk ?kksM+k egksRlo (b) xqM+h iM+ok (a)yky 'kkg cq[kkjh (b) è;kupan
(c)edj laozQkafr (d) iksyk egksRlo (c)iqjek cSuthZ (d) tiQj bdcky
2. tkxksbZ Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; osQ fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl 10. 25 twu 2015 dks ------------ dks ykWUp fd;k x;k] ftldk
u`R; :i dh ,d izeq[k 'kSyh gS\ mn~ns'; o"kZ 2022 rd 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa lHkh osQ fy, vkokl
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift I) miyC/ djkuk gSA
(a)
ef.kiqjh (b) l=kh;k (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c)
vksfMlh (d) dFkd (a) oSf'od vkokl izkS|ksfxdh pqukSrh
3. riu oqQekj iVuk;d us fdl u`R; 'kSyh esa laxhr ukVd (b) iz/kuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk ('kgjh)
vdkneh iqjLdkj thrk gS\ (c) iz/kuea=kh xjhc dY;k.k vUu ;kstuk
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (d) O-SMART ;kstuk
(a)oqQfpiqM+h (b) vksfMlh 11. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk R;ksgkj vle esa nsoh dkek[;k
(c)l=kh;k (d) NÅ osQ ekfld /eZ dh vof/ dks fpfUgr djrk gS\
4. Hkkjr esa igyh laiw.kZ tux.kuk dc dh xbZ Fkh\ (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (a)
vEcqckph esyk (b) eksRlq
(a) 1887 (b) 1882 (c)
caxkyk (d) pkipj oqQV
(c) 1880 (d) 1881 12. Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh us ,d laxBu -----------] ftlus fganw
5. fLdy bafM;k fe'ku dh vfHk'kklu ifj"kn dh vè;{krk /eZ esa lq/kj dk iz;kl fd;k] dh LFkkiuk dhA
--------------- djrs gSaA (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (a)vkfn fganw lekt (b) osnkar lekt
(a) eq[;ea=kh (b) iz/kuea=kh (c)vkfn /eZ lekt (d) vk;Z lekt
(c) jk"Vªifr (d) x`gea=kh 13. bZ- o`Q".k vÕ;j dk laca/ fdl u`R; 'kSyh ls gS\
6. lnue ih-oh- ckyo`Q".ku dks fdl u`R; 'kSyh osQ fy, (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
laxhr ukVd vdkneh iqjLdkj fn;k x;k\ (a)HkjrukV~;e (b) vksfMlh
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (c)dFkd (d) oqQfpiqM+h
(a) yko.kh (b) HkjrukV~;e 14. Hkkjr esa] izR;sd ---------------------- esa ,d ckj tula[;k
(c) oqQfpiqM+h (d) dFkdyh tux.kuk dh tkrh gSA
7. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn îzk.k vkSj nSfgd (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
Lora=krk dk laj{k.k* ls lacaf/r gS\ (a) 5 o"kZ (b) 12 o"kZ
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (c) 10 o"kZ (d) 15 o"kZ
(a)
vuqPNsn 20 (b) vuqPNsn 21 15. êksfguhvV~Ve dh tuuh* ----------- ij vk/kfjr ,d
(c)
vuqPNsn 22 (d) vuqPNsn 19 Mksd;q&fiQD'ku gSA
8. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vka/z izns'k dk 'kkL=kh; u`R; gS\ (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (a) 'kksHkuk ukjk;.k
49
(b) dykeaMye dY;kf.koqQV~Vh vEek (a)

ykslj (b) ykslkax
(c) egcwc lqHkkuh (c)
fo'kq (d) csLVq o"kZ
(d) vuqjk/k ik.Ms; 25. ,e fpUukLokeh fozQosQV LVsfM;e fdl 'kgj esa fLFkr gS\
16. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; esa edj laozQkafr dks isM~Mk (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
ikaMqxk osQ :i esa euk;k tkrk gS\ (a) dksydkrk (b) eqacbZ
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (c) csaxyq# (d) fnYyh
(a)rfeyukMq (b) vka/z izns'k 26. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl 'kf[l;r dks o"kZ 2019 esa dFkdyh
(c)osQjy (d) dukZVd u`R; 'kSyh esa muosQ ;ksxnku osQ fy, in~e Jh ls lEekfur
17. Hkkjr esa] fdl o"kZ esa jk"Vªh; dke osQ cnys vukt fd;k x;k\ (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
dk;ZozQe 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk\ (a) fefyuk lkfYouh (b) 'kksHkuk ukjk;.k
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (c) oSHkoh eps±V (d) xhrk diwj
(a)2005 (b) 2004
27. iz/kuea=kh ujsanz eksnh us ------------- esa ty thou fe'ku dk
(c)2003 (d) 2000
'kqHkkjaHk fd;kA
18. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dk fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vuqPNsn] (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
jkT; dk;Zdkfj.kh ls lacaf/r gS\ (a)
2014 (b) 2018
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (c)
2019 (d) 2022
(a) vuqPNsn 123&132 (b) vuqPNsn 134&143
28. y{; lsu fdl [ksy osQ f[kykM+h gSa\
(c) vuqPNsn 153&167 (d) vuqPNsn 145&150
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
19. eksfguhvV~Ve fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; ls lacaf/r ,d (a)
fozQosQV (b) cSMfeaVu
,dy 'kkL=kh; u`R; gS\ (c)
Vscy Vsful (d) dcM~Mh
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
29. 1992 esa] lcls de vk;q esa in~e Hkw"k.k izkIr djus okys
(a) fcgkj (b) dukZVd
urZd@urZdh dk uke fuEu esa ls D;k Fkk\
(c) mÙkj izns'k (d) osQjy
20. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl 'kkL=kh; u`R; :i dh 'kq:vkr (a) vuqjk/k ik.Ms; (b) lksuy ekuflag
16oha 'krkCnh esa oS".ko lar egkiq#"k 'kadjnso }kjk dh xbZ (c) mn; 'kadj (d) iafMr fcjtw egkjkt
Fkh\ (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
30. mÙkj Hkkjr osQ yksx fdl R;ksgkj ij nsoh y{eh vkSj Hkxoku
(a) vksfMlh (b) oqQfpiqM+h
x.ks'k dh ,d lkFk iwtk djrs gSa\
(c) ef.kiqjh (d) l=kh;k
21. 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj fdl osaQnz'kkflr izns'k dk (a) gksyh (b) n'kgjk
fyaxkuqikr lcls vf/d gS\ (c) fnokyh (d) tUek"Veh
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
31. f=k'kwj iwje mRlo fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; esa euk;k
(a) neu vkSj nho (b) iqnqpsjh
tkrk gS\ (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c) paMhx<+ (d) y{k}hi
(a) vka/z izns'k (b) osQjy
22. fdl foVkfeu dks Fkk;feu osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS\ (c) dukZVd (d) rfeyukMq
32. 'krjat osQ oxkZdkj [kkuksa dh {kSfrt iafDr;ksa dks D;k dgk
(a)foVkfeu B3 (b) foVkfeu B1
tkrk gS\ (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c)foVkfeu B2 (d) foVkfeu B12
(a) ikWu (b) iQkby
23. Hkkjr ljdkj us ^jk"Vªh; e/qeD[kh ikyu ,oa 'kgn fe'ku (c) fc'ki (d) jSad
(NBHM)* uke dh ,d ubZ osaQnzh; {ks=k ;kstuk dks eatwjh
33. Hkkjr esa] n'kdh; tux.kuk djkus dh ftEesnkjh fdl
nh gS] tks -------------- ozQkafr ls tqM+h gSA
ea=kky; dh gksrh gS\
(a) Lo.kZ (b) fe"Bku
(a)x`g ea=kky; (b) dkWjiksjsV dk;Z ea=kky;
(c) uedhu (d) 'kgn
(c)foÙk ea=kky; (d) lkaf[;dh ea=kky;
24. ----------- dks Hkkjr esa xqtjkrh uo o"kZ osQ :i esa euk;k
34. gsfel ioZ eq[; :i ls ------------ esa euk;k tkrk gSA
tkrk gS\ (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
50
(a) yn~nk[k (b) paMhx<+ (a)rfeyukMq (b) osQjy

(c) iqnqpsjh (d) y{k}hi (c)rsyaxkuk (d) dukZVd
35. ^xksaiQ* u`R; fdl jkT; dk izfl¼ yksd u`R; gS\ 44. 'kkL=kh; urZdh] vyjesy oYyh ftUgsa ----------- osQ fy,
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) tkuk tkrk gS] dks in~e Hkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gSA
(a) fcgkj (b) xksok (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(c) vksfM'kk (d) mÙkj izns'k (a) oqQfpiqM+h (b) HkjrukV~;e
36. vi.kkZ lrhlu dks fdl u`R; 'kSyh esa mRo`Q"V izn'kZu osQ (c) dFkdyh (d) eksfguhvV~Ve
fy, izfrf"Br Hkkjr 'kkL=k u`R; izoh.k jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj ls 45. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dk vuqPNsn 17 -------- ls lacaf/r gSA
lEekfur fd;k x;k gS\ (SSC GD, 12 jan., 2023, Shift II)
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a) f'k{kk dk vf/dkj (b) mikf/;ksa dk var
(a) oqQfpiqM+h (b) HkjrukV~;e (c) vLi`';rk dk var (d) fof/ osQ le{k lerk
(c) dFkdyh (d) yko.kh 46. izfl¼ Hkkjrh; eqDosQckt eSjh dkWe fdl jkT; ls gSa\
37. cq¼ iwf.kZek] tks xkSre cq¼ osQ HkDrksa }kjk eukbZ tkrh gS] (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
dks fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; esa lkxk nkok osQ uke ls (a) ef.kiqj (b) fetksje
tkuk tkrk gS\ (c) rfeyukMq (d) ukxkySaM
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift I) 47. egkRek xka/h jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/fu;e
(a) flfDde (b) vka/z izns'k (eujsxk) fdl o"kZ esa ikfjr fd;k x;k Fkk\
(c) egkjk"Vª (d) vle (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
38. l=kh;k] fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; dk 'kkL=kh; u`R; gS\ (a)
1993 (b) 1995
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (c)
2005 (d) 2000
(a)rfeyukMq (b) egkjk"Vª 48. fr#okfrjdyh R;ksgkj eq[;r% fuEu esa ls fdl jkT; esa
(c)mÙkj izns'k (d) vle euk;k tkrk gS\
39. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdls jktho Le`fr iqjLdkj] bafnjk (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
fiz;nf'kZuh lEeku] jksVjh varjkZ"Vªh; vokMZ feys gSa\ (a)
vle (b) osQjy
iatkc (d) vksfM'kk
(a) ,u jkte (b) ft;k eksfgmn~nhu Mkxj 49. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk R;ksgkj vxLr&flracj esa iQly
(c) egcwc lqHkkuh (d) 'kksHkuk ukjk;.k dh dVkbZ osQ ekSle esa euk;k tkrk gS\
40. LVkVZ vi bafM;k dks ------------ osQ varxZr ykWUp fd;k x;k (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
FkkA (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (a) cSlk[kh (b) yksgM+h
(a) dkS'ky fodkl vkSj m|e'khyrk ea=kky; (c) edj laozQkafr (d) vks.ke
(b) Je ,oa jkstxkj ea=kky; 50. BCCI dk iw.kZ :i D;k gS\
(c) lkekftd U;k; ,oa vf/dkfjrk ea=kky; (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(d) okf.kT; ,oa m|ksx ea=kky; (a) cksMZ vkWiQ oaQVªksy iQkWj fozQosQV bu bafM;k (Board of
41. tux.kuk 2011 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa lk{kjrk nj fdruh Control for Cricket in India)
Fkh\ (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (b) cksMZ vkWiQ oaQVªksy vkWiQ lkbfdfyax bu bafM;k (Board
(a) 88.23% (b) 74.04% of Control of Cycling in India)
(c) 69.90% (d) 65.27% (c) csfld fozQosQV oaQVªksy cksMZ (Basic Cricket
Control Board)
42. 2018 esa] ef.kiqjh ls laxhr ukVd vdkneh iqjLdkj fdlus
(d) cksMZ vkWiQ fozQosQV oaQVªksy (Board of Cricket
thrk\ (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
Control)
(a) jk/k Jh/j
(b) eknEch lqcze.;e uacwnjh 51. dkycsfy;k fdl Hkkjrh; jkT; dk izfl¼ yksd u`R; gS\
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c) ilqewfrZ jkefyax 'kkL=kh
(a) fcgkj (b) vksfM'kk
(d) v[ke y{eh nsoh
(c) if'pe caxky (d) jktLFkku
43. fu'kkxa/h u`R; mRlo Hkkjr osQ fdl jkT; esa euk;k tkrk
gS\ (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
51
52. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ^[kqnkbZ f[knerxkjksa* osQ vfgald (c)1928 (d) 1927
vkanksyu osQ laLFkkid Fks\ 61. bZMsu xkWMZu fozQosQV eSnku fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl 'kgj esa
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) fLFkr gS\ (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a)vcqy dyke vktkn (a) t;iqj (b) psUubZ
(b)lSÕ;n vgen [kku (c) y[kuÅ (d) dksydkrk
(c)[kku vCnqy xÝiQkj [kku
62. okWyhckWy dh iq#"k dh Vhe osQ fy, Hkw&ry ls usV dh
(d)eksgEen vyh ftUuk
ekud Å¡pkbZ fdruh gksrh gS\
53. Hkkjrh; 'kgj dh igyh iw.kZ tux.kuk 1830 esa -------------- (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
}kjk dh xbZ FkhA (a)2-33 ehVj (b) 2-53 ehVj
(c)2-23 ehVj (d) 2-43 ehVj
(a) tkWu xzaV (b) gsujh okYVj
63. lksuy ekuflag dks fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl 'kkL=kh; u`R;
(c) ,jsVksLFksust (d) tsEl jsusy
osQ fy, laxhr ukVd vdkneh iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k
54. izfl¼ ykslkax egksRlo fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; esa
x;k\ (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
euk;k tkrk gS\
(a) ef.kiqjh (b) vksfMlh
(c) dFkdyh (d) eksfguhvV~Ve
(a)
vle (b) ef.kiqj
64. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu 'kqax oa'k dk izFke 'kkld Fkk\
(c)
jktLFkku (d) flfDde
55. uoacj 2021 esa] fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl urZd dks dyk esa
(a) ikjlfe=k 'kqax (b) ijefe=k 'kqax
muosQ ;ksxnku osQ fy, in~e Jh ls lEekfur fd;k x;k\
(c) iq";fe=k 'kqax (d) i'kqifrukFk 'kqax
(a)'kkafr nsoh (b) NqVuh nsoh 65. vVy isa'ku ;kstuk (APY)] Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa osQ fy, ,d
(c)lqfe=kk egktu (d) eatEek tksxrh isa'ku ;kstuk gS] tks -------- {ks=k osQ Jfedksa ij osaQfnzr gSA
56. xq# iadt pj.k nkl fdl Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; osQ izfl¼
(a)
laxfBr (b) vlaxfBr
izfriknd gSa\
tfVy (d) vfufnZ"V
(a)eksfguhvV~Ve (b) ef.kiqjh 66. tux.kuk 2011 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa iq#"kksa dh lk{kjrk nj
(c)dFkd (d) vksfMlh fdruh gS\ (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
57. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl dykdkj dks lksfo;r ySaM usg: (a) 81.17% (b) 80.65%
iqjLdkj izkIr gqvk gS\ (c) 84.35% (d) 82.14%
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift I) 67. v'o?kks"k ftUgksaus ^cq¼pfjr* dh jpuk dh] -------------------
(a) iafMr fcjtw egkjkt osQ njckj esa jgrs FksA
(b) egcwc lqHkkuh (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c) o`Q".kk ,yk (a) lnk'kdkuk (b) oklqnso
(d) fr#fonse#nqj oqQfIi;k dY;k.klqanje (c) dfu"d (d) of'k"d
58. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk yksd u`R; tEew vkSj d'ehj ls 68. pkax yks vkfnoklh u`R; ---------------------- dh pkax tutkfr
lacaf/r gS\ (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift I) }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
(a) HkokbZ (b) gkstkfxjh (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(c) tokjk (d) oqQn (a) eè; izns'k (b) NÙkhlx<+
59. lsosQjusbZ] ukxkySaM dk ,d izeq[k R;ksgkj gS] ;g ,d (c) ukxkySaM (d) xksok
-------------- fnolh; mRlo gS] tks 'kqf¼ vkSj ifo=krk dk 69. xq.kdkar nÙkk cksjc;ku dks fdl u`R; 'kSyh osQ fy, laxhr
izrhd gSA (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift I) ukVd vdkneh iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gS\
(a) 8-10 (b) 7-8 (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) 10-15 (d) 9-13 (a)
NÅ (b) l=kh;k
60. Hkkjrh; vksyafid la?k dk xBu fdl o"kZ gqvk Fkk\ (c)
dFkd (d) dFkdyh
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift I) 70. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk u`R; xksok esa fd;k tkrk gS\
(a) 1943 (b) 1934 (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
52
(a)
dekZ ukp (b) >wej (a)ckLosQVckWy (b) Vsful
(c)
iqQxM+h (d) psjko (c)gkWdh (d) xksYiQ
71. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk u`R; flfDde ls lacaf/r gS\ 81. gEih mRlo izfr o"kZ fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; esa euk;k
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift I) tkrk gS\ (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a) dksykV~Ve (b) equkjh (a) dukZVd (b) rfeyukMq
(c) HkkaxM+k (d) rk'kh lCnksa (c) vka/z izns'k (d) osQjy
72. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdls 2001 esa laxhr ukVd vdkneh 82. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl O;fDr dks vksfMlh u`R; esa muosQ
iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k Fkk\ ;ksxnku osQ fy, o"kZ 2008 esa in~e Jh iqjLdkj feyk Fkk\
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (SSC GD, 16 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(a) lksuy ekuflag (b) vyjesy oYyh (a) jkeyky cjsB (b) 'kaHkw egkjkt
(c) ,e- vkj- o`Q".kewfrZ (d) vuqjk/k ik.Ms; (c) dkydk izlkn (d) xaxk/j iz/ku
73. fo'o 'krjat pSafi;u fo'oukFk vkuan fdl ns'k osQ gSa\ 83. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk u`R; izdkj >kj[kaM ls lacaf/r
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift I) ugha gS\ (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a) ckaXykns'k (b) Hkkjr (a) yko.kh (b) vfXu
(c) usiky (d) Jhyadk (c) iQxqvk (d) enkZuk >wej
74. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk iQly mRlo eq[; :i ls 84. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; urZd dks laxhr
if'peh vksfM'kk osQ yksxksa }kjk euk;k tkrk gS\ ukVd vdkneh isQyks (vdkneh jRu) ls lEekfur fd;k
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift I) x;k gS\ (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a)xqM+h iM+ok (b) uqvk[kkbZ (a) tksxsu nÙkk c;ku
(c)vks.ke (d) okaxyk (b) ljksnh lSfd;k
75. fcgw fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; dk yksdfiz; u`R; gS\ (c) lksuy ekuflag
(SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift II) (d) VaosQ'oj gtkfjdk cksjc;ku
(a)
osQjy (b) rsyaxkuk 85. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn f'k{kk dk vf/dkj
(c)
vle (d) rfeyukMq iznku djrk gS\
76. 1867 esa cacbZ esa fdl laLFkk dh LFkkiuk gqbZ\ (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (a) 22 (b) 21A
(a) izkFkZuk lekt (b) fFk;kslksfiQdy lkslkbVh (c) 23 (d) 20
(c) ;qok caxky vkanksyu (d) jkeo`Q".k fe'ku 86. tYyhoQV~Vw [ksy fdl ns'k ls lacaf/r gS\
77. îwQynsbZ*] tksfd ,d iQly mRlo gS] eq[; :i ls Hkkjr (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
osQ fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; esa euk;k tkrk gS\ (a)
Lisu (b) jkse
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (c)
Hkkjr (d) usiky
(a)
xqtjkr (b) es?kky; 87. egkRek xka/h jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/fu;e
(c)
mÙkjk[kaM (d) vka/z izns'k (eujsxk) Hkkjr ljdkj] ------------ osQ varxZr vkrh gSA
78. fo'o izfl¼ u`R;kaxuk xqykcks lisjk dks fuEufyf[kr esa ls (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
fdl u`R; 'kSyh osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gS\ (a)LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=kky;
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (b)lkekftd U;k; ,oa vf/dkfjrk ea=kky;
(a) dkycsfy;k (b) pdjh (c)vkoklu vkSj 'kgjh dk;Z ea=kky;
(c) HkokbZ (d) ?kwej (d)xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky;
79. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vuqPNsn] 88. okWyhckWy osQ [ksy esa ,d le; esa izR;sd i{k osQ fdrus
'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ vf/dkj ls lacaf/r gS\ f[kykfM+;ksa dks iQhYM esa [ksyus dh vuqefr gksrh gS\
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(a)vuqPNsn 27&28 (b) vuqPNsn 23&24 (a)
5 (b) 6
(c)vuqPNsn 33&34 (d) vuqPNsn 37&38 (c)
7 (d) 8
80. vkxk [kku xksYM di fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl [ksy ls 89. dksyh fuEufyf[kr esa fdl Hkkjrh; jkT; dk yksd u`R; gS\
lacaf/r gS\ (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
53
(a) rfeyukMq (b) egkjk"Vª (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) if'pe caxky (d) >kj[kaM (a)
12 (b) 7
90. --------------- dks laxhr ukVd vdkneh isQyks (vdkneh (c)
5 (d) 10
jRu) ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gSA 99. lqdU;k le`f¼ ;kstuk [kkrk ckfydk osQ ekrk&firk ;k
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I) dkuwuh vfHkHkkodksa }kjk ckfydk osQ -------------------- dh gksus
(a)VaosQ'oj gtkfjdk cksjc;ku ls igys dHkh Hkh [kksyk tk ldrk gSA
(b)tfru xksLokeh (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(c)vuhrk 'kekZ (a)12 o"kZ dh vk;q (b) 10 o"kZ dh vk;q
(d)ekf.kd ckjc;ku (c)18 o"kZ dh vk;q (d) 16 o"kZ dh vk;q
91. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 25 ls 28 -------------- ls 100. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn jkT;iky dh
lacaf/r gSA {keknku dh 'kfDr ls lacaf/r gS\
(SSC GD, 17 Janeb., 2023, Shift I) (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(a)laoS/kfud mipkj osQ vf/dkj (a) vuqPNsn 55 (b) vuqPNsn 161
(b)lkaLo`Qfrd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd vf/dkj (c) vuqPNsn 163 (d) vuqPNsn 145
(c)/eZ dh Lora=krk osQ vf/dkj 101. rksjX;k] ,d ------------- fnolh; eB mRlo gS] tks v#.kkpy
(d)'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ vf/dkj izns'k dh eksuik tutkfr }kjk euk;k tkrk gSA
92. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdls eksfguhvV~Ve esa muosQ O;kid (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
;ksxnku osQ fy, in~e Jh ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gS\ (a) pkj (b) lkr
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (c) Ng (d) rhu
(a)dud jsys (b) osQ- ih- fdV~VIik fiYybZ
102. is'ksoj [ksy osQ fy, Vsful jSosQV dh vf/dre yackbZ
(c)egcwc lqHkkuh (d) lqfp=kk ,yk
fdruh gksrh gS\
93. flrkjk nsoh fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl 'kkL=kh; u`R; osQ fy, (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
izfl¼ gS\ (SSC GD, 71 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (a)
29 bap (b) 30 bap
(a) dFkdyh (b) HkjrukV~;e (c)
40 bap (d) 35 bap
(c) dFkd (d) ef.kiqjh
103. tux.kuk 2011 osQ vuqlkj ns'k dk nwljk lcls de
94. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk ef.kiqj dk ,d fof'k"V ek'kZy tula[;k okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
u`R; :i gS\ (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (a) v#.kkpy izns'k (b) es?kky;
(a)fcgw (b) MaMk&tk=kk (c) fetksje (d) flfDde
(c)oqQEeh (d) Fkkax rk
104. fLdy bafM;k] fofHkUu m|ksx ls lacaf/r ukSdfj;ksa esa 40
95. izfl¼ ukSpanh esyk o"kZ esa ,d ckj -------- jkT; esa euk;k djksM+ ls vf/d Hkkjrh;ksa dks izf'kf{kr djus osQ fy,
tkrk gSA (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III) ljdkj }kjk -------------- esa 'kq: dh xbZ ,d igy gSA
(a) osQjy (b) eè; izns'k (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(c) mÙkj izns'k (d) rfeyukMq (a)2010 (b) 2015
96. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl dykdkj us 2000 esa in~e foHkw"k.k (c)2012 (d) 2017
iqjLdkj thrk gS\ 105. iafMr fcjtw egkjkt fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl u`R; 'kSyh ls
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) lacaf/r Fks\ (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(a) iafMr fcjtw egkjkt (b) tfru xksLokeh (a) dFkd (b) ef.kiqjh
(c) vekyk vfDdusuh (d) osQywpj.k egkik=kk (c) vksfMlh (d) oqQfpiqM+h
97. yksd u`R; ^yEckM+h* fdl Hkkjrh; jkT; ls lacaf/r gS\ 106. tux.kuk 2011 osQ vuqlkj fdl Hkkjrh; jkT; dk tula[;k
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) ?kuRo lcls de gS\
(a) dukZVd (b) vle (SSC GD, 20 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(c) vka/z izns'k (d) fcgkj (a) flfDde (b) ukxkySaM
98. eSlwj n'kgjk egksRlo dukZVd esa euk;k tkus okyk ,d (c) v#.kkpy izns'k (d) fetksje
------------ fnu dk R;ksgkj gSA
54
107. osEifr fpUuk lR;e us fdl u`R; 'kSyh esa viuh igpku (a)
frjewjh (b) FknM+h
cukbZ (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (c)
yky yksbZ (d) VhtM+h
(a) eksfguhvV~Ve (b) jpukRed u`R; 117. fo'o:ie fiQYe osQ fy, loZJs"B dksfj;ksxzkiQh dk jk"Vªh;
(c) oqQfpiqM+h (d) l=kh;k fiQYe iqjLdkj -------------- dks fn;k x;k FkkA
108. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk olar mRlo xksok esa euk;k (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
tkrk gS\ (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (a)vekyk vfDdusuh (b) ,e- vkj- o`Q".kewfrZ
(a) jkmiQ (b) f'kXeks (c)dykeaMye xksih (d) iafMr fcjtw egkjkt
(c) ehe oqQV (d) ykslj 118. Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ Fkh\
109. ebZ vkSj twu osQ eghuksa esa ns'k osQ mÙkjh Hkkxksa esa pyus (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
okyh rst] xeZ vkSj 'kq"d LFkkuh; gok dks D;k dgk tkrk (a) 1875 (b) 1865
gS\ (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (c) 1885 (d) 1895
(a) psjh CykWle (b) vkez o"kkZ 119. Mªh (Dree)] v#.kkpy izns'k dk ,d o`Qf"k mRlo gS] ;g
(c) dkycSlk[kh (d) yw ------------------- osQ eghus esa euk;k tkrk gSA
110. dcM~Mh [ksy osQ eSnku osQ fdukjksa ij fpfUgr ykWch dh (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
pkSM+kbZ fdruh gksrh gS\ (a) twu (b) ebZ
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (c) tqykbZ (d) vxLr
(a) 2-5 ehVj (b) 1-5 ehVj 120. laxhr ukVd vdkneh }kjk ebZ 2022 rd fdrus Hkkjrh;
(c) 2 ehVj (d) 1 ehVj u`R;ksa dks 'kkL=kh; u`R; osQ :i esa ekU;rk nh xbZ gS\
111. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdls ukV~;'kkL=k dk jpf;rk ekuk tkrk (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
gS\ (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (a) 10 (b) 12
(a) 'kadj (b) fo".kq (c) 5 (d) 8
(c) jk?ko (d) Hkjreqfu 121. oqaQpw oqQ:i fdl u`R; 'kSyh osQ fy, O;kid :i ls tkus
112. dcMM~h osQ [ksy esa ,d le; esa izR;sd i{k ls fdrus tkrs gSa\ (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
f[kykfM+;ksa dks iQhYM esa [ksyus dh vuqefr gksrh gS\ (a) dFkdyh (b) l=kh;k
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (c) oqQfpiqM+h (d) eksfguhvV~Ve
(a)
7 (b) 10 122. xksYMu DokfMªysVªy lqij gkbZos fnYyh] ---------- psUubZ vkSj
(c)
9 (d) 8 eqacbZ dks tksM+rk gSA
113. ^pw iQkV* (Chu Faat) iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr osQ fuEufyf[kr esa (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
ls fdl jkT; dk yksd u`R; gS\ (a) >kalh (b) nsgjknwu
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (c) ukxiqj (d) dksydkrk
(a) ukxkySaM (b) v#.kkpy izns'k 123. jk/k jsM~Mh vkSj jktk jsM~Mh fdl u`R; osQ izfl¼ izfriknd
(c) vle (d) flfDde gSa\ (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
114. ,d izfl¼ rfey egkdkO;] flyIikfndkje dh jpuk (a) oqQfpiqM+h (b) dFkdyh
bykaxks uked ,d dfo us yxHkx --------- o"kZ igys dh FkhA (c) HkjrukV~;e (d) eksfguhvV~Ve
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift III) 124. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn mikf/;ksa dk var ls
(a)
2500 (b) 2200 lacaf/r gS\ (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(c)
3000 (d) 1800 (a) vuqPNsn 16 (b) vuqPNsn 19
115. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlus dFkd u`R; 'kSyh osQ fodkl osQ (c) vuqPNsn 17 (d) vuqPNsn 18
fy, iqjLdkj vkSj ekU;rk izkIr dh\ 125. Hkwepw R;ksgkj eq[; :i ls Hkkjr osQ fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift III) jkT; esa euk;k tkrk gS\
(a)vekyk vfDdusuh (b) osQywpj.k egkik=kk (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(c)'kksHkuk ukjk;.k (d) mn; 'kadj (a)
egkjk"Vª (b) flfDde
116. fla/h leqnk; }kjk edj laozQkafr fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl (c)
vka/z izns'k (d) fgekpy izns'k
uke ls eukbZ tkrh gS\ 126. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl f[kykM+h dks izFke jktho xka/h [ksy
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift III) jRu iqjLdkj fn;k x;k Fkk\
55
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift I) 136. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu BCCI osQ igys vè;{k Fks\
(a)lfpu rsanqydj (b) lkbuk usgoky (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(c)estj è;kupan (d) fo'oukFku vkuan (a) ts lh eq[kthZ (b) vkj bZ xzkaV xksou
127. lqtkrk egkik=kk us ------------- osQ fy, laxhr ukVd vdkneh (c) ,aFkksuh
Mhesyks (d) jkstj fcUuh
iqjLdkj thrk gS\ 137. vVy isa'ku ;kstuk (APY) osQ varxZr xzkgd dh vk;q
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift III) ---------------- osQ chp gksuh pkfg,A
(a) vksfMlh (b) vk/qfud u`R; (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(c) dFkd (d) Ý;wtu Mkal (a)
15&30 o"kZ (b) 18&40 o"kZ
128. x.ks'k prqFkhZ] Hkxoku x.ks'k osQ lEeku esa euk;k tkus okyk (c)
25&50 o"kZ (d) 40&80 o"kZ
mRlo gSA ;g fganw ekg ------------ esa euk;k tkrk gSA 138. ^[kphZ iwtk* eq[; :i ls Hkkjr osQ fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift III) jkT; esa euk;k tkrk gS\
(a) pS=k (b) iQkYxqu (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c) Hkknzin (d) dkfrZd (a) rfeyukMq (b) fcgkj
129. ^f'kMks* 'kCn dk iz;ksx twMks esa ---------- osQ fy, fd;k tkrk (c) f=kiqjk (d) jktLFkku
gSA (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift III) 139. ekpZ 2022 rd izkIr tkudkjh osQ vuqlkj] laxhr ukVD
(a) lk/kj.k naM (b) j{kkRed dkS'ky vdkneh }kjk 'kkL=kh; u`R; dh Js.kh esa 'kkfey u`R; fuEu
(c) vad (d) isaQdus dk dkS'ky esa ls dkSu&lk gS\
130. 'kqeax yhyk mRlo fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; ls lacaf/r (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
gS\ (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a) dkycsfy;k (b) fcgw
(a) fcgkj (b) vle (c) ?kwej (d) ef.kiqjh
(c) ef.kiqj (d) >kj[kaM 140. NÅ esa muosQ ;ksxnku osQ fy, o"kZ 2016 esa laxhr ukVd
131. ^Hkkek dykie* fdl Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; ls lacaf/r vdkneh iqjLdkj ls fdls lEekfur fd;k x;k\
'kkL=kh; u`R;&ukfVdk gS\ (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a) xksiky izlkn nqcs (b) lqfp=kk ,yk
(a)
oqQfpiqM+h (b) l=kh;k (c) egcwc lqHkklh (d) fonq"kh osQ ,l t;y{eh
(c)
vksfMlh (d) eksfguhvV~Ve 141. 'kkWV iqV esa] 'kkWV tks ,d /krq dh xsan gS] iq#"kksa vkSj
132. ljdkj osQ izeq[k dk;ZozQe êsd bu bafM;k* us 25 flracj] efgykvksa osQ fy, mldk otu fdruk fdxzk gksrk gS\
2022 dks fdrus o"kZ iwjs fd,\ (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a)iq#"k % 7-26 fdxzk] efgyk % 4 fdxzk
(a)9 o"kZ (b) 5 o"kZ (b)iq#"k % 7-5 fdxzk] efgyk % 4-5 fdxzk
(c)4 o"kZ (d) 8 o"kZ (c)iq#"k % 7-3 fdxzk] efgyk % 4-5 fdxzk
133. vtqZu iqjLdkj dh 'kq:vkr fdl o"kZ ls gqbZ\ (d)iq#"k % 7 fdxzk] efgyk % 4 fdxzk
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) 142. iz/kuea=kh Jh ujsanz eksnh us fo'o ty fnol] 2021 ij
(a)1961 (b) 1970 ty 'kfDr vfHk;ku % -------------- vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;kA fjDr
(c)1972 (d) 1978 LFkku dks mi;qDr fodYi ls HkjsaA
134. xksph mRlo eq[; :i ls Hkkjr osQ fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
jkT; esa euk;k tkrk gS\ (a) dkWy n jsu (b) oaQtoZ n jsu
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (c) dkLV n jsu (d) oSQp n jsu
(a) vle (b) jktLFkku 143. tux.kuk 2011 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr dk lcls de tula[;k
(c) rfeyukMq (d) fgekpy izns'k okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\
135. jkmr ukpk] iaFkh vkSj lqvk fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
dh izfl¼ u`R; 'kSfy;k¡ gSa\ (a)
flfDde (b) fetksje
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (c)
xksok (d) iatkc
(a) jktLFkku (b) xqtjkr 144. vle dk l=kh;k u`R; -------------- ls izsfjr gSA
(c) NÙkhlx<+ (d) >kj[kaM (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
56
(a)'kfDr vkanksyu (b) ra=kokn (d),d rkezik=k vkSj vaxoL=ke osQ lkFk 50000 #i,
(c)HkfDr vkanksyu (d) lwiQh vkanksyu (ipkl gtkj #i;s)
145. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vuqPNsn] 153. bl ;kstuk osQ varxZr] xjhch js[kk ls uhps (BPL) ifjokjksa
Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd osQ fy, ,d Lora=k dks 5 djksM LPG (fyfDoiQkbM isVªksfy;e xSl) dusD'ku
dk;kZy; dk izko/ku djrk gS\ iznku fd, x,A
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(a)vuqPNsn 160 (b) vuqPNsn 158 (a)lkaln vkn'kZ xzke ;kstuk
(c)vuqPNsn 134 (d) vuqPNsn 148 (b)csVh cpkvks csVh i<+kvks
146. yqbZ&uxkbZ&uh ----------- osQ yksxksa }kjk cht cksus osQ mRlo (c)fLdy bafM;k fe'ku
osQ :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA (d)iz/kuea=kh mTToyk ;kstuk
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift I) 154. 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr dk tula[;k ?kuRo
(a)v#.kkpy izns'k (b) vle (izfr oxZ fdeh) fdruk gS\
(c)flfDde (d) ef.kiqj (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
147. dkSu&lh ;kstuk Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk csjkstxkj f'kf{kr ;qokvksa (a)298 (b) 198
osQ fy, Lo&jkstxkj osQ voljksa osQ fuekZ.k gsrq 'kq: dh xbZ (c)382 (d) 442
Fkh\ (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift II) 155. jk/k Jh/j us 2018 esa --------------- esa laxhr ukVd vdkneh
(a) xzkeh.k m|eh ;kstuk iqjLdkj thrk\
(b) jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/fu;e (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk (a)
vksfMlh (b) ef.kiqjh
(d) iz/kuea=kh jkstxkj ;kstuk (c)
dFkd (d) HkjrukV~;e
148. dykeaMye jeuoqQV~Vh uk;j dks fdl u`R; 'kSyh esa muosQ 156. dFkdyh u`R; 'kSyh dh mRifÙk Hkkjr osQ fdl Hkkx esa gqbZ\
;ksxnku osQ fy, in~e Hkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;k x;k\ (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (a) iwohZ Hkkjr (b) nf{k.k Hkkjr
(a) ef.kiqjh (b) dFkd (c) if'pe Hkkjr (d) mÙkj Hkkjr
(c) yko.kh (d) dFkdyh 157. eksfiu Hkkjr osQ fdl jkT; dk lkaLo`Qfrd mRlo gS\
149. fdl Hkkjrh; fozQosQVj dks ^n okWy* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
gS\ (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (a) egkjk"Vª (b) v#.kkpy izns'k
(a) gjHktu flag (b) jkgqy nzfoM (c) fetksje (d) ukxkySaM
(c) egsanz flag /ksuh (d) lfpu rsanqydj 158. czscksuZ fozQosQV LVsfM;e Hkkjr osQ fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl
150. ?kksM+s eksnuh u`R; dgk¡ dk ,d yksd u`R; gS\ jkT; esa fLFkr gS\
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(a) gfj;k.kk (b) xqtjkr (a) eè; izns'k (b) fcgkj
(c) xksok (d) fcgkj (c) egkjk"Vª (d) osQjy
151. dfV fcgw] vle osQ rhu fcgw R;kSgkjksa esa ls ,d gS] ;g 159. Hkkjr esa 2011 dh vafre tux.kuk fdrus pj.kksa esa dh xbZ
----------------- osQ eghus esa euk;k tkrk gSA Fkh\ (SSC GD, 30Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (a) 2 (b) 3
(a) fnlacj (b) vDVwcj (c) 1 (d) 4
(c) tuojh (d) vizSy 160. HkjrukV~;e osQ fy, 2009 esa in~e Hkw"k.k thrus okyh tksM+h
152. laxhr ukVd vdkneh iqjLdkj (vdkneh iqjLdkj) esa --- ---------------------- gSA
------------- 'kkfey gksrs gSaA (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (a) egcwc lqHkkuh vkSj dkyh'kch egcwc
(a) ,d rkezik=k vkSj vaxoL=ke osQ lkFk 100000 (,d (b) oUukfMy iqfM;kohfV~Vy /uat;u vkSj 'kkark /uat;u
yk[k #i,) (c) osQ-oh- lair oqQekj vkSj fonq"kh osQ-,l- t;y{eh
(b) 300000 #i, (rhu yk[k #i;s) (d) o`Q".kk ,yk vkSj lqfp=kk ,yk
(c) 50000 #i, (ipkl gtkj #i;s)
57
161. iQly mRlo ûcUuk* ------------ esa euk;k tkrk gSA (c) fcgkj (d) mÙkj izns'k
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift I) 171. izkFkZuk lekt dh LFkkiuk ----------- esa cacbZ esa gqbZ FkhA
(a) if'pe caxky (b) gfj;k.kk (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c) NÙkhlx<+ (d) >kj[kaM (a)1865 (b) 1867
162. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk ek'kZy u`R; mÙkjk[kaM ls lacaf/r (c)1871 (d) 1869
gS\ (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift I) 172. xjhch gVkvks vkSj vkRefuHkZjrk dh izkfIr fdl iapo"khZ;
(a) xVdk (b) Fkkax&rk ;kstuk osQ nks izeq[k mn~ns'; Fks\
(c) dykjhi;V~Vw (d) Nksfy;k (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
163. nzks.kkpk;Z [ksy iqjLdkj ------------ dks fn;k tkrk gSA (a)rhljh (b) lkroha
(SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) (c)ik¡poha (d) igyh
(a)Vhe osQ vè;{k 173. Hkkjr esa ykxw dh xbZ vafre iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dkSu&lh gS\
(b)Vhe osQ dIrku (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(c)Vhe osQ loZJs"B f[kykM+h (a) ckjgoha (b) X;kjgoha
(d)Vhe osQ dksp (c) nloha (d) rsjgoha
164. bZ- o`Q".k vÕ;j fdl 'kkL=kh; u`R; 'kSyh ls lacaf/r Fks\ 174. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ,d is'ksoj Vscy Vsful f[kykM+h
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift II) gS\ (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(a) dFkd (b) l=kh;k (a) lkSjo ?kks"kky (b) efudk c=kk
(c) vksfMlh (d) HkjrukV~;e (c) ik#iYyh d';i (d) vi.kkZ iksiV
165. cFkqdEek] tksfd ,d iwQy mRlo gS] fuEufyf[kr esa ls 175. fuEufyf[kr R;ksgkjksa esa ls fdls Mkyk iwtk osQ :i esa Hkh
fdl jkT; esa euk;k tkrk gS\ tkuk tkrk gS] tks lw;Z dh iwtk dks lefiZr gS vkSj fcgkj
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift II) osQ yksxksa }kjk ikjaifjd :i ls euk;k tkrk gS\
(a) rfeyukMq (b) xqtjkr (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) rsyaxkuk (d) jktLFkku (a)
lkek posQok (b) e/qJko.kh
166. fdl lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e osQ ikfjr gksus osQ ckn (c)
fcgqyk (d) NB iwtk
vc Ng ekSfyd vf/dkj gSa\ 176. 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj fdl jkT; dk fyaxkuqikr
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift II) lcls de gS\
(a)
1950 esa 11oka la'kks/u (b) 1996 esa 102oka la'kks/u (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(c)
1978 esa 44oka la'kks/u (d) 1952 esa 44oka la'kks/u (a) egkjk"Vª (b) jktLFkku
167. 2011 tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj] fdl Hkkjrh; jkT; dh lk{kjrk (c) gfj;k.kk (d) fcgkj
nj lcls de gS\ 177. NB iwtk fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl nsork dks lefiZr gS\
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(a) fcgkj (b) >kj[kaM (a)lw;Z nso (b) jke
(c) egkjk"Vª (d) mÙkj izns'k (c)o`Q".k (d) f'ko
168. /kaxjh xktk ------------ dk yksd u`R; gSA 178. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl yksd u`R; 'kSyh dk laca/ eq[;r%
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift III) iatkc ls ugha gS\
(a) rsyaxkuk (b) egkjk"Vª (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(c) mÙkjk[kaM (d) vle (a)yqM~Mh (b) HkkaxM+k
169. ehuk{kh lqanje fiYybZ fdl u`R; 'kSyh osQ fy, [;kfryC/ (c)yko.kh (d) fx¼k
gSa\ (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift III) 179. ^LVafiax* 'kCn fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl [ksy ls lacaf/r gS\
(a) oqQfpiqM+h (b) HkjrukV~;e (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(c) yko.kh (d) dFkdyh (a) fozQosQV (b) cslckWy
170. ^lksuiqj i'kq esyk* Hkkjr osQ fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; (c) ckLosQVckWy (d) Vsful
esa yxrk gS\ 180. esd bu bafM;k ;kstuk] Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk o"kZ -------------- esa
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift III) 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA
(a) eè; izns'k (b) >kj[kaM (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
58
(a)
2014 (b) 2019 189. fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk u`R; eè; izns'k osQ ekyok {ks=k osQ
(c)
2018 (d) 2016 xzkeh.k bykdksa dh efgykvksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS\
181. v#.kkpy izns'k osQ igys gfjr{ks=k gokbZ vM~Ms dk uke (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
D;k gS\ (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (a)
MkafM;k jkl (b) fFkj;V~Ve
(a) Mksuh iksyks gokbZ vM~Mk (c)
i<+;fu (d) eVdh u`R;
(b) dY;k.kh gokbZ vM~Mk 190. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl urZd dFkdyh ls lacaf/r gS\
(c) fla/q nqxZ gokbZ vM~Mk (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
(d) jktdksV gokbZ vM~Mk (a)
n'kZuk >kosjh (b) osEifr fpUuk lR;e
182. 2011 dh Hkkjr dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj] fcgkj jkT; Hkkjr (c)
'kksHkuk ukjk;.k (d) oqaQpq oqQ#i
dk ---------------- lcls vf/d vkcknh okyk jkT; Fkk\ 191. gkyM+k mRlo eq[; :i ls Hkkjr osQ fuEufyf[kr esa ls
(SSC GD, 31 Ja., 2023, Shift I) fdl jkT; esa euk;k tkrk gS\
(a)pkSFkk (b) nwljk (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c)ik¡pok (d) rhljk (a) jktLFkku (b) fgekpy izns'k
183. tkxksbZ vkSj pksykse fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl 'kkL=kh; u`R; (c) vka/z izns'k (d) if'pe caxky
'kSyh osQ nks izeq[k Hkkx gSa\ 192. 1873 esa] mUgksaus ^lR; 'kks/d lekt* dh LFkkiuk dhA ;gk¡
(SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III) ^mUgksaus* fdls dgk tk jgk gS\
(a) dFkd (b) l=kh;k (SSC GD, 1Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(c) ef.kiqjh (d) vksfMlh (a)T;ksfrck iwQys (b) xksfoanjko iqQys
184. LoPN Hkkjr fe'ku o"kZ ----------- esa 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA (c)xksiky gfj ns'keq[k (d) lkfo=khckbZ iqQys
(SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) 193. Hkkjr esa varnsZ'kh; tyekxks± osQ fodkl] j[kj[kko vkSj
(a)
2013 (b) 2012 izca/u dh ns[kHkky dkSu djrk gS\
(c)
2014 (d) 2016 (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
185. 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj fdl jkT; esa fyaxkuqikr (a)Hkkjrh; bLikr izkf/dj.k
lcls vf/d gS\ (b)Hkkjrh; foekuiÙku izkf/dj.k
(SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (c)Hkkjrh; varnsZ'kh; tyekxZ izkf/dj.k
(a) vksfM'kk (b) vka/z izns'k (d)Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktekxZ izkf/dj.k
(c) osQjy (d) rfeyukMq 194. ^vFkZ'kkL=k* fdlosQ }kjk fy[kk x;k Fkk\
186. lksaxozQku ,d ckS¼ R;ksgkj gSA ;g R;ksgkj ------------- osQ (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
eghus esa dbZ fnuksa rd euk;k tkrk gSA (a) oklqnso (b) dkSfVY;
(SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (c) esxLFkuht (d) fo'kk[knÙk
(a) vizSy (b) ekpZ 195. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ fdl vuqPNsn esa dgk x;k gS fd
(c) twu (d) ebZ Hkkjr vFkkZr~ bafM;k ^jkT;ksa dk la?k gksxk\
187. izf'k{kdksa osQ fy, nzks.kkpk;Z iqjLdkj fdl o"kZ ls 'kq: (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
fd;k x;k Fkk\ (a) vuqPNsn 2 (b) vuqPNsn 1
(SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (c) vuqPNsn 11 (d) vuqPNsn 10
(a)1984 (b) 1985 196. jktLFkku dh fookfgr efgykvksa }kjk euk;k tkus okyk
(c)1987 (d) 1982 x.kxkSj dk okf"kZd R;ksgkj] fganw ekg ---------- esa euk;k tkrk
188. ;kfeuh o`Q".kewfrZ us fdl u`R; 'kSyh osQ fy, fofHkUu gSA (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
iqjLdkj thrs gSa\ (a) dkfrZd (b) vf'ou
(SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (c) iQkYxqu (d) pS=k
(a) HkjrukV~;e vkSj eksfguhvV~Ve 197. vykesZy oYyh fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl 'kkL=kh; u`R; osQ
(b) oqQfpiqM+h vkSj eksfguhvV~Ve izfriknd gSa\
(c) oqQfpiqM+h vkSj HkjrukV~;e (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(d) dFkd vkSj oqQfpiqM+h (a) HkjrukV~;e (b) dFkdyh
(c) vksfMlh (d) dFkd
59
198. tux.kuk 2011 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr osQ fdl jkT; esa efgyk rgr ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA
lk{kjrk nj lcls de gS\ (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift II) (a) okf.kT; ,oa m|ksx ea=kky;
(a)jktLFkku (b) fgekpy izns'k (b) Je ,oa jkstxkj ea=kky;
(c)fcgkj (d) mÙkj izns'k (c) dkS'ky fodkl vkSj m|e'khyrk ea=kky;
199. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdls Hkkjr dk ^Ýykbax fl[k dgk tkrk (d) lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=kky;
gS\ (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift II) 201. #fDe.kh nsoh v#aMsy us fdl u`R; 'kSyh esa fofHkUu iqjLdkj
(a) eksfgUnj flag (b) vthr iky flag thrs gSa\ (SSC GD, 1 feb., 2023, Shift II)
(c) tksfxUnj flag (d) feY[kk flag (a) HkjrukV~;e (b) dFkdyh
200. dkS'ky Hkkjr fe'ku dks -------------- osQ izeq[k dk;ZozQe osQ (c) dFkd (d) yko.kh
mRrjekyk
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (b) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (d) 50. (a)
51. (d) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (d) 55. (d) 56. (d) 57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (d)
61. (d) 62. (d) 63. (b) 64. (c) 65. (b) 66. (d) 67. (c) 68. (c) 69. (b) 70. (c)
71. (d) 72. (b) 73. (b) 74. (b) 75. (c) 76. (a) 77. (c) 78. (a) 79. (b) 80. (c)
81. (a) 82. (d) 83. (a) 84. (c) 85. (b) 86. (c) 87. (d) 88. (b) 89. (b) 90. (b)
91. (c) 92. (a) 93. (c) 94. (d) 95. (c) 96. (d) 97. (c) 98. (d) 99. (b) 100. (b)
101. (d) 102. (a) 103. (c) 104. (b) 105. (a) 106. (c) 107. (c) 108. (b) 109. (d) 110. (d)
111. (d) 112. (a) 113. (d) 114. (d) 115. (c) 116. (a) 117. (d) 118. (c) 119. (c) 120. (d)
121. (a) 122. (d) 123. (a) 124. (d) 125. (b) 126. (d) 127. (a) 128. (c) 129. (a) 130. (c)
131. (a) 132. (d) 133. (a) 134. (d) 135. (c) 136. (b) 137. (b) 138. (c) 139. (d) 140. (a)
141. (a) 142. (d) 143. (a) 144. (c) 145. (d) 146. (d) 147. (d) 148. (d) 149. (b) 150. (c)
151. (b) 152. (a) 153. (d) 154. (c) 155. (d) 156. (b) 157. (b) 158. (c) 159. (a) 160. (b)
161. (a) 162. (d) 163. (d) 164. (d) 165. (c) 166. (c) 167. (a) 168. (b) 169. (b) 170. (c)
171. (b) 172. (c) 173. (a) 174. (b) 175. (d) 176. (c) 177. (a) 178. (c) 179. (a) 180. (a)
181. (a) 182. (d) 183. (c) 184. (c) 185. (c) 186. (a) 187. (b) 188. (c) 189. (d) 190. (d)
191. (b) 192. (a) 193. (c) 194. (b) 195. (b) 196. (d) 197. (a) 198. (c) 199. (d) 200. (c)
201. (a)
60
2 bfrgkl
TT bfrgkl osQ tud gsjksMksVl gSA bUgksaus ^fgLVksfjdk* uked bls ^Hkkjrh; laxhr dk tud* dgrs gSaA
iqLrd fy[khA TT ;g lcls NksVk osn gSA blesa /quksa vkSj ea=kksa (laxhr) dk laxzg
TT çkxSfrgkfld dky % og dky] ftlosQ fy, dksbZ fyf[kr gSA (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
lkexzh miyC/ ughaa gS vkSj ftlesa ekuo dk thou vis{kko`Qr TT vFkoZosn % ;g osn lcls ckn esa fy[kk x;k gSA bls vk/qfud
iw.kZr;k lH; ughaa Fkk] ^çkxSfrgkfld dky* dgykrk gSA bl osn Hkh dgrs gSaA bl osn esa tknw&Vksuk] ra=k&ea=k] fpfdRlk]
dky dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA fookg rFkk ykSfdd thou dk mYys[k gSA
TT vkx dk vkfo"dkj iqjkik"kk.k dky esa gqvk FkkA TT vFkoZosn dks ^czãosn* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
TT ifg;s dk vkfo"dkj uoik"kk.k dky esa gqvk FkkA TT blesa ;s crk;k x;k gS fd lHkk rFkk lfefr çtkifr dh
TT euq"; us ?kj cukus dh dyk uoik"kk.k dky esa lh[khA nks iqf=k;k¡ gSA
TT euq"; us lcls igys oqQÙks dks viuk ikyrw i'kq cuk;kA TT osnkax dh oqQy la[;k 6 gSA
TT o`Qf"k dk vkfo"dkj uoik"kk.k dky esa gqvk FkkA 1- f'k{kk 2- T;ksfr"k 3- O;kdj.k 4- dYi 5- fu:Dr 6- Nan
TT euq"; us lcls igys rk¡ck /krq dk ç;ksx fd;kA TT iqjk.kksa dh oqQy la[;k 18 gSA
TT euq"; }kjk ç;ksx fd;k tkus okyk çFke vkStkj oqQYgkM+h FkkA TT iqjk.kksa osQ jpf;rk] ^ykseg"kZ* o muosQ iq=k mxzJok gSA iqjk.kksa
TT o`Qf"k dk çFke mnkgj.k esgjx<+ ls çkIr gqvkA ;g orZeku esa lcls çkphu ,oa izkekf.kd iqjk.k eRL; iqjk.k gSA
esa ikfdLrku esa gSA TT orZeku miyC/ iqjk.k xqIrdky osQ vkl&ikl osQ gSaA
TT Hkkjro"kZ 'kCn dk loZçFke mYys[k gkFkh xqEiQk vfHkys[k esa fo".kq iqjk.k dk laca/ ekS;Z oa'k ls] eRL; iqjk.k dk lkrokgu
feyrk gSA oa'k ls rFkk ok;q iqjk.k dk xqIroa'k ls gSA
TT euq"; }kjk cksbZ xbZ lcls igyh iQly tkS (;o) FkhA TT vFkZ'kkL=k osQ ys[kd pk.kD; gSA bUgsa fo".kqxqIr rFkk dkSfVY;
çeq[k osn osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

TT vFkZ'kkL=k iqLrd ewyr% jktuhfr ls lacaf/r 'kkL=k gSA blesa
TT Hkkjr osQ lcls çkphu xzaFk ôsn* dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ ^Kku* gSA
ekS;Zdkyhu bfrgkl dk mYys[k gSA
TT osnksa dh la[;k pkj gSA
TT jktrjafx.kh iqLrd osQ ys[kd dYg.k gSA bl iqLrd esa
1. ½Xosn 2- ;tqosZn 3- lkeosn 4- vFkoZosn
d'ehj osQ jktkvksa dk bfrgkl of.kZr gSA
TT ½Xosn % ;g lcls çkphu osn gSA blesa 10 e.My] 1028 TT v"Vkè;k;h iqLrd osQ ys[kd ikf.kuh gSA ;g laLo`Qr
lwDr rFkk 10580 ½pk,a gSA O;kdj.k dh iqLrd gSA
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) TT lcls çkphu Le`fr êuq Le`fr* gSA blosQ ys[kd euq gSA
TT ½Xosn ea=kksa osQ lewg dks lwDr dgk tkrk gSA TT tSu lkfgR; dks vkxe dgk tkrk gSA
TT ½Xosn dh ik¡p 'kk[kk,a gSA TT tSu /eZ dk çkjfEHkd bfrgkl ^dYilw=k* uked iqLrd esa
TT nsork ^lkse* dk mYys[k uosa eaMy esa gSA ½Xosn esa 25 ufn;ksa of.kZr gSA ;g ^Hkæckgq* us fy[kh gSA
dk mYys[k feyrk gSA TT tkrd dFkk,¡ ckS¼ /eZ ls lacaf/r gSA blesa egkRek cq¼ osQ
TT xk;=kh ea=k ftldh jpuk ½f"k fo'okfe=k us dh Fkh] mldk thou dh dgkfu;k¡ gSA
mYys[k ½Xosn osQ rhljs eaMy esa gSA TT Hkkjr dk lcls çkphu uxj eksgutksnM+ks Fkk ftls ê`rdks dk
TT ½Xosn osQ lkrosa e.My esa jktk lqnkl rFkk 10 jktkvksa osQ Vhyk* dgk tkrk gSA
chp ;q¼ dk o.kZu gSA bl ;q¼ esa jktk lqnkl dh thr gqbZ
rFkk ;g ;q¼ i#".kh unh (orZeku jkoh unh) osQ rV ij flU/q ?kkVh ;k gM+Iik lH;rk
yM+k x;k FkkA TT flU/q ?kkVh lH;rk dk dky 2500 bZñiwñ ls 1750 bZñiwñ FkkA
TT ;tqosZn % ;g osn x| o i| nksuksa esa fy[kk x;k gSA TT gM+Iik Vhys dk loZçFke mYys[k 1826 bZñ esa pkYlZ eSlu
TT lkeosn % bl osn esa laxhr dh tkudkjh feyrh gS] blfy, }kjk fd;k x;kA gM+Iik laLo`Qfr dks dkaL; ;qxhu lH;rk
Hkh dgrs gSaA
61
TT flU/q ?kkVh lH;rk dh [kkst ^jk;cgknqj n;kjke lkguh* us 1- oqQy 2- xzke 3- fo'k 4- tu 5- jk"Vª
1921 esa dh FkhA TT xzke osQ eqf[k;k dks xzke.kh dgrs FksA
TT bl lH;rk osQ eq[; fuoklh ^æfoM+* rFkk ^Hkweè;lkxjh;* FksA TT fo'k dk ç/ku fo'kifr dgykrk Fkk rFkk tu osQ iz/ku dks
;g ,d uxjh; lH;rk FkhA jktk ;k tuifr dgrs FksA
TT flU/q lH;rk dk izeq[k cUnjxkg yksFky dks ekuk tkrk gSA TT lHkk ,oa lfefr jktk dks lykg nsus okyh laLFkk FkhA fL=k;k¡
TT flU/q lH;rk dh fyfi HkkokRed (fp=kkRed) FkhA ;g fyfi nksuksa esa Hkkx ys ldrh FkhaA
nk;sa ls ck;sa fy[kh tkrh FkhA TT ;q¼ osQ fy, xfof"V 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
TT flU/q lH;rk esa uxj rFkk ?kjksa dks cukus osQ fy, fxzM i¼fr TT ½XoSfnd lekt dks O;olk; osQ vk/kj ij pkj o.kks± esa ck¡Vk
viukbZ xbZA x;k FkkA
TT flU/q lekt êkr`lÙkkRed* FkkA 1- czkã.k 2- {kf=k; 3- oS'; 4- 'kwæ
TT eksgutksnM+ks ls ,d dk¡L; dh ewfrZ urZdh feyh gSA TT vk;ks± dk lekt ^fir`lÙkkRed* FkkA lekt dh lcls NksVh
TT tqrs gq, [ksr osQ lk{; dkyhcaxk ls çkIr gq, gSA bdkbZ ifjokj ;k oqQy Fkh ftldk eqf[k;k firk gksrk Fkk vkSj
TT uDdk'khnkj bZVksa osQ ç;ksx osQ lk{; Hkh dkyhcaxu ls çkIr mls oqQyi ;k x`gifr dgrs FksA
gq, gSA TT thouHkj vfookfgr jgus okyh efgykvksa dks vektw dgk
TT flU/q lH;rk osQ çeq[k LFky % tkrk FkkA
1- gM+Iik &ikfdLrku &jkoh unh &1921 TT vk;ks± dk fç; is;&inkFkZ lksejl FkkA ;g ouLifr ls cuk;k
2- eksgutksnM+ks &ikfdLrku &flU/q unh &1922 tkrk FkkA
3- pUgwnM+ks &ikfdLrku &flU/q unh &1931 TT mifu"knksa dh la[;k 108 ekuh tkrh gSA
4- dkyhcaxk &jktLFkku &?kX?kj unh &1953 TT vk;ks± dk eq[; O;olk; i'kqikyu vkSj o`Qf"k FkkA
5- yksFky &xqtjkr &Hkksxok unh &1957 TT vk;ks± dk fç; i'kq ?kksM+k vkSj fç; nsork bUæ FksA
TT xk; dh gR;k djus okyks osQ fy, e`R;qn.M rFkk ns'k ls
6- /kSykohjk &xqtjkr & & 1967
fudkyus dk çko/ku FkkA
7- lqRdkxsaMksj &ikfdLrku &nk'd unh &1927
TT ½Xosn esa mYysf[kr lHkh ufn;ksa esa ljLorh unh dks lcls
TT eksgutksnM+ks ls çkIr lcls cM+h bekjr vUukxkj gSA egRoiw.kZ rFkk ifo=k ekuk x;k gSA ½Xosn esa xaxk unh dk
TT budh eq[; iQly & xsgw¡ vkSj tkS Fkh rFkk ;s lwrh ,oa Åuh mYys[k ,d ckj rFkk ;equk unh dk mYys[k rhu ckj gqvk
oL=kksa dk ç;ksx djrs FksA gSA blesa flU/q unh dk mYys[k lcls vf/d ckj gqvk gSA
TT vfXuoaqQM yksFky rFkk dkyhcaxu ls çkIr gq;s gSA dkyhcaxu (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
dk vFkZ gS&dkyh pwfM;k¡A
TT pkoy osQ lk{; yksFky ls çkIr gq, gSA mÙkjoSfnd dky (1000&600 bZñiwñ)
TT gM+Iik dh eksgjksa ij ^,d lhax okys i'kq* dk fp=k feyrk TT mÙkjoSfnd dky esa bUæ osQ LFkku ij çtkifr nsork lcls
gSA fç; gks x;sA
TT flU/q lH;rk osQ yksx ekr` nsoh dh iwtk djrs FksA TT lR;eso t;rs êq.Mdksifu"kn~* ls fy;k x;k gSA
TT euksjatu osQ fy, ;s yksx eNyh idM+uk] f'kdkj djuk] TT mÙkjoSfnd dky esa egkdkO; dh la[;k nks Fkh& 1- egkHkkjr
i'kq&i{kh dks vkil esa yM+kuk rFkk iklk [ksyus vkfn fof/;ksa 2- jkek;.kA
dk ç;ksx djrs FksA TT egkHkkjr dk iqjkuk uke ^t;lafgrk* gSA
TT budks ryokj dk Kku ughaa Fkk vkSj vkx esa idh gqbZ feV~Vh
dks ^VsjkdksVk* dgk tkrk FkkA çeq[k n'kZu ,oa muosQ çorZd
n'kZu çorZd
oSfnd lH;rk
;ksx n'kZu
iratfy
TT oSfnd dky dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
U;k; n'kZu
xkSre ½f"k
1. ½XoSfnd dky (1500&1000 bZñiwñ)
lka[; n'kZu
dfiy eqfu (lcls çkphu n'kZu)
2. mÙkjoSfnd dky (1000&600 bZñiwñ)
TT vk;ks± }kjk fufeZr lH;rk oSfnd lH;rk FkhA vk;Z 'kCn dk tSu /eZ
vFkZ Js"B gksrk gSA TT tSu /eZ osQ laLFkkid rFkk çFke rhFkZadj ½"kHknso
TT vk;ks± dh Hkk"kk laLo`Qr Fkh vkSj ;g xzkeh.k lH;rk FkhA (miuke&vkfnukFk) FksA
TT ç'kklu dh bdkbZ dks ik¡p Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k FkkA TT tSu /eZ osQ 23 osa rhFk±dj ik'oZukFk Fks] tks dk'kh osQ jktk
62
v'olsu osQ iq=k FksA {kf=k; FksA (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
TT egkohj Lokeh tSu /eZ osQ 24 osa rFkk vafre rhFk±dj FksA TT ckS¼ /eZ osQ laLFkkid ^xkSre cq¼* FksA bUgsa ,f'k;k dk
egkohj Lokeh dk tUe 540 bZñiwñ esa oqQ.Mxzke (oS'kkyh) ^T;ksfr iqat* (Light of Asia) dgk tkrk gSA
esa gqvk FkkA TT budk tUe 563 bZñiwñ esa ^dfiyoLrq* osQ ^yqfEcuh* uked
TT buosQ firk dk uke fl¼kFkZ Fkk tks Kkr`d oqQy osQ ljnkj LFkku ij gqvk FkkA
Fks vkSj ekrk dk uke f=k'kyk nsoh FkkA og fyPNfo jktk TT buosQ firk dk uke ^'kq¼ks/u* Fkk] tks 'kkD; x.k osQ eqf[k;k
psVd dh cgu FkhA FksA
TT egkohj Lokeh dh iRuh dk uke ;'kksnk rFkk iq=kh dk uke TT budh ekrk êk;k nsoh* dh e`R;q buosQ tUe osQ 7osa fnu gh
fç;n'kZuh FkkA gks xb± FkhA budk ikyu&iks"k.k budh ekSlh çtkifr xkSreh
TT egkohj Lokeh osQ cpiu dk uke o¼Zeku FkkA us fd;kA
TT egkohj Lokeh us 30 o"kZ dh vk;q esa ekrk&firk dh e`R;q osQ TT xkSre cq¼ osQ cpiu dk uke fl¼kFkZ FkkA budk fookg 16
i'pkr~ vius cM+s HkkbZ uafno/Zu ls vuqefr ysdj laU;klh o"kZ dh voLFkk esa ;'kks/jk osQ lkFk gqvk FkkA
thou dks Lohdkjk FkkA TT buosQ iq=k dk uke jkgqy FkkA
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) TT fl¼kFkZ us yksxksa osQ nq%[kksa dks nwj djus dk fu'p; ysrs
TT 12 o"kZ dh dBksj riL;k osQ i'pkr~ t`fEHkdxzke (tfEHk;xzke) gq, 29 o"kZ dh vk;q esa x`g R;kx fd;k] ftls ckS¼ /eZ esa
esa ½tqikfydk unh osQ fdukjs lky osQ o`{k osQ uhps egkohj êgkfHkfu"Øe.k* dgk tkrk gSA
Lokeh dks Kku (oSQoY;) dh çkfIr gq;hA TT fl¼kFkZ us Kku dh [kkst esa b/j&m/j HkVdus osQ ckn
TT bUgksaus vius mins'k çko`Qr (v/Zekx/h) Hkk"kk esa fn;sA loZçFke oS'kkyh osQ lehi vkykjdyke rFkk #n~djkeiqRr
TT egkohj osQ çFke vuq;k;h muosQ nkekn tkekfy FksA uked nks xq:vksa ls f'k{kk yh FkhA vkykjdyke lka[; lEçnk;
TT çFke tSu fHk{kqf.k panuk FkhA osQ vuq;k;h FksA 6 o"kZ dh dBksj riL;k osQ i'pkr~ mudks
TT tSu /eZ osQ f=kjRu gSA oS'kk[k iwf.kZek dh jkr fujatuk (iQYxq) ;k iquiqu unh osQ
1- lE;d~ n'kZu 2- lE;d~ Kku 3- lE;d~ vkpj.k fdukjs ihiy osQ o`{k osQ uhps Kku dh çkfIr gqbZA mUgksaus
TT tSu /eZ esa iw.kZ Kku dks oSQoY; Kku dgk x;k gSA tSu /eZ viuk çFke mins'k lkjukFk esa fn;k] ftls ckS¼ xzUFkksa esa
dk lcls egRoiw.kZ fl¼kUr vfgalk FkkA ^/eZpØ çorZu* uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA egkRek cq¼ us riLlq
TT 72 o"kZ dh vk;q esa egkohj Lokeh dh e`R;q 468 bZñiwñ esa ,oa HkfYyd uked nks 'kwæksa dks ckS¼ /eZ dk loZçFke
ikokiqjh esa gks xbZA vuq;k;h cuk;kA (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
TT tSu eBksa dks clkfn (clfnl) dgk tkrk FkkA TT cq¼ us lokZf/d mins'k JkoLrh esa fn;sA
TT ekS;ksZÙkj ;qx esa eFkqjk tSu /eZ dk çfl¼ osQUæ FkkA TT cq¼ osQ çfl¼ vuq;k;h 'kkld fcfEclkj] çlsuftr rFkk
TT [ktqjkgks (eè; çns'k) esa tSu efUnj dk fuekZ.k pUnsy mn;u FksA
'kkldksa us djk;k FkkA TT oqQ'khuxj esa 483 bZñiwñ esa 80 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa mUgksaus 'kjhj
TT tSu /eZ dks ekuus okys jktk Fks& R;kx fn;kA bls ckS¼ xzUFkksa esa egkifjfuokZ.k dgk tkrk gSA
1- pUæxqIr ekS;Z 2- [kkjosy 3- veks?k o"kZ TT ckS¼ /eZ osQ f=kjRu gS& cq¼] /Ee rFkk la?kA
TT oLldkj us ofTt ij izLrkfor geys osQ ckjs esa lykg ysus osQ
TT tSu /eZ us vius vkè;kfRed fopkjksa dks ^lka[; n'kZu* ls
fy, cq¼ ls eqykdkr dh FkhA
çkIr fd;k gSA
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
TT çFke tSu laxhfr 300 bZñiwñ esa îkVfyiq=k* esa gqbZ Fkh] ftldk
vè;{k ^LFkwyHkæ* FkkA TT prqFkZ ckS¼ laxhfr osQ ckn ckS¼ /eZ nks Hkkxksa ghu;ku rFkk
TT f}rh; tSu laxhfr NBh 'krkCnh esa ôYyHkh (xqtjkr)* esa egk;ku esa foHkkftr gks x;kA
gqbZ] bldk vè;{k ^{kekJe.k* FkkA TT ckS¼ lkfgR; osQ rhu fiVd&lqÙkfiVd] fou;fiVd rFkk
TT tSu /eZ nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gqvk FkkA vfHk/Ee fiVdA
1- 'osrkEcj (lisQn oL=k /j.k djus okys) TT vius fç; f'k"; vkuUn osQ vkxzg ij cq¼ us ckS¼ la?k esa
fL=k;ksa osQ ços'k dks vuqefr nhA
2- fnxEcj (uXu jgus okys)
TT ckS¼ /eZ dh ifo=k fn'kk nf{k.k FkhA
TT 'osrkEcj ^LFkwyHkæ* osQ f'k"; FksA fnxEcj ^Hkæckgq* osQ
TT ckS¼ /eZ dk çpkj ikfy Hkk"kk esa fd;k x;k FkkA
f'k"; FksA
TT ckS¼ xzUFkksa esa laLo`Qr dk ç;ksx vfHk/Ee fiVd ls çkjEHk
ckS¼ /eZ gksrk gSA
TT cq¼ 'kkD; x.k uked ,d NksVs x.k ls lacaf/r Fks vkSj ,d TT 'kwU;okn osQ çorZd ukxktqZu FksA
63
TT foKkuokn osQ çorZd eS=ks; ukFk FksA TT bZlk elhg dks iQkalh ij îkasfV;l* us p<+k;kA
TT lqRRkfiVd dks çkjfEHkd ckS¼ /eZ dk bUlkbDyksihfM;k dgk
tkrk gSA
bLyke /eZ
TT cq¼ osQ iwoZ tUe dh dFkk,a (tkrd dFkk,a) lqÙkfiVd esa TT bLyke /eZ osQ laLFkkid gtjr ekS- lkgc FksA
of.kZr gSA TT budk tUe 570 bZñ esa eDdk esa gqvk FkkA
TT frCcr esa ckS¼ /eZ dk çpkj djus okys ckS¼ fHk{kq in~elaHko TT buosQ firk dk uke vCnqYyk rFkk ekrk dk uke vehuk FkkA
FksA TT gtjr ekS0 lkgc dks 610 bZñ esa eDdk osQ ikl ghjk uked
TT ukyUnk rFkk foØef'kyk fo'ofo|ky; ckS¼ f'k{kk osQ xqiQk esa Kku dh çkfIr gqbZA
ç/ku osQUæ FksA TT 622 bZñ dks iSxEcj osQ eDdk ls enhuk dh ;k=kk dks bLyke
TT cq¼ ikok ls oqQ'khuxj pys x;s vkSj ;gh ij lqHknz dks viuk /eZ esa fgtjh laor~ osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
vafre mins'k fn;kA TT ekS- lkgc osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh ^[kyhiQk* dgyk;sA
TT v'kksd] feuk.Mj] dfu"d] g"kZo¼Zu us ckS¼ /eZ osQ çlkj esa TT bLyke txr esa [kyhiQk in 1924 bZñ rd jgk D;ksafd mlh
fof'k"V ;ksxnku fn;k FkkA o"kZ bls rqdhZ 'kkld eqLriQk dekyik'kk us lekIr dj fn;k
TT cq¼ osQ iap'khy fl¼kUr dk o.kZu NkUnksX; mifu"kn~ esa FkkA
feyrk gSA ikjlh /eZ
ckS¼ laxhfr TT ikjlh /eZ dk laLFkkid ^tjFkqLVª (bZjkuh)* FkkA
lHkk le; LFkku vè;{k 'kkludky TT budh f'k{kkvksa dk ladyu ^tsan vosLrk* uked xzUFk esa gS]
çFke ckS¼ 483 bZñ jktx`g egkdL;i vtkr'k=kq tks ikjfl;kas dk /kfeZd xzUFk gSA
TT buosQ vuq;k;h ,d bZ'oj ^vgqj eTnk* dks ekurs gSaA
laxhfr iwoZ (egkdLli)
f}rh; ckS¼ 383 bZñ oS'kkyh lokdkeh dkyk'kksd fl[k /eZ
laxhfr iwoZ TT fl[k /eZ dh LFkkiuk xq# ukud nso us dh FkhA ;s fl[kksa
r`rh; ckS¼ 250&51 ikVfyiq=keksXxfy& v'kksd osQ igys xq: FksA
laxhfr bZñ iwoZ iqÙkfrLl TT ;s eqxy ckn'kkg ckcj rFkk gqek;w¡ osQ ledkyhu FksA
prqFkZ ckS¼ çFke oqQ.Myou olqfe=k dfu"d TT xq# ukud us yaxj (iaxr) O;oLFkk dk çpyu djk;kA bUgksaus
laxhfr 'krkCnh (d'ehj) gh vusd laxr (/eZ'kkyk) LFkkfir dhA
TT xq: ukud nso dh e`R;q ^1539 bZñ esa djrkjiqj* esa gqbZ FkhA
'kSo /eZ TT budk tUe 1469 bZñ esa ^ryoaM+h (uudkuk lkfgc)* esa
TT f'kofyax dh iwtk dk igyk lk{; ^gM+Iik* ls feyk gSA gqvk FkkA
TT ½Xosn esa f'ko dk mYys[k ^:æ* osQ :i esa gqvk gSA TT xq# vaxn fl[kksa osQ nwljs xq# FksA budk ewy uke ^yguk* FkkA
TT ,syksjk osQ çfl¼ oSQyk'k efUnj dk fuekZ.k ^jk"VªdwV oa'k osQ TT ^xq#eq[kh fyfi* dk vkjEHk xq: vaxn us fd;kA bUgksaus yaxj
jktk o`Q".k çFke* us djok;k FkkA (iaxr) O;oLFkk dks LFkkbZ cuk fn;kA
TT pksy 'kkld ^jktjkt çFke* us ratkSj esa çfl¼ ^jktjkts'oj TT fl[kksa osQ rhljs xq# ^xq# vejnkl* FksA xq: vejnkl us
efUnj* dk fuekZ.k djk;k] ftls ^c`gns'oj* efUnj Hkh dgrs fgUnqvksa ls vyx gksus okys dbZ dk;Z fd;sA
gSaA TT bUgksaus fl[kksa osQ fy, fgUnw ls vyx fookg i¼fr cukbZ ftls
TT oqQ"kk.k 'kkldksa dh eqæk ij ^f'ko ,oa uUnh* dk ,d lkFk ^you* dgrs gSaA
fp=k feyrk gSA TT ,d ckj vdcj us xq# vejnkl ls eqykdkr dh vkSj budh
iq=kh chch Hkkuh dks dbZ xk¡o nku esa fn;sA
bZlkbZ /eZ TT fl[kksa osQ pkSFks xq# jkenkl FksA vdcj us xq# jkenkl dh
TT bZlkbZ /eZ osQ laLFkkid ^bZlk elhg* gSA bUgsa ;h'kq uke ls iRuh ^chchHkkuh* dks 500 ch?kk tehu nh FkhA xq# jkenkl
Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gSA us blh tehu ij ^ve`rlj tyk'k;* rFkk ^ve`rlj 'kgj*
TT bZlkbZ /eZ dk çeq[k xzUFk ^ckbfcy* gSA dh LFkkiuk dhA ve`rlj 'kgj dk igyk uke jkenkliqj j[kk
TT bZlk elhg dk tUe ^ts:lye* osQ fudV ^cSFkysge* uked x;k FkkA
LFkku ij gqvk FkkA TT xq# vtZu (vtqZu) nso fl[kksa osQ ikapos xq# FksA bUgksaus
TT bZlk elhg osQ tUe dks ^fØlel* osQ :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA ^vkfnxzUFk* dh jpuk dhA
TT budh ekrk dk uke êSjh* rFkk firk dk uke ^tkslsiQ* FkkA TT bUgksaus gjefUnj lkfgc (Lo.kZ efUnj) dk fuekZ.k ve`rlj
64
tyk'k; osQ vUnj djk;k FkkA vkSj ^foÙk ea=kh& nhukukFk* FkkA
TT eqxy ckn'kkg tgk¡xhj us xq# vtqZu nso dh gR;k 1606 bZñ TT egkjktk j.kthr flag dh e`R;q 1839 bZñ esa gqbZA
esa jktdqekj [kqljks dh lgk;rk djus osQ dkj.k djok nhA TT ^HkSjksoky dh lfU/* 1846 bZñ esa vaxzstksa rFkk jktk nyhi
TT fl[kksa osQ NBs xq# ^gjxksfoUn* FksA bUgksaus fl[kksa dks ^lSU; flag osQ chp gqbZA
laxBu* dk :i fn;k rFkk ^vdky r[r* dk fuekZ.k djk;kA TT egkjktk j.kthr dh /kfeZd jkt/kuh ve`rlj vkSj
TT bUgksaus ve`rlj dh fdyscanh dhA jktuhfrd jkt/kuh ykgkSj FkhA
TT fl[kksa osQ lkrosa xq# ^gjjk;* Fks rFkk nkjkf'kdksg us buls
eqykdkr dh rFkk vk'khokZn izkIr fd;kA
oS".ko /eZ
TT fl[kksa osQ vkBosa ^xq# gjfd'ku* FksA budh e`R;q pspd ls TT oS".ko /eZ dh tkudkjh mifu"knksa ls feyrh gSA bldk fodkl
gqbZ FkhA bUgksaus fnYyh tkdj vkSjaxtsc dks xq# in osQ ckjs esa Hkkxor /eZ ls gqvk FkkA
le>k;k FkkA fl[kksa osQ ukSos xq# rsxcgknqj FksA bLyke Lohdkj TT oS".ko /eZ osQ izorZd ôklqnso o`Q".k* Fks] tks ô`f".koa'kh;
u djus osQ dkj.k vkSjaxtsc us budh gR;k djok nh FkhA ;kno* dchys osQ FksA
TT fl[kksa osQ nlosa o vfUre xq: ^xq# xksfoUn flag* FksA çeq[k er rFkk vkpk;Z
TT budk tUe 1666 bZñ esa iVuk esa gqvk FkkA buosQ fuokl LFkku 1- fof'k"Vk}Sr & jkekuqtkpk;Z
dks vkuUniqj lkfgc dgrs FksA 2- 'kq¼k}Sr & oYyHkkpk;Z
TT bUgksaus îkgqy* ç.kkyh dh 'kq:vkr dhA
3- }Sr & eèokpk;Z
TT bUgksus fl[kksa osQ fy, ik¡p ddkj (iapedkj) vfuok;Z fd;sA
1- osQ'k 2- da?kk 3- o`Qik.k 4- dPNk 5- dM+k 4- }Srk}+Sr & fuackdkZpk;Z
TT bUgksaus iq:"kksa osQ uke osQ var esa ^flag* rFkk efgyk osQ uke Hkkjr osQ ;ou jkT;
osQ var esa ^dkSj* tksM+us dks dgkA TT
Hkkjr ij vkØe.k djus okys fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dk Øe
TT ^[kkylk iaFk* dh LFkkiuk 1699 bZñ esa cSlk[kh osQ fnu xq:
fuEufyf[kr gS&
xksfoUn flag us dh FkhA 1- fgan&;wukuh 2- 'kd 3- gq.k 4- igYo 5- oqQ"kk.k
TT xq: xksfoUn flag dh e`R;q 1708 bZñ esa uaknsM+ uked LFkku
TT Hkkjr ij lcls igyk vkØe.k cSfDVª;k osQ 'kkld MsesfVª;l
ij gqbZA
us fd;kA ;g vkØe.k mlus 190 bZñiwñ esa fd;kA
TT buosQ nks iq=k iQrsg flag o tksjkoj flag dks othj [kk¡ us
TT blus 'kkdy dks viuh jkt/kuh cuk;kA
nhokj esa fpuok fn;kA
TT fgan&;wukfu;ksa esa lcls fo[;kr 'kkld feukUMj FkkA
TT xq# xksfoUn flag us vkfnxzUFk dks orZeku LFkk;h :i fn;k Fkk
TT bldh jkt/kuh 'kkdy (fl;kydksV) FkhA ;g f'k{kk dk
vkSj ;g Hkh dgk fd xq#ok.kh vc fl[k lEçnk; osQ fy,
çeq[k osQUæ FkhA
xq# dk dke djsxhA
TT feukUMj us ukxktqZu (ukxlsu) ls ckS¼ /eZ dh nh{kk yhA
cUnk cgknqj TT feukUMj osQ ç'u rFkk ukxlsu }kjk fn;s x;s mRrj ,d iqLrd
TT buosQ cpiu dk uke ^y{e.k nso* FkkA esa gS bl iqLrd dk uke fefyUniUgks gSA
TT buosQ firk dk uke ^jkenso* FkkA TT Hkkjr esa lcls igys lksus osQ flDosQ fgan&;wukfu;ksa us pyk;s
TT bUgksaus ykSgx<+ dks viuh jkt/kuh cuk;kA bUgksaus xq# xksfoUn FksA
rFkk xq# ukud nso osQ uke osQ flDosaQ pyk;sA TT gsysfufLVd vkVZ fgan&;wukfu;ksa }kjk pykbZ xbZ çkphu vkVZ
TT cUnk cgknqj us ljfgan izkar osQ eqxy iQkStnkj othj [kk¡ dh FkhA Hkkjr esa xkU/kj dyk bldk loksZRre mnkgj.k gSA
gR;k dj nhA TT insZ dk çpyu Hkh fgan&;wukfu;ksa us djk;k FkkA
TT eqxy ckn'kkg iQ:Z[kf'k;j osQ vkns'k ij 1716 bZñ esa cUnk 'kd
cgknqj dks ^xqjnkliqj uaxy xk¡o* uked LFkku ij ekj fn;k TT 'kd ewyr% eè; ,f'k;k osQ fuoklh FksA
x;kA TT çFke 'kd jktk eksxk FkkA 58 bZñiwñ esa mTtSu osQ ,d LFkkuh;
egkjktk j.kthr flag jktk us 'kdksa dks ckgj [knsM+ fn;k vkSj foØekfnR; dh mikf/
TT budk tUe xqtjk¡okyk esa 13 uoEcj 1780 dks gqvk FkkA /kj.k dh vkSj ,d loar~ pyk;k ftls foØe laor~ osQ uke
TT 25 vçSy 1809 bZñ dks egkjktk j.kthr flag rFkk pkYlZ ls tkuk tkrk FkkA
esVdkiQ (fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k osQ izfrfuf/RodrkZ) osQ chp TT mlh le; ls foØekfnR; dh mikf/ ,d yksdfç; mikf/
ve`rlj dh lfU/ gqbZA cu xbZ ftldh la[;k Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa 14 rd igqap xbZA
TT egkjktk j.kthr flag dk ^fons'k ea=kh& iQdhj vthtqn~nhu* TT 'kdksa dk lcls çrkih jktk :ænkeu çFke Fkk ftldk 'kklu
65
xqtjkr osQ ,d cM+s Hkkx ij FkkA TT og çkjEHk esa ^tSu /eZ* dk vuq;k;h Fkk] ijUrq ckn esa ckS¼
TT :ænkeu us ekS;ksZa }kjk fufeZr ^lqn'kZu >hy* dk iqu% /eZ dks ekuus yxkA
th.kks±}kj djok;kA TT vtkr'k=kq us 32 o"kks± rd ex/ ij 'kklu fd;kA
TT :ænkeu izFke laLo`Qr Hkk"kk dk cM+k çseh FkkA mlus laLo`Qr TT vtkr'k=kq osQ ea=kh dk uke ôRldkj* FkkA blh dh lgk;rk
Hkk"kk esa lcls igys ^twukx<+ vfHkys[k* tkjh fd;kA ls vtkr'k=kq us ôS'kkyh* ij fot; çkIr dh FkhA
TT Hkkjr esa 'kd jktk vius vki dks {k=ki dgrs FksA TT vtkr'k=kq osQ le; xkSre cq¼ dk egkifjfuokZ.k gqvk FkkA
fldUnj TT vius firk dh gR;k dj ^mn;u (mnf;u)* ex/ dh xn~nh
ij cSBkA
TT fldUnj dk tUe 356 bZñiwñ esa gqvk FkkA buosQ firk dk uke
TT mnf;u us îkVfyiq=k (oqQlqeiqjk)* dh LFkkiuk dhA og ^tSu
^fiQfyi f}rh;* FkkA ;g êdnwfu;k* dk jktk FkkA
/eZ* dk vuq;k;h FkkA
TT fldUnj dk xq# ^vjLrw* FkkA vjLrw dk xq# ÎysVks* rFkk IysVks
TT g;Zd oa'k dk vfUre jktk mnf;u dk iq=k ûkxn'kd* FkkA
dk xq# ^lqdjkr* FkkA
TT ukxn'kd dks mlosQ ea=kh ^f'k'kqukx* us xn~nh ls gVkdj 412
TT fldUnj us Hkkjr ij 326 bZñiwñ esa vkØe.k fd;k FkkA bldk
bZñiwñ esa ^f'k'kqukx oa'k* dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA
lsukifr ^lsY;wdl fuosQVj* FkkA
TT f'k'kqukx us viuh jkt/kuh ikVfyiq=k ls cnydj ôS'kkyh* esa
TT fldUnj dk ;q¼ iatkc osQ jktk iq: îksjl* osQ lkFk gqvkA
LFkkfir dhA f'k'kqukx us vofUr jkT; dks ex/ esa feyk;kA
;g ;q¼ >sye unh ij yM+k x;kA bl ;q¼ dks bfrgkl esa
TT ikVfyiq=k esa LFkkukarfjr gksus ls igys jktx`g dbZ o"kks± rd
^gkbZMsLiht* rFkk >sye ^forLrk* dk ;q¼ Hkh dgrs gSaA
ex/ dh jkt/kuh FkhA
TT fldUnj dh lsuk us O;kl unh dks ikj djus ls euk dj fn;kA
fldUnj dh vafre fot; ikVy FkhA
TT fldUnj 325 bZñiwñ esa Hkkjr ls ykSVkA og Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud TT f'k'kqukx dk mÙkjkf/dkjh ^dkyk'kksd* FkkA
dkykukl dks vius lkFk ys x;kA TT og iqu% viuh jkt/kuh îkVfyiq=k* ys x;kA
TT fldUnj dh e`R;q 323 bZñiwñ esa cschyksu esa 33 o"kZ dh voLFkk TT uan oa'k dk laLFkkid egkin~ekuan FkkA
esa gks xbZA TT uan oa'k dk vfUre jktk ^?kukuan* FkkA uan oa'k lokZf/d
TT blosQ ty lsukifr dk uke fu;kdZl Fkk rFkk blosQ fç; ?kksM+s /uh jkT; ,oa fo'kky lsuk osQ fy;s çfl¼ FkkA
dk uke ^cqdkisQyk* FkkA blh osQ uke ij fldUnj us >sye TT ?kukuan fldUnj osQ ledkyhu FkkA bldks ^pUæxqIr ekS;Z* us
unh osQ fdukjs ,d uxj clk;kA ;q¼ esa ijkftr djosQ ex/ ij êkS;Z oa'k* dh LFkkiuk dhA
ex/ jkT; dk mn; ekS;Z lkezkT;

TT ex/ izkphu Hkkjr osQ lksyg egktuinksa esa ls ,d FkkA TT ekS;Z oa'k dh LFkkiuk ^pUæxqIr ekS;Z* us dh FkhA
TT bldh jkt/uh ^fxfjczt* FkhA (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
TT c`gæFk osQ iq=k dk uke ^tjkla/* FkkA TT pUæxqIr ekS;Z dks ^lSaMªksdksV~l* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
TT izkphudky esa xaxk unh osQ nf{k.k osQ {ks=k dks ex/ osQ uke TT pUæxqIr ekS;Z dk ç/kuea=kh ^pk.kD;* FkkA blh dh lgk;rk ls
ls tkuk tkrk FkkA (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift I) blus ^/ukuan* dks gjk;k FkkA
TT pk.kD; us ^vFkZ'kkL=k* uked iqLrd fy[kh bl iqLrd dk
g;Zd oa'k
lEcU/ izkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ls gSA
TT g;Zd oa'k dk laLFkkid ^fcfEclkj* Fkk] tks 544 bZñiwñ esa
TT pUæxqIr ekS;Z 322 bZñiwñ esa ex/ dh jktxn~nh ij cSBkA
ex/ dh xn~nh ij cSBkA budks Jsf.kd osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk pUæxqIr ekS;Z ^tSu /eZ* dk vuq;k;h FkkA
tkrk FkkA TT bldk /kfeZd xq: ^Hkæckgq* FkkA
TT fcfEclkj us czãnÙk dks gjkdj ^vax jkT;* dks ex/ jkT;
TT pUæxqIr ekS;Z us 305 bZñiwñ esa lsY;wdl fuosQVj dks gjk;kA
esa feyk fy;kA TT lsY;wdl fuosQVj us viuh iq=kh ^dkusZfy;k* dh 'kknh pUæxqIr
TT fcfEclkj us jktx`g dk fuekZ.k dj mls viuh jkt/kuh cuk;kA
ekS;Z osQ lkFk dj nhA dkusZfy;k dk nwljk uke gsysuk FkkA
TT fcfEclkj egkohj tSu vkSj xkSre cq¼ osQ ledkyhu FksA
TT êsxLFkuht* tks lsY;wdl fuosQVj dk jktnwr Fkk] og pUæxqIr
TT fcfEclkj us jktoS| ^thod* dks egkRek cq¼ dh lsok djus
ekS;Z osQ njckj esa jgrk FkkA esxLFkuht us ^bafMdk* uked
osQ fy, muosQ ikl HkstkA iqLrd fy[khA (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
TT fcfEclkj dh gR;k mlosQ iq=k ^vtkr'k=kq* us dj nh vkSj og
TT esxLFkuht osQ vuqlkj pUnzxqIr osQ j{kd 'kkgh tqywlksa osQ nkSjku
492 bZñiwñ esa ex/ dh xn~nh ij cSBkA blus xkSre cq¼ osQ lksus vkSj pk¡nh ls ltk, x, gkfFk;ksa dh lokjh djrs FksA
ppsjs HkkbZ nsonÙk osQ dgus ij vius firk dh gR;k dh FkhA (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
TT vtkr'k=kq dk miuke ^dqf.kd* FkkA
66
TT pUæxqIr ekS;Z osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh :ænkeu osQ twukx<+ vfHkys[k TT Hkkjr esa f'kykys[k dk lcls igys çpyu v'kksd us fd;kA
ls feyrh gSA ;g vfHkys[k czkãh fyfi esa gSA TT v'kksd }kjk f'kykys[kksa esa ^czkãh] [kjks"Bh] xzhd ,oa vkjesbd*
TT pUæxqIr ekS;Z vkSj lsY;wdl fuosQVj osQ chp gq;s ;q¼ dk fyfi dk ç;ksx gqvk gSA
o.kZu ^,fIi;kul* us viuh iqLrd esa fd;kA pUæxqIr ekS;Z us TT v'kksd us ckS¼ /eZ osQ çpkj osQ fy, vius iq=k êgsUæ* ,oa
lsY;wdl fuosQVj dks 500 gkFkh migkj fn;s FksA iq=kh ^la?kfe=kk* dks Jhyadk HkstkA
TT pUæxqIr ekS;Z dh e`R;q 298 bZñiwñ esa ^Jo.kcsyxksyk* (dukZVd) (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
esa gqbZA TT v'kksd osQ f'kykys[k 1837 bZñ esa loZçFke ^tsEl fçalsi* us
TT esxLFkuht osQ vuqlkj ikVfyiq=k esa oqQy 64 }kj FksA i<+s FksA budh la[;k 14 gSA v'kksd osQ f'kykys[k dh [kkst
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift I) 1750 bZñ esa isQUFksyj us dh FkhA
fcUnqlkj TT v'kksd osQ njckj esa ^Mk;ksfufl;l* uked jktnwr vk;k Fkk]
TT pUæxqIr ekS;Z dk mÙkjkf/dkjh ^fcUnqlkj* FkkA tks 298 bZñiwñ esa
tks felz osQ jktk fiQykMsYiQl VkWyeh f}rh; us Hkstk FkkA
TT dkS'kkEch vfHkys[k dks ^jkuh dk vfHkys[k* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
ex/ dh xn~nh ij cSBkA
TT v'kksd dk lcls NksVk LrEHk&ys[k ^:fEeunsbZ* gSA
TT fcUnqlkj dks ^vfe=k?kkr* Hkh dgrs gSaA vfe=k?kkr dk vFkZ ^'k=kq
TT v'kksd dk ^'kj&,&dquk* vfHkys[k ^xzhd* ,oa ^vkjesbd*
fouk'kd* gksrk gSA
TT fcUnqlkj ^vkthod* lEçnk; dk vuq;k;h FkkA
Hkk"kk esa gSA
TT dfyax osQ ;q¼ dk o.kZu 13 osa f'kykys[k esa gSA
TT fcUnqlkj osQ njckj esa ^Mk;esdl* uked jktnwr dks lhfj;u
TT ekS;Z 'kkld v'kksd dh e`R;q 232 bZ-iw- esa gqbZ FkhA
jktk ^,afV;ksdl izFke* us Hkstk FkkA
TT ckS¼ fo}ku ^rkjkukFk* us fcUnqlkj dks 16 jkT;ksa dk fotsrk
crk;k FkkA TT vFkZ'kkL=k esa 'kh"kZLFk vf/dkjh dks ^rhFkZ* (egkek=k) dgrs gSaA
TT tSu xzUFkksa esa fcUnqlkj dks ^flaglsu* dgk x;k gSA TT ç'kklu dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ ^xzke* Fkh] ftldk eqf[k;k
TT pw¡fd ekS;Z lkezkT; bruk cM+k Fkk blfy, vyx&vyx fgLlksa ^xzke.kh* dgykrk FkkA
ij vyx&vyx 'kklu fd;k tkrk FkkA ikVfyiq=k osQ vklikl TT v'kksd osQ le; esa ekS;Z lkezkT; esa çkarksa dh la[;k 5 FkhA
osQ bykdksa ij lezkV dk lh/k fu;a=k.k FkkA TT çkarksa dks ^pØ* dgk tkrk FkkA
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) TT ekS;ksZRrj dky esa nkl duZdkj os iq#"k vkSj efgyk,¡ Fks ftuosQ
ikl tehusa ugha FkhaA
v'kksd (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
TT fcUnqlkj dk mÙkjkf/dkjh ^v'kksd egku* gqvk tks 269 bZñiwñ TT vFkZ'kkL=k esa xqIrpj dks ^xw<+ iq:"k* dgk tkrk gSA
esa ex/ dh jktxn~nh ij cSBkA v'kksd us d'ehj esa Jhuxj TT ljdkjh Hkwfe dks ^lhrk Hkwfe* dgk tkrk FkkA
clk;kA v'kksd us usiky esa yfyriÙku uxj clk;kA TT ekS;Z 'kklu 137 o"kks± rd jgkA
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift III) TT ekS;Z oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld ^c`gnzFk* FkkA
TT jktxn~nh ij cSBus osQ le; v'kksd ^vofUr dk jkT;iky* FkkA (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
TT êkLdh* ,oa ^xqtZjk* vfHkys[k esa v'kksd dk uke v'kksd TT bldh gR;k blosQ lsukifr îq";fe=k 'kqax* us 185 bZñiwñ esa dj
feyrk gSA nh vkSj ex/ ij 'kqax oa'k dh uho MkyhA
TT iqjk.kksa esa v'kksd dks ^v'kksd o/Zu* dgk x;k gSA TT ekS;Z lkezkT; dh eqæk î.k* FkhA
TT v'kksd us jktxn~nh ij cSBus osQ 8 o"kZ ckn 261 bZñiwñ esa TT v'kksd dk uke ^nsokuke fç;* (nsorkvksa dk fç;) Hkh gSA
^dfyax* ij vkØe.k dj fn;k vkSj dfyax dh jkt/kuh (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
^rkslyh* ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA
TT dfyax dk jktk ^[kkjosy* Fkk] tks ^tSu /eZ* dk vuq;k;h FkkA 'kqax lkezkT;
TT bl ;q¼ esa Hk;adj ekj&dkV dks ns[kdj v'kksd dks cgqr TT iq";fe=k 'kqax us ex/ ij 'kqax oa'k dh uhao MkyhA og ekS;ksZ
ihM+k gqbZ vkSj mlus dHkh Hkh ;q¼ u djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA dk lsukifr FkkA og czkã.k tkfr dk FkkA
bl ;q¼ osQ ckn v'kksd us ^ckS¼ /eZ* viuk fy;kA igys og (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
Hkxoku f'ko dh iwtk djrk FkkA v'kksd osQ ç/kuea=kh dk uke TT 'kqax 'kkldksa us viuh jkt/kuh fofn'kk esa LFkkfir dhA bl
jk/kxqIr FkkA (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) dky esa izFke Le`fr xzaFk euqLe`fr osQ orZeku Lo:i dh jpuk
TT v'kksd dk /kfeZd xq: ^mixqIr* FkkA v'kksd dh ekrk dk dh x;hA
uke ^lqHkækaxh* FkkA og paik osQ ,d czkã.k dh iq=kh FkhA TT iq";fe=k 'kqax us vius jktiqjksfgr iratfy ls nks v'oes|
vlaf/fe=kk ,oa dk:okdh v'kksd dh ifRu;k¡ FkhA ;K djk;sA iq";fe=k 'kqax dks dfyax ujs'k [kkjosy us ijkftr
67
fd;k FkkA TT js'ke cukus dh lcls igys rduhd dk vkfo"dkj ^phu* esa
TT 'kqax oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld nsoHkwfr FkkA bldh gR;k oklqnso gqvkA (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
us dj nh vkSj ex/ dh xn~nh ij d.o oa'k dh uhao MkyhA TT js'ke ekxZ ij fu;a=k.k j[kus okys 'kkldksa esa lcls çfl¼
d.o oa'k dk vfUre jktk lq'kekZ@lq'keZu FkkA oqQ"kk.k FksA blls oqQ"kk.kksa dks cgqr vf/d vk; gksrh FkhA
TT lq'kekZ@lq'keZu dh gR;k f'keqd@fleqd us dj nh vkSj lkrokgu xqIr lkezkT;
oa'k dh uhao MkyhA
TT xqIr lkezkT; dk mn; rhljh 'krkCnh osQ var esa gqvk FkkA
TT lkrokgu oa'k dh jkt/kuh çfr"Bku@iSB.k Fkh] tks egkjk"Vª esa
TT xqIr oa'k dk laLFkkid ^Jh xqIr* FkkA
xksnkojh unh osQ fdukjs fLFkr FkhA
TT bldk mÙkjkf/dkjh ^?kVksRdp* gqvkA
TT lkrokgu oa'k dh Hkk"kk çko`Qr vkSj fyfi czkãh FkhA lkrokguksa
TT xqIr oa'k dk çFke egku lezkV pUæxqIr çFke FkkA ;g
esa ekr`lÙkkRed lkekftd O;oLFkk FkhA
319 bZñ esa xn~nh ij cSBkA bls gh xqIr oa'k dk okLrfod
TT czkã.kksa dks Hkwfe nku esa nsus dh çFkk dk vkjEHk lkrokgu oa'k
laLFkkid ekuk tkrk gSA
osQ 'kkldksa us fd;kA
TT blus ^fyPNoh* jktdqekjh ^dqekj nsoh* ls fookg fd;kA
TT xkSreh iq=k 'krd.khZ bl oa'k dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh jktk FkkA
TT pUæxqIr çFke us êgkjktkf/jkt* dh mikf/ /kj.k dhA
oqQ"kk.k oa'k pUæxqIr çFke us xqIr laor~ (319&320 bZñ) pyk;kA
TT ig~yoksa osQ ckn esa oqQ"kk.k vk;s tks ^;wfp vkSj rks[kkjh* Hkh TT bldk mÙkjkf/dkjh ^leqæxqIr* gqvk tks 335 bZñ esa jktxn~nh
dgykrs FksA ij cSBkA
TT ;wfp uked ,d dfcyk ikap Hkkxks esa caVk gqvk FkkA mUgh esa TT leqæxqIr us vk;kZo`r osQ 9 jktk rFkk nf{k.kkiFk osQ 12 jktkvksa
ls ,d dq"kk.k FksA dks ijkftr fd;kA
TT oqQ"kk.k oa'k dh LFkkiuk ^dqtqy dMfiQlsl* us dh FkhA (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
TT bl oa'k dk lcls egku jktk dfu"d FkkA bldh jkt/kuh TT leqæxqIr dks ^Hkkjr dk usiksfy;u* dgrs gSaA
îq:"kiqj (is'kkoj)* FkhA (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) TT leqæxqIr dh mikf/ % vizfrjFk] ijkozQekad] ijeHkkxor]
TT oqQ"kk.kksa dh nwljh jkt/kuh eFkqjk FkhA dfu"d us 78 bZñ esa O;k?kz&ijkozQekadA
xn~nh ij cSBus osQ le; ,d laor~ pyk;k] tks ^'kd laor~* TT leqæxqIr dk njckjh dfo ^gfjlsu* Fkk] ftlus ^bykgkckn
dgykrk gSA ;g laor~ Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ç;ksx esa yk;k tk ç'kfLr ys[k* dh jpuk dhA leqæxqIr fo".kq dk mikld FkkA
jgk gSA (SSC GD, 8 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
TT dfu"d ckS¼ /eZ osQ egk;ku lEçnk; dk vuq;k;h FkkA TT leqæxqIr laxhr çseh FkkA bls blosQ flDdksa ij ôh.kk* ctkrs
TT oqQ"kk.k 'kkldksa us cM+h la[;k esa ^Lo.kZ eqæk* tkjh dhA dfu"d gq;s fn[kk;k x;k gSA
us d'ehj fot; osQ ckn ogk¡ dfu"diqj uxj clk;kA mlus TT leqæzxqIr dk mÙkjkf/dkjh pUæxqIr II gqvk] tks 380 bZñ esa
egkjktk nsoiq=k dfu"d dh mikf/ yh FkhA xn~nh ij cSBkA
TT dfu"d osQ njckj esa ^pjd* (jktoS|) jgrk Fkk] ftlus TT pUæxqIr II us ^foØekfnR;* dh mikf/ /kj.k dh blfy, bUgsa
^pjdlafgrk* fy[khA v'o?kks"k dfu"d osQ jktdfo Fks] ftlls ^pUæxqIr foØekfnR;* Hkh dgrs gSaA
dfu"d us ckS¼ /eZ dh nh{kk yhA dfu"d dk iqjksfgr TT blosQ le; esa phuh ckS¼ ;k=kh îQkáku* Hkkjr vk;k FkkA
la?kj{kd FkkA (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift I) TT 'kdksa ij fot; osQ miy{; esa blus ^pk¡nh osQ flDosQ* pyk;sA
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift III) TT pUæxqIr II osQ njckj esa ^vk;ZHkV~V] /Uoarfj] czãxqIr]
TT dfu"d osQ njckj esa v'o?kks"k] ukxktqZu] pjd] olqfe=k] ik'oZ ojkgfefgj* tSls fo}ku jgrs FksA
eFkj vkSj la?kj{kd jgrs FksA v'o?kks"k us cq¼pfjre~ uked TT pUæxqIr II dk mÙkjkf/dkjh ôqQekjxqIr* Fkk] ftldk dk;Zdky
iqLrd fy[khA ukxktqZu us ekè;fed lw=k uked iqLrd fy[kh (415&455) bZñ FkkA dqekjxqIr dh eqæk e;wj vko`Qfr dh FkhA
vkSj bl iqLrd esa lkis{krk dk fl¼kUr çLrqr fd;kA ukxktqZu TT ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ^dqekjxqIr* us dh FkhA bl
dks Hkkjr dk vkbUlVhu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA fo'ofo|ky; dks vkWDliQksMZ vkWiQ egk;ku ckS¼ dgk tkrk
TT oqQ"kk.k oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld oklqnso f}rh; FkkA gSA (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
TT pjd dks vk;qosZn osQ tud osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA TT oqQekjxqIr dk mÙkjkf/dkjh ^LdUnxqIr* FkkA bldk dk;Zdky
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift II) 455&467 bZñ FkkA
TT xka/kj 'kSyh rFkk eFkqjk 'kSyh dk fodkl dfu"d osQ 'kkludky TT ^gw.kksa dk vkØe.k* LdUnxqIr osQ dky esa gqvkA twukx<+
esa gqvk FkkA vfHkys[k esa gw.kksa dks EysPN dgk x;k gSA gw.kksa dk
68
egRoiw.kZ 'kkld rksjek.k FkkA TT g"kZ vkSj iqyosQf'ku II osQ chp ueZnk unh osQ rV ij ;q¼
TT LdUnxqIr us fxjukj ioZr ij fLFkr ^lqn'kZu >hy* dk iqu% gqvk] ftlesa g"kZ dh ijkt; gqbZA
m¼kj djok;kA (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
TT xqIr oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld ^fo".kqxqIr* FkkA TT phuh ;k=kh ^g~osulkax* g"kZo¼Zu osQ njckj esa vk;k FkkA og
TT xqIr dky esa iqfyl foHkkx osQ lk/kj.k deZpkfj;ksa dks ^pkV ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky; esa i<+us osQ fy;s vk;k FkkA g~osulkax us
,oa HkkV* dgk tkrk Fkk rFkk cM+s vf/dkjh dks n.Mikf'kd 'kwæksa dks o`Q"kd dgk gSA
dgk tkrk FkkA (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
TT xqIr jktkvksa us lokZf/d Lo.kZ eqæk tkjh dh] ftls ^nhukj* TT çkjEHk esa g"kZ f'ko dh iwtk djrk Fkk] ijUrq g~osulkax ls feyus
dgk tkrk FkkA osQ ckn ckS¼ /eZ dh egk;ku 'kk[kk ls tqM+ x;kA
TT xqIr dky esa pkanh osQ flDdksa dks ^:I;d ;k :id* dgk TT ^ck.kHkV~V* g"kZo¼Zu dk dfo Fkk] ftlus g"kZpfjr rFkk
tkrk FkkA dknEcjh uked iqLrd fy[khA g"kZo¼Zu }kjk jfpr ukVd %&
TT igyh ckj lrh gksus dk çek.k 510 bZñ esa HkkuqxqIr osQ ^,j.k* 1- fç;nf'kZdk 2- jRukoyh 3- ukxkuUn
vfHkys[k ls feyrk gSA xqIr lezkV ôS".ko /eZ* osQ vuq;k;h (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
FksA TT
g"kZo¼Zu osQ le; esa eFkqjk lwrh oL=k osQ fy, çfl¼ FkkA
TT ^x:M+* xqIr oa'k dk jkT; fpUg FkkA xqIrdky esa oL=k m|ksx g"kZo¼Zu dks Hkkjr dk vfUre ^fgUnq lezkV* dgk tkrk gSA g"kZ
lcls egRoiw.kZ FkkA osQ le; esa Hkwfedj mRiknu dk NBk Hkkx FkkA
TT bykgkckn (iz;kxjkt) esa v'kksd LraHk ij leqnzxqIr dh TT g"kZpfjr~ iqLrd esa çkUrh; 'kkld osQ fy, ^yksdiky* 'kCn
iz'kfLr dh [kqnkbZ dh xbZ gSA dk ç;ksx gqvk gSA iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks pkV ;k HkkV dgk x;k
gSA xzke] 'kklu dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ FkhA g"kZ us rhuksa iqLrosaQ
TT vtUrk dh xqiQkvksa dk fuekZ.k xqIr dky esa gqvkA ;s 29 laLo`Qr Hkk"kk esa fy[kh FkhA
xqiQk;sa Fkh] ijUrq orZeku esa 6 gh cph gSA ;s ckS¼ /eZ dh
egk;ku 'kk[kk ls lEcfU/r gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ çeq[k jktoa'k
TT ck?k dh xqiQk dk fuekZ.k Hkh xqIr dky esa gqvk FkkA
iYyo oa'k
TT xqIr jktkvksa dh 'kkldh; Hkk"kk ^laLo`Qr* FkhA xqIrdky esa
TT iYyo jktoa'k dk laLFkkid cIinso Fkk] ijUrq iYyo oa'k
nkl çFkk Hkh FkhA
dk okLrfod laLFkkid ^flag fo".kq* dks ekuk tkrk gSA bldh
TT laLo`Qr Hkk"kk osQ çfl¼ dfo dkfynkl pUæxqIr II osQ njckj
jkt/kuh ^dk¡phiqje* FkhA ;g oS".ko /eZ dk vuq;k;h FkkA
esa jgrs FksA
ys[kd ^Hkkjfo* buosQ njckj esa jgrs Fks] ftlus fdjkrktqZuh;e~
TT efUnj cukus dh dyk dk tUe xqIr dky esa gqvkA
uked iqLrd fy[khA
TT dkfynkl osQ }kjk jfpr ^vfHkKku 'kkoqQUrye~* çFke Hkkjrh;
TT egsUæ oeZu çFke] ujflag oeZu çFke] egsUæ oeZu f}rh;]
jpuk gS ftldk vuqokn ;wjksih; Hkk"kk esa gqvkA
ijes'oj oeZu çFke] ujflag oeZu f}rh; vkfn bl oa'k osQ
TT lkaLo`Qfrd miyfC/;ksa osQ dkj.k xqIr dky dks ^Hkkjr osQ
çeq[k 'kkld FksA
bfrgkl dk Lo.kZ ;qx^ dgk tkrk gSA
TT iYyo oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld ^vijkftroeZu* FkkA
iq";Hkwfr oa'k ;k o/Zu oa'k TT egkcyhiqje osQ jFk efUnj dk fuekZ.k iYyo jktk
TT bldk laLFkkid îq";Hkwfr* FkkA bldh jkt/kuh ^Fkkus'oj* ûjflag oeZu çFke* us djk;k FkkA
(gfj;k.kk) FkhA TT ujflag oeZu çFke us ôkrkihdks.M* dh mikf/ /kj.k dh FkhA
TT bl oa'k dk igyk çrkih jktk ^çHkkdj o/Zu* gqvkA blus og bl oa'k dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh 'kkld FkkA
îje HkV~Vkjd* dh mikf/ /kj.k dhA ;g bl oa'k dk pkSFkk TT vjcksa osQ vkØe.k osQ le; iYyoksa dk jktk ûjflag oeZu
'kkld FkkA bldh iRuh dk uke ^;'kksefr* Fkk] og vius f}rh;* FkkA
ifr osQ lkFk lrh gks x;h FkhA blosQ nks iq=k FksA 1- jkT;o¼Zu TT blus dk¡ph osQ ôSQyk'kukFk efUnj* dk fuekZ.k djk;kA bl
2- g"kZo¼Zu efUnj dk fuekZ.k ^æfoM+ 'kSyh* esa gqvk FkkA
TT jkT;o¼Zu dh e`R;q osQ ckn 606 bZñ esa g"kZo¼Zu Fkkus'oj dh TT ujflag oeZu f}rh; dk njckjh dfo n.Mh Fkk] ftlus
xn~nh ij cSBkA rc og 16 o"kZ dk FkkA bldks ^f'kykfnR;* n'kdqekjpfjr~ uked iqLrd fy[khA
osQ uke ls Hkh tkrk gSA g"kZ us dqy 41 o"kZ rd 'kklu fd;kA TT iYyoksa osQ vfHkys[kksa esa dbZ LFkkuh; lHkkvksa dh ppkZ gSA buesa
g"kZ us 'ka'kkd dks ijkftr djosQ dUukSt ij vf/dkj dj ls ,d czkã.k HkwLokfe;ksa dk laxBu ftls lHkk dgrs FksA
mls viuh jkt/kuh cuk;kA g"kZ dk ;q¼ ,oa 'kkfUr dk ea=kh (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
vofUr FkkA
69
pksy lkezkT; TT
jk"VªowQV oa'k dk jktk veks?ko"kZ tSu /eZ dks ekurk FkkA
TT pksy lkezkT; esa fo|ky; osQ fy, nku nh xbZ Hkwfe dks 'kkyk TT
^vkfn iqjk.k* dk ys[kd ftulsu veks?ko"kZ osQ njckj esa jgrk
Hkksx dgk tkrk gSA (SSC GD, 2023) FkkA xf.krK egkohjkpk;Z Hkh muosQ njckj esa jgrs FksA
TT pksyksa dk loZçFke o.kZu v'kksd osQ rsjgosa f'kykys[k esa TT jk"VªowQV oa'k dk vfUre egku 'kkld o`Q".k&III FkkA blh
feyrk gSA osQ njckj esa dUuM osQ dfo iksUu jgrs Fks] ftlus 'kkfUriqjk.k
TT bl oa'k dk laLFkkid ^fot;ky;* FkkA jktk fot;ky; us uked iqLrd fy[khA
ujosQljh dh mikf/ /kj.k dh FkhA TT bUæ&III osQ 'kklu dky esa vjc fuoklh vyelwnh Hkkjr
TT bldh jkt/kuh ratkSj FkhA vk;k FkkA
TT rfey egkdkO; f'kyIifndkje dh jpuk yxHkx 1800 lky TT bl oa'k dk vfUre jktk doZQ f}rh; Fkk] ftldks pkyqD; oa'k
igys gqbZ FkhA bldh jpuk bayxks us dh FkhA osQ 'kkld rSyi&II us gjk;k FkkA
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift III) iky oa'k
TT pksy dky esa /uh HkwLokfe;ksa dks eqosanosyu vkSj vjb;kj dh TT iky oa'k dh LFkkiuk 750 bZñ esa xksiky us dh FkhA
mikf/ nh tkrh FkhA TT xksiky ckS¼ /eZ dk vuq;k;h FkkA xksiky us vksnUriqjh esa ,d
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) eB dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA
TT jktjkt çFke us Jhyadk ij vkØe.k fd;kA ogka osQ jktk TT iky oa'k osQ çeq[k 'kkld /eZiky] nsoiky] ukjk;.k iky]
efgUæ&V dks Hkkxuk iM+kA jktjkt çFke ^'kSo /eZ* dk efgiky] jkeiky vkfn FksA iky oa'k osQ 'kkld ckS¼ /eZ osQ
vuq;k;h FkkA vuq;k;h FksA
TT ratkSj esa jktjkts'oj efUnj dks jktjkt çFke us cuok;k FkkA TT iky oa'k dk lcls egku 'kkld /eZiky FkkA /eZiky us
;g efUnj Hkxoku f'ko dks lefiZr gSA foØef'kyk fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA (lkseiqj
TT pksy lkezkT; dk lokZf/d foLrkj jktsUnz çFke us fd;kA egkfogkj dk fuekZ.k /eZiky us djk;k FkkA)
Jhyadk esa ckS¼ fogkjksa dks jktsUæ çFke us uqdlku igq¡pk;kA
lsu oa'k
blus iky oa'k osQ 'kkld efgiky dks gjkdj xaxbZdks.Mpksy
dh mikf/ /kj.k dhA jktsUæ çFke us viuh ubZ jkt/kuh TT lsu oa'k dh LFkkiuk lkeUr lsu us dh FkhA
TT lsu oa'k dk çFke egku 'kkld fot; lsu Fkk] tks 'kSo
xaxbZdks.Mpksyiqje~ esa cukbZA
TT pksy oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld jktsUæ&III FkkA
/eZ dk vuq;k;h FkkA
TT ^y{e.k lsu* caxky dk vfUre ^fgUnq 'kkld* FkkA gyk;q¼
TT pksy dky esa Hkwfedj mit dk 1@3 Hkkx gksrk FkkA
TT pksy dky esa lksus osQ ekud flDdksa dks dyatq dgk tkrk FkkA
y{e.k lsu dk U;k;k/h'k rFkk ea=kh FkkA y{e.k lsu osQ njckj
TT pksy dky dk lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ cUnjxkg dkosjhiV~Vue FkkA
esa ^t;nso* jgrk Fkk] ftlus ^xhrxksfoUn* uked iqLrd fy[khA
TT pksy oa'k dh ukSlsuk 'kfDr dks Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa cgqr xqtZj çfrgkj oa'k
'kfDr'kkyh ekuk x;k gSA dksjaxukFk efUnj ijkUrd çFke us TT fefgjHkkst dh Xokfy;j iz'kfLr esa izfrgkjksa us Lo;a dks e;kZnk
cuok;kA iq:"kksÙke jke osQ vuqt y{e.k dk oa'kt crk;k gSaA
TT uVjkt çfrek dks pksy dyk dk lkaLo`Qfrd fupksM+ dgk TT bl oa'k dh LFkkiuk gfj'pUnz uked jktk us dh] fdUrq oa'k
tkrk gSA dk izFke okLrfod egRoiw.kZ 'kkld ukxHkV~V izFke crk;k
x;k gSA
jk"VªowQV oa'k
TT fefgjHkkst izFke (836&885 bZ0) bl oa'k osQ izrkih 'kkld
TT bldk laLFkkid nfUrnqxZ (752 bZñ) FkkA bldh jkt/uh
FksA fefgjHkkst us jk"VªowQV 'kkld o`Q".k f}rh; dks gjkdj
efudj ;k ekU;[ksV FkhA bldk mRrjkf/dkjh o`Q".k I FkkA
ekyok izkIr fd;kA
TT jk"VªdwV oa'k esa o`Q".k&I] o`Q".k&II] /qoz&I] bUn&III]
TT fefgjHkkst oS".ko /ekZuq;k;h FksA
xksfoUn&III] o`Q".k&III vkfn 'kkld FksA
TT fefgjHkkst us viuh jkt/kuh dUukSt dks cuk;kA buosQ dky
TT ,yksjk osQ çfl¼ oSQyk'k efUnj dk fuekZ.k o`Q".k&I us djk;k
esa vjc ;k=kh lqyseku Hkkjr vk;kA
FkkA
TT bl oa'k dk vafre 'kkld ;'kiky FkkA
TT /qzo izFke jk"VªdwV oa'k dk igyk 'kkld Fkk] ftlus dUukSt ij
vf/dkj djus gsrq f=ki{kh; la?k"kZ esa Hkkx fy;k vkSj thr rksej oa'k
çkIr dhA /qzo dks /kjko"kZ Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA /zqo dk TT rksej oa'k dh LFkkiuk vuaxiky rksej us 736 bZñ esa dh FkhA
mÙkjkf/dkjh xksfoUn&III FkkA blosQ ckn veks?ko"kZ jktxn~nh blus fnYyh uxj dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj bls viuh jkt/kuh
ij cSBkA cuk;kA
70
pUnsy oa'k ^nkfgj* dk 'kklu FkkA fla/ ij vkØe.k dk vkns'k vjc osQ
TT bl oa'k dh LFkkiuk ûUuqd* us 9oha 'krkCnh esa dh FkhA budh lwcsnkj vy&gTtkt us fn;k FkkA
jkt/kuh ^[ktqjkgks* FkhA TT Hkkjr ij vjcksa osQ vkØe.k dk çeq[k mn~ns'; ^/u&nkSyr*
TT bl oa'k dk çFke çrkih jktk ^;'kksoeZu* FkkA blus dUukSt ywVuk rFkk ^bLyke /eZ* dk çpkj djuk FkkA vjcksa osQ fla/
ij vkØe.k dj fn;k vkSj çfrgkj jktk nsoiky dks gjk;kA ij fot; dh tkudkjh ^ppukek* ls çkIr gksrh gSA
;'kksoeZu us [ktqjkgksa osQ çfl¼ prqHkqZt efUnj (fo".kq efUnj) TT Hkkjr esa tft;k dj yxkus okyk igyk 'kkld eksgEen fcu
dk fuekZ.k djok;kA dkfle FkkA
TT ôaQnfj;k egknso efUnj* dk fuekZ.k jktk fo|k/j us djk;kA TT Hkkjrh; turk osQ fy, fgUnq 'kCn dk iz;ksx lcls igys vjcksa
TT /axnso us ç;kx laxe esa ty lekf/ ys yh FkhA }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA
TT fo|k/j ,d ek=k ,slk jktk gqvk gS] ftlus egewn xtuoh egewn xtuh
dk fojks/ fd;k FkkA TT egewn xtuh osQ firk dk uke ^lqcqDrxhu* FkkA egewn xtuh
TT bl oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld îjefnZnso* ;k îjey* FkkA dk tUe 971 bZñ esa gqvk FkkA egewn xtuh 998 bZñ esa
pkSgku oa'k jktxn~nh ij cSBkA
TT pkSgku oa'k dh LFkkiuk oklqnso us vtesj osQ fudV 'kkdEHkjh TT egewn xtuh us Hkkjr ij igyk vkØe.k 1000 bZñ esa fd;kA
esa dhA oklqnso us viuh jkt/kuh vfgPN=kiqj esa LFkkfir dhA egewn xtuh us Hkkjr ij 17 ckj vkØe.k fd;kA blosQ
TT ^vt;jkt* (i`Fohjkt izFke osQ iq=k) us vtesj uxj dh vkØe.k dk çeq[k mn~ns'; Hkh /u dks ywVuk FkkA egewn
LFkkiuk dh vkSj mls viuh jkt/kuh cuk;kA xtuh ,d ewfrZHkatd vkØe.kdkjh FkkA
TT foxzgjkt&IV dh jpuk dk uke gfjosQfy@gfjosQy ukVd gSA TT egewn xtuh us 1001 bZñ esa jktk t;iky dks gjk;kA egewn
bldk njckjh dfo lksenso FkkA xtuh us 1025 bZñ esa lkseukFk osQ efUnj (lkSjk"Vª] xqtjkr)
TT bl oa'k dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh jktk ^foxzgjkt&IV* gqvkA ij vkØe.k fd;kA bl vkØe.k osQ le; mlus 50]000 ls
blus rksej jktkvksa dks gjkdj fnYyh ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA vf/d fgUnqvksa dk dRy fd;k FkkA
^v<+kbZ fnu dk >ksiM+k*] tks fd vtesj esa fLFkr ,d efLtn TT egewn xtuh dk Hkkjr ij vfUre vkØe.k 1027 bZñ esa tkVksa
gS] 'kq: esa foxzgjkt&IV }kjk cuok;k x;k ,d laLd`r osQ fo:¼ FkkA
fo|ky; FkkA TT lqYrku dh mikf/ /kj.k djus okyk igyk 'kkld êgewn
TT bl oa'k dk izfl¼ jktk î`Fohjkt&III* FkkA ^pUncjnkbZ* xtuh* FkkA
bldk njckjh dfo Fkk blus î`Fohjkt jklks* fy[khA TT egewn xtuh dh e`R;q 1030 bZñ esa gqbZA vyc:uh] fiQjnkSlh
TT rjkbZu dk çFke ;q¼ 1191 bZñ esa i`Fohjkt pkSgku rFkk ekS0 rFkk iQ:Z[kh egewn xtuh osQ njckj esa jgrs FksA
xkSjh osQ chp gqvkA bl ;q¼ esa i`Fohjkt pkSgku dh thr gqbZA TT ^'kkgukek* dh jpuk fiQjnkSlh us dh rFkk ^fdrkc&my&fgUn*
TT rjkbZu dk f}rh; ;q¼ 1192 bZñ esa i`Fohjkt pkSgku rFkk ekS0 dh jpuk vyc:uh us dhA ;s nksuksa egewn xtuh osQ lkFk
xkSjh osQ chp gqvk vkSj blesa i`Fohjkt pkSgku dh gkj gqbZA Hkkjr vk;s FksA
ijekj oa'k eqgEen xksjh
TT ijekj oa'k dk laLFkkid ^misUæ jkt (o`Q".k jkt)* FkkA bldh TT ekS0 xksjh us Hkkjr ij igyk vkØe.k 1175 bZñ esa eqYrku ij
jkt/kuh ^/kjk uxjh* FkhA igys ijekjksa dh jkt/kuh mTtSu fd;kA ekS0 xksjh us nwljk vkØe.k 1178 bZñ esa ikVu (xqtjkr)
FkhA ij fd;kA ikVu osQ 'kkld Hkhe f}rh; us ekS- xkSjh dks cqjh
TT bl oa'k dk egku 'kkld ^jktk Hkkst* FkkA Hkkst dks dfojkt rjg gjk;kA
miuke ls tkuk tkrk gSA blus Hkkstlj rkykc rFkk Hkkstiqj TT pUnkoj dk ;q¼ êkS0 xksjh vkSj t;pUn* osQ chp 1194 bZñ
uxj dh LFkkiuk dhA jktk Hkkst us viuh jkt/kuh esa ljLorh dks gqvkA blesa xksjh dh thr gqbZA ekS0 xksjh us 1193 bZñ esa
efUnj cuok;kA fnYyh dks viuh jkt/kuh cuk;kA
TT Hkksiky >hy dk fuekZ.k ijekj oa'k osQ jktk Hkkst us 11oha TT ekS0 xksjh dh gR;k 1206 bZñ dks gqbZA
'krkCnh esa djok;k FkkA fnYyh lYrur
xqyke oa'k% (1206&1290 bZñ rd)
Hkkjr dk eè;dkyhu bfrgkl TT xqyke oa'k dh LFkkiuk 1206 bZñ esa oqQrqcqn~nhu ,scd us dh
TT Hkkjr ij lcls igys êkS- fcu dkfle* us (vjcksa us) fla/ FkhA og ekS- xksjh dk xqyke FkkA ekS- xksjh osQ le; og fnYyh
ij vkØe.k fd;k vkSj fot; çkIr dhA ml le; fla/ ij dk xouZj FkkA
71
TT oqQrqcqn~nhu ,scd us viuh jkt/kuh ^ykgkSj* cuk;hA viukbZA cycu dh U;k; O;oLFkk fu"i{k FkhA
TT oqQrqcqn~nhu ,scd dks yk[k c['k Hkh dgk tkrk gS ftldk vFkZ TT xqyke oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld ^'kElqn~nhu D;welZ* FkkA
gS yk[kksa dk nku nsus okykA (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
TT oqQrqcqn~nhu ,scd us fnYyh dh ôqQOor&my&bLyke* efLtn
f[kyth oa'k% (1290&1320 bZñ rd)
rFkk vtesj dh ^v<+kbZ fnu dk >ksiM+k* uked efLtn dk
fuekZ.k djok;kA TT f[kyth oa'k dh LFkkiuk 1290 bZñ esa ^fiQjkst f[kyth* us
TT fnYyh dh oqQrqcehukj dk fuekZ.k ôqQrqcqn~nhu ,scd* us dhA blus ^fdyks[kjh* dks viuh jkt/kuh cuk;kA fiQjkst
djok;kA mlus viuh iq=kh dh 'kknh bYrqrfe'k ls dh FkhA f[kyth dh gR;k 1296 bZñ esa mlosQ Hkrhts rFkk mlosQ nkekn
TT ukyank fo'ofo|ky; dks èoLr cf[r;kj f[kyth us djok;k] ^vykmn~nhu f[kyth* us ^dM+k&ekfudiqj* (bykgkckn) esa
tks oqQrqcqn~nhu ,scd dk lsukifr FkkA dj nhA
TT oqQrqcqn~nhu ,scd dh e`R;q 1210 bZñ esa ^pkSxku (iksyks)* [ksyrs TT vykmn~nhu osQ cpiu dk uke vyh xqj'kkLi FkkA
gq, ?kksM+s ls fxjdj gks x;hA bls ykgkSj esa niQuk;k x;kA TT vykmn~nhu f[kyth us LFkk;h lsuk j[kh vkSj lSfudksa dks ûdn
TT oqQrqcqn~nhu ,scd dk mÙkjkf/dkjh ^vkjke'kkg* gqvk ftldh osru* nsus dh O;oLFkk dhA blus tkxhj çFkk dks lekIr dj
gR;k 1211 bZñ esa bYrqrfe'k us dh vkSj fnYyh dh xn~nh ij fn;kA flDdksa ij rkjh[k fy[kus dh çFkk vykmn~nhu f[kyth
cSBkA ^bDrk ç.kkyh* bYrqrfe'k us pyk;hA og fnYyh lYrur us 'kq: dh FkhA
dk okLrfod laLFkkid FkkA TT vykmn~nhu f[kyth us csbZekuh dks jksdus osQ fy, êwY;
TT blus 40 xqykeksa dk ,d laxBu cuk;k ftls ^rqdkZu&,&pgyxkuh* fu;a=k.k ç.kkyh* ;k ^cktkj fu;a=k.k ç.kkyh* dh O;oLFkk dhA
osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bYrqrfe'k bYcjh rqoZQ FkkA TT vykmn~nhu f[kyth us ^vykbZ njoktk* rFkk ^lhjh dk fdyk*
TT ^bYrqrfe'k* us lcls igys 'kq¼ vjch flDosQ tkjh fd,A cuok;kA
TT pk¡nh osQ flDdksa dks ^Vdk* rFkk rk¡cs osQ flDdksa dks ^thry* TT vykmn~nhu f[kyth dh cktkj fu;a=k.k iz.kkyh osQ fo"k;
dgk tkrk FkkA esa gesa ft;kmn~nhu cjuh dh rkjh[k&,&fiQjkst'kkgh ls irk
TT bYrqrfe'k rqdZ Fkk] og oqQrqcqn~nhu ,scd dk ^xqyke* rFkk pyrk gSA
^nkekn* FkkA oqQrqcqn~nhu ,scd dh e`R;q osQ le; ;g ^cnk¡;w* TT ft;kmn~nhu cjuh us viuk oàrkr nks ckj fy[kk FkkA igyh ckj
dk xouZj FkkA 1356 bZ- rFkk nwljh ckj 1358 bZ- esaA
TT ;g viuh jkt/kuh ^ykgkSj* ls cnydj ^fnYyh* yk;kA (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
^bYrqrfe'k* igyk 'kkld Fkk ftlus 1229 bZñ esa ^cxnkn* osQ TT vykmn~nhu f[kyth osQ lsukifr dk uke êfyd dkiwQj* FkkA
[kyhiQk ls lqYrku in dh Loho`Qfr yhA efyd dkiwQj dks gtkjnhukjh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA efyd dkiwQj
TT bYrqrfe'k dh e`R;q 1236 bZñ esa gqbZA us mldh nf{k.k dh fot;ksa dk liQyrkiwoZd usr`Ro fd;k FkkA
TT bYrqrfe'k osQ ckn mldk iq=k ^:duqn~nhu fiQjkst* xn~nh ij TT ?kksM+ksa dks nkxus rFkk lSfudksa dk gqfy;k fy[kus dh çFkk dk
cSBk ;g ,d v;ksX; 'kkld FkkA 'kklu dh ckxMksj mldh vkjEHk ^vykmn~nhu f[kyth* us fd;kA
ek¡ 'kkg rqdkZu osQ gkFk esa FkhA TT vykmn~nhu f[kyth us ^fldUnj&,&lkuh* dh mikf/ /kj.k
TT ^jft;k csxe* igyh eqfLye efgyk 'kkld Fkh ftlus 'kklu dhA
dh ckxMksj laHkkyhA TT vykmn~nhu f[kyth osQ 'kkludky esa eaxksyksa us 7 ckj
TT og înkZçFkk* dk R;kx dj iq:"kksa dh rjg njckj esa vkus vkØe.k fd;kA
yxhA TT vykmn~nhu f[kyth dh e`R;q 1316 bZñ esa gks xbZA
TT jft;k dh 'kknh ^vYrqfu;k* ls gqbZA jft;k dh gR;k 1240 TT eqckjd f[kyth dh gR;k mlosQ othj ^[kqljks 'kkg* us 1320
bZñ esa fgUnq MkoqQvksa }kjk dj nh xbZA og çFke rqdZ efgyk bZñ esa dj nh vkSj fnYyh osQ flagklu ij cSBkA f[kyth oa'k osQ
'kkld FkhA vafre 'kkld [kqljks 'kkg dh gR;k xkth efyd (x;klqn~nhu
TT cycu dk okLrfod uke ^cgkÅn~nhu* FkkA ;g ^bYrqrfe'k* rqxyd) us dhA
dk xqyke FkkA rqxyd oa'k% (1320&1414 bZñ rd)
TT cycu 1265 bZñ esa fnYyh dh xn~nh ij cSBkA blus fnYyh TT 1320 bZñ esa ^x;klqn~nhu rqxyd* [kqljks 'kkg dks ijkftr
dks êaxksyksa* osQ vkØe.k ls cpk;kA djosQ fnYyh osQ flgkalu ij cSBkA blus vusd ckj eaxksyksa osQ
TT ^cycu* us 40 xqykeksa osQ laxBu dk fouk'k dj fn;kA cycu vkØe.k dks foiQy fd;kA
us ^fltnk vkSj iScksl* uked çFkk pykbZA ^cycu* us TT blus flapkbZ osQ fy, ôqQ,¡ rFkk ugjksa* dk fuekZ.k djok;kA
iQkjlh R;kSgkj ûojkst* eukus dh çFkk vkjEHk dhA ugjksa dk fuekZ.k djkus okyk ;g çFke 'kkld FkkA
TT cycu us vius 'k=kqvksa osQ fo:¼ ^ykSg ,oa jDr* dh uhfr TT x;klqn~nhu rqxyd us fnYyh esa ^rqxydkckn* dh LFkkiuk dhA
72
TT futkeqn~nhu vkSfy;k us x;klqn~nhu rqxyd osQ ckjs esa dgk Fkk TT cgyksy yksnh osQ iq=k futke [kk¡ (fldUnj yksnh) us ^vkxjk
fd fnYyh vHkh cgqr nwj gSA uxj* dh LFkkiuk 1504 bZñ esa dh FkhA
TT x;klqn~nhu rqxyd dh e`R;q 1325 bZñ esa ^tkSuk [kk¡* }kjk TT xqy:[kh miuke ls iQkjlh dfork;sa fy[kus okyk igyk
fufeZr ydM+h osQ egy osQ uhps ncdj gks xbZA lqYrku ^fldUnj yksnh* FkkA
TT eè;dkyhu lHkh lqYrkuksa esa êkS0 fcu rqxyd* lcls f'kf{kr TT fldUnj us ^vkxjk* dks viuh u;h jkt/kuh cuk;kA fldUnj
;ksX; O;fDr FkkA yksnh us Hkwfe ekius osQ fy, xt&,&fldUnjh iSekuk tkjh
TT ekS- fcu rqxyd dks îkxy ckn'kkg* Hkh dgrs gSaA mldk fd;kA
lkezkT; 23 çkUrksa esa c¡Vk gqvk FkkA TT eksB dh efLtn dk fuekZ.k fldUnj yksnh osQ le; gqvk FkkA
TT blus o`Qf"k osQ fodkl osQ fy, ^vehj&,&dksgh* uked foHkkx (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
dh LFkkiuk dhA TT xys dh chekjh osQ dkj.k fldUnj yksnh dh e`R;q 1517 bZñ dks
TT blus viuh jkt/kuh fnYyh ls ^nsofxfj* dks cuk;k vkSj gks xbZA blh fnu mldk iq=k ^bczkfge yksnh* jktxn~nh ij cSBkA
mldk uke ^nkSyrkckn* j[kkA og fiQj ls 1335 bZñ esa viuh TT 21 vçSy 1526 bZñ dks ikuhir osQ çFke ;q¼ esa ^bczkfge
jkt/kuh dks fnYyh ys vk;kA yksnh* ckcj ls gkj x;kA og eè;dkyhu Hkkjr dk ,dek=k
TT ekS- fcu rqxyd us ^lkaosQfrd eqæk* dk çpyu fd;kA og lqYrku Fkk] tks ;q¼ Hkwfe esa ekjk x;kA
çFke lqYrku Fkk] tks fgUnqvksa osQ R;ksgkjksa esa Hkkx ysrk FkkA
TT êksjDdks ;k=kh bCucrwrk* ekS0 fcu rqxyd osQ njckj esa 1333 eqxy lkezkT;
bZñ esa vk;kA bCucrwrk us ^jsgyk* uked iqLrd fy[khA ckcj (1526 bZñ&1530 bZñ rd)
TT ekS- fcu rqxyd dh e`R;q 1351 bZñ esa gks xbZ FkhA TT ikuhir dk çFke ;q¼ 21 vçSy 1526 dks ckcj rFkk bczkfge
TT 1351 bZñ esa ^fiQjkst'kkg rqxyd* 'kkld cukA mlus vksfM'kk yksnh osQ chp gqvkA blesa ckcj dh thr gqbZA
osQ iqjh esa fLFkr txUukFk efUnj dks èoLr djok fn;k FkkA (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
TT fiQjkst rqxyd czkã.kksa ij ^tft;k dj* yxkus okyk igyk
TT ckcj dk tUe 1483 bZñ dks îQjxuk* esa gqvk FkkA
eqlyeku 'kkld FkkA
TT blosQ firk dk uke ^mej 'ks[k fetkZ* FkkA ckcj us ikuhir
TT fiQjkst rqxyd us ^tkSuiqj] fiQjkstiqj] fiQjkstkckn rFkk
osQ izFke ;q¼ esa ^rqyqxek ;q¼ uhfr* rFkk ^rksi[kkus* dk ç;ksx
iQrsgkckn tSls 300 uxj dh LFkkiuk dhA fiQjkst rqxyd us
fd;kA
bDrk çFkk dh nksckjk 'kq:vkr dj nh FkhA
TT [kkuok dk ;q¼ 1527 bZñ esa ckcj vkSj jk.kk lk¡xk osQ chp
TT fiQjkst rqxyd osQ 'kkludky esa nklksa dh la[;k lokZf/d FkhA
gqvkA bl ;q¼ esa ckcj dh thr gqbZ rFkk blus ^xkth* dh
fiQjkst'kkg rqxyd us yxHkx 1200 ckx yxok;saA
mikf/ /kj.k dhA
TT esjB vkSj Vksijk ls v'kksd osQ LraHkksa dks ykdj fnYyh esa
TT pUnsjh dk ;q¼ 1528 bZñ esa ckcj vkSj esfnfu jk; osQ chp
fiQjkst'kkg rqxyd us LFkkfir fd;kA
gqvkA blesa ckcj dh thr gqbZA ?kk?kjk dk ;q¼ 1529 bZñ esa
TT fiQjkst rqxyd us 5 cM+h ugjksa dk fuekZ.k djok;kA blus
ckcj vkSj caxky rFkk fcgkj dh la;qDr lsuk osQ chp gqvkA
viuh vkRedFkk iqQrqgkr&,&fiQjkst'kkgh dh jpuk dhA
blesa ckcj dh thr gqbZA
TT bl oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld ûlh:n~nhu egewn 'kkg rqxyd*
TT ckcj us viuh vkRedFkk ^rqtqd&,&ckcjh* dks ^rqdhZ* Hkk"kk
FkkA
esa fy[kk] ftldk vuqokn iQkjlh Hkk"kk esa vCnqy jghe
TT rSewj yax us ulh:n~nhu egewn 'kkg rqxyd osQ le; esa 1398
[kku[kkuk us ^ckcjukek* osQ :i esa fd;kA
bZñ esa fnYyh ij vkØe.k fd;kA
TT ckcj dks êqEcbZ;ku* uked î|'kSyh* dk Hkh tUenkrk ekuk
lSÕ;n oa'k (1414 bZñ&1451 bZñ rd) tkrk gSA ckcj dh e`R;q 1530 bZñ esa ^vkxjk* esa gqbZA ckcj dk
TT lSÕ;n oa'k dh LFkkiuk ^f[ktz [kk¡* us dh FkhA mÙkjkf/dkjh gqek;w¡ FkkA
TT f[ktz [kk¡ us ^jSÕ;r&,&vkyk* dh mikf/ /kj.k dhA TT ckcj dk edcjk ^dkcqy* (viQxkfuLrku) esa gSA ckcj dk
TT lSÕ;n oa'k dk vfUre lqYrku ^vykmn~nhu vkye'kkg* FkkA 'kkludky (1526 bZñ&1530 bZñ) FkkA
TT ;equk osQ fdukjs êqckjdkckn* dh LFkkiuk ^f[ktz [kk¡ osQ iq=k* gqek;w¡ (1530&40 bZñ&1555&56 bZñ)
eqckjd 'kkg us dh FkhA lSÕ;n oa'k dk 'kklu yxHkx 37
TT gqek;w¡ 1530 bZñ esa xn~nh ij cSBkA gqek;w¡ us fnYyh esa
o"kks± rd pykA
^nhuiukg* uked uxj dh LFkkiuk dhA
yksnh oa'k (1451 bZñ&1526 bZñ rd) (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
TT yksnh oa'k dh LFkkiuk ^cgyksy yksnh* us dh FkhA og 1451 esa TT pkSlk dk ;q¼ 1539 bZñ dks gqek;w¡ rFkk 'ksj'kkg lwjh osQ chp
xkth dh mikf/ osQ lkFk fnYyh dh xn~nh ij cSBkA gqvkA bl ;q¼ esa 'ksj'kkg dh thr gqbZA
73
TT dUukSt (fcyxzke) dk ;q¼ 1540 bZñ dks gqek;w¡ rFkk 'ksj'kkg le; esa gqvkA
osQ chp gqvk rFkk bl ;q¼ esa gqek;w¡ iqu% gkj x;k vkSj Hkkjr TT ^gdhe gqdke* vdcj osQ jlksbZ dk ç/ku FkkA
NksM+dj pyk x;kA TT vCnqy jghe [kku[kkuk ,d dfo rFkk ^cSje [kk¡* dk iq=k FkkA
TT ljfgUn fot; osQ i'pkr~ gqek;w¡ 1555 bZñ dks nksckjk tgk¡xhj ij lcls vf/d çHkko ^vCnqy jghe [kku[kkuk* dk
fnYyh dh xn~nh ij cSBkA gqek;w¡ osQ iqLrdky; dk uke gqvk FkkA
^'ksje.My* FkkA og T;ksfr"k esa fo'okl j[krk FkkA gqek;w¡ TT vdcj tSu xq: ^gfjfot;* dk cgqr lEeku djrk FkkA mlus
lkseokj dks lisQn] 'kfuokj dks dkyk rFkk jfookj dks ihyk budks xqtjkr cqyk;k vkSj ^txr xq:* dh mikf/ nhA
oL=k igurk FkkA TT ^fHkÙkh fp=kdkjh* igyh ckj vdcj osQ le; esa 'kq: gqbZA
TT gqek;w¡ dh e`R;q 1556 bZñ esa nhuiukg Hkou esa iqLrdky; dh ^clkou* dks vdcj osQ le; dk lcls vPNk fp=kdkj ekuk
lh<+h ls fxj dj gks xbZA tkrk gSA
TT jktiwr jktk êgkjk.kk çrki* us vdcj dh v/hurk Lohdkj
vdcj (1556 bZñ&1605 bZñ rd)
ughaa dh FkhA
TT vdcj dk tUe 1542 bZñ esa vejdksV osQ jk.kk ohjlky osQ
TT vdcj us viuh jkt/kuh vkxjk ls iQrsgiqj lhdjh cukbZ FkhA
egy esa gqvk FkkA
TT vdcj us chjcy dks ^dfojkt rFkk jktk* dh mikf/ nhA
TT vdcj dk laj{kd ^cSje [kk¡* FkkA
chjcy dh e`R;q ^;qlwiQtkbZ;ksa* dk foæksg nckrs gq, gqbZ FkhA
TT vdcj dk jkT;kfHk"ksd 13 o"kZ dh vk;q esa 1556 bZñ esa
chjcy dk okLrfod uke êgs'knkl* FkkA
^dykukSj* esa gqvkA
TT vdcj dh e`R;q vfrlkj osQ dkj.k 1605 bZñ esa gqbZA vdcj
TT vdcj ^fuj{kj (vui<+)* FkkA cSje [kk¡ 1556 ls 1560 bZñ
dk edcjk fldUnjk (vkxjk) esa gSA
rd vdcj dk lja{kd jgkA
TT ikuhir dk nwljk ;q¼ 5 uoEcj 1556 bZñ dks vdcj rFkk tgk¡xhj (1605 bZñ&1627 bZñ rd)
gsew osQ chp gqvkA TT tgk¡xhj dk okLrfod uke ^lyhe* FkkA vdcj lyhe dks
TT gsew lwj oa'kh ^vkfny 'kkg* dk ç/kuea=kh FkkA vkfny'kkg us ^'ks[kq ckck* osQ uke ls iqdkjrk FkkA tgk¡xhj 1605 bZñ esa
gsew dks foØekfnR; dh mikf/ nhA xn~nh ij cSBkA
TT vdcj us xqtjkr fot; dh Le`fr esa viuh jkt/kuh iQrsgiqj TT tgk¡xhj us Û;k; dh tathj* vkxjk fdys osQ ;equk rV ij
lhdjh esa ^cqyUn njoktk* cuok;kA xqtjkr fot; dks fLeFk yxokbZ FkhA U;k; dh tathj esa 60 ?kafV;k¡ FkhA
us fo'o dk lcls rst nzqrxkeh vkØe.k dgkA TT tgk¡xhj us ^rexk dj* ij çfrcU/ yxk fn;kA
TT gYnh?kkVh dk ;q¼ 1576 bZñ esa vdcj vkSj egkjk.kk çrki osQ TT tgkaxhj dk lcls cM+k iq=k ^[kqljks* FkkA
chp gqvkA TT [kqljks us 1606 bZñ esa tgk¡xhj osQ fo:¼ foæksg dj fn;kA
TT vdcj us 1562 bZñ esa nkl çFkk dk vUr fd;k rFkk 1564 [kqljks dh gR;k 'kkgtgk¡ us djokbZA
bZñ esa ^tft;k dj* lekIr dj fn;kA TT uwjtgk¡ fetkZ X;kl csx+ dh iq=kh FkhA uwjtgk¡ dk okLrfod
TT 1582 bZñ esa ^nhu&,&bykgh* /eZ pyk;kA fgUnq jktk chjcy uke esg:fUulk Fkk] og ,d ^fo/ok* FkhA tgk¡xhj us 1611
us bl /eZ dks Lohdkj fd;kA ^nhu&,&bykgh* /eZ dk iqjksfgr bZñ esa blls 'kknh dj yh rFkk mlosQ firk dks ,Reknqn~nkSyk
^vcqy iQty* FkkA dh mikf/ nhA
TT vdcj us 1575 bZñ esa ^bcknr [kkus* dh LFkkiuk (iQrsgiqj TT eqxy fp=kdyk tgk¡xhj osQ le; esa pje ij igq¡phA
lhdjh) esa dh vkSj bldk mn~ns'; çR;sd c`gLifrokj dks TT tgk¡xhj osQ njckj osQ çeq[k fp=kdkj% ealwj] vcqy glu]
/kfeZd okn&fookn fuiVkuk FkkA fclunklA
TT vdcj ij lcls vf/d çHkko fgUnq /eZ dk iM+kA vdcj us TT d'ehj dk 'kkyhekj ckx tgk¡xhj us cuok;kA
1583 bZñ esa ^bykgh laor~* pyk;kA TT tgk¡xhj dh e`R;q 1627 bZñ esa gqbZA
TT ^vdcjukek rFkk vkbu&,&vdcjh* uked iqLrd ^vcqy TT tgk¡xhj rFkk ^,Reknqn~nkSyk* dk edcjk ûwjtgka* us cuok;kA
iQty* us fy[khA 'kkgtgk¡ (1627 bZñ ls 1658 bZñ rd)
TT vdcj osQ 'kkludky esa gq, Hkwfe lacaf/r lq/kjksa dk Js;
TT 'kkgtgk¡ 1628 bZñ esa xn~nh ij cSBkA bldk cpiu dk uke
^VksMjey* dks gS] tksfd mldk jktLo ea=kh FkkA
^[kqjZe* FkkA
TT vdcj osQ uojRu% jktk ekuflag] rkulsu] chjcy] vcqy
TT 'kkgtgk¡ dk fookg ^vtqZeUn ckuks csxe* osQ lkFk gqvk FkkA
iQty] VksMjey] eqYyk nks I;ktk] gdhe gqdke] iSQth rFkk
ftldks êqerkt egy* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
vCnqy jghe [kku&,&[kkukA
TT 'kkgtgk¡ dk la?k"kZ fl[kksa osQ 6 osa xq: gjxksfoUn ls gqvkA
TT rkulsu dk tUe ^Xokfy;j* esa gqvkA blosQ cpiu dk uke
TT 'kkgtgk¡ us ^vkSjaxtsc* dks nf{k.k dk lwcsnkj fu;qDr fd;kA
^jkeruq ikaMs* FkkA /zqin xk;u 'kSyh dk fodkl rkulsu osQ
74
TT 'kkgtgk¡ dks ^dksfguwj ghjk* êhj tqeyk* us HksaV fd;k FkkA Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr FkhA
dksfguwj ghjk ^xksydq.Mk* dh [kku ls fudkyk x;k FkkA TT tCrh ^vkbus nglkyk* ç.kkyh ^VksMjey* us fufeZr dh FkhA
eqxydky esa xksydq.Mk ghjs dk lcls cM+k osQUæ FkkA TT eqxy dky esa lokZf/d :i;s dh <ykbZ ^vkSjaxtsc* osQ le;
TT 'kkgtgk¡ osQ pkj iq=k Fks] ftuesa nkjkf'kdksg lcls T;knk esa gqbZA
fiz; FkkA 'kkgtgk¡ us nkjkf'kdksg dks vizR;{k :i ls viuk TT Hkkjr esa rEckdw dk çpyu iqrZxkfy;ksa osQ }kjk gqvk FkkA
mRrjkf/dkjh ?kksf"kr fd;kA TT fulkj flDdksa dk çpyu ^tgkaxhj* us fd;k rFkk vkuk flDdk
TT 'kkgtgk¡ osQ ê;wj flagklu* dk fuekZ.k ^csx ckny [kk¡* us 'kkgtgk¡ us pyk;kA
fd;kA bls ^r[rs rkml* Hkh dgrs FksA TT mLrkn ealwj î{kh fo'ks"kK* fp=kdkj FkkA
TT fnYyh dh tkek efLtn ^'kkgtgk¡* us cuok;hA 'kkgtgk¡ osQ TT vkSjaxtsc ,d oqQ'ky oh.kkoknd FkkA vdcj uxkM+k (uDdkjk)
dky dks ôkLrqdyk dk Lo.kZ ;qx* dgk tkrk gSA ctkrk FkkA
TT ^nkjkf'kdksg* us mifu"knksa dk iQkjlh esa vuqokn fd;k FkkA TT eqxy lkezkT; dk çFke dBiqryh 'kkld ^tgk¡nkj 'kkg* FkkA
TT egkHkkjr dk iQkjlh esa vuqokn ^jTeukek* osQ uke ls ^cnk;wauh* TT tgk¡nkj 'kkg dks yEiV ew[kZ Hkh dgrs gSaA
us fd;k FkkA TT fl[k usrk ^cUnk cgknqj* dh gR;k eqxy lezkV îQ:Z[kfl;j*
TT rktegy dh :ijs[kk ^mLrkn vgen ykgkSjh* us rS;kj dh rFkk us dh FkhA
;g ^bZ'kk [kk¡* dh ns[kjs[k esa cuok;k x;kA TT eqxy 'kkld êqgEen 'kkg* dks jaxhyk ckn'kkg Hkh dgk tkrk
TT 1659 bZñ esa nkjkf'kdksag vkSj vkSjaxtsc osQ chp vfUre yM+kbZ gSA bldk okLrfod uke ^jks'ku v[rj* FkkA
gqbZ] ftlesa vkSjaxtsc dh thr gqbZA TT ukfnj'kkg us Hkkjr ij vkØe.k 1739 bZñ esa fd;k rFkk og
TT nkjkf'kdksag dks bLyke /eZ dh vogsyuk djus osQ dkj.k vius lkFk ê;wj flagklu* ys x;kA ukfnj'kkg osQ lsukifr dk
e`R;qn.M fn;k x;kA uke ^vgen'kkg vCnkyh* FkkA
TT vkSjaxtsc us 'kkgtgk¡ dks oSQn djosQ vkxjk osQ fdys esa j[kk TT vfUre eqxy ckn'kkg ^cgknqj 'kkg tiQj&II* FkkA
tgk¡ mldh e`R;q 1666 bZñ esa gks xbZA TT vaxzstksa us bldks fuokZflr djosQ ^jaxwu* Hkst fn;kA tgk¡ bldh
vkSjaxtsc (1658 bZñ&1707 bZñ) e`R; gks xbZA
TT izFke ckj vkSjaxtsc 1658 bZñ dks fnYyh dh xn~nh ij cSBk 'ksj'kkg lwjh (1540 bZñ&1545 bZñ rd)
rFkk bldk nwljh ckj jkT;kfHk"ksd 1659 bZñ esa gqvkA og TT 'ksj'kkg dk çkjfEHkd uke îQjhn [kk¡* FkkA buosQ firk dk
êqerkt egy* dk iq=k FkkA uke ^glu [kk¡* FkkA
TT vkSjaxtsc us 1668 bZñ esa fgUnq&R;kSgkjksa ij jksd yxk nhA TT iQjhn [kk¡ dks êkS0 'kkg* us ^'ksj [kku* dh mikf/ nh FkhA
TT iqjUnj dh lfU/ 1665 bZñ esa f'kokth vkSj egkjktk t;flag TT ;g fnYyh dh xn~nh ij 1540 bZñ esa 68 o"kZ dh mez esa
osQ chp gqbZA bl lfU/ osQ vuqlkj f'kokth dks vkSjaxtsc osQ cSBk FkkA
lkeus is'k gksuk FkkA TT ;gha ls bldk uke ^'ksj'kkg lwjh* iM+kA
TT f'kokth dks oSQn djosQ ^t;iqj Hkou* esa j[kk x;kA ;gk¡ ls TT 'ksj'kkg lwjh dks ^vdcj* dk vxznwr Hkh dgrs gSaA
f'kokth xqIr :i ls iQjkj gks x;sA TT 'ksj'kkg lwjh dh e`R;q ^rksi osQ iQV* tkus osQ dkj.k gqbZA
TT vkSjaxtsc dks ^ftUnk ihj* dgk tkrk gSA TT xzkaM Vªd jksM dk fuekZ.k ^'ksj'kkg lwjh* us djok;kA
TT vkSjaxtsc osQ fo:¼ eFkqjk dk tkV foæksg tkV usrk ^xksoqQyk* TT 'ksj'kkg lwjh us ikVfyiq=k dk uke iVuk j[kkA
osQ usr`Ro esa 1669 bZñ esa gqvkA TT 'ksj'kkg lwjh dk edcjk fcgkj osQ ^lklkjke* esa fLFkr gSA
TT vkSjaxtsc osQ njckj esa ^fgUnq eulcnkj* lokZf/d FksA ;s TT 'ksj'kkg lwjh us nhu iukg Hkou dks rqM+okdj iqjkus fdys dk
yxHkx 33 çfr'kr FksA fuekZ.k djok;kA
TT cukjl osQ fo'oukFk efUnj rFkk eFkqjk osQ osQ'konso efUnj dks ejkBk lkezkT;
^vkSjaxtsc* us 1669 bZñ esa rqM+ok fn;k FkkA
TT
f'kokth dk tUe 1627 bZñ esa ^f'kousj* osQ fdys esa gqvk FkkA
TT bLyke /eZ Lohdkj u djus osQ dkj.k fl[kksa osQ ukSosa xq:
(oqQN Ïksrksa osQ vuqlkj 1630 bZ-)
^rsxcgknqj* dh gR;k vkSjaxtsc us djok nhA
TT f'kokth osQ firk dk uke ^'kkgth Hkksalys* vkSj ekrk dk uke
TT vkSjaxtsc dh e`R;q 1707 bZñ dks gqbZA
^thtkckbZ* FkkA
eqxydky osQ eq[; rF; TT f'kokth ij lokZf/d çHkko ^xq: nknkth dkasMnso* dk FkkA
TT eqxydky dh jktHkk"kk îQkjlh* FkhA ^dksaMnso* f'kokth osQ laj{kd Hkh FksA
TT eqxydkyhu lsuk laxBu êulcnkjh çFkk* dgykrh Fkh] oqQN TT f'kokth osQ vkè;kfRed xq# ^jkenkl* FksA jkenkl us ^nklcks/*
eulcnkjksa dks udn osru nsus dh O;oLFkk FkhA eqxy lsuk 5 rFkk ^vkuUnou Hkou* uked iqLrd fy[khA
75
TT f'kokth us lcls igys 1646 bZñ esa ^rksj.k osQ fdys* ij TT rkyhdksVk dk ;q¼ 1565 bZñ esa gqvk FkkA
vf/dkj dj fy;kA cgeuh lkezkT;
TT f'kokth us viuh jkt/kuh jk;x<+ 1656 bZñ esa cuk;hA
TT cgeuh lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk 1347 bZñ dks ^vykmn~nhu cgeu
TT f'kokth us 1659 bZñ osQ ^lygkj osQ ;q¼* esa eqxyksa dks
'kkg* us dh FkhA
ijkftr fd;kA
TT bldk igyk uke tiQj [kk¡ FkkA
TT f'kokth osQ eaf=keaMy dks ^v"Vç/ku* dgk tkrk gSA
TT blus viuh jkt/kuh ^xqycxkZ* cukbZA cgeu 'kkg us xqycxkZ
uksV % v"V fnXxt ô`Q".knso jk;* osQ njckj esa jgrs FksA dk uke vglkukckn j[kkA
TT v"Vç/ku esa lcls egRoiw.kZ in îs'kok* dk gksrk Fkk vkSj TT cgeuh oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld ^dyheqYyk 'kkg* FkkA egewn
is'kok dks ^ç/kuea=kh* dgk tkrk Fkk vkSj vekR; ^foÙkea=kh* xoka us chnj esa ,d egkfo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dhA
dks dgk tkrk FkkA vk/qfud Hkkjr
TT ejkBk lkezkT; dh jktHkk"kk êjkBh* FkhA
TT cDlj dk ;q¼ 1764 esa eqxy ckn'kkg 'kkg vkye f}rh;]
TT ^pkSFk rFkk ljns'keq[kh* f'kokth }kjk yxk;s tkus okys nks dj
'kqtkÅn~nkSyk (vo/ dk uokc) vkSj ehj dkfle dh la;qDr
FksA
lsuk vkSj vaxzstksa osQ eè; gqvk FkkA
TT f'kokth dk jkT;kfHk"ksd 1674 bZñ esa dk'kh osQ çfl¼
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
fo}ku ^xaxk HkV~V* us (jk;x<+ esa) fd;k Fkk vkSj f'kokth dks
TT Iyklh dk ;q¼ 23 twu] 1757 bZ- esa caxky osQ uokc
^N=kifr* dh mikf/ nhA
fljktqn~nkSyk vkSj vaxzstksa osQ eè; gqvk FkkA bl ;q¼ esa ehj
TT is'kok dk in ^ckykth fo'oukFk* osQ ckn oa'kkuqxr gks x;kA
tkiQj osQ /ks[ks dh otg ls fljktqn~nkSyk ijkftr gqvk FkkA
TT f'kokth us Hkwfe ekius osQ fy, ^dkBh uked ekid* dk
ç;ksx fd;kA
TT f'kokth dh e`R;q 1680 bZñ esa gks x;hA f'kokth osQ TT 1757 osQ Iyklh osQ ;q¼ osQ ckn bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dks caxky
mÙkjkf/dkjh ^'kEHkkth* gq,A esa fczfV'k lkezkT; dh uhao Mkyus dk volj izkIr gqvkA
TT 'kEHkkth us vkSjaxtsc osQ foæksgh iq=k ^vdcj* dks 'kj.k nhA (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
'kEHkkth dks vkSjaxtsc }kjk ^cgknqjx<+* esa ekj fn;k x;kA TT 1600 bZ- esa bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us baXySaM dh egkjkuh ,fytkcsFk
'kEHkkth dh e`R;q osQ ckn mldk HkkbZ ^jktkjke* jktk cukA izFke ls ,d pkVZj izkIr fd;k ftlls bls iwjc osQ lkFk O;kikj
TT 1700 bZñ esa jktkjke dh e`R;q osQ ckn mldh fo/ok iRuh djus dk ,dkf/dkj fey x;kA
^rkjkckbZ* us vius pkj o"khZ; iq=k dks ^f'kokth f}rh;* osQ uke (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
ls xn~nh ij cSBk;kA (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
TT rkjkckbZ us eqxyksa ls la?k"kZ tkjh j[kkA
caxky osQ xouZj
TT 1713 bZñ esa ^ckykth fo'oukFk* ç/kuea=kh cukA
TT ^ckthjko çFke* f'kokth osQ ckn xqfjYyk ;q¼ dk lcls cM+k jkWcVZ Dykbo %
çfriknd FkkA TT blus caxky esa }S/ 'kklu dh O;oLFkk dh] ftlosQ rgr
TT ckykth ckthjko dks ûkuk lkgc* osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk jktLo olwyus] lSfud laj{k.k rFkk fons'kh ekeys dEiuh osQ
gSA v/hu FksA tcfd 'kklu pykus dh ftEesnkjh uokc osQ gkFkksa
fot; uxj lkezkT; esa FkhA
TT fot; uxj lkezkT; dks eè; ;qx dk çFke fgUnq lkezkT; uksV % caxky dk vfUre xouZj ôkjsu gsfLVXal* FkkA
ekuk tkrk gSA
TT fot;uxj rqaxHkæk unh ij fLFkr gSA dEiuh osQ v/hu xouZj&tujy
TT fot;uxj lkezkT; dk egkure 'kkld ô`Q".k nsojk;* FkkA ;g TT jsX;wysfVax ,DV 1773 bZñ osQ vuqlkj] caxky osQ xouZj dks vc
ckcj osQ ledkyhu FkkA vaxzsth {ks=kksa dk xouZj tujy dgk tkus yxkA
TT v"VfnXxt o`Q".knso jk; osQ njckj esa jgus okys vkB dfo;ksa TT bl çdkj Hkkjr esa dEiuh osQ v/hu caxky dk çFke xouZj
dks dgk tkrk FkkA tujy ôkjsu gsfLVaXl* gqvkA
TT o`Q".knsojk; rsyqxw lkfgR; dk egku fo}ku FkkA blus okjsu gsfLVXal (1772 bZñ&1785 bZñ rd)
^vkeqDrekY;n* xzUFk dh jpuk dhA
TT okjsu gsfLVXal us 1781 bZñ esa dydÙkk esa eqfLye f'k{kk
TT o`Q".knso jk; osQ 'kkludky dks rsyqxw lkfgR; dk Lo.kZ ;qx
fodkl osQ fy, çFke enjlk LFkkfir fd;kA
dgk tkrk gSA
76
TT blh osQ le; esa 1780 bZñ esa Hkkjr osQ igys lekpkj i=k ^n TT jfookj osQ vodk'k dh 'kq:vkr 1843 bZñ esa ykWMZ ,fyucjks
caxky xtV* dk çdk'ku ^tsEl vkWxLVl fgDdh* us fd;kA osQ le; esa gqbZA
TT blh osQ le; esa jsX;wysfVax ,DV osQ rgr 1774 bZñ esa dydÙkk
ykWMZ gkWfMZax (1844 bZñ&1848 bZñ)
esa ,d mPpre U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA okjsu gsfLVaXl
TT ujcyh&çFkk ij çfrcU/ ^ykMZ gkWfMZx* us yxk;kA
osQ le; esa ^cksMZ vkWiQ jsosU;w* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA
TT vius dk;Zdky dh lekfIr osQ i'pkr~ tc og 1785 bZñ esa ykWMZ MygkSth (1848 bZñ&1856 bZñ)
baXyS.M igq¡pk rks ml ij egkfHk;ksx pyk;k x;kA TT dksfguwj ghjk egkjkuh foDVksfj;k dks Hkst fn;k x;kA
ykWMZ dkuZokfyl (1786 bZñ&1793 bZñ rd vkSj 1805 TT MygkSth dks Hkkjr esa jsyos dk tud ekuk tkrk gSA blh osQ
bZñ) le; esa Hkkjr esa igyh ckj 16 vçSy 1853 bZñ esa eqEcbZ ls
Bk.ks osQ chp 34 fdeh0 çFke jsy pykbZ xbZA blus f'keyk
TT blus 1793 bZñ esa LFkkbZ cUnkscLr dh i¼fr ykxw dh FkhA LFkkbZ
dks xzh"edkyhu jkt/kuh cuk;kA
cUnkscLr dh ;kstuk ^lj tkWu 'kksj* us cukbZA dkuZokfyl dks
TT blh osQ le; esa 1853 bZñ esa dydÙkk ls vkxjk osQ chp rkj
Hkkjr esa ukxfjd lsok dk tud ekuk tkrk gSA
lsok 'kq: gqbZA
lj tkWu 'kksj (1793 bZñ&1798 bZñ) TT 1854 bZñ esa igyh ckj Mkd fVdV dk pyu Hkh blh osQ
TT blus ^vgLr{ksi* dh uhfr viukbZA le; ls gqvkA
TT MygkSth osQ 'kkludky dks O;ixr fl¼kUr (Doctrine of
ykWMZ osystyh (1798 bZñ&1805 bZñ)
Lapse) osQ dkj.k vf/d ;kn fd;k tkrk gSA bl uhfr dks
TT blus ^lgk;d lfU/* dh i¼fr 'kq: dh] ijUrq izQaklhlh jkT; gM+i uhfr Hkh dgrs FksA
xouZj ^MwIys* us lgk;d lfU/ dk ç;ksx ^ykMZ osystyh* TT bl uhfr osQ vUrxZr lcls igys lrkjk dks vaxzsth lkezkT;
ls igys fd;k FkkA ^ykMZ osystyh* Lo;a dks caxky dk 'ksj esa feyk;k x;kA
dgrk FkkA TT blosQ dk;Zdky esa 1854 bZñ esa u;k iksLV vkWfiQl ,DV ikfjr
TT blh us 1800 bZñ esa iQksVZ fofy;e dkWyst dh dydÙkk esa
gqvk rFkk Hkkjr esa igyh ckj Mkd fVdV dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA
LFkkiuk dhA blus f'k{kk esa lq/kj osQ fy, 1854 bZñ esa oqM fMLiSp ykxw
ykWMZ feUVks çFke (1807 bZñ&1813 bZñ) fd;kA
TT blosQ dky esa êgkjk.kk j.kthr flag* vkSj ^vaxzstksa* osQ chp ykWMZ oSQfuax (1856 bZñ&1862 bZñ)
1809 bZñ esa ve`rlj dh lfU/ gqbZA 1813 bZñ esa pkVZj ,DV TT Hkkjr dk çFke ok;ljk; ykMZ oSQfuax FkkA
ikfjr gqvkA TT blh osQ le; esa 10 ebZ] 1857 dh ØkfUr êsjB* ls 'kq: gqbZA
ykWMZ gsfLVaXl (1813 bZñ&1823 bZñ) TT bl ØkfUr dk ;g ifj.kke gqvk fd bZLV bafM;k dEiuh osQ
TT ykMZ gsfLVXal osQ le; esa fiaMkfj;ksa dk neu fd;k x;kA 'kklu dk vUr gks x;k rFkk 'kklu dh ckxMksj baXyS.M dh
egkjkuh osQ gkFk esa igq¡p xbZA
ykWMZ fofy;e csafVd (1828 bZñ&1835 bZñ) TT jkT; gM+i uhfr dks lekIr dj fn;k x;kA eqxy lezkV osQ
TT ;g Hkkjr dk çFke xouZj tujy FkkA in dks lekIr dj fn;kA cEcbZ] dydÙkk rFkk eækl esa mPp
TT jktk jkeeksgu jk; osQ lg;ksx ls ykMZ fofy;e csafVd us U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
1829 bZñ esa lrh çFkk dks lekIr dj fn;kA csafVd us f'k'kq TT 1861 bZñ esa bafM;u dkSafly ,DV ikfjr gqvkA
ckfydk dh gR;k ij Hkh jksd yxk nh FkhA
TT blus Bxh çFkk dks lekIr dj fn;kA blesa duZy LyheSu us ykWMZ es;ks (1869 bZñ&1872 bZñ)
Hkh lg;ksx fd;kA TT vaxzstksa osQ le; esa çFke tux.kuk 1872 bZñ esa gqbZA es;ks dh
TT Hkkjr esa vaxzsth f'k{kk dh 'kq:vkr êSdkys* us ykWMZ fofy;e gR;k ,d viQxku us pkdw ekjdj dj nh FkhA
csafVd osQ le; esa dhA ykWMZ fyVu (1876 bZñ&1880 bZñ)
pkYlZ esVdkWiQ (1835 bZñ&1836 bZñ) TT buosQ le; esa oukZD;wyj izsl ,DV (1878) rFkk bafM;u
TT bls Hkkjrh; çsl dk eqfDrnkrk dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd blus ,d vkElZ ,DV (1878) ikfjr gqvkA
o"kZ osQ dk;Zdky esa çsl ls çfrcU/ gVk fn;s FksA ykWMZ fjiu (1880 bZñ&1884 bZñ)
ykWMZ ,fyucjks (1842 bZñ&1844 bZñ) TT 1882 bZñ esa ykWMZ fjiu us oukZD;wyj çsl ,DV dks lekIr
TT nkl çFkk dh lekfIr o"kZ 1843 esa ^ykMZ ,fyucjks* osQ le; dj fn;kA
esa gqbZ FkhA TT LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dk tud ^ykWMZ fjiu* dks dgk tkrk gSA
77
TT 1881 bZñ esa fu;fer tux.kuk ^ykWMZ fjiu* osQ le; esa gh osQjy ls 'kq: gqvkA
'kq: gqbZA ykWMZ bjfou (1926 bZñ&1931 bZñ)
TT 1881 bZñ esa çFke dkj[kkuk vf/fu;e ykMZ fjiu osQ }kjk
TT 3 iQjojh 1928 bZñ dks lkbeu deh'ku eqEcbZ igq¡pkA
yk;k x;kA blh osQ le; esa bYcVZ fcy is'k fd;k x;kA
TT bldk fojks/ djus ij ykyk yktir jk; dh ykBh ls ihVdj
ykWMZ MiQjhu (1884 bZñ&1888 bZñ) gR;k dj nh xbZA
TT 28 fnlEcj] 1885 bZñ dks ^Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl* dh LFkkiuk TT 1929 esa dk¡xzsl dk vf/os'ku ykgkSj esa gqvkA bl vf/os'ku
gqbZA osQ vè;{k iañ tokgj yky usg: FksA bl vf/os'ku esa 26
ykWMZ dtZu (1899 bZñ & 1905 bZñ) tuojh 1930 bZñ dks iw.kZ Lok/hurk fnol eukus dh ?kks"k.kk
dh xbZA ykgkSj vf/os'ku esa iw.kZ Lojkt dh ekax dh x;hA
TT 1904 bZñ esa Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky; vf/fu;e ikfjr gqvkA
TT Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo foHkkx dh LFkkiuk 1904 bZñ esa gqbZA blosQ
TT xka/h bjfou le>kSrk 5 ekpZ 1931 bZñ esa gqvkA
}kjk Hkkjrh; bekjrksa dh rjiQ è;ku fn;k x;kA
TT 1905 bZñ esa ykWMZ dtZu us caxky dk foHkktu fd;kA ykWMZ osfyaxVu (1931 bZ-&1936 bZñ)
ykWMZ feUVks f}rh; (1905 bZñ&1910 bZñ) TT 16 vxLr] 1932 bZñ esa jSEts eSDMksukYM us fooknkLin
TT 1906 bZñ esa eqfLye yhx dh LFkkiuk ^^lyheqYykg rFkk

^lkEçnkf;d iapkV* dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
vkxk [kk¡** us <+kdk esa dh FkhA 1907 bZñ esa dkaxzsl dk lwjr TT 1932 esa iwuk le>kSrk egkRek xk¡/h vkSj Hkhejko vEcsMdj
(xqtjkr) esa foHkktu gks x;k vkSj ;g xje ny vkSj uje osQ chp gqvkA
TT fcgkj esa 1934 bZñ esa Hk;adj HkwdEi vk;kA Hkkjr ljdkj
ny esa foHkkftr gks x;hA
TT eqlyekuksa osQ fy, i`Fko~Q fuokZpu O;oLFkk êkysZ&feUVks lq/kj
vf/fu;e&1935 ikl fd;k x;kA
vf/fu;e* 1909 bZñ esa ikfjr fd;k x;kA ykWMZ fyufyFkxks (1936 bZñ&1943 bZñ)
ykWMZ gkfMZax f}rh; (1910 bZñ&1916 bZñ) TT 1 flrEcj 1939 dks f}rh; fo'o;q¼ çkjEHk gqvkA
TT 1940 dks vxLr çLrko vaxstksa osQ }kjk yk;k x;kA
TT blosQ le; esa fczfV'k lezkV ^tktZ iape* 1911 bZñ esa Hkkjr
TT 1942 esa fØIl fe'ku Hkkjr vk;kA
vk;s rFkk 1911 bZñ esa caxky foHkktu dks jn~n dj fn;k x;kA
TT 1912 esa Hkkjr dh jkt/kuh adydÙkk ls cnydj fnYyh cukbZ ykWMZ ososy (1943 bZñ&1947 bZñ)
xbZA (?kks"k.kk 1911 bZ- esa gqbZ FkhA) TT f'keyk le>kSrk 1945 bZñ esa gqvkA
TT 1912 bZñ esa ykWMZ gkfMZax f}rh; ij fnYyh esa ce Qsadk x;kA TT oSQfcusV fe'ku 1946 bZñ dks Hkkjr vk;k] ftlesa rhu lnL;
bl dk.M esa HkkbZ ckyeqdqUn dks iQk¡lh nh xbZA Fks& LVsiQksMZ fØIl] iSfFkd ykjsal] ,- oh- vysDtsaMjA
TT çFke fo'o ;q¼ 1914 bZñ esa ykWMZ gkfMZax f}rh; osQ le;
ykWMZ ekm.VcsVu (ekpZ 1947 ls&twu 1948 bZñ)
esa 'kq: gqvkA
TT ykWMZ ekm.VcsVu dks Lora=k Hkkjr dk vafre ok;ljk; rFkk
ykWMZ psEliQksMZ (1916 bZñ&1921 bZñ) çFke xouZj tujy ekuk tkrk gSA 3 twu] 1947 bZñ dks
TT 1916 bZñ esa iwuk esa efgyk fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk gqbZA ekm.VcsVu ;kstuk }kjk Hkkjr dk foHkktu dj fn;k x;kA
f'k{kk ls lEcfU/r lSMyj vk;ksx 1917 esa xfBr gqvkA 15 vxLr 1947 bZñ dks Hkkjr Lora=k gqvkA
TT 1919 bZñ esa jkSysV ,DV ikfjr gqvk] ftls Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa
dkyk dkuwu dgk tkrk gSA 1857 bZñ dh ØkfUr
TT 13 vçSy 1919 bZñ dks tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM ve`rlj TT 29 ekpZ 1857 bZñ dks eaxy ikaMs; uked ,d lSfud us
esa gqvkA cSjdiqj Nkouh esa xk; dh pchZ feys dkjrwl dks eq¡g ls dkVus
ls Li"V euk dj fn;kA
ykWMZ jhfMax (1921 bZñ&1926 bZñ) TT ftlosQ ckn mls fxjÝrkj dj fy;k vkSj 8 vçSy 1857 dks
TT 5 iQjojh] 1922 bZñ dks mRrj çns'k osQ xksj[kiqj ftys esa iQk¡lh ns nh xbZA
pkSjh&pkSjk dk.M gqvk ftlosQ ckn egkRek xka/h us vlg;ksx TT eaxy ikaMs; 34oha jsthesaV dk lSfud FkkA (caxky dh)
vkUnksyu okil ys fy;kA (oqQN Ïksrksa osQ vuqlkj 4 iQjojh]
1922 bZ-) uksV % 1857 dh ØkfUr osQ le; Hkkjr dk xouZj tujy ykMZ
TT 1923 bZñ esa eksrhyky usg: vkSj fprjatu nkl us bykgkckn oSQfuax Fkk vkSj baXyS.M dk ç/kuea=kh ikeLVZu FkkA
esa Lojkt ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk dhA 1921 bZñ esa eksiyk foæksg TT ;g ØkfUr 10 ebZ] 1857 dks esjB ls 'kq: gqbZA
TT vaxzstksa us vo/ ij 1856 esa uokc okftn vyh 'kkg ij
78
oqQ'kklu dk vkjksi yxkdj vo/ dks fczfV'k lkezkT; esa feyk TT 1906 bZñ esa dydÙkk esa gq, dkaxzsl ds vf/os'ku dh vè;{krk
fy;kA (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II) djrs gq, nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth us igyh ckj Lojkt 'kCn dk
TT cgknqj'kkg vkSj muosQ csVksa dks fczfV'k viQljksa us gqek;w¡ osQ mYys[k fd;kA
edcjs ls fxjÝrkj fd;k FkkA TT cky xaxk/j fryd us 1893 bZñ esa ^x.kifr mRlo* rFkk 1895
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I) bZñ esa ^f'kokth mRlo* uked R;kSgkj çkjEHk fd;sA osysUVkbu
TT 1877 esa ok;ljk; fyVu us egkjkuh foDVksfj;k dks Hkkjr dh fpjkWy us cky xaxk/kj fryd dks Hkkjrh; vlUrks"k dk tud
lkezkKh osQ :i esa Lohdkj djus osQ fy, njckj yxk;k FkkA dgk FkkA
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) TT ykMZ dtZu us 19 tqykbZ] 1905 dks caxky osQ foHkktu dh
TT 1916 esa y[kuÅ vf/os'ku esa dkaxzsl vkSj eqfLye yhx osQ ?kks"k.kk dhA (oqQN Ïksrksa osQ vuqlkj 20 tqykbZ] 1905 bZ-)
eè; le>kSrk gqvk FkkA TT caxky foHkktu ds fojks/ esa dkaxzsl us dydÙkk ds Vkmu gkWy
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift III) esa Lons'kh vkUnksyu dk çkjEHk 1905 bZñ esa fd;kA bl nkSjku
johUæ ukFk Bkdqj us çfl¼ xhr vkekj lksukj ckaXyk fy[kkA
TT nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth us Lora=krk iwoZ Hkkjr esa xjhch js[kk dh
TT 16 vDVwcj] 1905 bZñ dks dkaxzsl }kjk iwjs caxky esa ^'kksd
vo/kj.kk izLrqr dh FkhA
fnol* euk;k x;kA
TT caxky foHkktu dk eq[; mn~ns'; ^fgUnq vkSj eqlyekuksa* dks
TT /u fudkl dk fl¼kar nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth us gh fn;k FkkA
foHkkftr djuk FkkA
TT dkekxkVkek: çdj.k 1914 bZñ esa ?kfVr gqvk FkkA bl çdj.k
TT cafde pUnz pV~Vksiè;k; us oans ekrje~ xhr dh jpuk FkhA ds vUrxZr 1914 esa dqN Hkkjrh; yksxksa ds dukMk esa ços'k
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift II) izfrca/ dks ysdj vkUnksyu gqvk FkkA
TT bls vkuUn eB ls fy;k x;k gSA bls 1896 esa dkaxzsl osQ TT 1905 osQ caxky foHkktu dks vaxzstksa us iz'kklfud lq/kj dk
vf/os'ku esa xk;k x;k FkkA uke nsus dh dksf'k'k dhA
TT vkekj lksukj cakXyk ckaXykns'k dk jk"Vªxku gSA (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
ØkfUr osQ çeq[k osQUæ Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk r`rh; pj.k

fnYyh & cgknqj'kkg tiQj] c[r [kk¡ (1919&1947 bZñ)
dkuiqj & ukuk lkgc vkSj rkR;k Vksis TT Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk r`rh; pj.k xka/h ;qx ds uke
>k¡lh & jkuh y{eh ckbZ ls tkuk tkrk gSA
bykgkckn & fy;kdr vyh TT 9 tuojh] 1915 esa xka/h th n0 vizQhdk ls Hkkjr ykSVs vkSj
cjsyh & [kku cgknqj [kk¡ xksiky o`Q".k xks[kys dks viuk jktuhfrd xq: cuk;kA
iSQtkckn & ekSyoh vgenqYykg (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
txnh'kiqj (fcgkj) & dqo¡j flag TT xksiky o`Q".k xks[kys ds jktuhfrd xq# êgknso xksfoan jkukMs*
y[kuÅ & csxe gtjr egy FksA (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
TT egkRek xka/h 1893 bZñ esa ,d xqtjkrh O;kikjh ^nknk vCnqYyk*
uksV % rkR;k Vksis dk okLrfod uke ^jkepUæ ikaMqjax* FkkA 1859 dk eqdnek yM+us ds fy, nf{k.k vizQhdk (Mjcu) x;s FksA
bZñ esa vaxzstksa us bUgsa iQk¡lh ij yVdk fn;kA TT xka/h th us 1904 bZñ esa ^fiQfuDl iQkeZ* dh LFkkiuk Mjcu
esa dhA
Hkkjr dk Lora=krk&la?k"kZ % egRoiw.kZ rF; TT xka/h th dh n`f"V esa vfgalk dk vFkZ gS&lR; dh çkfIr dk
TT dkaxzsl ds çFke vf/os'ku esa 72 lnL;ksa us fgLlk fy;k FkkA jkLrkA bls gh jkejkT; dgrs gSaA
;g vf/os'ku eqacbZ esa gqvk FkkA igys ;g iwuk esa gksuk Fkk TT egkRek xka/h dk tUe 2 vDVwcj] 1869 bZñ dks xqtjkr ds
ijUrq ogk¡ Iysx dh chekjh iSQyus ds dkj.k ughaa gks ik;kA bl iksjcUnj esa gqvk FkkA
vf/os'ku ds vè;{k MCY;w-lh- cuthZ FksA TT budk fookg 13 o"kZ dh vk;q esa dLrwjck xka/h ls gqvkA
(SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) TT xka/h th us vgenkckn esa lkcjerh vkJe dh LFkkiuk dhA
TT cafdepaæ pVthZ us dgk] ^dkaxzsl ds yksx inksa ds Hkw[ks TT 'kq: esa xka/h th us fczfV'k ljdkjksa ds ;q¼ ç;klksa esa
jktuhfrK gSaA* lgk;rk dh] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i fczfV'k ljdkj us mUgsa
TT fczfV'k gkml vkWiQ dkWeUl dk pquko yM+us okys loZçFke ôSQlj&,&fgUn* dh mikf/ nhA
Hkkjrh; nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth FksA os fycjy ikVhZ ls pquko thrs FksA TT xk¡/h th us Hkkjr esa lR;kxzg dk igyk ç;ksx 1917 bZñ esa
79
pEikj.k ^fcgkj* esa fd;k FkkA TT ;g vkUnksyu rqdhZ ds [kyhiQk dk vaxzstksa }kjk vieku fd;s
TT egkRek xka/h tkWu jfLdu dh iqLrd ^vuVw fnl ykLV* ls tkus ds dkj.k gqvkA
cgqr çHkkfor FksA TT bl vkUnksyu dks egkRek xka/h dk leFkZu Hkh çkIr FkkA
TT f[kykiQr lfefr dk xBu ekpZ 1919 esa ckWEcs esa [kyhiQk dh
jksysV ,DV (1919) 'kfDr;ksa dh j{kk osQ fy, gqvk FkkA
TT ;g vf/fu;e lj flMuh jksysV dh vè;{krk esa lsfM'ku (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
desVh dh fliQkfj'kksa ds vk/kj ij ikfjr fd;k x;kA
(SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) vlg;ksx vkUnksyu (1 vxLr 1920 bZñ)
TT jksysV ,DV ds }kjk vaxzsth ljdkj fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks fcuk TT 1920 bZñ ds dkaxzsl ds ukxiqj vf/os'ku esa vlg;ksx vkanksyu
eqdnek pyk;s tsy esa cUn dj ldrh FkhA blfy, Hkkjrh; dk çLrko ^fprjatu nkl* us çLrkfor fd;k FkkA
turk us bls dkyk dkuwu dgkA (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
TT xka/h th us jksysV ,DV dh vkykspuk djrs gq, lR;kxzg djus TT xka/h }kjk 1 vxLr 1920 dks vlg;ksx vkUnksyu 'kq: dj
dk fuf'p; fd;kA fn;k x;kA tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM osQ fojks/ esa xka/h us
(SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift II) viuh ôSQlj&,&fgUn* dh mikf/ Hkh okil dj nhA
TT +6 vçSy 1919 bZñ dks xka/h th ds vuqjks/ ij ns'kHkj esa TT ekpZ 1922 esa xka/h th dks fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;k vkSj 6
gM+rkyksa dk vk;kstu gqvkA o"kZ dh ltk lqukbZA
TT vaxzsth ljdkj us xka/h th ds iatkc ,oa fnYyh esa ços'k ij TT cky xaxk/j fryd us vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dk leFkZu fd;k
çfrcU/ yxk fn;kA ijUrq vkUnksyu ds çFke fnu gh mudh e`R;q gks xbZA
TT 9 vçSy 1919 dks xka/h th dks fnYyh esa ços'k djus ds lkFk
gh fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;kA Lojkt ikVhZ
TT blls turk esa vkØks'k c<+ x;k blfy, xka/h th dks cEcbZ TT Lojkt ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk 1923 bZñ esa êksrhyky usg:* vkSj
ys tkdj fjgk dj fn;k x;k] ijUrq turk dk vkØks'k blls fprjatu nkl us bykgkckn esa dh FkhA
de ughaa gqvkA TT 1924 bZñ esa jkeçlkn fcfLey] pUæ'ks[kj vktkn] 'kphUæukFk
lkU;ky us ^fgUnqLrku fjifCyd ,lksfl,'ku* dh LFkkiuk
tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM (1919 bZñ) dkuiqj esa dhA
TT jksysV ,DV ds fojks/ esa txg&txg ij iatkc esa tulHkk,¡
vk;ksftr dh tk jgh FkhA dkdksjh dk.M
(SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III) TT ;g ?kVuk 9 vxLr] 1925 dks dkdksjh uked LFkku ij gqbZ]
TT bl nkSjku fczfV'k ljdkj us iatkc ds yksdfç; usrk ^MkWñ ftlesa ,d 8 Mkmu Vªsu esa j[ks ljdkjh [ktkus dks ywVk x;kA
lSiqQn~nhu fdpyw* rFkk ^MkWñ lR;iky* dks fxjÝrkj dj fy;kA TT bl ?kVuk esa vusd yksxksa dks vfHk;qDr cuk;k x;k] ftuesa
blh fxjÝrkjh dk fojks/ djus ds fy;s 13 vçSy 1919 dks jkeçlkn fcfLey] jktsUæ ykfgM+h] v'kiQkd mYyk [kk¡]
,d tulHkk ve`rlj ds tfy;k¡okyk ckx esa vk;ksftr dh jks'kuyky dks iQkalh nh x;h FkhA
xbZA (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift I) TT 1928 esa pUæ'ks[kj vktkn us ^fgUnqLrku lks'kfyLV fjifCydu
TT ve`rlj ds iQkSth dekaMj tujy Mk;j us fugRFkh HkhM+ ij ,lksfl,'ku* dh LFkkiuk fnYyh esa dhA
xksfy;k¡ pyok nhaA TT 1928 esa gh Hkxr flag] pUæ'ks[kj vktkn vkSj jktxq: us
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift III) iqfyl vf/dkjh ^lk.MlZ* dh ykgkSj esa gR;k dj nhA mUgksaus
TT ljdkjh fjiksVZ (g.Vj desVh) osQ vuqlkj 379 yksx ekjs x;s ykyk yktir jk; dk cnyk fy;k FkkA
ysfdu okLro esa ;s la[;k blls vf/d FkhA ok;ljk; dh TT 8 vçSy 1929 dks Hkxr flag vkSj cVqds'oj nÙk us dsUæh;
dk;Zdkfj.kh ds lnL; 'kadj uk;j us Hkh R;kxi=k ns fn;kA fo/kue.My esa ce isaQdk rFkk Hkxr flag us ^badykc
TT bl gR;kdk.M ds fojks/ esa jfoUæukFk VSxksj us ûkbV gqM* dh ftUnkckn* dk ukjk fn;kA
mikf/ okil dj nhA TT 23 ekpZ] 1931 dks Hkxr flag] lq[knso vkSj jktxq: dks
TT bl gR;kdkaM dh tkap ^gaVj vk;ksx* us dh FkhA gaVj vk;ksx vaxzstksa }kjk iQkalh ns nh xbZA
us tujy Mk;j ds o`QR; dks oS/ crk;kA TT 27 iQjojh] 1931 dks bl laxBu ds cps ,dek=k lnL;
pUæ'ks[kj vktkn bykgkckn ds ^vYizSQM ikdZ* esa iqfyl ls
f[kykiQr vkUnksyu (1919&1921) eqBHksM+ esa 'kghn gks x;sA jktæksg ds vkjksi esa 1934 esa lw;Zlsu
TT f[kykiQr vkUnksyu ^'kkSdr vyh* rFkk êqgEen vyh* us dks iQkalh nh x;h FkhA
1919 bZñ esa 'kq: fd;k FkkA
80
uksV % oqQN le; iwoZ mRrj izns'k ljdkj }kjk Hkkjr ds Lora=krk x;k rFkk ^;jonk* tsy esa j[kk x;kA mlds ckn vkUnksyu dk
laxzke ds bfrgkl ds ,d egRoiw.kZ vè;k; ^dkdksjh dkaM* dk usr`Ro ^vCckl rSÕ;c th* us fd;kA
uke cnydj ^dkdksjh Vsªu ,D'ku* dj fn;k x;k gSA TT ôsc feyj* ,d vesfjdh i=kdkj Fkk] ftldks nkaMh ekpZ ds
le; lkcjerh vkJe esa xk¡/h th us Bgjk;k gqvk FkkA
lkbeu deh'ku [kqnkbZ f[knerxkj ^yky dqrhZ* vkUnksyu
TT 1927 esa lj tkWu lkbeu dh vè;{krk esa ,d vk;ksx xfBr TT [kqnkbZ f[knerxkj ^yky dqrhZ* vkUnksyu ^[kku vCnqy xÝÝQkj
gqvk] ftlesa dksbZ Hkh Hkkjrh; lnL; ughaa FkkA [kk¡* us 'kq: fd;kA
TT ykMZ bjfou ds lq>koksa ij Hkkjrh;ksa dks lkbeu deh'ku ls TT bl vkUnksyu ds ekè;e ls ^[kku vCnqy xÝÝQkj [kk¡* us
ckgj j[kk x;kA lfou; voKk vkUnksyu dks lg;ksx fn;kA
TT dkaxzsl us bldk cfg"dkj fd;kA tgk¡&tgk¡ ;g vk;ksx x;k]
ogka mldks dkys >.Ms fn[kk;s x;sA xksyest lEesyu
TT lkbeu deh'ku us viuh fjiksVZ ebZ 1930 bZñ esa nh FkhA TT çFke xksyest lEesyu 1930 bZñ esa yanu esa gqvkA bl lEesyu
dk mn~?kkVu fczVsu ds lezkV ^tktZ iape* us fd;k rFkk bl
usg: fjiksVZ lEesyu dh vè;{krk fczVsu ds ç/kuea=kh ^jSEts eSDMksukYM*
TT lkbeu deh'ku dk cfg"dkj djus ij ^ykMZ cfoZQugSM* us us dh FkhA
Hkkjrh;ksa dks lafo/ku cukus dh pqukSrh nhA Hkkjrh; usrkvksa us TT nwljk xksyest lEesyu 1931 esa yUnu esa gqvkA egkRek xka/h
bl pqukSrh dks Lohdkj dj fy;k rFkk mlds ckn fnYyh esa us nwljs xksyest lEesyu esa Hkkx fy;k] ijUrq lkEçnkf;d
,d lEesyu dk vk;kstu gqvkA leL;k ij fookn gksus ds dkj.k xka/h ogka ls fujk'k gksdj
TT eksrhyky usg: dh vè;{krk okyh lfefr us vxLr 1928 okil vk x;s vkSj ;s lEesyu foiQy gks x;kA
dks ,d fjiksVZ is'k dh ftls ûsg: fjiksVZ* ds uke ls tkuk (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
tkrk gSA
TT rhljk xksyest lEesyu 1932 esa yUnu esa gqvk ,oa bl
ftUuk iQkewZyk lEesyu dk dkaxzsl us cfg"dkj fd;kA
TT eqfLye yhx ds usrk ekS0 vyh ftUuk us usg: fjiksVZ esa uksV % Hkhejko vEcsMdj ,dek=k Hkkjrh; Fks] tks rhuksa lEesyu
eqlyekuksa ds fy, i`Fko~Q fuokZpd e.My dh lqfo/k u fn;s esa mifLFkr jgsA
tkus ds dkj.k eqlyekuksa dh 14 ek¡xksa dk çi=k tkjh fd;k]
ftls Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ftUuk dk pkSng lw=kh; iQkewZyk dgk TT xka/h&bjfou le>kSrk 5 ekpZ] 1931 esa gqvk Fkk bl le>kSrs
tkrk gSA dks fnYyh le>kSrk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
dkaxzsl dk ykgkSj vf/os'ku iwuk le>kSrk (iwuk iSDV)

TT dkaxzsl dk ykgkSj vf/os'ku 31 fnlEcj 1929 dks vk;ksftr TT iwuk le>kSrk flracj 1932 esa Hkhejko vEcsMdj vkSj egkRek
fd;k x;kA bl vf/os'ku ds vè;{k îañ tokgj yky usg:* xka/h ds chp gqvkA
FksA TT iwuk le>kSrs ds vuqlkj nfyrkssa ds fy, i`Fko~Q fuokZpu
TT mUgksaus usg: fjiksVZ dks fujLr ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA mUgksaus iw.kZ O;oLFkk lekIr gks x;hA
Lojkt dh ekax dhA TT iwuk iSDV osQ ifj.kkeLo:i gfjtu lsod la?k dh LFkkiuk
1932 esa gqbZ FkhA (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
lfou; voKk vkUnksyu
TT lfou; voKk vkUnksyu egkRek xka/h us 1930 esa ykxw fd;k
Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu
FkkA TT Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu 8 vxLr 1942 dks egkRek xka/h us
TT 12 ekpZ 1930 dks egkRek xka/h us ,sfrgkfld ued lR;kxzg 'kq: fd;k FkkA bl vkUnksyu ds 'kq: gksrs gh egkRek xka/h
vkUnksyu çkjEHk dj fn;kA bls nkaMh ;k=kk Hkh dgrs gSaA dks fxjÝrkj dj fy;k vkSj ^vkxk [kk¡ iSysl* esa j[kk x;kA
TT xka/h th us lkcjerh vkJe ls vius 78 vuq;kf;;ksa ds lkFk TT [kjkc LokLF; gksus ds dkj.k egkRek xka/h dks ebZ 1944 esa
nkaMh ekpZ fd;kA fjgk dj fn;k x;kA Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds nkSjku yqbZ fiQ'kj
TT 24 fnu dh yEch ;k=kk ds i'pkr~ 6 vçSy 1930 dks nkaMh egkRek xk¡/h ds lkFk FksA bl vkUnksyu ds nkSjku egkRek xk¡/h
esa xka/h th us ued dkuwu rksM+ fn;kA ;gha ls lfou; voKk us djksa ;k ejksa dk ukjk fn;kA
vkUnksyu çkjEHk gqvkA oSQfcusV fe'ku
TT ued dkuwu ds mYya?ku ij xka/h th dks fxjÝrkj dj fy;k TT oSQfcusV fe'ku 24 ekpZ 1946 dks Hkkjr vk;kA
81
TT oSQfcusV fe'ku esa 3 lnL; Fks& cksl dks lkSai fn;sA usrkth us budk uke Øe'k% ^'kghn }hi*
1- LVsiQksMZ fØIl 2- iSfFkd ykjsal vkSj ^Lojkt }hi* j[kkA
3- ,-oh- vysDtsUMj TT Hkxr flag ds fo:¼ eq[kfcjh djus ds dkj.k iQ.khUæ ukFk
TT oSQfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk ds }kjk Hkkjr ds lafo/ku dk fuekZ.k ?kks"k dh gR;k cSoqQ.B 'kqDy us dh FkhA
gqvkA TT xk¡/hth us dkaxzsl dh lnL;rk ls nks ckj R;kxi=k fn;k&1925
bZñ esa vkSj 1930 bZñ esaA
,Vyh dh ?kks"k.kk TT dkaxzsl dk çFke fczfV'k vè;{k tkWtZ ;wy FkkA
TT fczVsu ds ç/kuea=kh ^,Vyh* us 20 iQjojh 1947 dks TT eSa ns'k ds ckyw ls gh dkaxzsl ls Hkh cM+k vkUnksyu [kM+k dj
?kks"k.kk dh fd lHkh vaxzst twu 1948 ls igys Hkkjr ds yksxksa nw¡xk&egkRek xk¡/h us dgk FkkA
dks lÙkk lkSaidj lnk ds fy, Hkkjr dks NksM+ nsaxsA TT nhuca/q fe=k dk ukVd ûhy niZ.k* esa uhy dh [ksrh djus
okys fdlkuksa ij gq, vR;kpkj dk mYys[k gSA
ekm.VcsVu ;kstuk TT vkRelEeku vkanksyu dh 'kq:vkr ^bZ-oh- jkekLokeh ukbdj*
TT Hkkjr ds vfUre ok;ljk; *ykMZ ekm.VcsVu* FksA 3 twu 1947 us dhA
dks ykMZ ekm.VcsVu us ,d ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk dh] ftls TT fujadkjh vkanksyu dh 'kq:vkr ^n;ky nkl* us dhA
êkm.VcsVu ;kstuk* dgk tkrk gSA TT nsolekt ds laLFkkid ^f'ko ukjk;.k vfXugks=kh* FksA
TT ;g ;kstuk Hkkjr foHkktu dh ;kstuk FkhA blesa Hkkjr dks TT Lokeh foosdkuUn us 1893 bZñ esa f'kdkxks esa fo'o /eZ
Lora=k djuk FkkA blds vykok] eqfLye yksxksa dks ;g pquuk lEesyu dks lacksf/r fd;kA
Fkk fd os Hkkjr esa jgsaxs ;k ikfdLrku esaA (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
TT ekm.VcsVu ;kstuk dks ^xksfoUn oYyHk iar* us Lohdkj fd;k
TT fnYyh "kM~;a=k dsl esa nhukukFk ds }kjk eq[kfcjh dh x;h FkhA
Fkk rFkk ^vcqy dyke vktkn* us bldk leFkZu fd;k] tks
TT vyhiqj dsl esa ljdkjh xokg ujsUnzukFk xksLokeh (ujsu
foHkktu dk fojks/ dj jgs FksA
xkslkbZ) cu x;kA
TT bl çLrko dk fojks/ ^MkWñ lSiQqn~nhu fdpyw* rFkk iq:"kksÙke
TT lcls de mez esa iQk¡lh dh ltk ikus okys ØkfUrdkjh [kqnhjke
nkl VaMu us fd;kA
cksl FksA
TT bl ;kstuk ds }kjk Hkkjr dks Lora=k dj fn;k x;kA iañ tokgj
TT Hkxr flag dks iQk¡lh dh ltk lqukus okyk U;k;k/h'k th-lh-
yky usg: Hkkjr ds igys ç/kuea=kh cusA
fgYVu FkkA
TT ikfdLrku ds igys xouZj tujy êkS0 vyh ftUuk* FksA
TT lcds fy, ,d tkfr] ,d /eZ] ,d bZ'oj dk ukjk Jh
TT Hkkjr dh vktknh ds le; dkaxzsl ds vè;{k ^ts- ch-
ukjk;.k xq: us fn;kA
o`Qiykuh* FksA
TT eSa ,d ØkfUrdkjh ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gw¡A ;g dFku
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds çeq[k rF; gS&tokgjyky usg: dkA
TT eqfLye yhx us lcls igys ikfdLrku dh ekax 1940 esa dh TT lqHkk"k pUæ cksl ds jktuhfrd xq# ns'kcU/q fprjatu nkl FksA
FkhA eqfLye yhx us eqfDr fnol 1939 esa euk;k] rFkk eqfLye TT Hkkjr dk fcLekdZ ljnkj cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy dks dgk tkrk gSA
yhx us çR;{k dk;Zokgh fnol 1946 esa euk;kA TT 'kqf¼ vkanksyu ds çorZd Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh FksA
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift II) TT 19oha 'krkCnh ds Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k dk firk jktk jkeeksgu
TT lfou; voKk vkUnksyu esa iBku lR;kxzfg;ksa ij xksyh pykus
jk; dks dgk tkrk gSA
TT dkaxzsl us ekSykuk vcqy dyke vktkn dh vè;{krk esa Hkkjr
ls x<+oky jkbiQYl us budkj dj fn;kA
TT 1939 esa egkRek xk¡/h }kjk çLrkfor çR;k'kh iV~VkfHk lhrkjeSÕ;k
NksM+ks çLrko dks ikfjr fd;kA
TT Hkkjr ds firkeg (xzSaM vksYM eSu vkWiQ bafM;k) nknkHkkbZ
dks gjkdj lqHkk"k pUæ cksl dkaxzsl ds vè;{k pqus x;sA
TT 13 ekpZ 1940 bZñ dks yanu esa iatkc ds ljnkj Å/e flag us
ukSjksth dks dgk tkrk gSA
TT fcuk rkt dk ckn'kkg lqjsUæukFk cuthZ dks dgk tkrk gSA
iatkc ds HkwriwoZ ysfÝVusaV xouZj Mk;j dh xksyh ekjdj gR;k
TT ,-vks- áwe dks ^gjfeV vkWiQ f'keyk* dgk tkrk gSA
dj nhA (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
TT jksysV ,DV (1919) dks fcuk vihy] fcuk odhy rFkk fcuk
TT xk¡/hth us 1940 bZñ dks ioukj (egkjk"Vª) esa O;fDrxr
lR;kxzg vkUnksyu 'kq: fd;kA bl vkUnksyu ds çFke lR;kxzgh nyhy dk dkuwu dgk x;kA
fouksck Hkkos] nwljs lR;kxzgh tokgjyky usg: ,oa rhljs TT 22 fnlEcj] 1939 bZñ dks dkaxzsl eaf=keaMy us lkewfgd :i
lR;kxzgh czãnÙk FksA bl vkUnksyu dks fnYyh pyks vkUnksyu ls R;kxi=k fn;kA bl fnu dks eqfLye yhx us êqfDr fnol*
Hkh dgk x;kA ds :i esa euk;kA
TT xk¡/hth us fØIl çLrko ij dgk&;g ,d vkxs dh rkjh[k dk
TT 1943 bZñ dks tkiku us vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lqHkk"k pUæ
82
psd gS] ftldk cSad u"V gksus okyk gSA TT teZuh ds çfl¼ oSKkfud ^dsIyj* us xzgksa dh xfr dk fu;e
TT jk"Vªh; Lora=krk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku dq[;kr jgh lsyqyj çfrikfnr fd;kA
(lsY;wyj) tsy iksVZ Cys;j] v.Meku esa fLFkr gSA TT 'ksDlfi;j baXyS.M dk fuoklh Fkk vkSj mlus ^jksfe;ks ,oa
TT vk;Z efgyk lekt dh LFkkiuk iafMr jekckbZ us dhA twfy;V* uked o`Qfr dh jpuk dhA
TT Hkkjr dh [kkst 1498 bZñ esa okLdksfMxkek us dh Fkh] og
fo'o bfrgkl ds çeq[k rF; iqrZxky dk fuoklh FkkA
çFke fo'o ;q¼ (1914&1918) baXyS.M dh ØkfUr
TT igyk fo'o ;q¼ 28 tqykbZ] 1914 esa 'kq: gqvk rFkk ;g ;q¼ TT baXyS.M dh xkSjoiw.kZ ØkfUr 1688 bZñ esa gqbZA
11 uoacj] 1918 bZñ rd pykA TT baXyS.M esa xzg ;q¼ lkr o"kks± rd pykA
TT igys fo'o ;q¼ dk rkRdkfyd dkj.k lfcZ;k }kjk vkWfLVª;k
ds jktoqQekj îQfMZusaM* dh gR;k djuk FkkA izQkal dh ØkfUr
TT izQkal dh ØkfUr 1789 bZñ esa yqbZ 16ok¡ ds 'kkludky esa gqbZA
nwljk fo'o ;q¼ (1939&1945) TT lekurk] LorU=krk o cU/qRo izQkal dh ØkfUr dk ukjk FkkA
TT nwljk fo'o ;q¼ 1939 esa 'kq: gqvkA bl ;q¼ dh 'kq:vkr TT lks'ky dkaVªSDV uked iqLrd :lks us fy[kh FkhA
teZuh us iksySaM ij vkØe.k djds dhA TT usiksfy;u dks vk/qfud izQkal dk tUenkrk ekuk tkrk gSA
TT ;g ;q¼ 6 o"kks± rd pykA ;g ;q¼ 1945 bZñ esa [kRe gqvkA TT okVjyw dh yM+kbZ 1815 bZñ esa gqbZ vkSj bl yM+kbZ esa usiksfy;u
TT vesfjdk us Øe'k% 6 vxLr 1945 vkSj 9 vxLr 1945 dks dh gkj gqbZA usiksfy;u dks cUnh cukdj lsaV gsysuk }hi Hkst
tkiku ds fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh ij ijek.kq ce fxjk fn;sA fn;k] ogk¡ ij mldh e`R;q 1821 bZñ esa gks x;hA
TT 24 vDVwcj] 1945 dks la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh LFkkiuk gqbZ FkhA TT usiksfy;u dks fyfVy dkiksZjy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA usiksfy;u ds
TT fgVyj teZuh dk pkalyj 1933 bZñ esa cukA fgVyj us ,d iru dk dkj.k mlds }kjk :l ij fd;k x;k vkØe.k FkkA
iqLrd fy[kh ftldk uke êsjk la?k"kZ* (ehu dSEiQ) gSA
TT teZuh dk ,dhdj.k ^fcLekdZ* us fd;k FkkA :l dh ØkfUr
TT lektokn 'kCn dk lcls igys ç;ksx jkWcVZ vksosu us fd;k FkkA
vesfjdk dh ØkfUr dkyZ ekDlZ teZuh dk fuoklh FkkA dkyZ ekDlZ us nkl dSfiVy
TT vesfjdk dks Lora=krk 4 tqykbZ 1776 bZñ dks izkIr gqbZ FkhA rFkk dE;wfuLV eSuhisQLVks uked iqLrd fy[kh gSA nqfu;k ds
cksLVu Vh ikVhZ dh ?kVuk dk laca/ ^vesfjdk dh ØkfUr* ls etnwjksa ,d gks tkvks] ;g ukjk dkyZ ekDlZ us fn;kA
gS] ;g ?kVuk 1773 bZñ esa gqbZ FkhA TT :l dh ØkfUr 1917 esa gqbZ rFkk bl ØkfUr dk çeq[k usrk
TT vesfjdk ds igys jk"Vªifr ^tktZ okf'kaxVu* FksA vczkfge ysfuu FkkA
fyadu vesfjdk ds 16osa jk"Vªifr gq,A
teZuh dk ,dhdj.k
vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr TT teZuh dk ,dhdj.k fcLekdZ us fd;kA
TT vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr dh 'kq:vkr ^baXyS.M* ls gqbZ Fkh D;ksafd TT fcLekoZQ teZuh dk ,dhdj.k iz'kk osQ usr`Ro esa pkgrk FkkA
baXyS.M ds ikl dPps eky vkSj iw¡th dh vf/drk FkhA og 1862 esa iz'kk dk pkalyj cukA
iqutkZxj.k rqdhZ
TT iqutkZxj.k dk çkjEHk ^bVyh* ls gqvk FkkA TT rqdhZ dks ;wjksi dk ejht dgk tkrk gSA
TT bVyh ds egku dfo ^nkars* dks iqutkZxj.k dk vxznwr ekuk TT vk/qfud rqdhZ dk fuekZrk eqLriQk deky vrkrqoZQ dks ekuk
tkrk gSA tkrk gSA og rqdhZ dk izFke jk"Vªifr FkkA
TT nkars us ^fMokbu dkWesMh* uked iqLrd fy[kh gSA nkars ds
ckn iqutkZxj.k esa îSVªkWd* uked O;fDr us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk phuh ØkfUr
fuHkkbZA TT 1911 bZñ esa gqbZ phuh ØkfUr dk uk;d lu;kr lsu FkkA mlus
TT fy;ksuknksZ n foaph] ekbdy ,atsyks vkSj jkisQy] ;s rhuksa bVyh rqax&esax ny dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj eapw jktoa'k dks lekIr
ds egku fp=kdkj FksA fy;ksuknksZ n foaph us eksukfylk rFkk n dj fn;kA
ykLV lij uked fp=k cuk;sA TT MkWñ lu;kr lsu dks phu dk jk"Vªfirk dgk tkrk gSA
TT ^n ykLV ttesaV* ekbdy ,atsyks us cuk;k gSa rFkk êsMksuk* TT lcls igys fo'o esa dkxt eqnzk phu us pykbZ FkhA
dk fp=k jkisQy us cuk;k gSA
TT lkSje.My dh [kkst ^dksijfudl* us dh FkhA
83
fo'o bfrgkl ds çeq[k rF; fgUnq egklHkk 1915 iañ enu eksgu ekyoh;
TT felz dh çkphu lH;rk uhy unh dh ?kkVh esa fodflr gqbZ FkhA vfHkuo Hkkjr lkslkbVh 1904 fouk;d nkeksnj lkojdj
TT lkSj iapkax felz ns'k dh nsu gSA [kqnkbZ f[knerxkj (SSC 1930 [kku vCnqy xÝiQkj [kku
TT felz ds fo'kky fijkfeM dk fuekZ.k lezkV [kqiwQ }kjk xhtk GD, 12 Jan., 2023,
esa djok;k x;kA Shift IV)
TT phu dh lH;rk dks îhyh unh ?kkVh lH;rk* ds uke ls ukStoku Hkkjr lHkk 1926 Hkxr flag rFkk ;'kiky
tkuk tkrk gSA Lojkt ikVhZ 1923 eksrhyky usg: rFkk lh-
TT loZçFke js'ke m|ksx phu esa 'kq: gqvkA vkj- nkl
TT îhr vkrad* ls tkiku dks lacksf/r fd;k tkrk FkkA losZUV~l vkWiQ bf.M;k 1905 xksiky o`Q".k xks[kys
TT 'khr ;q¼ vesfjdk rFkk lksfo;r la?k ds chp pyrk FkkA lkslkbVh
TT vesfjdk us tkiku osQ fgjksf'kek ij fyfVy ckW; rFkk ukxklkdh
fFk;kslksfiQdy lkslkbVh 1875 eSMe CykV~oLdh] duZy
ij iSQVeSu uked ijek.kq ce fxjk;s FksA
vYdkV
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ vkRe lEeku vkanksyu 1925 bZ-oh- jkekLokeh uk;dj
laxBu ,oa laLFkk,¡ vgefn;k vkanksyu 1889 fetkZ xqyke vgen
vkUnksyu o"kZ O;fDr Lora=krk vkUnksyu ls lacaf/r iqLrosQa ,oa muosQ
,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh 1784 fofy;e tksUl
ys[kd
vkReh; lHkk 1815 jktk jkeeksgu jk;
iqLrosaQ ys[kd
osnkUr dkWyst 1825 jktk jkeeksgu jk;
fgUn Lojkt egkRek xka/h
;qok caxky vkUnksyu gsujh fofo;u fMjksft;ks
vkuUn eB cafde pUæ pVthZ
czã lekt 1828 jktk jkeeksgu jk;
xhrk jgL; cky xaxk/j fryd
rRocksf/uh lHkk 1839 nsosUæukFk VSxksj
jkbt vkWiQ n ejkBk ikoj egknso xksfoUn jkukMs
vk;Z lekt (SSC GD, 1875 Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh
10 Jan., 2023, Shift Hkkjr ,d [kkst iañ tokgj yky usg:
III) oUns ekrje~ cafde pUæ pVthZ
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl 1885 ,-vks- âkwe ikWoVhZ ,.M vufczfV'k :y bu bafM;k nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth
çkFkZuk lekt (SSC GD, 1867 vkRekjke ikaMqjax cax n'kZu cafde pUæ pVthZ
16 Jan., 2023, Shift
n bafM;u LVªxy lqHkk"k pUæ cksl
II)
uhy niZ.k nhu cU/q fe=k
iwuk lkoZtfud lHkk 1870 egknso xksfoUn jkukMs
bafM;k foUl izQhMe vcqy dyke vktkn
eksgEeMu ,aXyks vksfj;aVy 1875 lj lSÕ;n vgen [kk¡
LowQy bafM;k vujsLV osysUVkbu f'kjksy
lR; 'kks/d lekt (SSC 1873 T;ksfrck iwQys xhrkatfy jfoUæ ukFk Bkdqj
GD, 1 Feb., 2023, uothou egkRek xka/h
Shift I) laokn dkSeqnh jktk jke eksgu jk;
bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku 1876 lqjsUæ ukFk cuthZ
jkeo`Q".k fe'ku 1897 Lokeh foosdkuUn çeq[k miyfC/;k¡
f[kykiQr vkUnksyu 1919 vyh cU/q mikf/ çkIrdrkZ çnkudrkZ
xnj ikVhZ 1913 ykyk gjn;ky jktk jktk jkeeksgu jk; vdcj&II
gfjtu lsod la?k (iq.ks) 1932 egkRek xka/h egkRek egkRek xka/h jfoUæ ukFk VSxksj
iQkWjoMZ CykWd 1939 lqHkk"k pUæ cksl xq:nso jfoUæ ukFk VSxksj egkRek xka/h
gkse:y yhx 1916 ,suh cslsUV vkSj cky jk"Vªfirk egkRek xka/h lqHkk"k pUæ cksl
xaxk/j fryd ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy ckjnksyh dh
fo'o Hkkjrh 1921 jfoUæ ukFk VSxksj efgykvksa us
84
ns'kuk;d lqHkk"k pUæ cksl jfoUæ ukFk VSxksj fot;h fo'o frjaxk I;kjk ';keyky xqIr
usrkth lqHkk"k pUæ cksl ,MksYiQ fgVyj îk"kZn*
ns'kjRu@vtkr'k=kq jktsUæ çlkn egkRek xka/h t; fgUn lqHkk"k pUæ cksl
dk;ns vkte eksgEen vyh ftUuk egkRek xka/h fnYyh pyks lqHkk"k pUæ cksl
v¼Zuaxk iQdhj egkRek xka/h foaLVu pfpZy gs jke! egkRek xka/h
ns'kæksgh iQdhj egkRek xka/h foaLVu pfpZy lkjs tgk¡ ls vPNk fgUnksLrk¡ gekjk ekSñ bdcky
ou eSu ckmaMªh iQkslZ egkRek xka/h ekmaVcsVu fgUnh] fgUnq] fgUnqLrku HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUæ
ljiQjks'kh dh reUuk vc gekjs fny esa gS jkeçlkn fcfLey
jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ls lacaf/r çeq[k ukjs bUdykc ftUnkckn Hkxr flag
Lojkt gekjk tUe fl¼ vf/dkj gS cky xaxk/j fryd rqe eq>s [kwu nks esa rqEgsa vktknh nw¡xk lqHkk"k pUæ cksl
vkjke gjke gS tokgj yky usg: oUns ekrje~ cafde pUæ pVthZ
Hkkjr NksM+ks (1942 bZñ) egkRek xka/h t.k&x.k&eu vf/uk;d t; gs jfoUæ ukFk VSxksj
ijh{kksi;ksxh iz'u
1. vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa bafM;u ,lksf'k,'ku dh LFkkiuk dkSu Fks\ (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl LFkku ij gqbZ Fkh\ (a) fnu'kkW okpk (b) ,yu vkWDVsfo;u g~;we
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) (c) nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth (d) O;kses'k panz cuthZ
(a) y[kuÅ (b) dydÙkk 8. tSu /eZ osQ fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk fuEufyf[kr esa ls
(c) lwjr (d) iwuk fdlosQ fy, vf/d dfBu Fkk\
2. lkrokgu ------------- Hkkjr esa ,d 'kfDr'kkyh jktoa'k FkkA (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) (a) dkjhxjksa (b) O;kikfj;ksa
(a) iwohZ (b) if'pe (c) fdlkuksa (d) egktuksa
(c) mÙkjh (d) nf{k.k 9. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ekS;Z 'kkld us ckS¼ /eZ osQ
3. laxe dky osQ nkSjku rfey {ks=k esa] Hkwfeghu etnwjksa ftuesa izpkj&izlkj dk chM+k mBk;k Fkk\
nkl Hkh 'kkfey gksrs Fks] dks ----------- osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
FkkA (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift III) (a)
fcanqlkj (b) v'kksd
(a) osYykyj vkSj m>kokj (b) dMSfl;kj vkSj m>kokj (c)
nsooeZu (d) lEizfr
(c) osYykykj vkSj vfnebZ (d) dMSfl;kj vkSj vfnebZ 10. ekpZ 1919 esa ,d f[kykiQr lfefr dk xBu ---------- esa
4. tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM osQ fy, dkSu ftEesnkj Fkk\ fd;k x;k FkkA
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift III) (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(a)lR;iky (b) tujy gaVlZ (a) ve`rlj (b) dydÙkk
(c)tujy Mk;j (d) tujy iSaVlZ (c) cacbZ (d) fnYyh
5. ft;kmn~nhu cjuh us vius o`Ùkkar dk igyk laLdj.k ------- 11. ---------- esa] ckcj us ikuhir esa bczkghe yksnh dks gjk;kA
-- o"kZ esa fy[kk FkkA (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift II) (a)
1528 (b) 1532
(a)
1288 (b) 1358 (c)
1530 (d) 1526
(c)
1402 (d) 1356 12. m/e flag us fdldh gR;k dh Fkh\
6. Iyklh dk ;q¼ --------- esa yM+k x;k FkkA (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift II) (a) tkWu lkbeu (b) ekbdy vks Mk;j
(a)
1755 (b) 1757 (c) flMuh jksysV (d) jsftukYM Mk;j
(c)
1760 (d) 1764 13. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk phuh rhFkZ;k=kh g~osulkax osQ
7. 1885 esa vk;ksftr dkaxzsl osQ igys vf/os'ku osQ vè;{k yxHkx 50 o"kZ ckn Hkkjr vk;k Fkk\
85
(SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) (c)

1760 (d) 1764
(a)Rlkax gk; (b) ykvks Rlw 23. os 1893 esa f'kdkxks esa gqbZ fo'o /eZ laln esa fn, x,
(c)iQkfg;ku (d) vkbZ&foaQx muosQ Hkk"k.k osQ fy, yksdfiz; gSaA ;gk¡ ôs* fdls dgk tk
14. fo'kq ,d ---------------- ioZ gS] tks eq[; :i ls Hkkjr osQ jgk gS\
nf{k.kh Hkkx esa euk;k tkrk gSA (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) (a)osQ'ko pUnz lsu (b) Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh
(a)tSu (b) ckS¼ (c)egkRek xka/h (d) Lokeh foosdkuan
(c)fganw (d) ikjlh 24. g"kZo/Zu us ueZnk unh ikj djosQ nDdu dh vksj c<+us dh
15. dkSfVY; us fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh iqLrd fy[kh Fkh\ dksf'k'k dh rc pkyqD; ujs'k -------------- us mUgsa jksd fn;kA
(SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift II) (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(a) vFkZ'kkL=k (b) lwDrkoyh (a) iqyosQf'kuf}rh; (b) leqnzxqIr izFke
(c) eqnzk jk{kl (d) bafMdk (c) panzxqIr (d) leqnzxqIr f}rh;
16. ôans ekrje* xhr fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ys[kd us vius 25. vlg;ksx vkanksyu osQ izLrko dh iqf"V fnlacj 1920 esa
,d miU;kl esa mn~/`r fd;k gS\ -------------- esa vk;ksftr Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl osQ okf"kZd
(SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift I) vf/os'ku esa dh xbZ FkhA
(a) cafdepanz pV~Vksikè;k; (b) ohj flag lyxkaodj (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) eq#xe isfj;kj (d) yky ek[ku flag (a) Hkksiky (b) ukxiqj
17. xqIr 'kkld leqnz xqIr dh iz'kalk esa fyf[kr iz;kx iz'kfLr (c) lwjr (d) enzkl
;k bykgkckn LraHk osQ jpf;rk dkSu Fks\ 26. 1905 esa caxky osQ foHkktu osQ fy, vaxzstksa }kjk fuEufyf[kr
(SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift I) esa ls dkSu&lk eq[; roZQ izLrqr fd;k x;k Fkk\
(a)dkfynkl (b) Hkkl (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
(c)gfj"ks.k (d) fo'kk[knÙk (a) /kfeZd ln~Hkko (b) O;kikj dk fodkl
18. fnlacj 1929 esa] ----------- dh vè;{krk esa] ykgkSj esa îw.kZ (c) iz'kklfud lqfo/k (d) 'kSf{kd lq/kj
Lojkt* dh ekax dks vkSipkfjd :i fn;kA 27. ukyank fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk -------------- }kjk 5oha
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) 'krkCnh esa dh xbZ FkhA
(a) tokgjyky usg: (b) vkliQ vyh (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
(c) txthou jke (d) cynso flag (a) oqQekjxqIr (b) leqnzxqIr
19. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlus ofTt ij izLrkfor geys osQ ckjs (c) panzxqIr ekS;Z (d) LoaQnxqIr
esa lykg ysus osQ fy, cq¼ ls eqykdkr dh\ 28. x;klqn~nhu cycu us fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl dky esa Hkkjr
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) esa 'kklu fd;k Fkk\
(a) jk/kxqIr (b) oLldkj (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(c) v'kksd (d) ;'k (a) 1266&1287 (b) 1206&1210
20. iYyoksa osQ vfHkys[kksa esa dbZ LFkkuh; lHkkvksa dh ppkZ (c) 1235&1265 (d) 1211&1240
gSA buesa ls ,d Fkk czkã.k HkwLokfe;ksa dk laxBu ftls 29. jktx`g dbZ o"kks± rd ex/ dh jkt/kuh jgkA ckn esa
---------- dgrs FksA jkt/kuh dks -------------- esa LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k x;kA
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift III) (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(a)
lHkk (b) Hkze.k (a)mTtSu (b) ikVfyiq=k
(c)
ifj"kn (d) ukSdk;u (c)dk¡phiqje (d) r{kf'kyk
21. izfl¼ 'kkld dfu"d --------- oa'k osQ FksA 30. ch-vkj- vacsMdj }kjk nfyr oxZ la?k dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift II) dh xbZ Fkh\ (SSC GD, 5 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(a)
gw.k (b) oqQ"kk.k (a) 1932 (b) 1926
(c)
'kqax (d) 'kd (c) 1928 (d) 1930
22. cDlj dk ;q¼ ------------ esa yM+k x;k FkkA 31. pksy vfHkys[kksa osQ vuqlkj fo|ky;ksa osQ j[k&j[kko osQ fy,
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift II) Hkwfe dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\
(a) 1757 (b) 1755 (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
86
(a)
nsonku (b) 'kkykHkksx (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(c)
czãns; (d) osYyuoxkbZ (a) jktk jke eksgu jk; (b) lR;sanz ukFk VSxksj
32. cq¼ 'kkD; x.k uked ,d NksVs x.k ls lacaf/r Fks] vkSj (c) lSÕ;n vgen [kku (d) nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth
,d ------------------ FksA 41. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu g"kZo/Zu osQ njckjh dfo vkSj
(SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift II) ^g"kZpfjr* osQ ys[kd Fks\
(a)
czkã.k (b) oS'; (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(c)
{kf=k; (d) 'kwnz (a)ck.kHkV~V (b) dkfynkl
33. 1919 esa] xka/hth us -------------------- osQ fojks/ esa lR;kxzg (c)jkt'ks[kj (d) vk;ZHkV~V
dk vkg~oku fd;k FkkA 42. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ekS;Z jktk osQ 'kkludky esa dfyax
(SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift II) ;q¼ yM+k x;k Fkk\
(a)Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vf/fu;e (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(b)fiV~l bafM;k ,DV (a)n'kjFk (b) panzxqIr
(c)jkWysV ,DV (c)fcanqlkj (d) v'kksd
(d)jsxqysfVax ,DV 43. 1873 esa] mUgksaus ^lR; 'kks/d lekt* dh LFkkiuk dhA ;gk¡
34. v'kksd us vius f'kykys[k esa mYys[k fd;k gS fd mlus ^mUgksaus* fdls dgk tk jgk gS\
jktk cuus osQ ---------------- ckn dfyax ij fot; izkIr dh (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
FkhA (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift II) (a)T;ksfrck iqQys (b) xksfoanjko iqQys
(a) lkr o"kZ (b) nl o"kZ (c)xksiky gfj ns'keq[k (d) lkfo=khckbZ iqQys
(c) ukS o"kZ (d) vkB o"kZ 44. fuEufyf[kr ekS;Z lezkVksa esa ls fdls fi;nLlh osQ uke ls
35. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl xqIr 'kkld dks mldh lSU; tkuk tkrk Fkk\
miyfC/;ksa osQ dkj.k Hkkjr dk usiksfy;u dgk tkrk Fkk\ (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (a)n'kjFk (b) fcanqlkj
(a) JhxqIr (b) panzxqIr f}rh; (c)c`gnzFk (d) v'kksd
(c) leqnzxqIr (d) panzxqIr izFke 45. 1919 esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh izeq[k ?kVuk ?kVh Fkh\
36. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu okdkVd jktoa'k osQ laLFkkid Fks\ (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift I) (a)caxky foHkktu
(a) izojlsu f}rh; (b) izojlsu izFke (b)tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM
(c) foaè;'kfDr (d) izHkkorhxqIr (c)paikj.k vkanksyu
37. xkSre cq¼ osQ HkDrksa }kjk eukbZ tkus okyh cq¼ iwf.kZek] fganw (d)vlg;ksx vkanksyu
ekg -------------- esa eukbZ tkrh gSA 46. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl unh dk uke ½Xosn esa osQoy ,d
(SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift I) ckj vk;k gS\
(a)ek?k (b) iQkYxqu (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c)cS'kk[k (d) pS=k (a) xaxk (b) fla/q
38. flracj 1948 esa] Hkkjrh; lsuk us vius gLr{ksi }kjk fdl (c) >sye (d) ljLorh
fj;klr ij vf/dkj LFkkfir dj fy;k Fkk\ 47. ------------ vkSj -------------- us dkmafly jktuhfr dks okil
(SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) ysus osQ fy, dkaxzsl osQ rgr Lojkt ikVhZ dk xBu fd;kA
(a)f=kiqjk (b) vle (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(c)gSnjkckn (d) mÙkj izns'k (a) fprjatu nkl vkSj eksrhyky usg:
39. g"kZo/Zu vkSj iqyosQf'ku f}rh; dk ;q¼ fdl unh osQ rV (b) fprjatu nkl vkSj tokgjyky usg:
ij gqvk Fkk\ (c) yksdekU; fryd vkSj eksrhyky usg:
(SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift III) (d) yksdekU; fryd vkSj tokgjyky usg:
(a)
ueZnk (b) xksnkojh 48. leqnzxqIr us nf{k.kkiFk osQ fdrus 'kkldksa dks ijkftr fd;k
(c)
o`Q".kk (d) xaxk Fkk\ (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
40. 1866 esa] yanu bZLV bafM;k ,lksfl,'ku dh LFkkiuk (a) 12 (b) 8
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlus dh Fkh\ (c) 10 (d) 3
87
49. bykgkckn esa v'kksd&LraHk ij fdlh iz'kfLr dh [kqnkbZ dh (c)245 bZ-iw- (d) 232 bZ-iw-
x;h gS\ (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift I) 57. oqQ[;kr tfy;kaokyk ckx dh ?kVuk dc gqbZ Fkh\
(a) panzxqIr f}rh; (b) leqnzxqIr f}rh; (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) panzxqIr (d) leqnzxqIr (a) 13 vizSy 1919 (b) 13 vizSy 1920
50. fdl oa'k osQ 'kkld us 999 esa oaQnkfj;k egknso eafnj dk (c) 13 vizSy 1918 (d) 11 vizSy 1919
fuekZ.k djok;k Fkk\ 58. ekS;Z lkezkT; osQ fdl lezkV us ;q¼ thrus osQ ckn fot;
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) dk R;kx dj fn;k Fkk\
(a)
pansy (b) uan (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(c)
'kqax (d) xqIr (a)
v'kksd (b) panzxqIr ekS;Z
51. 1757 dk o"kZ Hkkjr esa vaxzsth bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ fy, (c)
fcanqlkj (d) n'kjFk
,d egRoiw.kZ o"kZ D;ksa Fkk\ 59. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ofTt egktuin dh jkt/kuh Fkh\
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a)
1757 esa Iyklh dh yM+kbZ esa uokc fljktqn~nkSyk (a)x;k (b) oS'kkyh
dks gjkdj vaxzsth bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us caxky ij (c)ikVfyiq=k (d) vax
vf/dkj dj fy;kA 60. eksgEen vyh ftUuk] enu eksgu ekyoh; vkSj etgj my
(b) 1857 esa Iyklh dh yM+kbZ esa futke dks gjkdj vaxzsth gd us 'kkgh fo/ku ifj"kn ls R;kxi=k D;ksa fn;k\
bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us gSnjkckn ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c) 1757 esa cjkcj dh yM+kbZ esa uokc fljktqn~nkSyk (a)
jksysV ,DV osQ f[kykiQ fojks/ djus osQ fy,
dks gjkdj vaxzsth bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us vo/ ij (b)
lkbeu deh'ku dk leFkZu djus osQ fy,
vf/dkj dj fy;kA (c)
lkbeu deh'ku osQ f[kykiQ fojks/ djus osQ fy,
(d) 1757 esa Iyklh dh yM+kbZ esa uokc fljktqn~nkSyk (d)
jksysV ,DV dk leFkZu djus osQ fy,
dks gjkdj vaxzsth bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us enzkl ij 61. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ekS;Z lkezkT; dk laLFkkid Fkk\
vf/dkj dj fy;kA (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
52. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jktk osQ 'kkludky esa lkaph dk (a) leqnzxqIr (b) panzxqIr
egku Lrwi cuk;k x;k Fkk\ (c) v'kksd (d) panzxqIr ekS;Z
62. mUgksaus ekr`Hkwfe osQ fy, ôans ekrje~* xhr dh jpuk dh
(a) v'kksd (b) fcanqlkj
FkhA ;gk¡ ^mUgksaus* fdls dgk tk jgk gS\
(c) c`gnzFk (d) panzxqIr
53. izkFkZuk lekt dh LFkkiuk --------------- esa cacbZ esa gqbZ FkhA (a)
vjfcanks ?kks"k
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (b)
tokgj yky usg:
(a)
1865 (b) 1867 (c)
cafde pUnz pV~Vksikè;k;
(c)
1871 (d) 1869 (d)
jfoUnzukFk VSxksj
54. egkRek xka/h tuojh ----------- esa Hkkjr ykSVsA 63. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh iqLrd n;kuan ljLorh }kjk
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift II) fy[kh xbZ Fkh\
(a) 1919 (b) 1915 (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(c) 1911 (d) 1917 (a) dkcqyhokyk (b) LVªs cM~Zl
55. --------------- esa] bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us baXySaM dh egkjkuh (c) lR;kFkZ izdk'k (d) xhrkatfy
,fytkcsFk izFke ls ,d pkVZj izkIr fd;k] ftlls bls iwjc 64. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&ls lR;kxzg MkW- ch-vkj- vacsMdj
osQ lkFk O;kikj djus dk ,dkf/dkj fey x;kA us usr`Ro fd;k Fkk\
(a) 1615 (b) 1610 (a)
O;fDrxr lR;kxzg (b) dkuiqj lR;kxzg
(c) 1624 (d) 1600 (c)
egkM+ lR;kxzg (d) [ksM+k lR;kxzg
56. ekS;Z 'kkld] v'kksd dh e`R;q dc gqbZ Fkh\ 65. ½Xosn osQ ea=kksa osQ lewg ------------------ dgykrs gSaA
(a) 250 bZ-iw- (b) 249 bZ-iw- (a) lwDr (b) lw=k
88
(c);keh (d) vè;k; (a) 1942 (b) 1940

66. pkSjh&pkSjk dh ?kVuk fdl vkanksyu osQ nkSjku gqbZ Fkh\ (c) 1938 (d) 1943
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift III) 75. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu fczfV'k Hkkjr esa Hkkjrh; flfoy
(a) paikj.k vkanksyu (b) lfou; voKk vkanksyu lsok esa HkrhZ gksus okys Hkkjrh; Fks\
(c) vlg;ksx vkanksyu (d) Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
67. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jktoa'k us ekS;ksZÙkj dky esa js'ke (a)lqjsanzukFk cuthZ (b) jfoanz ukFk VSxksj
ekxZ dks fu;af=kr fd;k Fkk\ (c)lR;sanzukFk VSxksj (d) jgherqYyk ,e- l;kuh
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift III) 76. esxLFkuht osQ vuqlkj ikVfyiq=k esa oqQy fdrus }kj Fks\
(a)'kqax (b) lkrokgu (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(c)psj (d) oqQ"kk.k (a) 64 (b) 125
68. iwuk iSDV osQ ifj.kkeLo:i gfjtu lsod la?k dh LFkkiuk (c) 261 (d) 366
dc gqbZ Fkh\ 77. Hkxoku egkohj us --------------- o"kZ dh vk;q esa ?kj NksM+ fn;k
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift II) vkSj Kku dh ryk'k esa os ,d ou esa jgus pys x,A
(a) 1938 (b) 1932 (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) 1936 (d) 1940 (a) rhl (b) mUrhl
69. tSfu;ksa osQ fnxacj laiznk; }kjk i;qZ"k.k ioZ dk vk;kstu (c) cÙkhl (d) vV~Bkbl
--------------- fnuksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA 78. Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ Fkh\
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(a)12 (b) 16 (a) 1875 (b) 1865
(c)14 (d) 10 (c) 1885 (d) 1895
70. izkphudky esa ------------------ unh osQ nf{k.k osQ {ks=k dks ex/ 79. ,d izfl¼ rfey egkdkO;] f'kyIikfndkje dh jpuk
osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA byaxks uked ,d dfo us yxHkx ------------ o"kZ igys dh
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift I) FkhA (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a) ;equk (b) ueZnk (a) 2600 (b) 2200
(c) xaxk (d) rkIrh (c) 3000 (d) 1800
71. ------------- osn] pkjksa osnksa esa lcls NksVk gS] ;g fganw ijaijk 80. Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh us ,d laxBu -------------] ftlus fganw
esa ,d fnO; fLFkfr j[krk gS vkSj /quksa vkSj ea=kksa dk laxzg /eZ esa lq/kj dk iz;kl fd;k] dh LFkkiuk dhA
gSA (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a) ½Xosn (b) lkeosn (a) vkfn fganw lekt (b) osnkar lekt
(c) vFkoZosn (d) ;tqosZn (c) vkfn /eZ lekt (d) vk;Z lekt
72. 1877 esa] ok;ljk; fyVu us --------------- dks Hkkjr dh 81. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdls ûkV~;'kkL=k* dk jpf;rk ekuk tkrk
lkezkKh osQ :i esa Lohdkj djus osQ fy, ,d njckj dk gS\ (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
vk;kstu fd;k\ (a) 'kadj (b) fo".kq
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (c) jk?ko (d) Hkjreqfu
(a)egkjkuh ,fytkcsFk (b) egkjkuh ,atsfy;k 82. ekS;ksZrj dky esa] ---------------- os iq#"k vkSj efgyk,¡ Fks]
(c)egkjkuh foDVksfj;k (d) egkjkuh ,fytkcsFk II ftuosQ ikl tehusa ugha FkhA
73. eksB dh efLtn ----------------- 'kkld osQ 'kkludky esa (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
cuokbZ xbZ FkhA (a) x`gifr (b) xzke Hkkstd
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (c) Hkwfegkj (d) nkl deZdkj
(a) eqgEen rqxyd (b) floaQnj yksnh 83. fo/ok iqufoZokg dk leFkZu djus okys caxkyh lekt
(c) cgyksy yksnh (d) fiQjkst 'kkg rqxyd lq/kjd vkSj ys[kd dk uke crkb,A
74. -------------- esa eqfLye yhx us ns'k osQ if'peksÙkj rFkk iwohZ (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
{ks=kksa esa eqlyekuksa osQ fy, ^Lora=k jkT;ksa* dh ek¡x djrs (a) cky xaxk/j fryd (b) bZ'oj panz fo|klkxj
gq, ,d izLrko ikfjr fd;kA (c) fcfiu panz iky (d) tokgj yky usg:
89
84. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk lcls iqjkuk osn gS\ (a)eFkkj (b) la?kj{k
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (c)v'o?kks"k (d) ukxktqZu
(a) lkeosn (b) ;tqosZn 94. tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM 1919 esa gqvk FkkA tfy;kaokyk
(c) vFkoZosn (d) ½Xosn ckx dgk¡ fLFkr gS\
85. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk iqjkrkfRod LFky orZeku Hkkjr (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
esa fLFkr ugha gS\ (a)gfj;k.kk (b) iatkc
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (c)eè; izns'k (d) mÙkj izns'k
(a) gYyqj (b) egkx<+k 95. fuEufyf[kr esa ls rhu dk uke vDlj lewg osQ :i esa
(c) esgjx<+ (d) fpjk¡n ,d lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fuEu esa ls fo"ke O;fDrRo
86. tujy Mk;j us fdl o"kZ esa ek'kZy ykW osQ nkSjku deku dk p;u dhft,A
laHkkyh Fkh\ (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (a) ykyk yktir jk; (b) cky xaxk/j fryd
(a) 1819 (b) 1945 (c) fofiu panz iky (d) nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth
(c) 1929 (d) 1919 96. vaxzstksa }kjk ikfjr fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl vf/fu;e us
87. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl 'kkld us 'kqax oa'k dh LFkkiuk dh Hkkjrh;ksa dks gfFk;kj j[kus dh vuqefr ugha nh\
Fkh\ (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(a) otzfe=k (b) vfXufe=k (a)
vkElZ ,DV 1888 (b) vkElZ ,DV 1850
(c) iq";fe=k (d) olqfe=k (c)
vkElZ ,DV 1878 (d) vkElZ ,DV 1868
88. fdlus Lora=krk&iwoZ Hkkjr esa xjhch js[kk dh vo/kj.kk 97. eè; Hkkjr esa cLrj fonzksg ------------ gqvk FkkA
izLrqr dh\ (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(a) nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth (a)1905 (b) 1910
(b) veR;Z lsu (c)1918 (d) 1915
(c) ,e-,u- jkW; 98. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ekS;Z lkezkT; dk vafre jktk Fkk\
(d) eSlwj ujflEgkpj Jhfuokl (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
89. 1290 ls 1320 osQ nkSjku fdl oa'k us fnYyh ij 'kklu (a)panzxqIr (b) c`gnzFk
fd;k\ (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (c)fcanqlkj (d) v'kksd
(a) lS;n (b) f[kyth 99. pksy dky osQ nkSjku] eqosanosyu vkSj vjb;kj ------------ dh
(c) yksnh (d) rqxyd mikf/;k¡ FkhaA
90. 'ksj [kku us ---------------- esa pkSlk esa gqek;w¡ dks gjk;kA (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a) jktk osQ iq=k (b) /uh HkwLokfe;ksa
(a)1545 (b) 1537 (c) lsuk dk lsukifr (d) jktk osQ ea=kh
(c)1541 (d) 1539 100. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ^[kqnkbZ f[knerxkjksa* osQ vfgald
91. vkRekjke ikaMqjax us 1867 esa cacbZ esa fdl laLFkk dh vkanksyu osQ laLFkkid Fks\
LFkkiuk dh\ (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (a) vcqy dyke vktkn
(a) izkFkZuk lekt (b) fFk;kslksfiQdy lkslkbVh (b) lS;n vgen [kku
(c) ;qok caxky vkanksyu (d) jkeo`Q".k fe'ku (c) [kku vCnqy xÝiQkj [kku
92. ikVfyiq=k esa LFkkukarfjr gksus ls igys ----------------- dbZ o"kks± (d) eksgEen vyh ftUuk
rd ex/ dh jkt/kuh FkhA 101. dkaxzsl vkSj eqfLye yhx us y[kuÅ le>kSrk fdl o"kZ esa
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift II) fd;k Fkk\ (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a) jktx`g (b) lkjukFk (a) 1916 (b) 1914
(c) mTtSu (d) r{kf'kyk (c) 1910 (d) 1912
93. -------------] tks dfu"d osQ njckj esa jgrs Fks] us cq¼ dh 102. ½Xosn --------------- lwDrksa dk laxzg gSA
thouh] cq¼pfjr dh jpuk dhA (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (a) 1076 (b) 1028
90
(c)1152 (d) 1124 108. 1857 esa fdl fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk gqbZ Fkh\
103. vaxzstksa us vo/ ij dc dCtk dj fy;k Fkk\ (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (a) bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky;
(a)1856 (b) 1845 (b) cacbZ fo'ofo|ky;
(c)1838 (d) 1859 (c) cqansy[kaM fo'ofo|ky;
104. jfodhfrZ us fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl pkyqD; 'kkld dh (d) iatkc fo'ofo|ky;
iz'kfLr dh jpuk dh Fkh\ 109. --------------- us g"kZo/Zu osQ njckj esa cgqr le; fcrk;k vkSj
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift I) mUgksaus tks oqQN ns[kk mldk foLr`r fooj.k fn;kA
(a)iqyosQf'ku II (b) eaxys'k I (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(c)foozQekfnR; IV (d) dhfrZoeZu II (a)iQkfg;ku (b) àsulkax
105. Lons'kh vkanksyu dk yksxksa ij lcls vf/d izHkko fdl (c)f;ftax (d) dkax lsax
{ks=k esa iM+k\ 110. ykWMZ MygkSth us foy; uhfr osQ rgr fdl o"kZ >k¡lh dk
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift I) foy; fd;k Fkk\
(a)la;qDr izkar (b) cjkj (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(c)caxky (d) d'ehj (a) 1853 (b) 1848
106. [kyhiQk dh rkRdkfyd 'kfDr;ksa dh j{kk osQ fy, ---------- (c) 1850 (d) 1852
esa cacbZ esa ,d f[kykiQr lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA 111. fuEufyf[kr ;wukuh 'kkldksa esa ls fdlus esxLFkuht dks
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) panzxqIr ekS;Z osQ njckj esa Hkstk Fkk\
(a)
ebZ 1918 (b) ekpZ 1918 (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(c)
ebZ 1919 (d) ekpZ 1919 (a)vehuVkl r`rh; (b) fiQfyi f}rh;
107. pw¡fd ekS;Z lkezkT; bruk cM+k Fkk] blfy, vyx&vyx (c)lsY;wdl fuosQVj (d) vehuVkl f}rh;
fgLlksa ij vyx&vyx 'kklu fd;k tkrk FkkA ----------- osQ 112. xka/h&bjfou le>kSrs ij fdl o"kZ gLrk{kj fd, x, Fks\
vkl&ikl osQ bykdksa ij lezkV dk lh/k fu;a=k.k FkkA (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a) 1933 (b) 1935
(a) ikVfyiq=k (b) r{kf'kyk (c) 1931 (d) 1929
(c) yqfEcuh (d) mTtSu
mRrjekyk
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (d) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (b) 46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (a)
51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (b) 55. (d) 56. (d) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (b) 60. (a)
61. (d) 62. (c) 63. (c) 64. (c) 65. (a) 66. (c) 67. (d) 68. (b) 69. (d) 70. (c)
71. (b) 72. (c) 73. (b) 74. (b) 75. (c) 76. (a) 77. (a) 78. (c) 79. (d) 80. (d)
81. (d) 82. (d) 83. (b) 84. (d) 85. (c) 86. (d) 87. (c) 88. (a) 89. (b) 90. (d)
91. (a) 92. (a) 93. (c) 94. (b) 95. (d) 96. (c) 97. (b) 98. (b) 99. (b) 100. (c)
101. (a) 102. (b) 103. (a) 104. (a) 105. (c) 106. (d) 107. (a) 108. (b) 109. (b) 110. (a)
111. (c) 112. (c)
91
3 Hkwxksy
TT Hkwxksy 'kCn dk iz;ksx lcls igys bjsVksLFkuht us fd;k Fkk 26.5% rFkk vU; rRo 2.5% gksrs gSaA
blfy, bUgsa Hkwxksy dk firk dgk tkrk gSA TT rkjksa esa gkbMªkstu o ghfy;e esa lay;u dh çfØ;k ikbZ
TT oqQN fo}kuksa us Hkwxksy dk tud fgosQfV;l dks ekuk gSA tkrh gSA
TT orZeku Hkwxksy dk tud vysdts.Mj okWu gEcksYV dks ekuk TT czãk.M dk lcls cM+k rkjk ^Likbuy vksjsxh* gSA
tkrk gSA TT czãk.M esa foLiQksVh rkjk ^vfHkuo rkjk* dgykrk gSA
TT fdlh rkjs dh thou vof/ mlosQ nzO;eku ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
czãk.M TT i`Foh dk lcls fudVre rkjk lw;Z gSA
TT lw{ere v.kqvksa ls ysdj fo'kky vkdk'kxaxkvksa osQ lEefyr TT lkbjl i`Foh ls ns[kk tkus okyk lokZf/d pedhyk rkjk gSA
:i dks czãk.M dgk tkrk gSA TT rkjke.My vlkZ estj dks n xzsV ch;j Hkh dgrs gSaA
TT czãk.M dk fuekZ.k egkfoLiQksV fl¼kUr (Big-bang (SSC GD 2023,13 Jan., Shift IV)
theory) ls gqvk gSA
TT czãk.M esa yxHkx 100 vjc eankfduh (Galaxy) gSA egRoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh
TT czãk.M osQ jgL; dks tkuus osQ fy, 30 ekpZ 2010 dks tsusok TT yky nkuo % ;s e`R;ksUeq[k rkjs gksrs gSaA tc fdlh rkjs esa
esa i`Foh dh lrg ls 50 ls 175 ehVj uhps yxHkx 27-36 gkbMªkstu ?kVus yxrh gS] rks mlesa ykfyek fn[kus yxrh gSA
fdeh yEcs lqjax esa yktZ gSMªu dksykbtj uked egkç;ksx TT okeu rkjs % ftu rkjksa dk çdk'k lw;Z osQ çdk'k ls de gksrk
fd;k x;kA gS] os okeu rkjs dgykrs gSA
TT uksok % ;g vR;f/d ped osQ lkFk vpkud fn[kkbZ nsrk gS
eankfduh (Galaxy)
rFkk ckn esa vius ewy Lrj ij okil ean iM tkrk gSA bldks
TT rkjksa dk ,slk lewg] tks /q¡/yk lk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS rFkk tks
uksok rkjs dgrs gSaA
rkjk fuekZ.k çfØ;k dh 'kq:vkr dk xSl iqat gS] eankfduh
TT o`Q".k fooj (Black Hole) % tc fdlh rkjs dk var gksrk
dgykrk gSA
gS] rks mldk Hkkj rhu xquk vf/d gks tkrk gSA fuikr gksus
TT gekjh i`Foh dh eankfduh dk uke nqX/es[kyk ;k vkdk'kxaxk
osQ lkFk gh ;g bruk l?ku gks tkrk gS fd çdk'k Hkh blosQ
gSA bldk 80% Hkkx lihZyk (Sprial) gS] ftldh rhu
xq:Ro ls fudy ughaa ikrk_ ;g va/{ks=k gks tkrk gS] bls ns[kk
Hkqtk,¡ gSA lw;Z buesa ls nwljh Hkqtk ij fLFkr gSA
ughaa tk ldrkA bls o`Q".k fooj ;k CySd gksy dgrs gSaA
TT bl eankfduh dks lcls igys xSyhfy;ks us ns[kk FkkA
TT vesfjdk osQ tkWu Oghyj us 1967 esa loZçFke CySd gksy 'kCn
TT vkdk'kxaxk osQ lcls utnhd eankfduh dks nso;kuh dgrs gSaA
dk ç;ksx fd;k FkkA
TT czãk.M esa ik;k tkus okyk ôkeu vkdk'kxaxk* (Dwarf
TT iYlj % ?kwers gq, U;wVªkWu rkjs dks iYlj dgrs gSa] tks fo|qr
Galaxy) uohure Kkr vkdk'kxaxk gSA
pqEcdh; rjaxsa NksM+rs gSaA
TT +vkdk'kxaxkvksa osQ nwj tkus dh iqf"V MkWIyj çHkko }kjk gksrh
TT /qzo rkjk % çkphu dky esa yksx rkjs dks ns[kdj fn'kk dk
gSA
Kku çkIr djrs FksA /zqo ,d rkjk gS] tks Bhd i`Foh osQ mÙkj
TT fugkfjdk % vkdk'kxaxk esa fLFkr fugkfjdk /wy vkSj xSl
esa gSA ;g i`Foh ls 431 çdk'k&o"kZ nwj gSA
osQ es?k gksrs gSaA ;fn xSl mn~nhIr gksrh gS vFkok es?k lh/s
TT lIr½f"k % lIr½f"k lkr rkjksa dk lewg gSA ;g vkdk'k esa
çfrfcfEcr gksrs gSa vFkok vf/d nwjh dh oLrqvksa ls çdk'k
mÙkj dh vksj fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
<d tkrk gS] rc fugkfjdk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
lw;Z
lkSje.My
TT lw;Z lkSje.My dk ç/ku gSA ;g gekjh eankfduh nqX/es[kyk
TT lkSj e.My dh [kkst dkWijfudl us dh FkhA
osQ osQUæ ls yxHkx 30,000 çdk'k o"kZ dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA
rkjk ;g gekjh eankfduh osQ osQUæ osQ pkjksa vksj 250 km/s dh
TT rkjksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh xSlksa esa gkbMªkstu 71%] ghfy;e xfr ls ifjØek dj jgk gSA
92
TT bldks eankfduh dh ifjØek djus esa 25 djksM o"kZ yxrs gSa] tk ldrk gSA
ftls czãk.M o"kZ dgrs gSaA
TT lw;Z vius v{k ij if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj ?kwerk gSA
cq/ (Mercury)
TT lw;Z ,d xSlh; xksyk gS] ftlesa gkbMªkstu yxHkx 71%, TT ;g lw;Z dk lcls utnhd xzg gSA
ghfy;e yxHkx 26.5% o vU; rRo yxHkx 2.5% gSA TT bldk lcls fof'k"V xq.k gS pqEcdh; {ks=k dk gksukA
TT lw;Z dk osQUæh; Hkkx ØksM dgykrk gS] ftldk rkieku TT ;g lcls NksVk xzg gS] tks lw;Z fudyus osQ nks ?k.Vs igys
15 fefy;u fMxzh lsfYl;l gksrk gSA fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSaA
TT lw;Z dh ckgjh lrg dk rkieku 6000°C gksrk gSA TT ;g lw;Z dh ifjØek lcls de le; esa iwjh djrk gSA vFkkZr
TT lw;Z dh ÅtkZ dk L=kksr ukfHkdh; lay;u gSA ;g lkSje.My dk lcls vf/d d{kh; xfr okyk xzg gSA
TT lw;Z dh nhfIreku lrg dks çdk'ke.My dgrs gSaA TT bldk rkikUrj lcls vf/d gksrk gSA
çdk'ke.My osQ fdukjs ij çdk'k eku ughaa gksrs] D;ksafd lw;Z TT bl xzg ij osQyksfjl csflu ik;k tkrk gSA
dk ok;qe.My çdk'k dk vo'kks"k.k dj ysrk gSA bls o.kZ 'kqØ (Venus)
e.My dgrs gSaA ;g yky jax dk gksrk gSA TT ;g i`Foh dk lcls fudVre xzg gSA
TT lw;Z&xzg.k osQ le; lw;Z osQ fn[kkbZ nsus okys Hkkx dks
TT ;g lcls pedhyk xzg gS rFkk ;g lcls xeZ xzg gSA
lw;Z&fdjhV dgrs gSaA lw;Z&fdjhV X&fdj.ksa mRlftZr djrk gS TT bls lka> dk rkjk o Hkksj dk rkjk dgk tkrk gSA D;ksafd
bls lw;Z dk eqoqQV dgrs gSaA ;g 'kke dks if'pe fn'kk esa rFkk lqcg dks iwoZ fn'kk esa
TT iw.kZ lw;Z&xzg.k osQ le; lw;Z fdjhV ls çdk'k dh çkfIr
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
gksrh gSA TT bls i`Foh dh cgu Hkh dgrs gSa] D;ksafd ;g ?kuRo vkdkj esa
TT lw;Z dh mez yxHkx 4-57 vjc o"kZ gSA Hkfo"; esa lw;Z }kjk
i`Foh osQ leku gSA
ÅtkZ nsrs jgus dk le; gS 1011 o"kZ gSA TT ;g vU; xzgksa osQ foijhr nf{k.kko`r pDdj yxkrk gSA
TT lw;Z osQ çdk'k dks i`Foh rd igq¡pus esa yxHkx 8 feuV
16-6 lS- yxrs gSaA uksV % cq/ rFkk 'kqozQ ,sls xzg gS] ftudk dksbZ mixzg ughaa gSA
TT lkSj ÅtkZ dks mrjh /zqo ij vkSjksjk cksfj;kfyl o nf{k.kh
/zqo ij vkSjksjk vkWLVªsfyl dgrs gSaA c`gLifr (Jupiter)
TT lw;Z dk O;kl yxHkx 13 yk[k 90 gtkj fdeh gS] tks i`Foh TT ;g lkSje.My dk lcls cM+k xzg gSA
osQ O;kl dk yxHkx 110 xquk gSA TT bls viuh /wjh ij pDdj yxkus esa lcls de le; yxrk
TT lw;Z gekjh i`Foh ls 13 yk[k xquk cM+k gSA gSA (yxHkx 10 ?k.Vs)A
TT i`Foh dks lw;Z osQ rki dk 2 vjc ok¡ Hkkx feyrk gSA TT blosQ mixzg dk uke xsuhesM gS] ;g lcls cM+k mixzg gSA
TT lw;Z osQ /Ccksa dk ,d iwjk pØ 22 o"kZ dk gksrk gS] igys
eaxy (Mars)
11 o"kks± rd ;g /Cck c<+rk gS rFkk ckn osQ 11 o"kks± rd
TT bls yky xzg dgk tkrk gSA bldk jax yky vk;ju vkDlkbM
;g /Cck ?kVrk gSA
TT tc lw;Z dh lrg ij /Cck fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS] rks ml le;
osQ dkj.k gSA
TT ;gk¡ i`Foh osQ leku nks /zqo gS] ftlosQ dkj.k ;gk¡ i`Foh osQ
i`Foh ij pqEcdh; >a>kokr mRiUu gksrs gSaA blls pqacdh; lqbZ
dh fn'kk cny tkrh gS ,oa jsfM;ks Vsyhfotu o fctyh pfyr leku ½rq ifjorZu gksrk gSA
TT ;g viuh /qjh ij yxHkx 24-6 ?k.Vs esa ,d pDdj yxkrk gSA
e'khu vkfn esa xM+cM+h mRiUu gks tkrh gSA
TT blosQ nks mixzg gS&Mheksl o iQksckslA
TT xzgksa dh ;g mi;qDr ifjHkk"kk 2006 osQ çkx lEesyu esa r;
TT lkSje.My dk lcls cM+k Tokykeq[kh vksyEil eksUl ;k
gqbZ Fkh rFkk vxLr 2006 esa ;e (pluto) dks xzgksa dh Js.kh
ls gVk fn;k] blfy, xzgksa dh la[;k 9 ls ?kVdj 8 jg x;hA vksfyEil ehal rFkk lkSje.My dk lcls Å¡pk ioZr fuDl
;e dks vc ckSus xzg dh Js.kh esa j[kk x;k gSA vksyfEi;k ;k vksyEil eksUl eaxy xzg ij gSA
(SSC GD 2023, 16 Jan., Shift IV) 'kfu (Saturn)
TT xzgksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS%& TT ;g vkdkj esa nwljk lcls cM+k xzg gSA
1. ikfFkZo ;k vkUrfjd xzg % cq/] 'kqØ] i`Foh rFkk eaxy TT 'kfu osQ pkjksa vksj oy; (eksVh çdk'k okyh oqQ.Myh) gS]
dks bl Js.kh esa j[kk x;k gSA ftudh la[;k 7 gSA
2. ckgjh xzg % c`gLifr] 'kfu] v#.k rFkk o#.k TT VkbVu 'fku dk mixzg gS] tks lkSje.My dk nwljk lcls
(SSC GD13 Jan., 2023, Shift I) cM+k mixzg gSA
TT eaxy] cq/] c`gLifr] 'kqØ] rFkk 'kfu dks uXu vk¡[kks ls ns[kk TT VkbVu mixzg ij i`Foh osQ leku ok;qe.My gSA
93
v:.k (Uranus) TT lw;Z osQ lanHkZ esa pUæek dh ifjØek dh vof/ 29-53 fnu
TT ;g vkdkj esa rhljk lcls cM+k xzg gSA (29 fnu] 12 ?kaVs] 44 feuV vkSj 2-8 lsosQ.M) gksrh gSA bl
TT ;g vius v{k ij iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj ?kwerk gSA le; dks ,d pUæekl ;k lkbuksfMd ekl dgrs gSaA
TT bls ysVk gqvk xzg Hkh dgrs gSaA TT i`Foh ls pUæek dk 59% Hkkx dks ns[k ldrs gSaA
TT pUæek o i`Foh osQ chp dh vkSlru nwjh yxHkx 384400
o:.k (Neptune) fdeh gSA
TT ;g lw;Z ls lcls nwjh ij fLFkr gSA TT viksyks ;ku osQ varfj{k ;kf=k;ksa }kjk pUæek dh pV~Vkuksa dk
TT ;g gjs jax ;k xgjs uhys jax dk xzg gSA oqQN Hkkx yk;k x;k] ftlls ;g irk pyrk gS fd pUæek Hkh
TT bl xzg osQ pkjksa vksj ehFksu xSl dk ckny Nk;k gqvk gSA mruk iqjkuk gS ftruk fd i`Foh (yxHkx 4-5 vjc lky)A bu
pV~Vkuksa esa VkbVsfu;e /krq vf/d ek=kk esa gSA
i`Foh (Earth)
TT i`Foh vkdkj esa ik¡pok lcls cM+k xzg gSA lqij ewu
TT i`Foh vius v{k ij 23½º ij >qdh gqbZ gSA TT tc pUæek i`Foh osQ lcls fudV gksrk gS rks ml fLFkfr dks
TT i`Foh lkSj e.My dk ,dek=k ,slk xzg gS ftl ij thou gSA lqij ewu dgrs gSaA
bldk ,dek=k izko`Qfrd mixzg pUæek gSA
(SSC GD 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
Cyw ewu
TT ,d oSQys.Mj ekg esa nks iwf.kZek gks rks nwljh iwf.kZek dk pkan
TT bldk fo"kqorh; O;kl yxHkx 12]756 fdeh o /zqoh; O;kl
yxHkx 12]714 fdeh gSA Cyw ewu dgykrk gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k nks iwf.kZekvksa osQ chp
TT ;g vius v{k ij if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj yxHkx 1670
yxHkx 31 fnuksa ls de dk vUrjky gksrk gSA
fdeh@izfr?kaVk dh pky ls 23 ?k.Vs 56 feuV 4 lS- esa ckSus xzg
iwjk pDdj yxkrh gS] bls ?kw.kZu o nSfud xfr Hkh dgrs gSaA TT tks xzg dgykus osQ ekinaM ij [kjs ughaa gksrs] os ckSus xzg
TT i`Foh dks lw;Z dh ,d ifjozQek iwjh djus esa 365 fnu 5 ?k.Vs dgykrs gSaA ;s vxzfyf[kr gSa&;e] lsjl] psjkWu rFkk bfjlA
48 feuV 46 lS- (yxHkx 365 Day 6 H) dk le; yxrk
gSA ifjØek djus esa yxs le; dks gh lkSj o"kZ dgk tkrk gSA {kqæ xzg
TT okf"kZd xfr osQ dkj.k gh i`Foh ij ½rq ifjorZu gksrh gS rFkk TT eaxy o c`gLifr dh d{kkvksa osQ chp oqQN NksVs&NksVs
fnu ,oa jkr dk NksVk o cM+k gksus dk ;gh dkj.k gSA vkdk'kh; fi.M gS] tks lw;Z dh ifjØek dj jgs gSA mls {kqæ
TT vkdkj rFkk cukoV dh n`f"V ls i`Foh 'kqØ osQ leku gSA xzg dgrs gSaA
TT ty dh mifLFkfr osQ dkj.k bls uhyk xzg Hkh dgk tkrk gSA TT {kqæ xzg tc i`Foh ls Vdjkrk gS rks i`Foh dh i`"B ij fo'kky
TT lw;Z osQ ckn i`Foh dk lcls fudV dk rkjk çkWfDlek lsaVksjh xrZ curk gSA yksukj >hy (egkjk"Vª) bldk mnkgj.k gSA
(lsUpqjh) gS] tks vYiQk lsUVksjh (lsUpqjh) lewg dk ,d TT iQksj osLrk ,dek=k {kqæ xzg gS ftls uaxh vk[kksa ls ns[kk tk
rkjk gS] tks i`Foh ls yxHkx 4-22 çdk'k o"kZ nwj gSA ldrk gSA
TT lkbjl ;k MkWxLVkj i`Foh ls yxHkx 9 çdk'k o"kZ nwj gSA
;g lw;Z ls 2 xqus æO;eku okyk rkjk gS ;g jkf=k esa lokZf/d
/weosQrq
pedrk gSA TT lkSje.My osQ Nksj ij cgqr gh NksVs&NksVs vjcksa fia.M ekStwn
TT ,d tho/kjh osQ :i esa i`Foh dk oSKkfud uke *xzhu IysusV* gS] tks /weosQrq ;k iqPNy rkjs dgykrs gSaA
gSA TT /weosQrq dh iwN ges'kk lw;Z ls nwj gksrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
TT lw;Z i`Foh ls yxHkx 151-40 fefy;u fdeh nwj gSA TT gSyh uked /weosQrq 76 o"kks± ckn fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ;g vafre ckj
(SSC GD 7 Feb., 2023, Shift II) 1986 esa fn[kkbZ fn;k Fkk vxyh ckj ;g 2061 esa fn[kkbZ nsxkA
pUæek (Moon)
i`Foh dh xfr;k¡
TT i`Foh dh nks xfr;k¡ gSa %
TT pUæek dh lrg o mldh vfrfjDr fLFkfr dk vè;;u djus
1. ?kw.kZu (nSfud xfr) % i`Foh lnSo vius v{k ij
okyk foKku&lsysuksykWth dgykrk gSA
if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj ?kwerh gS ftls i`Foh dk ?kw.kZu
TT pUæek ij /wy osQ eSnku dks 'kkfUr lkxj dgrs gSa ;g pUæek
dgrs gSaA blosQ dkj.k fnu rFkk jkr gksrs gSa] vr% bls
dk fiNyk Hkkx gS ftl ij va/sjk jgrk gSaA
nSfud xfr dgrs gSaA
TT pUæek osQ nf{k.kh /zqo ij fLFkr yhcfuV~t ioZr pUæek dk
lcls Å¡pk (35000 iQhV) ioZr gSA 2. ifjØe.k (okf"kZd xfr) % i`Foh lw;Z osQ pkjksa vksj
TT pUæek dks thok'e xzg Hkh dgrs gSaA ,d nh?kZo`Ùkh; ekxZ ij ifjØek djrh gS ftls ifjØe.k
94
;k okf"kZd xfr dgrs gSaA i`Foh dks lw;Z dh ifjØek iwjh gSA bls Øe'k% 'kjn fo"kqo o clar fo"kqo dgrs gSaA
djus esa yxHkx 365 fnu 6 ?kaVs yxrs gSaA i`Foh dh bl uksV % i`Foh dks viuh v{k ij >qdh gksus osQ dkj.k fnu o
xfr osQ dkj.k ½rq,¡ cnyrh gSA jkr NksVk&cM+k gksrk gSA
TT milkSj % tc i`Foh lw;Z osQ vR;f/d ikl gksrh gS mls milkSj
dgrs gSa ,slk 3 tuojh dks gksrk gSA lw;Zxzg.k
TT vilkSj % tc i`Foh lw;Z ls vf/dre nwjh ij gksrh gS mls
TT tc dHkh fnu osQ le; lw;Z o i`Foh osQ chp esa pUæek vk
vilkSj dgrs gSa ,slh fLFkfr 4 tqykbZ dks gksrh gSA
tkrk gS] rks mls lw;Z xzg.k dgrs gSaA
TT ,ilkbM js[kk % milkSfjd o vilkSfjd dks feyus okyh
TT tc lw;Z dk ,d Hkkx fNi tkrk gS rks mls vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k
dkYifud js[kk lw;Z osQ osQUæ ls xqtjrh gS bls ,ilkbM js[kk
dgrs gSaA tc iwjk lw;Z gh oqQN le; osQ fy, fNi tkrk gS rks
dgrs gSaA
mls iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dgrs gSaA iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k ges'kk vekoL;k
TT v{kka'k js[kk % fo"kqor o`Ùk osQ mRrj rFkk nf{k.k esa Hkw&eè;
osQ fnu gksrk gSA
js[kk osQ lekUrj fLFkr dkYifud js[kkvksa dks va{kk'k js[kk
TT vf/dre xzg.k ,d o"kZ esa 7 gks ldrs gSaA
dgk tkrk gSA
TT Hkweè; js[kkvksa osQ mRrj esa fLFkr v{kka'k js[kkvksa dks mrjh pUæxzg.k
va{kk'k js[kk,¡ o nf{k.k esa fLFkr v{kka'k js[kkvksa dks nf{k.kh TT tc lw;Z o pUæek osQ chp esa i`Foh vk tkrh gS rks bls
v{kka'k js[kk dgrs gSaA pUæxzg.k dgrs gSaA pUæxzg.k ges'kk iwf.kZek dh jkf=k esa gh gksrk
uksV % Hkw&eè; js[kk 0º dh v{kka'k js[kk gSA vr% bl ij fLFkr gSA çR;sd iwf.kZek dks pUæxzg.k ughaa gksrk gSA
lHkh LFkkuksa dk v{kka'k 0° gksxkA TT ,d o"kZ esa vf/dre 3 ckj pUæxzg.k gks ldrk gSA
TT lw;Z xzg.k osQ leku pUæxzg.k Hkh vkaf'kd o iw.kZ gks ldrk gSA
TT ddZ js[kk % Hkw&eè; js[kk osQ mRrj esa 23½º v{kka'k dks
ddZ js[kk dgrs gSaA uksV % 22 vDVwcj 1884 esa okaf'kxVu esa ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; cSBd
TT edj js[kk % Hkweè; js[kk osQ nf{k.k esa 23½º v{kka'k dks gqbZ blh cSBd esa xzhufop uked LFkku ls xqtjus okyh ns'kkUrj
edj js[kk dgrs gSaA js[kk dks ç/ku eè;kg js[kk ekuk x;kA bldks 0º ekudj ckdh
TT edj lozQkafr 14 tuojh dks eukbZ tkrh gSA ns'kkUrjksa osQ le; dk fu/kZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
(SSC GD 16 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
vUrjkZ"Vªh; frfFk js[kk
ns'kkUrj js[kk TT 180° ns'kkUrj dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; frfFk js[kk dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd
TT mÙkjh /qzo dks nf{k.kh /qzo ls feykus okyh dkYifud js[kkvksa bl js[kk osQ nksuksa vksj frfFk;ksa esa ,d fnu dk vUrj gS bl
dks ns'kkUrj js[kk,¡ dgrs gSaA js[kk osQ iwoZ dh vksj tkus ij 1 fnu ?kV tkrk gS o if'pe
TT bu js[kkvksa dh yEckbZ cjkcj gksrh gSA dh vksj tkus ij 1 fnu c<+ tkrk gSA
TT baXyS.M osQ xzhufop LFkku ls xqtjus okyh ns'kkUrj js[kk dks TT vUrjkZ"Vªh; frfFk js[kk vkdZfVd lkxj] pqdh lkxj] csfjax
ç/ku eè;kg js[kk ekuk x;k gS rFkk blosQ ns'kkUrj dk eku LVªsV rFkk ç'kkUr egklkxj ls xqtjrh gSA bldk fu/kZj.k 22
0º gSA vDVwcj] 1884 esa okf'kaxVu esa fd;k x;kA
TT ç/ku eè;kg js[kk osQ ckbZ vksj dh js[kk,¡ if'peh ns'kkUrj o
uksV % csfjax tylaf/ (LVªsV) vUrjkZ"Vªh; frfFk js[kk osQ lekUrj
nk;sa vksj dh js[kk,¡ iwohZ ns'kkUrj dgykrh gSA
gSA
TT ,d ns'kkUrj dh nwjh r; djus esa 4 feuV dk le; yxrk gSA
TT nks ns'kkUrj js[kkvksa osQ chp dh nwjh xksjs uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA TT fo'o dks 24 le; tksuksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA USA
TT ddZ laØkfUr % 21 twu dks lw;Z ddZ js[kk ij yEcor~ iM+rk dks 9 le; tksu esa] :l dks 11 le; tksu esa foHkkftr gSA
gS bls ddZ laØkfUr dgrs gSaA bl fnu mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa lcls TT çR;sd le; tksu 15° osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
cM+k fnu gksrk gSA i`Foh dh vkarfjd lajpuk
TT edj laØkfUr % 22 fnlEcj dks lw;Z edj js[kk ij yEcor~
TT i`Foh osQ vUnj osQ fgLls dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckVk x;k gSA
iM+rk gS bls edj laØkfUr dgrs gSaA bl fnu nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z
1. Hkw&iiZVh (Crust)
esa lcls cM+k fnu gksrk gSA
TT fo"kqo % ;g i`Foh ij og fLFkrh gS tc lw;Z dh fdj.ks 2. vkoj.k (Mantle)
fo"kqor js[kk ij yEcor~ iM+rh gS rks lEiw.kZ i`Foh ij fnu o 3. osQUæh; Hkkx (Core)
jkr cjkcj gksrs gSaA 23 flrEcj] 21 ekpZ dks ;g fLFkrh gksrh 1. Hkw&iiZVh (Crust)% i`Foh osQ Åijh Hkkx dks Hkw&iiZVh
95
dgrs gSaA ;g vUnj dh rjiQ yxHkx 34 fdeh rd dk TT mRifÙk osQ vk/j ij ;g rhu çdkj dh gksrh gSA
{ks=k gSA ;g eq[;r% cslkYV pVVkuksa ls cuk gSA 1. vkXus; pV~Vku % ;g eSXek o ykok osQ teus ls curh
blosQ nks Hkkx gSa % 1- fl;ky (Sial) 2- lhek (Sima) gS tSls& xzsukbV] cslkYV] isxekVkbV] Mk;ksjkbV] xzScks
fl;ky {ks=k esa flfydu ,oa ,yqfeuk rFkk lhek {ks=k vkfnA
esa flfydu o eSXusf'k;e dh cgqyrk gskrh gSA ;g i`Foh ¾¾ vkXus; pV~Vku thok'ejfgr gksrh gS vkfFkZd :i ls ;g
osQ oqQy vk;ru dk 0.5% Hkkx ?ksjs gq, gSA cgqr gh lEiUu pV~Vku gS blesa yksgk] fufdy] rk¡ck]
Hkw&iVy dh jpuk lkexzh % vkWDlhtu yxHkx lhlk] tLrk] ØksekbV] eSXuhf'k;e] lksuk] IysVhue rFkk
(46.60%)] flfydu yxHkx (27.72%) rFkk pqEcdh; yksgk ik;s tkrs gSaA
,Y;qehfu;e yxHkx (8.13%) ¾ ¾ cslkYV esa yksgs dh ek=kk lokZf/d gksrh gS bl pV~Vku
ls dkyh feV~Vh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
2. vkoj.k (Mantle) % 2900 fdeh eksVk ;g {ks=k
2. volknh pV~Vku % ço`Qfr osQ dkjdksa }kjk fufeZr
eq[;r% cslkYV pV~Vkuksa dk cuk gSA bl fgLls esa eSXek
NksVh&NksVh pV~Vkus fdlh LFkku ij tek gks tkrh gS] ckn
pSEcj ik;s tkrs gSaA ;g i`Foh osQ oqQy vk;ru dk 83%
esa ncko ;k jk;klfud çfrfØ;k ;k vU; dkj.kksa }kjk
Hkkx ?ksjs gq, gSA
Bksl :i esa fufeZr gks tkrh gSA bUgsa gh volknh pV~Vku
3. osQUæh; Hkkx (Core) % i`Foh dk osQUæh; Hkkx fuosQy
dgrs gSaA tSls&cyqok iRFkj] pwuk iRFkj] LysV] ued dh
rFkk iQsjl dk cuk gS i`Foh dk osQUæh; Hkkx laHkor% æo
pV~Vku] e`frdk] 'kSy vkfn
vFkok IykfLVd voLFkk esa gSA ;g i`Foh osQ oqQy vk;ru
dk 16% Hkkx ?ksjs gq;s gSA bls uhiQs (Nife) dgrs gSaA
¾¾ volknh pV~Vkusa ijrnkj gksrh gSA
TT i`Foh ls lEcfU/r eq[; fcUnq fuEufyf[kr gS&
¾¾ buesa tho tUrq o ouLifr dk thok'ke ik;k tkrk gSA
1. i`Foh dk vkSlr ?kuRo 5.5 gm/cm3 gSA
¾¾ bu pV~Vkuksa esa ykSg v;Ld] iQkLisQV] dks;yk ,oa lhesUV
2. i`Foh dh vkSlr f=kT;k 6371 fdeh gSA
cukus dh pV~Vku ik;h tkrh gSA
3. i`Foh osQ uhps dh rjiQ tkus ij çfr 32 m dh xgjkbZ ¾¾ [kfut rsy volknh pV~Vkuksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
ij rkieku 1°C c<+ tkrk gSA ¾¾ nkeksnj] egkunh o xksnkojh unh csfluksa dh volknh
4. i`Foh osQ LFkyh; {ks=k ij lcls fupyk {ks=k e`r lkxj pV~Vkuksa esa dks;yk ik;k tkrk gSA vkxjk dk fdyk o
(tkWMZu) osQ vkl&ikl dk {ks=k gSA ;g {ks=k leqæ ry fnYyh dk yky fdyk cyqok iRFkj uked volknh
ls yxHkx 400 ehVj uhpk gSA pV~Vku dk cuk gSA
5. lcls igys ikbFkkxksjl us ;g crk;k dh i`Foh xksy gS 3. dk;kUrfjr pV~Vku % rki] nkc o jklk;fud fØ;kvksa
vkSj vkdk'k esa Lora=k :i ls yVdh gqbZ gSA osQ dkj.k volknh o vkXus; pV~Vkuksa ls dk;kUrfjr
6. U;wVu us ;g lkfcr fd;k fd i`Foh ukjaxh osQ leku gSA pV~Vku dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
LFkye.My Tokykeq[kh
TT i`Foh dh lEiw.kZ cká ijr ftl ij egk}hi o egklkxj fLFkr TT Tokykeq[kh Hkw&iVy ij og çko`Qfrd Nsn o njkj gS] ftlls
gS mls LFkye.My dgrs gSaA gksdj i`Foh dk fi?kyk inkFkZ ykok] jk[k] Hkki o vU; xSls
TT i`Foh osQ oqQy 29% Hkkx ij LFky o 71% Hkkx ij ty gSA ckgj fudyrh gS ckgj gok esa mM+k gqvk ykok 'kh?kz gh B.Mk
TT i`Foh osQ mRrjh xksyk¼Z dk 61% rFkk nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z dk gksdj NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa esa cny tkrk gS ftls flaMj dgrs gSaA
81% Hkkx ij ty mifLFkr gSA (SSC GD 25 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
TT i`Foh ij vf/dre Å¡pkbZ ekmUV ,sojsLV ioZr dh gSA ;g
uksV % LVªkEcksyh Tokykeq[kh Hkw&eè; lkxj esa bVyh osQ fllyh
leqæ ry ls yxHkx 8849 ehVj Å¡pk gS o usiky esa fLFkr
osQ mÙkj esa fyijh }hi ij fLFkr gSA
gSA
TT i`Foh ij vf/dre xgjkbZ esfj;kuk xrZ (yxHkx 11022 TT bl Tokykeq[kh ls lnSo çTofyr xSl ckgj fudyrh jgrh gS]
ehVj) gSA ;g ç'kkar egklkxj esa fLFkr gSA ftlls vkl&ikl dk Hkkx çdkf'kr jgrk gSA blh dkj.k bl
TT LFkye.My HkwiiZVh rFkk Åijh esaVy ls cuh gSA Tokykeq[kh dks Hkw&eè; lkxj dk çdk'k LrEHk dgrs gSaA ;g
(SSC GD 31 Jan., 2023, Shift I) Tokykeq[kh ,d lfØ; (Active) Tokykeq[kh dk mnkgj.k gSA
TT Tokykeq[kh rhu çdkj osQ gksrs gSa%&
pV~Vku 1. lfØ; Tokykeq[kh (Active Volcano) % ;s oks
TT i`Foh dh lrg osQ dBksj Hkkx dks pV~Vku dgrs gSaA Tokykeq[kh gS] tks vdlj iQVrs jgrs gSa orZeku le; esa
96
fo'o esa yxHkx 500 laØh; Tokykeq[kh gSA buesa bVyh dk eq[;r% /jkry rd gh lhfer jgrh gS ;s rjaxsa Bksl] æo
,Vuk rFkk LVªkEcksyh çeq[k gSA dksVksiSDlh (bDokMksj)] rFkk xSl rhuksa ekè;eksa ls xqtj ldrh gSaA
LVªkEcksyh (fyikjh }hi)] ekSukyksvk (gokbZ }hi)] cSju TT bldh pky 1-5 ls 3 km/sec gksrh gSA
}hi (v.Meku) rFkk ekm.V ,Vuk (fllyh) lHkh TT ;s rjaxs vR;f/d fouk'kdkjh gksrh gSA
lfØ; Tokykeq[kh gSA TT HkwdEih; rjaxks dks lhLeksxzkiQ uked ;a=k ls ekik tkrk gSA
2. çlqIr Tokykeq[kh (Dormant Volcano) % ;s oks TT izko`Qfrd HkwoaQi i`Foh osQ LFkye.My esa gksrs gSaA
Tokykeq[kh gS ftuesa fudV vrhr esa dksbZ mn~xkj ughaa (SSC GD 30 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
gqvk gS ysfdu dHkh Hkh mn~xkj gks ldrk gSA tkiku dk
HkwdEih; rjaxks osQ ckjs esa oqQN egRoiw.kZ rF;
Ý;wth;kek Tokykeq[kh bVyh dk folwfo;l Tokykeq[kh
rFkk v.Meku&fudksckj dk ukjdksaMe Tokykeq[kh çlqIr TT L rjaxs osQoy /jkry osQ ikl gh pyrh gSA
Tokykeq[kh dk mnkgj.k gSA TT osQoy P rjaxs gh i`Foh osQ osQUæh; Hkkx ls xqtj ldrh gSA
TT lHkh HkwdEih; rjaxksa dk osx vf/d ?kuRo okys inkFkks± ls
xqtjus ij c<+ tkrk gS rFkk de ?kuRo okyks ls xqtjus ij
3. 'kkUr Tokykeq[kh (Extinct Volcano) % ;s oks
?kV tkrk gSA
Tokykeq[kh gS] tks uk rks igys iQVs gS vkSj u gh bUgs TT osQUæ&HkwdEi osQ mnHko LFkku dks mldk osQUæ dgrs gSaA P,
Hkfo"; esa dHkh iQVus dh lEHkkouk gSA dksg lqYrku S, L rjaxs osQUæ osQ ikl igq¡prh gSA
(ikfdLrku)] iksik (E;kaekj) rFkk fdyheatkjks (vizQhdk) TT vf/osQUæ&HkwdEi osQ osQUæ osQ Bhd Åij i`Foh dh lrg ij
lHkh 'kkUr Tokykeq[kh gSA fLFkr fcUnq dks HkwdEi dk vf/osQUæ dgrs gSaA vf/osQUæ ij
TT Tokykeq[kh iQVus ls tks xSlsa fudyrh gSa muesa ok"i dk çfr'kr lcls igys P rjaxs igq¡prh gSA
lcls vf/d gksrk gSA TT lqukeh % vUr% lkxjh; HkwdEi }kjk mRiUu ygjksa dks tkiku
TT vkWLVªsfy;k egk}hi esa ,d Hkh Tokykeq[kh ughaa gSA esa lqukeh dgk tkrk gSA
TT fo'o dk lcls Å¡pk lfozQ; Tokykeq[kh ekmaV dksVksiSDlh
(bDokMksj) esa gSA uksV % fjDVj LosQy dk vfo"dkj&pkYlZ fjDVj us 1935 esa
TT lalkj dk lokZf/d lfØ; Tokykeq[kh fdyk;w gSA fd;k FkkA
TT Tokykeq[kh ioZr ekmaV lsaV gsysal ^la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk*
esa fLFkr gSA ioZr
TT xslj % tc Tokyeq[kh iQVrk gS rks njkjksa ls t+y rFkk ok"i TT
mRifÙk osQ vk/kj ij ioZr pkj çdkj osQ gksrs gSaA
Å¡pkbZ ij fudydj fxjrk gS] bls gh xsalj dgrs gSaA 1. CykWd ioZr % tc pV~Vkuksa esa fLFkr Hkaz'k osQ dkj.k eè;
Hkkx uhps /¡l tkrk gS rFkk vxy&cxy osQ Hkkx Å¡ps
HkwdEi mBs gq, çrhr gksrs] rks bls CykWd ioZr dgrs gSaA
TT HkwdEi HkwiVy dh dEiu vFkok ygj gS] tks /jkry osQ uhps chp osQ /als Hkkx dks fjÝV ?kkVh dgrs gSaA mnkjg.k &
vFkok Åij pV~Vkuksa osQ <hysiu ;k xq:Rokd"kZ.k dh lefLFkfr CykWd iQkWjsLV (teZuh)] okLtsl (teZuh) rFkk lkYV jsat
esa {kf.kd voLFkk gksus ij mRiUu gksrh gSA (ikfdLrku)A
TT flLeksyksth % blesa HkwdEi dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA HkwdEi uksV % fo'o dh lcls yEch fjÝV ?kkVh tkMZu unh
esa rhu çdkj osQ dEiu gksrs gSa % dh ?kkVh gS] tks yky lkxj ls gksdj tkEcsth unh rd
1. çkFkfed rjxsa (P-wave) % ;g rjax i`Foh osQ vUnj yxHkx 4820 fdeh yEch gSA
çR;sd ekè;e ls gksdj xqtjrh gS budk vkSlr osx 8-14 2. vof'k"V ioZr % ;s ioZr pV~Vkuksa osQ vijnu osQ dkj.k
km/sec gksrk gSA ;g xfr vU; lHkh rjaxks ls lcls fufeZr gksrs gSaA tSls& foè;kapy] lriqMk] uhy xhfj
vf/d gSA (byk;ph)] ikjlukFk] jktegy dh igkfM+;k (Hkkjr)
2. vuqçLFk rjxsa (S-wave) % bUgs xkS.k rjaxsa Hkh dgrs rFkk xSlk ,o cqVs (vesfjdk)A
gSa ;g rjax osQoy Bksl ekè;e ls gksdj xqtjrh gS budk 3. lafpr ioZr % Hkw&iVy ij feV~Vh] ckyq] dadM+] iRFkj
vkSlr osx 4 km/sec gksrk gSA rFkk ykok osQ ,d LFkku ij tek gksus ls cuus okys ioZr
3. /jkryh; rjxsa (L-wave) % bUgs /jkryh; ;k yEch dks lafpr ioZr dgrs gSaA jsfxLrku esa cuus okys ckyw osQ
rjaxks osQ uke ls Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gS bu rjaxks dh [kkst Lrwi blh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA
H.D. Love us Hkh dh Fkh blfy, bUgs yo rjaxksa 4. ofyr ioZr % ;s i`Foh dh vkarfjd 'kfDr;ksa ls /jkry
(Love waves) osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;s rjaxs dh pV~Vkuksa osQ ewM+ tkus ls curs gSaA ;s ygjnkj ioZr gSA
tSls&fgeky;] vkYil] ;qjky] jkWdht] ,.Mht vkfnA
97
uksV % ofyr ioZrksa osQ fuekZ.k dk vk/qfud fl¼kUr IysV 2. 'khrks".k dfVcU/h; % çs;jh (USA o dukMk)
VsdVkWfud dh ladYiuk ij vk/kfjr gSA iEikl (vtsZUVhuk)] osYM (vizQhdk)A
TT tgk¡ vkt fgeky; ioZr [kM+k gS] ogk fdlh le; ij VsFkhl egk}hi
lkxj FkkA ;s uohure ofyr ioZr dk mnkgj.k gSA TT i`Foh ij Hkw&Hkkx dh lcls cM+h bdkbZ dks egk}hi dgrs
TT Hkkjr dk vjkoyh (jktLFkku) fo'o osQ lcls iqjkus ofyr gSaA i`Foh dks lkr egk}hiks esa ckVk x;k gS] tks vxzfyf[kr
ioZrksa esa fxuk tkrk gSA vjkoyh fo'o dh lcls çkphu gS&,f'k;k] vizQhdk] mÙkjh vesfjdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk]
ioZrekyk gSA v.VkdZfVdk] ;wjksi rFkk vkWLVªsfy;kA
TT vjkoyh ioZr dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh ekm.V vkcw osQ ikl ,f'k;k
xq:f'k[kj gSA TT ;g lalkj dk lcls cM+k egk}hi gS ;g fo'o osQ yxHkx
iBkj 30% {ks=kiQy ij iSQyk gqvk gSaA
TT /jkry dk og Hkkx tks vius vkl&ikl osQ LFky ls Å¡pk TT bl egk}hi ls gksdj fo"kqor js[kk] ddZ js[kk xqtjrh gSA
rFkk mldk 'kh"kZ Hkkx PkkSM+k o likV gksrk gS og iBkj TT Hkkjr ,f'k;k osQ nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa fLFkr gSA
dgykrk gSA (SSC GD 12 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
TT iBkj dh Å¡pkbZ 300 ls 600 ehVj rd gksrh gSA TT yky lkxj o Lost ugj ,f'k;k egk}hi dks vIkzQhdk
TT fo'o dk lcls vf/d Å¡pk iBkj frCcr dk iBkj (ikehj egk}hi ls vyx djrh gSA
dk iBkj) gSA TT csfjax tylaf/ ,f'k;k egk}hi dks mÙkjh vesfjdk egk}hi
TT [kksjkr iBkj FkkbyS.M esa fLFkr gS rFkk vykLdk iBkj U.S.A. ls vyx djrh gSA
esa fLFkr gSA TT ,f'k;k egk}hi esa fo'o dh yxHkx 60% tula[;k fuokl
TT psjkiwath ;k es?kky; iBkj ty }kjk fufeZr iBkj gSA djrh gSA blfy, ;g fo'o dk lcls vf/d tula[;k okyk
TT Hkkjr esa NksVk ukxiqj dk iBkj rFkk la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa egk}hi gSA
vkstkdZ dk iBkj xqEcnkdkj iBkj gSA TT csfjax tylaf/ vUrjkZ"Vªh; frfFk js[kk osQ lekUrj fLFkr gSA
TT fo'o esa flpkbZ ugjksa dk lcls cM+k tky ikfdLrku esa gSA
ou TT fo'o dk lokZf/d Mkd?kj okyk ns'k Hkkjr gSA
TT ou fuEu çdkj osQ gksrs gSaA TT fo'o dk lokZf/d lekpkj i=k i<+us okyk ns'k gkWxdkax gSA
1. m".k dfVcU/h; lnkcgkj ou % bl çdkj dk ou TT E;k¡ekj vius lqUnj ckS¼ efUnjksa osQ fy, çfl¼ gSA
fo"kqor js[kh; çns'k o m".k dfVcU/h; çns'kksa esa ik;s TT eysfj;k dh nokbZ gS oqQuSu rFkk og fludksuk ls cukbZ
tkrs gSa ;gk¡ 200 lseh ls vf/d o"kkZ gksrh gSA ;gk¡ isM+ksa tkrh gSA
dh ifÙk;k¡ pkSMh gksrh gSaA fo'o dk lcls cM+k lk¡i TT fo'o esa lcls vf/d eqlyeku b.Mksusf'k;k esa gh gSA
,ukdksaMk bUgha ouksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA TT Jhyadk dh lcls yEch unh egkosyh xaxk unh gSA
2. m".k dfVcU/h; v¼Z&ir>M ou % ;gk¡ 150 lseh ls TT ,f'k;k esa {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls lcls cM+k ns'k phu rFkk lcls
de o"kkZ gksrh gSA lky lkxoku rFkk ckal bUgha ouksa esa NksVk ns'k eky}hi gSA
ik;s tkrs gSaA TT fo'o dh lcls xgjh >hy cSdky >hy ,f'k;k egk}hi esa
3. fo"kqor~js[kh; ou % ;s ou o`{k rFkk >kfM;ksa osQ feJ.k fLFkr gSA
gskrs gSaA tSrqu] dkWd] rFkk vksad ;gk¡ osQ eq[; o`{k gSA TT fo'o dk lokZf/d tula[;k ?kuRo okyk ns'k eksukdks ;gh
4. VSxk ou % ;s lnkcgkj ou gS ;gk osQ o`{kksa dh ifÙk;k ij gSA
uqdhyh gksrh gSA TT Lost ugj Hkw&eè; lkxj dks yky lkxj ls tksM+rh gSA
TT ,f'k;k dk lcls ?kuk clk }hi tkok (b.Mksusf'k;k) esa gSA
5. Vq.Mªk ou % ;s ou ciZQ ls <osQ jgrs gSZA xehZ esa ;gk¡
TT Lof.kZe f=kHkqt % ,f'k;k osQ ykvksl] FkkbyS.M rFkk E;k¡ekj
ekWl rFkk ykbosQu osQ ikS/s mxrs gSaA
Lof.kZe f=kHkqt osQ vUrxZr vkrs gSaA
6. ioZrh; ou % ;gk¡ pkSM+h iÙkh okys 'kaoqQ/kjh o`{k ik;s
TT ç'kkUr egklkxj rFkk vkdZfVd egklkxj dks csfjax tylaf/
tkrs gSaA
}kjk tksM+k tkrk gSA
7. ?kkl osQ eSnku % ?kkl Hkwfe;ksa dks nks oxksZ esa foHkkftr TT fo'o dh lcls cM+h >hy oSQfLi;u lkxj (:l) ,f'k;k
fd;k x;k gSA esa fLFkr gSA
1. m".k dfVcU/h; % lokuk (vizQhdk)] dEikst TT btjkby vkSj tkWMZu dh lhek e`r lkxj ls yxrh gSA
(czkthy)] ykuksl (csustq,yk)A (SSC GD 16 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
98
TT tks :l dk fgLlk ,f'k;k esa iM+rk gS mls lkbcsfj;k dgk gSA blfy, bls fdlkuksa dk ns'k Hkh dgrs gSaA
tkrk gSA TT ;wjksi osQ fiQuyS.M ns'k dks >hyksa dk ns'k Hkh dgrs gSaA
TT fo'o dk lcls xgjk xrZ esfj;kuk xrZ ç'kkUr egklkxj esa TT czsuj njkZ % vkWfLVª;k $ bVyh
fLFkr gSA TT xzsV ls.V cjukMZ njkZ % bVyh $ fLoV~tjySaM
TT fo'o dk lcls B.Mk LFkku c[kksZ;kaLd (:l) esa fLFkr gSA TT :l osQ ekLdks dks ikap lkxjksa dk cUnjxkg Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
bls i`Foh dk 'khr /zqo dgrs gSaA TT xzsV fczVsu osQ vUrxZr baXyS.M] osYl rFkk LdkVyS.M 'kkfey
TT fo'o dk lcls Å¡pk iBkj ikehj dk iBkj gSA orZeku esa ;g gksrs gSa] tks Øe'k% blosQ iwohZ] if'peh rFkk mÙkjh Hkkx gSA
frCcr (phu) esa fLFkr gSA bls lalkj dh Nr Hkh dgrs gSaA TT vxj xzsV fczVsu esa mÙkjh vk;jyS.M dks Hkh 'kkfey dj fy;k
TT ,f'k;k egk}hi esa rhu çeq[k çk;}hi gS & vjc çk;}hi] tk;s rks ;g U.K. dgykrk gSA
nDdu çk;}hi rFkk b.Mks phu çk;}hiA vjc çk;}hi fo'o TT bafXy'k pSuy rFkk Mkscj tylaf/ U.K. dks ;wjksi ls vyx
dk lcls cM+k çk;}hi gSA djrs gSaA
TT ,f'k;k egk}hi esa fo'o dk lcls Å¡pk ioZr f'k[kj ekm.V TT ;wjksi dk ;wØsu x.kjkT; fo'o dk çeq[k xsgw¡ mRiknd ns'k gSA
,ojsLV fLFkr gSA bldh Å¡pkbZ yxHkx 8848 ehVj gSA ;g blfy, bls fo'o dk vUu Hk.Mkj rFkk jksVh dh Mfy;k ;k
usiky esa fLFkr gSA usiky esa bldk uke lkxjekFkk gSA ekm.V Vksdjh dgrs gSaA
,ojsLV fgeky; ioZrekyk dk gh Hkkx gSA TT vkyIl ioZr dk lokZf/d Hkkx fLoV~tjyS.M ns'k esa gSA bl
TT phu fo'o dk lcls vf/d eNyh idM+us okyk ns'k gSA nwljs ioZr dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh ekm.V CySd gS] tks dh IkzQkal esa
LFkku ij tkiku gSA fLFkr gSA
TT tkiku dk ukxklkdh uxj D;w'kw }hi ij fLFkr gSA TT MsuekoZQ dks îou dk ns'k* dgk tkrk gSA
;wjksi
TT ;g fo'o dk lcls uxjho`Qr egk}hi gSA mÙkjh vesfjdk
TT ;qjky ioZr rFkk dkosQ'kl ioZr ,f'k;k egk}hi dks ;wjksi TT mÙkjh vesfjdk fo'o dk rhljk cM+k egk}hi gSA
egk}hi ls vyx djrs gSaA TT bldh [kkst dksyEcl us 1492 esa dh Fkh vr% bls ubZ
TT ;wjksi egk}hi dh lcls egRoiw.kZ unh MsU;wc gS ;g dkyklkxj nqfu;k dgrs gSaA
esa fxjrh gSA TT 100° if'peh ns'kkUrj js[kk bl egk}hi osQ eè; ls xqtjrh
TT ;wjksi dh lcls yEch unh oksYxk unh gS vkxs tkdj ;g Mku gSA
unh esa fey tkrh gSA TT mÙkjh vesfjdk dk uke vesfjxks osliqph uked lkglh
TT iks unh dks bVyh dh xaxk Hkh dgrs gSaA O;fDr osQ uke ij vesfjdk iM+kA
TT bafXy'k pSuy IkzQkal dks U.K ls vyx djrk gSA TT iukek ugj mÙkjh vesfjdk o nf{k.k vesfjdk dkss tksM+rh gSA
TT ;wjksi egk}hi dk lcls cM+k uxj yanu gS] tks VsEl unh ij TT blls ç'kkUr egklkxj rFkk va/egklkxj osQ chp ;krk;kr
fLFkr gSA vkLkku gks x;k gSA
TT {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls lcls cM+k ns'k :l gSA ;g ;wjksi TT iukek ugj osQ nks cUnjxkg iukek rFkk dksyu gSA
egk}hi esa fLFkr gSA TT fo'o esa lokZf/d lks;kchu mRikfnr djus okyk ns'k U.S.A.
TT bVyh dks ;wjksi dk Hkkjr dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g ns'k Hkh gSA lcls vf/d eDdk Hkh ;gh ij gksrh gSA
Hkkjr dh rjg o`Qf"k ç/ku gS rFkk ;gk¡ fgeky; ioZr dh rjg TT mÙkjh vesfjdk esa fLFkr lqihfj;j >hy fo'o dh lcls cM+h
vkYil ioZr fLFkr gSA rkts ikuh dh >hy gSA
TT xYiQ LVªhe ty/kjk ;wjksi dk xeZ dEcy osQ uke ls tkuh TT e`r ?kkVh U.S.A osQ oSQfyiQksfuZ;k esa fLFkr gSA
tkrh gSA TT CySd fgYl] Cyw fgYl] o xzhu fgYl, U.S.A esa fLFkr gSA
TT fLoV~tjyS.M ns'k dks ;wjksi dk [ksy dk eSnku dgk tkrk gSA TT xSaM lsaVªy VfeZuy USA fo'o esa lcls cM+k jsyos taD'ku gSA
TT izQkal dh jkt/kuh isfjl gS] tks lhu unh osQ rV ij fLFkr gS TT fiQYe m|ksx osQ fy, oSQfyiQksfuZ;k dk ykl ,ftaYl 'kgj
bl uxj dks iSQ'ku dh uxjh Hkh dgrs gSaA fo'o çfl¼ gSA gkWyhoqM ;gh ij gSA
TT 'kSEisu 'kjkc fo'o esa lcls vf/d IkzQkal esa curh gSA TT flfydkWu oSyh vesfjdk osQ oSQfyiQksfuZ;k esa fLFkr gS] tks fd
TT izQkal dks lqjk vkSj lqanfj;ksa dk ns'k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA lkWÝVos;j o dEI;wVj m|ksx osQ fy, çfl¼ gSA
TT izQkal dh lhu unh bafXy'k pSuy esa fxjrh gSA TT esfDldks fo'o dk lokZf/d pk¡nh mRiknd ns'k gSA
TT izQkal dks Hkwfe rFkk tyok;q dh n`f"V ls y?kq ;wjksi dgk TT mÙkjh vesfjdk osQ ewy fuokfl;ksa dks jsM bf.M;u rFkk
tkrk gSA ,fLdeks (dukMk) dgrs gSaA
TT izQkal ;wjksi dk ,dek=k ns'k] tks [kk|kUu mRiknu esa vkRefuHkZj TT ,fLdeks dk ?kj ciZQ dk cuk gksrk gS ftls bXyq dgrs gSaA
99
TT dukMk osQ vUnj D;qcsd çkar IkzQsap Hkk"kk okyk {ks=k gS bls ns'k TT vIkzQhdk ,dek=k ,slk egk}hi gS ftlls gksdj fo"kqor js[kk]
osQ vUnj gh ns'k dk ntkZ çkIr gSA ddZ js[kk rFkk edj js[kk xqtjrh gSA
TT U.S.A osQ nf{k.k iwohZ rV ij pyus okyk pØokr VkjusMks TT uhy unh dk ojnku felz dks dgrs gSaA
o gfjosQu dgykrk gSA TT dkxksa unh fo"kqor js[kk dks nks ckj dkVrh gSA
TT U.S.A dk MsVªk;V uxj dkj m|ksx dk çeq[k osQUæ gSA TT fyEiksiks unh edj js[kk dks nks ckj dkVrh gSA
TT dukMk fo'o esa lokZf/d v[kckjh dkxt mRikfnr djus TT vIkzQhdk esa fLFkr esa fdEcyh dh [kku fo'o dh lcls cM+h
okyk ns'k gSA ghjs dh [kku gS blfy, bls ghjks dk ns'k dgk tkrk gSA
TT D;wck }hi dks xUus dk çeq[k mRiknd gksus osQ dkj.k phuh TT vkWLoku ck¡/ uhy unh ij fLFkr gSA uhy unh ij clk lcls
dk dVksjk dgk tkrk gSA cM+k 'kgj dkfgjk gSA
TT U.S.A dh cwVs dh [kku fo'o dh lcls cM+h rk¡cs dh TT xksYM dksLV osQ uke ls tkuk tkus okyk ns'k ?kkuk gSA
[kku gSA TT LVsuyh tyçikr dkaxks unh ij fLFkr gSA
TT iwoksZÙkkj xzhuySaM us'kuy ikoZQ fo'o dk lcls cM+k us'kuy TT foDVksfj;k tyçikr tkEcsth unh ij fLFkr gSA
ikdZ gSA TT gkWuZ vkWiQ vIkzQhdk] vIkzQhdk osQ iwohZ Hkkx dks dgk tkrk gSA
TT lsaV ykjsal unh >hyksa ls feydj fo'o dk lcls yEck blosQ vUrxZr&bFkkssfi;k] ftcwrh] bfjfVª;k rFkk lksekfy;k
vkarfjd tyekxZ cukrh gSA ns'k vkrs gSaA
TT vizQhdk dks va/egk}hi Hkh dgrs gSa D;ksafd ;g vkfFkZd]
nf{k.k vesfjdk
lkekftd] vkS|ksfxd o lkaLo`Qfrd {ks=k esa dkiQh fiNM+k
TT nf{k.k vesfjdk dk vf/dka'k foLrkj nf{k.k xksyk¼Z esa gSA
gqvk gSA
TT ;g fo'o dk pkSFkk lcls cM+k egk}hi gSA
TT nf{k.kh lqMku vIkzQhdk egk}hi dk u;k ns'k gS ;g 2011 esa
TT nf{k.k vesfjdk dk lokZf/d uxjho`Qr ns'k m:Xos gSA
cuk Fkk ;g UNO dk 193ok¡ lnL; gSA
TT nf{k.k vesfjdk dk lcls cM+k LFky:¼ ns'k cksyhfo;k gSA
TT vIkzQhdk egk}hi esa cq'keSu (dkykgkjh)] fiXeh (dkaxks
TT czkthy dk lkUVksl cUnjxkg dkWiQh cUnjxkg osQ uke ls
csflu)] cn~nw (lgkjk e:LFky) vkfn tutkfr;k¡ ik;h tkrh
tkuk tkrk gSA
gSA
TT czkthy fo'o es lcls vf/d dkWiQh mRiknu djus okyk
TT vIkzQhdk esa ?kkl osQ eSnkuksa dks lokuk rFkk osYM (nf{k.k
ns'k gS
vIkzQhdk) dgrs gSaA
TT czkthy dk lkvks ikmyks fo'o dh dkWiQh e.Mh osQ uke ls
TT Lost ugj feÏ ns'k esa fLFkr gSA ;g ugj yky lkxj dks
tkuk tkrk gSA
Hkw&eè; lkxj ls tksM+rh gSA bldh yackbZ 193 fdeh gS
TT czkthy es dgok (dkWiQh) osQ ckxksa dks iQtsaMk dgrs gSaA
bldk fuekZ.k 1869 esa fd;k x;k FkkA felz }kjk bldk
TT fo'o esa lcls vf/d lkai czkthy esa ik;s tkrs gSaA
jk"Vªh;dj.k 1956 esa gqvkA bl ugj osQ dkj.k ;wjksi ls Hkkjr
TT fo'o dk lcls Å¡pk >juk ,saty (osustq,yk) osQjksuh unh
vkus esa yxHkx 7000 fdeh nwjh dh cpr gksrh gSA Lost ugj
ij fLFkr gSA
osQ nf{k.k Nksj ij iksVZ Lost rFkk mÙkjh Nksj ij iksVZ lbZn
TT fo'o dk lcls cM+k ekl fu;kZrd ns'k vtsZ.Vhuk gSA
cUnjxkg gSA
vtsZ.Vhuk osQ ?kkl osQ esnkuksa dks iEikl dgrs gSaA
TT fo'o dk lcls fo'kky ghjk oqQfyuku gS tks 1905 esa nf{k.k
TT nf{k.k vesfjdk dk og LFkku tgk¡ tkMks esa o"kkZ gksrh gS eè;
vIkzQhdk dh çheh;j [kku ls [kkstk x;k FkkA
phyh gSA
TT fo'o esa lcls vf/d lksuk Hkh nf{k.k vIkzQhdk esa ik;k
TT nf{k.k vesfjdk egk}hi mÙkjh vesfjdk ls iukek tylaf/
tkrk gSA
}kjk vyx gqvk gSA
TT nf{k.k vIkzQhdk osQ tksgkalcxZ dks lksus dk uxj Hkh dgk
TT ;g tylaf/ vVykafVd egklkxj dks iz'kkar egklkxj ls
tkrk gSA
tksM+rk gSA (SSC GD 11 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
TT nf{k.k vIkzQhdk esa fo'o dk 90% Øksfe;e gksrk gSA
TT nf{k.k vesfjdk osQ czkthy ns'k esa cgus okyh unh vestu
TT vIkzQhdk egk}hi esa lhly uked ikS/s ls twV iSnk gksrk gSA
{ks=kiQy osQ cgko dh n`f"V ls fo'o dh lcls cM+h unh gSA
TT vIkzQhdk egk}hi dk çeq[k [ktwj mRiknd ns'k feÏ gS ;gk¡
vIkzQhdk osQ fdlkuksa dks isQYykg dgrs gSaA
TT ;g fo'o dk nwljk lcls cM+k egk}hi gSA TT feÏ dks ,f'k;k o ;wjksi egk}hi dk taD'ku dgrs gSaA
TT vIkzQhdk egk}hi ftczkYVj tylaf/ }kjk ;wjksi ls vyx TT dkaxksa ns'k dks ouksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gSA
gksrk gSA TT ,.VoiZ (csfYt;e) fo'o dk ghjk O;kikj dk lcls cM+k
osQUæ gSA
100
vkWLVªsfy;k TTbl egk}hi dh loksZPp pksVh foUlu uSfliQ (eSfliQ) gSA

TT ;g lcls NksVk egk}hi gS tks nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z esa fLFkr gSA TTbl egk}hi esa fØy eNyh ikbZ tkrh gS tks >q.Mksa esa jgrh gSA
edj js[kk bl egk}hi osQ chpks&chp ls xqtjrh gSA TTnf{k.kh /zqo ij igq¡pus okys O;fDr ,e.Mlu (1911) FkkA
TT bl egk}hi dks }hih; egk}hi Hkh dgrs gSaA TT/zqoh; tyok;q esa jcM+ dh iQly ugha gks ldrh gSA
TT vkWLVªsfy;k osQ ewy fuokfl;ksa dks ,cksftZUl dgrs gSaA (SSC GD 6 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
TT VkWjsal tylaf/ % vkWLVªsfy;k $ U;wfxuh dks tksM+rh gSA
vaVkdZfVdk esa Hkkjr dh fLFkfr
TT vkWLVªsfy;k fo'o çfl¼ eSfjuks Åu dk çeq[k mRiknd ns'k gSA
TT nf{k.k /zqo ij igqpus okyk çFke Hkkjrh; O;fDr MkWñ fxjhjkt
TT ;gk¡ fo'o esa HksM+ ikyus okys etnwjksa dks tsdk: dgrs gSaA
fljksgh FkkA
TT xzsV cSfj;j jhiQ ,d çoky fHkfÙk gS tks vkWLVªsfy;k esa fLFkr
TT Hkkjr us viuk igyk vaVkdZfVdk vfHk;ku 1981&82 esa çkjEHk
gSA
fd;k Fkk bl vfHk;ku dk usr`Ro MkWñ lbZn tgwj dkfle us
TT vkWLVsªfy;k dh çeq[k ioZr Jà[kyk xzsV fMokbfMax jsat gSA bl
fd;k FkkA
ioZrJs.kh vkSj bl egk}hi dk loksZPp ioZr f'k[kj dksL;wLdks
TT Hkkjr osQ vaVkdZfVdk ij vius 'kks/ osQUæ%
gSA
1983&84 & nf{k.k xaxks=kh
TT ckWDlkbM lcls vf/d vkWLVªsfy;k esa gksrk gSA
TT fxClu vkSj foDVksfj;k bl egk}hi osQ çeq[k e:LFky gSA
1988&89 & eS=kh
TT vkWLVªsfy;k egk}hi dks I;klh Hkwfe dk ns'k] ySaM vkWiQ orZeku esa & Hkkjrh
daxk: o n ySM vkWiQ xksYMu Ýyhl dgrs gSaA
tye.My
TT U;wthyS.M dks nf{k.k dk fczVsu dgrs gSaA
TT i`Foh dk 70% 'kq¼ ty vaVkoZQfVdk xzhuyS.M vkSj nqfu;k
TT U;wthyS.M esa ,ew vkSj dksdkcjkZ uked i{kh ik;s tkrs gSA
,ew dh Vk¡xs yEch gksrh gS vkSj blosQ ia[k ughaa gksrs gSaA osQ igkM+h {ks=k esa fLFkr gSA
(SSC GD 7 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
TT ekvksjh U;wthyS.M dh tutkfr gSA fdoh U;wthyS.M dk
jk"Vªh; i{kh gSA TT lEiw.kZ i`Foh dk 3/4 Hkkx (yxHkx 71% Hkkx) ij
tye.My dk foLrkj gSA
vaVkdZfVdk TT mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa yxHkx 60.7% rFkk nf{k.k xksyk¼Z esa yxHkx
TT vaVkdZfVdk egk}hi fo'o dk ikapok lcls cM+k egk}hi gSA 80.9% Hkkx ij ty gSA
;g nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z esa fLFkr gSA TT i`Foh ij mifLFkr ty dh oqQy ek=kk dk yxHkx 97.5%
TT ;g egk}hi rhuksa egklkxjksa fgUn egklkxj] ç'kkUr egklkxj ty egklkxj esa gS] tksfd [kkjk ikuh gSA
vkSj vVykfUVd egklkxj ls f?kjk gqvk gSA TT oqQy ty dk 2.5% Hkkx gh LoPN rFkk ehBk gSA
TT bl egk}hi dk 98% Hkkx lnk ciZQ ls <dk jgrk gSA blh TT egklkxjh; ty osQ nks egRoiw.kZ xq.k gSA
dkj.k bls 'osr egk}hi dgrs gSaA 1. rkieku
TT 'khr ½rq rFkk xzh"e ½rq esa bl egk}hi dk vkdkj vyx&vyx
2. yo.krk
gks tkrk gSA bl dkj.k bls xfr'khy egk}hi dgrs gSaA
TT lcls cM+k rFkk xgjk egklkxj ç'kkUr egklkxj gSA
TT ykbosQu o ekWl vaVkdZfVdk egk}hi dh çeq[k ouLifr gSA
TT leqæ % tye.My dk og Hkkx tks rhu rjiQ ty ls f?kjk gks
TT Dohu eksM ioZr Js.kh bl egk}hi dks nks cjkcj Hkkxksa esa
,d rjiQ egklkxj ls feyk gks] leqæ dgykrk gSA
ckVrh gSA
TT [kkM+h (Gulf) % leqæ dk LFkyh; Hkkx esa ços'k dj tkus
uksV % vaVkdfVZdk egk}hi dh [kkst&osQIVu tsEl DykoZQ us ij tks ty dk {ks=k curk gS] mls [kkM+h dgrs gSaA egklkxjh;
dh FkhA ty dk rkieku yxHkx 5°C ls 33°C rd jgrk gSA
TT vkdkj esa vUrj osQ dkj.k vVykfUVd egklkxj esa okf"kZd
TT fo'o esa lcls de rkieku vaVkdZfVdk osQ oksLVkd esa fjdkMZ
rkikUrj ç'kkUr egklkxj dh vis{kk vf/d gksrk gSA
fd;k x;k gSA
TT mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa nf{k.k xksyk¼Z dh rqyuk esa rkikUrj vf/d
TT ekm.V ,jscl bl egk}hi dk lfØ; Tokykeq[kh gSA
gksrk gSA
TT bl egk}hi dh [kkst dk igyk ç;kl vaxzst ukfod tsEl
TT yo.krk dks çfr gtkj xzke esa O;Dr djrs gSaA
oqQd us fd;k Fkk ysfdu og eq[; Hkwfe rd ughaa igqp ik;k
TT leqæh ty dh vkSlr yo.krk yxHkx 35% gksrh gSA
FkkA
TT leku [kkjsiu okys LFkkuksa dks feykdj [khph xbZ js[kk dks
TT bl egk}hi dh eq[; Hkwfe dh [kkst djus dk Js; isQfc;u
leyo.k js[kk dgrs gSaA
osfyax 'kklsu dks tkrk gSA
TT fo'o esa lcls vf/d yo.krk rqdhZ dh oku >hy esa gSA
101
nwljk LFkku e`r lkxj dk gSA uksV % mrjh xksyk¼Z dh ty/kjk,¡ vius nk;sa vksj o nf{k.k
TT ç'kkUr egklkxj esa xqvke }hi osQ fudV fLFkr esfj;kuk xrZ xksyk¼Z dh ty/kjk,¡ vius ck;sa vksj cgrh gSA ;g dkWfjvksfyl
lcls xgjk xrZ gSA bldh xgjkbZ yxHkx 11 fdeh0 gSA bls cy osQ çHkko ls gksrk gSA
pSysUtj xrZ Hkh dgrs gSaA
TT xzsV csfj;j jhiQ vkWLVªsfy;k osQ Dohal yS.M osQ lehi fLFkr gSA TT mijksDr fn;s x;s dFku dk viokn fgUn egklkxj osQ mÙkjh
;g lalkj dh lcls cM+h çoky fHkfÙk gS] tks ç'kkUr egklkxj Hkkx esa ik;k tkrk gS bl Hkkx esa /kjkvksa osQ cgus dh fn'kk
esa fLFkr gSA ekulwu fu/kZfjr djrk gS ;gk xeZ ty/kjk,¡ B.Ms lkxj dh
TT eè; ,f'k;k vkSj if'pe ,f'k;k osQ nkc dk forj.k Hkkjr esa vksj o B.Mh ty/kjk,¡ xeZ lkxjksa dh vksj cgus yxrh gSA
lnhZ osQ ekSle dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ç'kkUr egklkxj dh ty/kjk,¡
(SSC GD 9 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
xeZ B.Mh
fo'o osQ çeq[k xrZ ,yuhuks ty/kjk oSQfyiQksfuZ;k dh ty/kjk
esfj;kuk xrZ & ç'kkUr egklkxj (SSC GD 5 Feb., 2023, Shift
Vksaxk xrZ & ç'kkUr egklkxj III)
feaMukvksa xrZ & ç'kkUr egklkxj D;wjksfl;k dh ty/kjk vaVkdZfVdk dh ty/kjk

lq.Mk xrZ & fgUn egklkxj lq'khek dh ty/kjk gEcksYV dh ty/kjk
vykLdk dh ty/kjk D;wjkby dh ty/kjk
ç'kkUr egklkxj
TT ;g /jkry osQ 1@3 Hkkx dks <drk gS bldh vko`Qfr vVykfUVd egklkxj dh ty/kjk,¡
f=kHkqtkdkj gS ,oa {ks=k laiw.kZ LFky osQ {ks=kiQy ls vf/d gSA xeZ B.Mh
TT Tokyk o`Ùk (Ring of Fire) iz'kkar egklkxj esa gSA xYiQ LVªhe ty/kjk ysczkMksj dh ty/kjk
(SSC GD 9 Feb., 2023, Shift II) ÝyksfjMk ty/kjk iQkWdySaM dh ty/kjk
vVykfUVd egklkxj czkthy ty/kjk dukjh dh ty/kjk
TT ;g lEiw.kZ lalkj dk NBk Hkkx gSA bldk {ks=kiQy ç'kkUr fgUn egklkxj dh ty/kjk,¡
egklkxj dk yxHkx vk/k vkSj lalkj osQ {ks=kiQy dk yxHkx
xeZ B.Mh
16% gSA
ekstkfEcd dh ty/kjk if'pe vkWLVªsfy;k dh ty/kjk
TT bl egklkxj dh vko`Qfr vaxzsth osQ S vko`Qfr ls feyrh
tqyrh gSA (SSC GD 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I) vxqygkl dh ty/kjk
TT blosQ if'pe esa mÙkj o nf{k.k vesfjdk egk}hi] iwoZ esa ;wjksi TT U;wiQkm.MyS.M osQ lehi xYiQLVªhe o ysczkMksj dh ty/kjk
o vIkzQhdk egk}hi rFkk nf{k.k esa vaVkdZfVdk fLFkr gSA feyrh gS tgk¡ xeZ ty/kjk o B.Mh ty/kjk vkil esa feyrh
TT cjewMk Hkh nf{k.k vaVkdZfVdk egklkxj esa fLFkr gSA gS ogk IySadVu uked ?kkl ik;h tkrh gSA
TT jkseka'ks xaHkhj vVykfUVd egklkxj dks nks cjkcj Hkkxksa esa TT ;g LFkku eNyh ikyu osQ fy, cgqr vf/d fodflr gksrk
ckVrk gSA gSA
TT eNyh ikyu osQ fy, çfl¼ LFkku xzS.M cSad U;wiQkm.MyS.M
fgUn egklkxj osQ lehi vVykafVd egklkxj esa fLFkr gSA
TT blosQ mÙkj esa ,f'k;k egk}hi] nf{k.k esa vaVkdZfVdk egk}hi]
iwoZ esa vkWLVªsfy;k egk}hi rFkk if'pe esa vizQhdk egk}hi Tokj&HkkVk
fLFkr gSA ;g ,d v¼Zegklkxj gSA TT pUæek rFkk lw;Z dh vkd"kZ.k 'kfDr osQ dkj.k lkxj osQ ty
TT bl egklkxj dk lcls cM+k }hi esMkxkLdj gSA osQ Åij mBus rFkk fxjus dks Tokj&HkkVk dgrs gSaA
TT fM;kxks xkf'kZ;k }hi Hkh fgUn egklkxj esa fLFkr gSA TT lkxj osQ ty osQ Åij mBdj vkxs c<+us dks Tokj rFkk lkxj
TT ekWjh'kl }hi Hkh blh egklkxj esa fLFkr gSA bl }hi dk fuekZ.k osQ ty osQ uhps fxjdj ihNs ykSVus dks HkkVk dgrs gSaA
Tokykeq[kh çfØ;k ls gqvk gSA TT pUæek dk Tokj mRiknd cy lw;Z dh vis{kk nks xquk gksrk
TT y{k}hi o ekynho çoky }hiksa osQ mnkgj.k gSA gS D;ksafd ;g lw;Z dh rqyuk esa i`Foh ls vf/d fudV gSA
TT vjc lkxj fgUn egklkxj dk foLrkj gSA TT tc lw;Z o pUæek i`Foh osQ osQUæ ij ledks.k cukrs gSaA rks
(SSC GD 23 Jan., 2023, Shift III) ml fnu fuEu Tokj mRiUu gksrk gSA
102
TT i`Foh osQ çR;sd LFkku ij çfrfnu 12 ?k.Vs 26 feuV ckn TTok;qe.My dh lajpuk % ok;qe.My dks fuEu ijrksa esa ckVk
Tokj vkrk gS rFkk Tokj osQ 6 ?k.Vs 13 feuV ckn HkkVk x;k gSA
vkrk gSA 1. {kksHk e.My (Troposphere) % ;g ok;qe.My dh
TT Tokj çfrfnu nks ckj vkrk gSA ,d ckj pUæek osQ vkd"kZ.k ls lcls fupyh ijr gSA bl e.My dks v/kse.My Hkh
vkSj nwljh ckj i`Foh osQ viosQUæh; cy lsA dgrs gSa bldh Å¡pkbZ /qzoksa ij 8 fdeh o fo"kqor js[kk
TT baXyS.M osQ nf{k.k esa fLFkr lkmFkSEiVu esa çfrfnu Tokj 4 ij yxHkx 18 fdeh gksrh gSA
ckj vkrk gSA (SSC GD 24 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
TT egklkxj osQ ty dk mPpre rkieku vxLr esa rFkk U;wure ¾¾ lHkh ok;qe.Myh; ?kVuk, tSls ckny] vk¡/h rFkk o"kkZ
rkieku iQjojh esa vafdr fd;k tkrk gSA blh e.My esa gksrh gSA
ok;qe.My ¾¾ bldks laogu e.My Hkh dgrs gSaA
2. lerki e.My (Stratosphere) % lerki e.My
TT i`Foh osQ pkjksa vksj ls f?kjs gq, ok;q osQ foLr`r iSQyko dks
18 ls 32 fdeh rd dh Å¡pkbZ rd gSA
ok;qe.My dgrs gSaA
TT ok;qe.My dh Åijh ijr osQ vè;;u dks ok;qfoKku vksj ¾¾ blesa rkieku leku jgrk gSA
uhps ijr osQ vè;;u dks ½rq foKku dgrs gSaA ¾¾ bldh eksVkbZ /zqoksa ij lcls vf/d gksrh gSA dHkh&dHkh
TT ok;qe.My esa fofHkUu çdkj dh xSl ik;h tkrh gSA fo"kqor js[kk ij bldk yksi gks tkrk gSA
ukbVªkstu & yxHkx 78.07% ¾¾ bl e.My esa ok;q;ku mM+kus dh vkn'kZ n'kk ik;h tkrh
gSA
vkWDlhtu & yxHkx 20.93%
¾¾ dHkh&dHkh bl e.My esa fo'ks"k çdkj osQ es?kksa dk
dkcZu&MkbZ&vkWDlkbM & yxHkx 0.03%
fuekZ.k gksrk gS ftls ezykHk es| dgrs gSaA
vkWxZu & yxHkx 0.93% ¾¾ tsV {kksHke.My dh Åijh lhek esa pyrh gSA
(SSC GD 11 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
ok;qe.My esa ik;h tkus okyh oqQN egRoiw.kZ xSl
3. vkstksu e.My (Ozonosphere) % ;g 32 fdeh
TT ukbVªkstu % ;g xSl ok;qe.My esa lcls vf/d ek=kk esa
ik;h tkrh gSA ;g xSl ok;qe.My esa 128 fdeh dh Å¡pkbZ ls 60 fdeh rd dh Å¡pkbZ ij fLFkr gSA
rd iSQyh gqbZ gSA ;fn ok;qe.My esa ukbVªkstu ughaa gksrh rks ¾¾ bl e.My esa ,d vkstksu xSl dh ijr ik;h tkrh gS]
vkx ij fu;a=k.k j[kuk dfBu gks tkrkA ukbVªkstu ls isM+& tks lw;Z ls vkus okyh ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr
ikS/ks esa çksVhu dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS tks Hkkstu dk eq[; vax gSA dj ysrh gS bl fy, bls i`Foh dk lqj{kk dop dgrs gSaA
TT vkWDlhtu % ;g xSl ok;qe.My esa 64 fdeh dh Å¡pkbZ ¾¾ vkstksu ijr dks u"V djus okyh xSl C.F.C gS] tks
rd iSQyh gqbZ gS] ijUrq 16 fdeh ls Åij tkdj bldh ek=kk AC, fizQt tSls midj.kksa ls fudyrh gS] blesa lcls
cgqr de gks tkrh gSA vkWDlhtu osQ fcuk ge b±/u ughaa tyk T;knk uqdlku Dyksjhu xSl osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA
ldrs vr% ;g ÅtkZ dk eq[; L=kksr gSA ¾¾ vkstksu ijr dh eksVkbZ ukius esa Mkclu bdkbZ dk ç;ksx
TT dkcZu&MkbZ&vkWDlkbM % ;g lcls Hkkjh xSl gSA blh dkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
;g lcls fupyh ijr esa feyrh gSA fiQj Hkh bldk foLrkj 32 ¾¾ bl e.My esa Å¡pkbZ osQ lkFk rkieku c<+ tkrk gSA çfr
fdeh dh Å¡pkbZ rd gSA ;g xSl xzhu gkml çHkko osQ fy, fdeh esa 5°C dh o`f¼ gksrh gSA
ftEesnkj gS vkSj ok;qe.My dh fupyh ijr dks xeZ j[krh gSA 4. vk;u e.My (Ionosphere) % bldh Å¡pkbZ 60
TT vkstksu % ;g xSl vkWDlhtu dk gh ,d fo'ks"k :i gSA ;g fdeh ls 640 fdeh rd gksrh gSA
ok;qe.My esa vf/d Å¡pkbZ rd cgqr de ek=kk esa feyrh ¾¾ bl e.My esa jsfM;ks] Vh- oh-] jMkj rFkk iQksu dh lapkj
gSA ;g lw;Z ls vkus okyh ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa ls gesa cpkrh fdj.ks ijkofrZr gksrh gSA
gSA ;fn ok;qe.My esa vkstksu xSl dh ek=kk de gks tk;s rks ¾¾ lapkj mixzg blh e.My esa ik;s tkrs gSaA
lw;Z dh ijkcSaxuh fdj.ksa vf/d ek=kk esa i`Foh rd igqpdj 5. cká e.My (Exosphere) % 640 fdeh ls Åij
oSaQlj tSlh Hk;kud chekfj;k iSQyk ldrh gSA osQ Hkkx dks cká e.My dgrs gSaA bldh Åij dh dksbZ
lhek fu/kZfjr ughaa gSA
uksV % vkstksu ijr dks C.F.C (Dyksjks&iQyksjks&dkcZu) xSl
¾¾ bl e.My esa gkbMªkstu o ghfy;e xSl dh ç/kurk
uqdlku igq¡pk jgh gSA
gksrh gSA
TT vkdk'k dk jax uhyk /wy d.k osQ dkj.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ¾¾ bl e.My esa vkSjksjk vkWLVªkfyl rFkk vkSjksjk
TT dkcZuMkbZ vkWDlkbM rFkk tyok"i i`Foh osQ rkieku dks cuk;s cksfj;kfyl uked ?kVuk gksrh gSA
j[krs gSaA
103
¾¾ lw;Z ls i`Foh rd igq¡pus okyh lkSj fofdj.k ÅtkZ dks fo'o osQ çeq[k iQly mRiknd ns'k
lw;Zrki dgrs gSaA ;g ÅtkZ y?kq rjaxksa osQ :i esa lw;Z ls
iQly çFke f}rh;
i`Foh rd igq¡prh gSA
xsgw¡ phu Hkkjr
¾¾ i`Foh lw;Z fofdj.k dh ÅtkZ dk 51% Hkkx çkIr djrh
gSA /ku phu Hkkjr
TT lerki js[kk % leku rkieku okys LFkkuksa dks feykus okyh xUuk Hkkjr czkthy
dkYifud js[kk lerki js[kk dgykrh gSA dikl USA phu
TT vf/dre rFkk U;wure rkieku osQ vUrj dks rkikUrj dgrs gSa osQyk Hkkjr phu
;s nks çdkj dk gksrk gSA ukfj;y Hkkjr baMksusf'k;k
1. nSfud rkikUrj % fdlh LFkku ij fdlh ,d fnu osQ rEckowQ phu USA
vf/dre rFkk U;wure rkieku osQ vUrj dks nSfud çko`Qfrd jcj FkkbZySaM baMksusf'k;k
rkikUrj dgrs gSaA
vkyw phu :l
2. okf"kZd rkikUrj % fdlh LFkku fo'ks"k osQ lcls xeZ
I;kt phu Hkkjr
rFkk B.Ms eghus osQ vkSlr rkieku osQ vUrj dks okf"kZd
rkikUrj dgrs gSaA twV Hkkjr ckaXykns'k
TT fo'o esa lokZf/d rkikUrj :l osQ c[kksZ;kaLd esa ik;k tkrk
nygu Hkkjr Lisu
gSA tkS :l izQkal
Tokj vesfjdk ukbthfj;k
ok;qnkc lks;kchu vesfjdk czkthy
TT lkekU; n'kkvksa es leqæ ry ij ok;qnkc ikjs osQ 76 lseh Å¡ps ew¡xiQyh phu Hkkjr
LrEHk }kjk iM+us okyk nkc gksrk gSA
jsilhM dukMk phu
TT ok;qnkc cSjksehVj }kjk ekik tkrk gSA
TT ok;qeaMyh; nkc dh bdkbZ ckj gSA
lwjteq[kh ;wØsu :Lk
TT lenkc js[kk % leku ok;qnkc okys LFkkuksa dks feykus okyh lsc phu vesfjdk
dkYifud js[kk lenkc js[kk dgykrh gSA elkys Hkkjr bFkksfi;k
vaxwj phu bVyh
fo'o dh çeq[k tutkfr;k¡
larjk czkthy phu
tutkfr ns'k
ekvksjh U;wthyS.M fo'o osQ çeq[k [kfut mRiknd ns'k
,Ldheks dukMk (xzhuyS.M) [kfut çFke f}rh;
gSnk vesfjdk dks;yk phu Hkkjr
;kdw Vq.Mªk çns'k ykSg v;Ld vkWLVªsfy;k czkthy
jsM bf.M;u mÙkjh vesfjdk (dukMk) rk¡ck fpyh is:
elkbZ osQU;k lksuk phu vkWLVªsfy;k
cksjks czkthy pk¡nh eSfDldks phu
uhxzks eè; vIkzQhdk ,Y;wehfu;e phu :l
vkbuw@,suw tkiku fVu phu baMksusf'k;k
fiXeht dkaxks csflu ;wjsfu;e dtkf[kLrku dukMk
cn~nw vjc izk;}hi ,.Vheuh phu :l
cq'keSu (cksRlokuk) dkykgkjh e#LFky lhes.V phu Hkkjr
osnkl Jhyadk dksckYV dkaxks baMksusf'k;k
vksaxh Hkkjr xzsiQkbV phu czkthy
,Vk fiQyhihUl ftIle U.S.A. vesfjdk
rkrkj lkbcsfj;k VaxLVu phu fo;ruke
104
ghjk :l cksRlkokuk Mksoj tylfU/ bafXy'k pSuy ,oa mÙkjh lkxj

çko`Qfrd xSl vesfjdk :l baXySaM&IkzQkal
[kfut rsy vesfjdk lÅnh vjc gMlu tylfU/ gMlu dh [kkM+h o vVykafVd egklkxj
dukMk
ufn;ksa osQ fdukjs cls fo'o osQ çeq[k uxj
ftczkYVj tylfU/ Hkweè; lkxj ,oa vVykafVd egklkxj
uxj unh uxj unh Lisu&eksjDdks
okf'kaxVu iksVksesd dkfgjk uhy eSxsyu tylfU/ ç'kkar ,oa nf{k.k vVykafVd egklkxj
isfjl lhu jkse Vkbcj fpyh
cxnkn fVxfjl cfyZu Lçh
iFkZ Loku vkWLoku uhy fo'o osQ oqQN çeq[k ns'k rFkk 'kgj osQ iqjkus ,oa
yUnu VsEl csyxzsM MsU;wc ,oa lksok u, uke
cqMkisLV MsU;wc fo;uk MsU;wc u;s uke iqjkus uke
Vksfd;ks vjkdkok 'ka?kkbZ ;kaxfVlhD;kax tk;js dkaxks
jaxwu bjkorh Mcfyu fyisQ FkkbZySaM L;kens'k
pVxk¡o d.kZiwQyh f'kdkxksa f'kdkxksa ukehfc;k nf{k.k&if'peh vizQhdk
U;w;kdZ gMlu flMuh MkfyaZx bjkd eslksiksVkfe;k
ekf.Vª;y lsaV ykjsasl ekLdks eksLdok bZjku if'kZ;k
;kxwu jaxwu
fo'o dh çeq[k ugjsa
?kkuk xksYM dksLV
TT dhy ugj (teZuh) % mRrjh lkxj $ ckfYVd lkxj
dacksfM;k daiwfp;k] [kesj
TT K.P. ugj (Hkkjr) % vka/z çns'k $ rfeyukMq
TT Lost ugj (feJ) % yky lkxj $ Hkweè; lkxj bfFk;ksfi;k vchlhfu;k
TT lw ugj (U.S.A) % lqihfj;j >hy $ g~;wju >hy chftax ;kaftax
TT iukek ugj (iukek) % vVykfUVd egklkxj $ ç'kkUr E;kaekj cekZ
egklkxj (oSQfjfc;u lkxj) ftEckCos nf{k.k jksMsf'k;k
TT iukek ugj % bldk fuekZ.k 1914 esa gqvkA çkjEHk esa bl ij tkfEc;k mÙkj jksMsf'k;k
vesfjdk dk vf/dkj Fkk ijUrq 2000 ls bl ij iukek dk
vf/dkj gks x;kA fo'o osQ çeq[k HkkSxksfyd miuke
fo'o dh çeq[k tylfU/;k¡ ykSax dk }hi tathckj
LofIuy ehukjksa okyk 'kgj vkWDliQksMZ (baXyS.M)
laosQr % fdl&fdl dks tksM+rh gS
tylfU/ dk uke ;wjksi dk okjk.klh yhMsu flVh (fLoV~tjyS.M)
HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr
ejdr }hi vk;jyS.M
eyDdk tylfU/ vaMeku lkxj ,oa nf{k.kh phu lkxj
baMksusf'k;k&eysf'k;k lkr igkfM;ksa dk uxj jkse
ikd tylfU/ eUukj ,oa caxky dh [kkM+h iksi dk 'kgj jkse
Hkkjr&Jhyadk bZVjuy flVh jkse
lq.Mk tylfU/ tkok lkxj ,oa fgUn egklkxj gksyh flVh jkse
baMksusf'k;k if'pe dk cschyksu jkse
csfjax tylfU/ csfjax lkxj ,oa pqdlh lkxj jDro.kZ efgyk jkse
vykLdk&:l çkphu fo'o dh lezkKh jkse
Msfol tylfU/ csfiQu [kkM+h ,oa vVykafVd egklkxj ,Eik;j flVh U;w;kdZ (USA)
xzhuySaM&dukMk lalkj dh Nr ikehj dk iBkj
lkr Vkiqvksa dk uxj eqEcbZ
105
Hkkjr dk elkyksa dk cxhpk osQjy lalkj dk jksVh Hk.Mkj çs;jht (mÙkjh vesfjdk)
'osr 'kgj csyxzsM Lokf.kZe iSxksMk dk ns'k E;k¡ekj
eksfr;ksa dk }hi cgjhu
fo'o dh çeq[k HkkSxksfyd [kkstsa
iou pfDd;ksa dh Hkwfe uhnjySaM
va/egk}hi vizQhdk mÙkjh /qzo jkWcZV fi;jh (U.S.A, 1909)
nf{k.k dk fczVsu U;wthySaM nf{k.kh /zqo ,eaMlu (ukosZ] 1911)
uhy unh dh nsu feÏ lkSje.My dh [kkst dkWijfuDl (ikSys.M)
mxrs lw;Z dk ns'k Tkkiku gokbZ }hi leqg dh [kkst osQIVu oqQd (1770)
Mwcrs lw;Z dk ns'k fczVsu Lost ugj dk fuekZ.k iQnhZusUn&n&yslsIl (1869)
eè; jkf=k osQ lw;Z mn; dk ns'k ukosZ xzgksa dh xfr dk fu;e osQiyj (teZuh)
iwoZ dk eSupsLVj vkslkdk Hkkjr dh [kkst okLdksfMxkek (iqrZxky] 1498)
baXyS.M dk cxhpk oSQUV fo'o dk Hkze.k eSxyu
xksjks dh dcz fxuh rV (vizQhdk) U;wiQkm.MySaM dh [kkst tkWu osQosV
osQdks dh Hkwfe LdkVySa.M vesfjdk dh [kkst dksyEcl (1492)
fo'o dk phuh dk dVksjk D;wck nf{k.k ç'kkUr egklkxj dh eSxyu
[kkst
,.Vhyht dk eksrh D;wck
xkMZu lhVh f'kdkxks fo'o osQ çfl¼ LFkku
gok okyk 'kgj f'kdkxks OgkbV gkml okf'kaxVu DC
phu dk 'kksd áaxgks unh (ihyh unh) isaVkxu okf'kaxVu DC
daxk:vksa dh Hkwfe vkWLVªsfy;k vksisjk gkml flMuh (vkWLVªsfy;k)
>hyksa dk ns'k fiQuyS.M ,fiQy Vkoj isfjl (izQkal)
Hkw&eè; lkxj dk }kj ftczkYVj eMsZdk iSysl tdkrkZ (b.Mksusf'k;k)
ifo=k Hkwfe ts#'kye (btjkby) >qdh gqbZ ehukj ihlk (bVyh)
fyyh dk ns'k dukMk Mkmfuax LVªhV yanu
gtkjksa gkfFk;ksa dh Hkwfe ykvksl dkyksfl;e jkse (bVyh)
lisQn gkfFk;ksa dh Hkwfe FkkbZyS.M LVSP;w vkWiQ fycVhZ U;w;kdZ (USA)
xzsukbV flVh ,ojMhu
iwoZ dk osful dksfPp (osQjy) fo'o dh çeq[k unh
vjc lkxj dh jkuh dksfPp (osQjy) Ukke mn~xe LFkku fxjus dk LFkku
Dosdj flVh fiQykMsfYiQ;k uhy unh foDVksfj;k >hy Hkw&eè; lkxj
;wjksi dk [ksy dk eSnku fLoV~tjyS.M czãiq=k unh ekuljksoj >hy caxky dh [kkM+h
fujarj cgus okys >juksa dk fDoVks flU/q unh ekuljksoj >hy vjc lkxj
'kgj bjkonh unh ekyh&ukeh unh laxe caxky dh [kkM+h
yS.M vkWiQ Fk.MjkoksYV HkwVku MsU;qc unh CySd iQksjsLV (teZuh) dkyk lkxj
(fctyh dh xM+xM+kgV dk vestu unh ,.Mht ioZr (is#) vVykafVd egklkxj
ns'k) TT doZQ js[kk dks nks ckj dkVrh gS&ekgh unh (Hkkjr)
fgUn egklkxj dk eksrh ekynho TT foDVksfj;k ty çikr rFkk djhck ck¡/ tkEcsth unh ij
iwoZ dk eksrh Jhyadk fLFkr gSA
;wjksi osQ ck:n dk ihik ckYdu TT felhflih unh fo'o dk lcls cM+k unh rU=k cukrh gSA
Lekjdksa dh uxjh fo;uk blosQ }kjk cuk;k x;k MsYVk i{kh osQ iats tSlk gksrk gSA
fo'o dh tUur isfjl
106
fo'o osQ çeq[k vkS|ksfxd uxj czwusbZ canjlsjh MkWyj

uxj m|ksx gkaxdkax foDVksfj;k MkWyj
MsVªk;V vkVkseksckby (USA) vkseku eLdV fj;ky
gkWyhoqM fiQYe m|ksx (USA) fiQyhihal euhyk ihlks
eSupsLVj lwrh oL=k m|ksx (baXyS.M) lhfj;k nfe'd ikmaM
vkslkdk lwrh oL=k m|ksx (tkiku) lÅnh vjc fj;kn fj;ky
csyiQkLV tgkt fuekZ.k flaxkiqj flaxkiqj (flVh) MkWyj
ekWjh'kl iksVZ yqbZl :i;k
fo'o dh çeq[k ouLifr
nf{k.k vIkzQhdk fçVksfj;k jSaM
gSyksiQkbVl uedhu {ks=k esa ik;h tkus okyh ouLifr lwMku [kkjrwe ikmaM
VªksiksiQkbV m".k dfVca/h; tyok;q okyh ouLifr ls'ksYl foDVksfj;k :i;k
eslksiQkbV 'khrks".k dfVcaU/ tyok;q okyh ouLifr dukMk vksVkok MkWyj
fyFkksiQkbV pV~Vkuksa esa ik;h tkus okyh eSfDldks eSfDldks flVh ihlks
gkbxzksiQkbV nynyh {ks=kksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk okf'kaxVu MkWyj
fo'o osQ çeq[k ns'kksa dh jkt/kuh ,oa eqæk czkthy czkthfy;k fj;y
ns'k jkt/kuh eqæk vtsZVhuk C;wul vk;lZ vtsZ.Vhuks iSlks
Hkkjr ubZ fnYyh #i;k :l ekLdks :cy
ckaXykns'k <kdk Vdk Lisu eSfMªM ;wjks
HkwVku fFkEiw UxqyVªe iksyS.M okjlk TyksVh
usiky dkBekaMw #i;k ukosZ vksLyks Øksu
ikfdLrku bLykekckn :i;k iqrZxky fyLcu ;wjks
viQxkfuLrku dkcqy viQxkuh #i;k IkzQkal isfjl ;wjks
phu chftax ;qvku teZuh cfyZu ;wjks
Jhyadk dksyEcks] #i;k ;wuku ,Fksal ;wjks
Jht;o/Zusiqjk dksV~Vs gaxjh cqMkisLV IkzQksfjaV
bZjku rsgjku rkseku MsuekdZ dksisugsxu Øksu
bjkd cxnkn fnukj fyFkqvkfu;k fofu;l ;wjks
baMksusf'k;k tdkrkZ (izLrkfor :i;k LohMu LVkWdgkse Øksuk
uqlarkjk) fLoV~tjyS.M cuZ IkzQSad
eaxksfy;k mykucVksj rqxfjd xzsV&fczVsu yanu ikmaM
eysf'k;k Dokykyaiqj fjaxfxr fiQuyS.M gsyfladh ;wjks
ekynho ekys :fi;k uhnjyS.M~l ,eLVjMZe ;wjks
FkkbZyS.M cSadkd cgr vkfLVª;k fo;uk ;wjks
la;qDr vjc vehjkr vcw/kch fnjge ekYVk oSysVk ;wjks
rqfoZQ;s vadkjk yhjk vtjcStku ckdw eukr
drj nksgk fj;ky vk;jyS.M Mcfyu ;wjks
dEcksfM;k UgkseisUg fj,y yDlecxZ yDlecxZ ;wjks
mÙkj dksfj;k I;ksaxI;kax okWu csfYt;e czqlsYl ;wjks
nf{k.k dksfj;k flvksy okWu cqYxkfj;k lksfiQ;k ;wjks
edkÅ edkÅ iVkdk ykrfo;k jhxk ;wjks
tkiku VksD;ks ;su vkWLVªsfy;k osQucjk MkWyj
107
U;wthyS.M osfyaXVu MkWyj TT

Hkkjr dk mÙkj ls nf{k.k rd foLrkj 3214 fdeh rFkk iwoZ
fiQth lqok fiQft;u MkWyj ls if'pe rd foLrkj 2933 fdeh gSA
TT Hkkjr esa xkaoksa dh la[;k yxHkx 6 yk[k 41 gtkj (tux.kuk
egRoiw.kZ rF; % fo'o 2011 osQ vuqlkj) gSA
TT fo'o dk lcls Å¡pk ty çikr osustq,yk dh osQjksuh unh ij TT f=kiqjk vkSj ckaXykns'k dh lhek 'kwU; js[kk dgykrh gSA
fLFkr lkYVks ,aftYl ty çikr gSA TT Hkkjr dh LFky lhek js[kk dh yackbZ yxHkx 15200 fdeh
TT fo'o esa loZçFke dikl dh ladj tkfr mRiUu djus dk Js; gSA blosQ rVh; Hkkx dh yackbZ 7516-5 fdeh gSA
Hkkjr dks gSA uksV % ijUrq Hkkjr dh rVjs[kk dh yackbZ eq[; Hkw&Hkkx dks
TT I;wek nf{k.kh vesfjdk esa feyus okyh 'ksj dh ,d çtkfr gSA NksM+dj 6100 fdeh gSA
TT Lisu dk oSQfMt 'kgj dkWoZQ osQ fy, çfl¼ gSA
TT {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls fo'o dk lcls cM+k LFky#¼ ns'k TT lcls yEch rVjs[kk okyk jkT; xqtjkr gS rFkk nwljs LFkku ij
dtk[kLrku gSA vkU/z çns'k gSA (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
TT iQjxuk ?kkVh eè; ,f'k;k esa fLFkr gSA TT lcls NksVh rV js[kk okyk jkT; xksok gSA
TT bVyh çko`Qfrd xSl dk mi;ksx djus okyk çFke ;wjksih; TT xksok Hkkjr dk lcls NksVk jkT; gSA ({ks=kiQy osQ vuqlkj)
ns'k gSA (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
TT uhy unh dh fupyh ?kkVh esa xzh"e ½rq esa ck<+ vk tkrh gSA TT Hkkjr dk {ks=kiQy fo'o osQ {ks=kiQy 2.42% gSA tcfd Hkkjr
TT fo'o dh lcls pkSMh tylaf/ Msfol tylaf/ gSA dh tula[;k fo'o dh tula[;k dk 17.5% gSA
TT uydwi }kjk flapkbZ dh fof/ dk lcls igys ç;ksx phu esa TT Hkkjr dk lcls nf{k.kre fcUnq bfUnjk IokbUV gS ;g
fd;k x;k FkkA v.Meku&fudksckj }hi lewg esa fLFkr gSA bldk igyk uke
TT tkikuh is; 'ksd dk fuekZ.k pkoy ls fd;k tkrk gSA fiXesfy;u IokbUV FkkA ;g Hkw&eè; js[kk ls 876 fdeh nwj
TT gaxjh esa fLFkr LVsih ?kkl osQ eSnkuksa dks iqLrkt dgk tkrk gSA gSA (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
TT Jhyadk osQ ?kkl osQ eSnku iVkuk osQ uke ls tkus tkrs gSA TT Hkkjr dk lcls mRrjh fcanq bfUnjk dky gS tks tEew&d'ehj
TT bjkonh unh dks Ê;k¡ekj dh thou/kjk* dgrs gSaA esa fLFkr gSA
TT csfYt;e dk ,.VoiZ uxj fo'o esa ghjk O;kikj dk lcls TT Hkkjr dk lcls if'peh fcUnq ljØhd (xqtjkr) gS rFkk
cM+k osQUæ gSA iwohZ fcUnq fdfcFkq (v:.kkpy çns'k) esa gSA
TT Hkkjr osQ 9 jkT; rV js[kk ls yxs gq;s gSA
Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy TT osQjy osQ lcls cM+s tyizikr dk uke vfFkjkfiYyh tyizikr
TT fo'o osQ oqQy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy esa Hkkjr dk 2.4% fgLlk gSA gSA (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift I) TT ladks'k unh vle o v:.kkpy çns'k osQ chp lhek cukrh gSA
TT Hkkjr dh vko`Qfr prq"dks.kh; gSA dksyacks IokbUV & eqEcbZ
TT v{kka'k dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr mÙkjh xksyk¼Z dk ns'k gS rFkk IokbUV dkyhesjs & rfeyukMq
ns'kkUrj dh n`f"V ls iwohZ xksyk¼Z osQ eè; esa gSA IokbUV isMªks & tkiQuk (Jhyadk)
TT Hkkjr mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa 8º4" ls 37º6" mÙkjh v{kka'k rFkk TT cqftZyk njkZ Jhuxj dks fxyfxr ls tksM+rk gSA
68º7" ls 97º25" iwohZ ns'kkUrj osQ chp fLFkr gSA
TT f'kidhyk njkZ f'keyk rFkk frCcr dks tksM+rk gSA
TT Hkkjr dk {ks=kiQy 32]87]263 oxZ fdeh gSA TT ;kaX;ki njkZ osQ ekè;e ls cáiq=k unh Hkkjr esa ços'k djrh
TT {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr 7ok¡ lcls cM+k ns'k gSA gSA
1. :l 2. dukMk 3. phu
TT tksthyk njkZ dk fuekZ.k flU/q unh ls gqvk gSA
4. USA 5. czkthy 6. vkWLVªsfy;k f'kidhyk njsZ & lryt unh
7. Hkkjr 8. vtsZ.Vhuk tsysiyk njkZ & frLrk unh
TT tula[;k dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk fo'o esa igyk (uohure TT dkjkdksje njkZ Hkkjr dk lcls Å¡pk njkZ gSA ;gk¡ ls phu osQ
vk¡dM+s) LFkku gSA fy, ,d lM+d cuk;h x;h gSA
1. Hkkjr 2. phu 3. USA TT NH-1A ysg dks tksftyk njkZ ls gksrs gq;s d'ehj ?kkVh ls
4. b.Mksusf'k;k 5. czkthy 6. ikfdLrku tksM+rk gSA
7. ckaXykns'k 8. ukbZthfj;k 9. :l TT tokgj lqjax cfugky njkZ ij fLFkr gSA
10. tkiku
108
TT doZQ js[kk Hkkjr osQ eè; ls 8 jkT;ksa ls xqtjrh gSA TT 82½º iwohZ ns'kkUrj js[kk Hkkjr osQ 5 jkT;ksa ls gksdj xqtjrh
TT doZQ js[kk Hkkjr osQ ekSle dks izHkkfor djrh gSA gS & mÙkj çns'k] eè; çns'k] NÙkhlx<+] vksfM'kk rFkk vkU/z
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift I) çns'kA
TT doZQ js[kk fuEufyf[kr jkT;ksa ls gksdj xqtjrh gS& TT i`Foh dh pqEcdh; fo"kqor js[kk f=kosUæe (osQjy) ls xqtjrh
1. jktLFkku 2- xqtjkr 3- eè; çns'k gSA
4. NÙkhlx<+ 5- >kj[k.M 6- if'pe caxky TT rhu vksj ckaXykns'k ls f?kjk gqvk jkT; f=kiqjk gSA
TT rhu v¼Z pUækdkj leqæ rV dU;koqQekjh esa feyrs gSaA
7. f=kiqjk 8- fetksje
TT Hkkjr esa ik;h tkus okyh leLr pV~Vkuksa esa vkfFkZd n`f"V ls
(SSC GD, 13 Feb.., 2023, Shift III)
/kjokM+ pV~Vkusa lcls vf/d egRoiw.kZ pV~Vku gSA lksuk]
TT Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k usiky rFkk rk¡ck] yksgk rFkk tLrk bUgha esa ik;k tkrk gSA
HkwVku 'kkfey gSA TT Hkkjr esa jkes'oje~ osQ fudV /uq"k dksM+h vkSj Jhyadk osQ
TT Hkkjr osQ iM+kslh ns'k rFkk muls yxus okys jkT;% chp leqæ esa Mwch çoky }hi dh ,d js[kk ftls vkne dk
phu yn~nk[k] fgekpy çns'k] mÙkjk[k.M] flfDde] iqy dgrs gSaA
v#.kkpy izns'k
ikfdLrku J&K] iatkc] jktLFkku] xqtjkr
if'peh rVks osQ uke
xqtjkr ls xksok = dksad.k rV
viQxkfuLrku yn~nk[k (POK)
HkwVku flfDde] vle] if'pe caxky] v#.kkpy izns'k xksok ls dukZVd = dukjk rV
E;k¡ekj v#.kkpy çns'k] ukxkyS.M] fetksje] ef.kiqj dukZVd ls osQjy = ekykckj rV
(SSC GD, 5 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
Hkkjr osQ if'peh canjxkg
usiky mÙkjçns'k] fcgkj] if'pe caxky] flfDde]
dkaMyk xqtjkr
mÙkjk[kaM
Ugkok'kksok egkjk"Vª
ckaXykns'k vle] es?kky;] fetksje] f=kiqjk] caxky
ekekZxksok xksok
TT {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk lcls NksVk iM+kslh ns'k HkwVku
gSA dksfPp osQjy
TT Hkkjr osQ oqQy 17 jkT; iM+kslh ns'kks dh lhek ls yxs gq, gSA eqEcbZ (lcls cM+k) egkjk"Vª
TT iM+kslh ns'kks dh lhek ls yxs lcls yacs jkT;% eaxyq: dukZVd
ckaXykns'k & if'pe caxky
iwohZ rVksa osQ uke
phu & yn~nk[k
dU;koqQekjh ls o`Q".kk MsYVk = dksjkse.My rV
ikfdLrku & jktLFkku
o`Q".kk MsYVk ls xksnkojh MsYVk = xksyoqQ.Mk rV
usiky & fcgkj
xksnkojh MsYVk ls mRrjh rVh; Hkkx = mÙkjh ljdkj rV
E;kaekj & fetksje
HkwVku & vle iwohZ rV osQ cUnjxkg
viQxkfuLrku & yn~nk[k (POK) ikjk}hi vksfM'kk
TT Hkkjr dh tyh; lhek ls oqQy 7 ns'k yxs gq, gSA ,UukSj rfeyukMq
1. ikfdLrku 2- Jh yadk 3- eky}ho fo'kk[kkiV~Vue vkU/z çns'k
4. E;k¡ekj 5- FkkbZyS.M 6- ckaXykns'k rwrhdksfju rfeyukMq
7. b.Mksusf'k;k psUubZ rfeyukMq
TT nf{k.k esa Hkkjr] Jhyadk ls ikd tylaf/ rFkk eUukj dh dksydkrk if'pe caxky
[kkM+h osQ }kjk vyx gksrk gSA
TT tkiQuk (Jhyadk) Jhyadk ls ,fyiSaQUVk njkZ }kjk tqM+k gSA ySxwu >hy
TT Hkkjr dk fudVre iM+kslh leqæh ns'k &Jhyadk rFkk fpYdk vksfM'kk
b.Mksusf'k;k iqyhdV >hy rfeyukMq ,oa vka/ izns'k
TT Hkkjr dk ekud le; bykgkckn osQ fudV fetkZiqj ls xqtjus
dksys: >hy vkU/z çns'k
okyh 82½º iwohZ ns'kkUrj dks ekuk x;k gSA
109
Hkkjr dh çeq[k >hys TT fgeky; 'khr lkbcsfj;kbZ iouksa dks Hkkjr esa vkus ls jksdrk gSA
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
>hy jkT; >hy jkT;
J&K TT bl ioZr Üka`[kyk dh mRifÙk VsfFkl lkxj ij IysV VSDVksfud
My >hy t;lean >hy jktLFkku
(foorZfudh) fl¼kar osQ vk/kj ij gqbZ gSA IysV foorZfudh
cSjh ukx J&K lkaHkj >hy jktLFkku
fl¼kar osQ vuqlkj bafM;u ,oa ;wjsf'k;u IysVksa osQ Vdjko ls
lkaHkj >hy ,d [kkjs ikuh dh >hy gSA fgeky; dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA
TT ;g fo'o dh uohure ofyr ioZr Üka`[kyk gSA
'ks"k ukx J&K MhMokuk jktLFkku TT Hkkjr dh mÙkjh lhek ij vofLFkr fgeky; ioZr Ükà[kyk,¡
oqyj >hy J&K iq"dj jktLFkku fo'o esa lcls Å¡ph gSA
ekul cy J&K [kqjikrky >hy mÙkjk[k.M TT Vªkal fgeky; egku fgeky; osQ mÙkj esa frCcr esa fLFkr gSA
vuar ukx J&K nsorky >hy mÙkjk[k.M TT Hkkjr dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh K2 ;k xkMfou vkfLVu gS] tks
ukfxu J&K ukSoqQfN;krky mÙkjk[k.M dkjkdksje Js.kh esa fLFkr gSA
isfj;kj >hy osQjy uSuhrky >hy mÙkjk[k.M TT o`gn fgeky; y?kq fgeky; ls esu lsUVªy FkzLV }kjk vyx
gksrk gSA
v"Veqnh >hy osQjy lkrrky >hy mÙkjk[k.M
TT ekmaV ,ojsLV fo'o dh loksZPp pksVh gSA bls frCcrh Hkk"kk esa
osEcukM >hy osQjy ekykrky >hy mÙkjk[k.M
pkseksyqaxek ,oa usiky esa lkxjekFkk dgk tkrk gSA
yksukj >hy egkjk"Vª jkdlrky >hy mÙkjk[k.M TT mÙkjh Hkkjr osQ eSnkuh Hkkxksa esa ebZ vkSj twu osQ eghuksa esa yw
fpYdk >hy vksfM'kk dksys: >hy vkU/z çns'k pyrh gS vkSj blls rki de gks tkrk gSA
yksdVd >hy ef.kiqj iqyhdV >hy rfeyukMq (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
gqlSu lkxj >hy rsyaxkuk TT eè; fgeky; egku fgeky; osQ nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSA
TT y?kq fgeky; dh <kyksa ij ik, tkus okys NksVs&NksVs ?kkl osQ
mÙkjk[k.M esa fLFkr ç;kx eSnkuksa dks d'ehj esa exZ dgrs gSaA tSls& xqyexZ] lksuexZA
ç;kx ufn;k¡ TT f'kokfyd fgeky; dk foLrkj ikfdLrku osQ iksVokj csflu
nsoç;kx HkkxhjFkh&vyduUnk ls dkslh unh rd gSA
d.kZç;kx vyduUnk&fi.Mj TT f'kokfyd dks tEew esa tEew igkfM+;k¡ rFkk v:.kkpy çns'k
:æç;kx eUnkfduh&vyduUnk esa MkiQyk] fe'keh] fejh vkSj vcksj igkfM+;ksa osQ uke ls tkuk
tkrk gSA
fo".kq ç;kx /kSyh xaxk&vyduUnk
TT y?kq fgeky; ,oa f'kokfyd Js.kh osQ chp dbZ ?kkfV;k¡ ikbZ
uUn ç;kx uankfduh&vyduUnk
tkrh gS] ftUgs iwoZ esa }kj (gfj}kj] dksV}kj) ,oa if'pe esa
TT osQnkjukFk (f'ko /ke) % eankfduh unh ij fLFkr gSA vkfn nwu (nsgjknwu) dgk tkrk gSA
'kadjkpk;Z dk lekf/ LFky gSA TT vjkoyh ioZrekyk % ;g jktLFkku esa fLFkr gSA ;s fo'o dh
TT cæhukFk (fo".kq /ke) % vyduUnk unh ij fLFkr gSA ;g lcls çkphu ioZrekyk gSA
vkfn 'kadjkpk;Z }kjk LFkkfir 4 ihBksa esa ls ,d gSA TT uohure ioZrekyk fgeky; gSA
Hkkjr dk HkkSfrd Lo:i TT vjkoyh ioZrekyk dk lcls Å¡pk ioZr f'k[kj ^xq:f'k[kj* gSA
TT vjkoyh osQ if'pe Hkkx ls ekgh] lkcjerh rFkk ywuh unh
TT Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd vko`Qfr;ksa dks ik¡pHkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS&
1. mÙkj dk fgeky; ioZr Ükà[kyk
fudyrh gSA ywuh unh dPN osQ j.k esa xk;c gks tkrh gSA
TT Xysf'k;j vkerkSj ij igkM+ esa ik;s tkrs gSaA
2. çk;}hih; iBkj
3. rVorhZ eSnku
TT ekyok dk iBkj % ;g eè;çns'k vkSj NÙkhlx< jkT; esa
4. Hkkjrh; }hi lewg fLFkr gSA ;g Tokykeq[kh pV~Vkuksa dk cuk gqvk gSA blls
5. mÙkj Hkkjr dk eSnku pEcy vkSj csrok unh fudyrh gSA
TT 'ksojks; igkfM+;k¡ vkSj tokM+h igkfM+;k¡ iwohZ ?kkV osQ nf{k.k&iwoZ TT NksVk ukxiqj dk iBkj % bldk foLrkj fcgkj] >kj[k.M]
esa gSaA (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III) vksfM'kk ,oa if'pe caxky esa ik;k tkrk gSA blesa xzsukbV
TT fgeky; ioZr Hkkjr dh mÙkjh lhek ij fLFkr gSA bldh pV~Vkuksa dh ç/kurk gSA bl iBkj dks Hkkjr dk :j dgk
vko`Qfr f=kHkqtkdkj gSA tkrk gSA egkunh] Lo.kZjs[kk] lksu o nkeksnj unh bl iBkj dh
eq[; ufn;k¡ gSA
110
TT lriqM+k % bldh igkfM+;k¡ eè; çns'k jkT; esa gSA TT lcls mPp dksfV dh dkWiQh vjsfcdk gSA dkWiQh cht ls
TT bldh lcls Å¡ph pksVh ^/wix<+* gSA blosQ iwohZ fgLls ls çkIr dh tkrh gSA
rkIrh unh fudyrh gSA TT iQyks ,oa lfCt;ksa osQ mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa nwljk
TT uhyfxjh % ;g rfeyukMq esa fLFkr gS tks ,d CykWd ioZr gSA LFkku gS rFkk igyk LFkku phu dk gSA
bldh lcls Åph pksVh ^MksMkcsV~Vk* gSA ;s nf{k.k Hkkjr dh TT frygu çkS|ksfxdh fe'ku dh 'kq:vkr 1986 esa gqbZ FkhA
nwljh lcls Å¡ph pksVh gSA TT dkVks vkSj tykvks [ksrh e`nk dh moZjrk dks iqu% okfil ikus
TT uhyfxjh dh igkM+h ij iwohZ ?kkV vkSj if'peh ?kkV feyrs gSaA osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA
TT vUukeykbZ % vUukeykbZ igkMh ij fLFkr nf{k.k Hkkjr dh (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
lcls Å¡ph pksVh vukbZeqM+h gSaA TT jch iQlyksa dh [ksrh osQ fy, egkor iousa lgk;d gksrh gSaA
TT eSdky % ;s NÙkhlx<+ jkT; esa gSA bl igkM+h dk loksZPp (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
f'k[kj vejdaVd gS tks fd ,d CykWd ioZr gSA bl igkM+h TT fry] mÙkj esa [kjhiQ dh iQly vkSj nf{k.k esa jch dh iQly
osQ if'pe vksj ls ueZnk unh fudyrh gS rFkk nf{k.k dh gSA (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
rjiQ ls egkunh fudyrh gSA
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift III) fofHkUu çdkj dh o`Qf"k fof/;k¡
TT foè;kapy ioZrekyk mRrj Hkkjr dks nf{k.k Hkkjr ls vyx lsjhdYpj js'ke dhV ikyuk
djrk gSA ,ihdYpj e/qeD[kh ikyu
ihlhdYpj eNyh ikyu
Hkkjr esa o`Qf"k
foVhdYpj vaxwj dh [ksrh
TT Hkkjr osQ oqQy {ks=kiQy ij yxHkx 51% Hkkx ij o`Qf"k dh
tkrh gSA blesa 4% Hkkx ij pkjkxkg] yxHkx 21% Hkkx ij ÝyksjhdYpj iQwyks dh [ksrh
ou rFkk 24% catj Hkwfe gSA oehZdYpj osaQpqvk ikyu
TT lcls T;knk ou eè; çns'k esa gSA o`Qf"k jkT; lwph dk fo"k; ikseksdYpj iQyksa dk mRiknu
gSA gkWVhZdYpj ckxokuh
TT Hkkjr osQ igys [kk| ,oa o`Qf"k ea=kh&jktsUæ çlkn FksA vksysjhdYpj lCth dk mRiknu
TT Hkkjr dh çeq[k [kkn~; iQly pkoy gSA ,jksiksfVZd gok esa ikS/s dks mxkuk
TT ns'k esa xsgw osQ fy, çFke LFkku mÙkj çns'k dk gS rFkk çfr gS gkbMªksiksfuDl ty esa ikS/s dks mxkuk
gsDVs;j osQ fglkc ls iatkc dk çFke LFkku gSA
TT {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls y{k}hi lcls NksVk osaQnz'kkflr izns'k gSA fofHkUu o`Qf"k Økafr;k¡
(SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift III) uhyh ØkfUr eNyh mRiknu
TT 'kjn ½rq dk ekSle Hkkjr esa vDVwcj ls uoacj esa vkrk gSA jtr ØkfUr v.Mk mRiknu
gfjr ØkfUr [kk|kUu mRiknu
TT fpukc unh] fla/q unh dh lcls cM+h lgk;d unh gSA
Hkwjh ØkfUr moZjd mRiknu
ihyh ØkfUr frygu mRiknu
gfjr ØkfUr lqugjh ØkfUr iQy mRiknu
TT Hkkjr esa gfjr ØkfUr ykus dk Js; MkWñ ,e-,l- LokehukFku cknkeh ØkfUr elkyk mRiknu
dks tkrk gSA xqykch ØkfUr >haxk eNyh mRiknu
TT Hkkjr esa gfjr ØkfUr 1967&68 esa 'kq: gqbZ FkhA yky ØkfUr VekVj@ekal mRiknu
TT Hkkjr esa nwljh gfjr ØfUr 1983&84 esa 'kq: gqbZ FkhA o`Q".k ØkfURk isVªksfy;e mRiknu
TT fo'o esa gfjr ØkfUr dk tud uksjeksu cksjyksx dks dgk
ve`r ØkfUr unh tksM+ks ifj;kstuk
tkrk gSA
'osr ØkfUr nw/ mRiknu
TT gfjr ØkfUr Hkkjr esa lcls T;knk liQy xsgw¡ esa jgh gS rFkk
mlosQ ckn pkoy esa jgh gSA TT MkWñ oxhZl oqQfj;u us vksijs'ku ÝyM dk;ZØe pyk;k Fkk tks
fd nw/ mRiknu ls lEcfU/r gSA
111
iQlyksRikn esa jkT;ksa dk Øe 1. tyks<+ feV~Vh % ;g ufn;ksa }kjk yk;h x;h feV~Vh gS bl
feV~Vh esa iksVk'k cgqr vf/d ik;k tkrk gSA
iQly çFke LFkku f}rh; LFkku
¾¾ Hkkjr esa lcls T;knk tyks<+ feV~Vh ik;h tkrh gSA
pkoy if'pe caxky mÙkj çns'k
¾¾ ;s nks çdkj dh gksrh gS & ckaxj rFkk [kknjA
xsgw¡ mÙkj çns'k iatkc
2. dkyh feV~Vh % bldk fuekZ.k cslkYV pV~Vkuksa osQ
eDdk dukZVd eè; izns'k VwVus&iwQVus ls gqvk gSA
puk eè; izns'k egkjk"Vª ¾¾ bl feV~Vh dks jsxqj feV~Vh Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g feV~Vh
vjgj egkjk"Vª dukZVd dikl dh [ksrh osQ fy, mi;qDr gksrh gSA bl feV~Vh esa
elwj eè; izns'k mÙkj izns'k vk;ju] pwuk] eSXusf'k;e ik;k tkrk gSA ;g feV~Vh Hkkjr
ew¡xiQyh xqtjkr jktLFkku esa lcls T;knk egkjk"Vª esa ik;h tkrh gSA
ljlksa jktLFkku mÙkj çns'k 3. yky feV~Vh %
lks;kchu egkjk"Vª eè; izns'k ¾¾ yky feV~Vh dk yky jax ykSg&vkWDlkbM osQ dkj.k
lwjteq[kh dukZVd rsyaxkuk gksrk gSA
dikl xqtjkr egkjk"Vª ¾¾ yky feV~Vh esa pwuk feykdj bls mitkÅ cuk;k tk
ldrk gSA
twV if'pe caxky vle
¾¾ bl feV~Vh dh mit {kerk de gksrh gSA
vkyw mÙkj çns'k if'pe caxky 4. ySVsjkbV feV~Vh % bl feV~Vh esa vk;ju vkSj flfydk
I;kt egkjk"Vª eè; izns'k ikbZ tkrh gSA
xUuk mÙkj çns'k egkjk"Vª ¾¾ bl feV~Vh esa pk; osQ fy, vPNh {kerk gSA
TT rEckdw dh ifÙk;ksa dks lq[kkus dh çfØ;k dks D;wfjax dgrs
gSa] ftlls ifÙk;ksa esa okafNr jax ,oa xa/ vkfn xq.kksa dk fodkl Hkkjr esa flapkbZ
gksrk gSA TT ns'k dh d`f"k Hkwfe dk 48.8% 'kq¼ flafpr {ks=k gSA
TT fo'o esa rEckowQ dk lcls cM+k mRiknd ,oa miHkksDrk phu TT rkykcksa }kjk lcls T;knk flapkbZ rfeyukMq esa gksrh gSA
gSA TT Hkkjr esa lcls cM+k flpkbZ dk lk/u & oqQvk¡ ,oa uydwi gSaA
TT vUu Hk.Mkj.k djrs le; nkuksa esa ueh 10 ls uhps gksuh pkfg, TT Hkkjr esa flapkbZ osQ lk/uksa esa nwljs LFkku ij & ugj] rkykc gSaA
vU;Fkk dhV çdksi dk Hk; jgrk gSA TT fo'o dk lokZf/d flafpr {ks=k & phu
TT lcls mPp dksfV dk dgok vjsfcdk gksrk gSA TT nwljs LFkku ij gS & Hkkjr
TT >we [ksrh % blesa taxyksa dk dkVdj Hkwfe lkiQ dh tkrh gS TT lcls T;knk Hkkjr esa uydwi&mRrj çns'k esa gSA
rFkk blosQ ckn bl Hkwfe ij [ksrh dh tkrh gSA TT if'peh le'khrks".k pozQokrksa ls mRiUu o"kZ.k ls jch dh
TT jch dh iQly % ;g vDVwcj&uoEcj esa cksbZ tkrh gS rFkk iQly dks iQk;nk gksrk gSA
ekpZ&vçSy esa dkVh tkrh gSA tSls&xsg¡w] tkS] puk] eVj] ljlks] (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
vkyw vkfnA TT fo'o osQ ty lalk/uksa esa Hkkjr dk 4% va'k gSA
TT [kjhiQ dh iQly % ;g twu&tqykbZ esa cksbZ tkrh gS rFkk (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
uoEcj&fnlEcj esa dkVh tkrh gSA tSls&pkoy] xUuk] Tokj
rFkk cktjk vkfnA ufn;ksa osQ fdukjs çeq[k uxj
TT tk;n dh iQly % ;g ebZ&twu esa cksbZ tkrh gS vkSj uxj unh
tqykbZ&vxLr esa dkVh tkrh gSA tSls&jkbZ] eDdk] Tokj] twV A vkxjk ;equk unh
TT pkoy [kjhiQ dh iQly gSA fnYyh ;equk unh
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift III) cæhukFk vyaduUnk unh
TT iQlysa o`Qf"k dk mRikn gSaA fiQjkstiqj lryt unh
gfj}kj xaxk unh
Hkkjr dh fefV~V;k¡ dkuiqj xaxk unh
TT feV~Vh osQ vè;;u dks iSMksykWth dgrs gSaA iz;kxjkt xaxk] ;equk] ljLorh unh
TT Hkkjrh; o`Qf"k vuqla/ku us Hkkjr dh fefV~V;ksa dks vkB Hkkxksa dUukSt xaxk unh
esa ckVk gSA
112
Jhuxj >sye unh usjks xst & 0-610 ehVj

lwjr rkIrh unh (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
eFkqjk ;equk unh TT ns'k esa lcls yEch nwjh r; djus okyh jsyxkM+h foosd
cjsyh jkexaxk unh ,Dlçsl gSA ;g fMczqx<+ (vle) ls dU;koqQekjh (rfeyukMq)
osQ chp 4189 fdeh dh nwjh r; djrh gSA
vgenkckn lkcjerh unh
TT Hkkjr dh lcls rst xfr ls pyus okyh jsyxkM+h oUns Hkkjr
te'ksniqj Lo.kZ js[kk unh (Vªsu&18) gSA
dVd egkunh unh TT dukZVd dk gqcyh taD'ku jsyosa IysViQkWeZ nqfu;k dk lcls
ukfld xksnkojh unh cM+k jsyos IysViQkeZ gSA
tkSuiqj xkserh unh TT fo'o dk lcls yEck jsyekxZ Vªkal&lkbcsfj;u jsyekxZ gS]
okjk.klh xaxk unh ysfuuxzkM ls OykfMokWLVksd rd yxHkx 9289 fdeh yack gSA
yqf/;kuk lryqt unh TT dksd.k jsyos % ;g egkjk"Vª osQ jksgk ls e<xzke xksok rd
fot;okM+k o`Q".kk unh tkrk gSA bl Vªsd dh yackbZ yxHkx 736 fdeh gSA bl Vªsd
ij lcls igys jsy 1998 esa pyh FkhA
mTtSu f{kçk unh
TT dksd.k jsyos egkjk"Vª] xksok] dukZVd rFkk osQjy jkT;ksa dks
gSnjkckn ewlh unh ykHk igq¡pkrk gSA
lEcyiqj egkunh TT Hkkjrh; jsyos esa orZeku esa 18 e.My (tksu) gSA çR;sd
oqQuwZy (vka/z çns'k) rqxHkæk unh e.My dk ç/ku egkçcU/d gksrk gSA
lksdkssok ?kkV (vle) czãiq=k unh tksu eq[;ky;
dksydkrk gqxyh unh eè; jsyos eqEcbZ
dksVk pEcy unh nf{k.k&iwohZ jsyos dksydkrk
tcyiqj ueZnk unh iwohZ rV jsyos Hkqous'oj
xqokgkVh czãiq=k unh iwohZ&eè; jsyos gkthiqj
fMczqx<+ czãiq=k unh mÙkj jsyos ubZ fnYyh
y[kuÅ xkserh unh mÙkj&eè; jsyos iz;kxjkt
v;ksè;k lj;w unh mÙkj&iwohZ jsyos xksj[kiqj
Jhjaxiêue dkosjh unh mÙkj&iwohZ IkzQaVh;j jsyos ekyhxk¡o (xqokgkVh)
vksjNk csrok unh mÙkj&if'pe jsyos t;iqj
fr:fpjkiYyh dkosjh unh nf{k.k jsyos psUubZ
nf{k.k&eè; jsyos fldanjkckn
jsy ifjogu
nf{k.k&iwoZ jsyos dksydkrk
TT Hkkjrh; jsy ,f'k;k dh nwljh lcls cM+h rFkk fo'o dh pkSFkh
lcls cM+h jsy vFkZO;oLFkk gSA vesfjdk nqfu;k osQ lcls cM+s nf{k.k&iwoZ eè; jsyos fcykliqj
jsyos usVodZ okys ns'kksa dh lwph esa izFke LFkku ij gSA phu nf{k.k&if'pe jsyos gqcyh
nwljs LFkku rFkk :l rhljs LFkku ij gSA if'pe jsyos eqEcbZ
TT fo'o dh lcls igyh jsyxkM+h 1825 bZñ esa fyojiwy ls if'pe&eè; jsyos tcyiqj
eSupsLVj osQ chp pyh FkhA esVªks jsyos dksydkrk
TT Hkkjr esa lcls igys jsy vçSy 1853 bZñ esa eqEcbZ ls Fkk.ks osQ nf{k.k rV jsyos fo'kk[kkiêue
chp pyh Fkh] ftldh nwjh 34 fdeh FkhA ;g ykMZ MygkSth
TT Hkkjr esa lcls igys eSVªks jsy dksydÙkk esa 1984 esa pyhA
osQ le; esa pyh FkhA
TT fnYyh eSVªks jsy dk çkjEHk 24 fnlEcj 2002 esa fd;k x;kA
TT Hkkjrh; jsyos cksMZ dh LFkkiuk 1905 esaA
;g eSVªks rhl gtkjh ls 'kkgnjk rd pyk;h x;h ml le;
TT Hkkjrh; jsyos dk jk"Vªh;dj.k 1950&52 esa gqvkA
ç/kuea=kh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h Fks ;g eSVªks tkiku rFkk nf{k.k
TT Hkkjr esa rhu çdkj dh jsyos ykbu gSA
dksfj;k osQ lg;ksx ls pyk;h x;hA
czk.M xst & 1-676 ehVj
TT jsy batu osQ dkj[kkus&fprjatu] okjk.klh] rFkk Hkksiky esa
ehVj xst & 1 ehVj
113
cuk, tkrs gSaA oqQN çeq[k jk"Vªh; jktekxZ

TT lokjh fMCcksa osQ dkj[kkus&diwjFkyk] psUubZA jk"Vªh; jktekxZ dgk¡ ls dgk¡ rd
TT jsy dksp iSQDVªh&jk;cjsyh jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&1 fnYyh&ikd lhek rd
ok;q ifjogu jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&2 fnYyh&dksydkrk
TT Hkkjr esa ok;q ifjogu dh 'kq:vkr 1911 bZñ esa gqbZ ;g jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&3 vkxjk&eqEcbZ
bykgkckn ls uSuh osQ chp esa gqbZA jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&4 eqEcbZ&psUubZ
TT ,;j bf.M;k dk eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh esa fLFkr gSA jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&6 dksydkrk&eqEcbZ
TT ,;j bf.M;k fons'kksa osQ fy, ls lsok,¡ miyC/ djkrk gSA jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&7 okjk.klh&dU;koqQekjh
bfUnjk xka/h varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk ubZ fnYyh jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&8 fnYyh&t;iqj&eqEcbZ
jktho xka/h gokbZ vM~Mk gSnjkckn
N=kifr f'kokth gokbZ vM~Mk eqEcbZ ty ifjogu
lqHkk"k pUæ cksl gokbZ vM~Mk dksydkrk TT osQUæh; tyekxZ çkf/dj.k dh LFkkiuk 1986 esa dh x;h FkhA
bldk eq[;ky; dksydkrk esa gSA ns'k osQ tyekxksZ dks nks
vUuk varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Mk psUubZ
Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSA
pkSñ pj.k flag gokbZ vM~Mk y[kuÅ
1. vkarfjd tyekxZ % ;g ifjogu ufn;ksa] ugjksa ,oa >hyksa
ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy gokbZ vM~Mk vgenkckn osQ }kjk gksrk gSA
MkWñ vEcsMdj gokbZ vM~Mk ukxiqj 2. lkeqfæd tyekxZ % bl n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk laiw.kZ
xq# jkenkl gokbZ vM~Mk ve`rlj çk;}hih; rVh; Hkkx dkiQh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
ohj lokjdj gokbZ vM~Mk iksVZ Cys;j TT iz;kxjkt ls gfYn;k rd tyekxZ dks 22 vDVwcj] 1986
nkcksfye gokbZ vM~Mk xksok dks jk"Vªh; tyekxZ la[;k&1 ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA ;g lcls
xksihukFk ckjnksyh gokbZ vM~Mk xqokgkVh yEck tyekxZ Hkh gSA bldh yEckbZ 1620 fdeh gSA
nsoh vfgY;kckbZ gksYdj gokbZ vM~Mk bankSj Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªh; tyekxZ
'ks[k vkye gokbZ vM~Mk Jhuxj
tyekxZ la[;k dgk¡ ls dgk¡ rd
yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh okjk.klh
jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&1 iz;kxjkt ls gfYn;k
lM+d ifjogu jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&2 Lkkfn;k ls /qcjh (czãiq=k unh)
TT Hkkjr fo'o dh lcls cM+h lM+d ç.kkyh okys ns'kksa esa ls nwljs jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&3 dksYye ls dksV~Viqje
LFkku ij gSA vesfjdk dk fo'o esa izFke LFkku gSA jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&4 dkdhukMk ls ejDdkue
TT ns'k esa oqQy ;krk;kr dk 40% Hkkx jk"Vªh; jktekxZ lEiUu jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&5 rypj ls /kejk
djkrk gSA jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&6 y[khiqj ls Hkkaxk
TT Hkkjr dk lcls yEck jk"Vªh; jktekxZ&44EW gSA
TT jk"Vªh; jktekxZ&1 vkSj jk"Vªh; jktekxZ&2 dks lfEefyr :i Hkkjr osQ çeq[k cUnjxkg
ls xzkaM Vªd jksM dgk tkrk gSA cUnjxkg jkT;
TT Hkkjr dk lcls NksVk jk"Vªh; jktekxZ 327-B gS] tks ek=k dkaMyk xqtjkr
1-2 fdyksehVj yEck gSA ekekZxksok xksok
TT jk"Vªh; jktekxZ dk fu;a=k.k osQUæh; yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx
ikjk}hi vksfM'kk
}kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
dksfPp osQjy
TT Lof.kZe prqHkqZt ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr Hkkjr osQ pkj egkuxjksa
fnYyh] eqEcbZ] psUubZ] dksydkrk dks jk"Vªh; jktekxZ ls tksM+uk ,UukSj rfeyukMq
gSA Ugkok'ksok egkjk"Vª
TT Hkkjr esa lM+dksa dk lcls vf/d ?kuRo osQjy esa gSA rqrhdksfju rfeyukMq
TT Hkkjr esa lM+dksa dk lcls de ?kuRo tEew&d'ehj esa gSA fo'kk[kkiÙkue vkU/z çns'k
TT Hkkjr esa lM+dksa dh lcls vf/d yEckbZ egkjk"Vª esa gSA TT ns'k esa oqQy 13 cM+s rFkk 200 NksVs cUnjxkg gSA cM+s cUnjxkgksa
TT Hkkjr esa lcls de lM+dksa dh yackbZ flfDde esa gSA dh ns[k&js[k osQUæ ljdkj }kjk rFkk NksVs cUnjxkgksa dh
ns[k&js[k jkT; ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gSA
114
TT psUubZ ,d o`Qf=ke cUnjxkg gSA ;g Hkkjr dk lcls çkphu ijkfEcoqQye osQjy

cUnjxkg esa ls ,d gSA
dkUgk fdlyh eè; çns'k
TT ns'k dk lcls cM+k cUnjxkg eqEcbZ gSA
iape<+h eè; çns'k
TT dkaMyk ,d Tokjh; cUnjxkg gSA ;g eqDr O;kikj {ks=k okyk
cUnjxkg gSA (u;k uke iañ nhu n;ky cUnjxkg) cka/ox<+ eè; çns'k
(SSC GD, 4 Feb., 2023, Shift III) ukxjgksy dukZVd
TT nkgst xqtjkr esa fLFkr cUnjxkg gS] bls jlk;u cUnjxkg lqYrkuiqj jk"Vªh; m|ku gfj;k.kk
Hkh dgrs gSaA jksfgyk jk"Vªh; m|ku fgekpy çns'k
TT dksphu f'ki;kMZ fyfeVsM dh LFkkiuk 1972 esa gqbZ FkhA lqUnjou jk"Vªh; m|ku if'pe caxky
;gk¡ tgktksa dk fuekZ.k rFkk ejEer dk dk;Z gksrk gSA bldk Hkxoku egkohj xksok
eq[;ky; dksfPp esa gSA osQoyknso jk"Vªh; m|ku jktLFkku
TT Hkkjr osQ varnsZ'kh; tyekxks± osQ fodkl] j[k&j[kko vkSj
MkEiQk fetksje
izca/u Hkkjrh; varnsZ'kh; tyekxZ izkf/dj.k djrk gSA
nkphxke jk"Vªh; m|ku tEew&d'ehj
lyhe vyh tEew&d'ehj
TT Hkkjr esa vr% LFkyh; ukSlapkyu tyekxZ 14500 fdeh yack
gSA (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
ek/o jk"Vªh; m|ku eè; çns'k
TT çkstsDV VkbZxj bafUnjk xk¡/h us 1973 esa 'kq: fd;k x;kA
çeq[k oU;tho vH;kj.k@jk"Vªh; m|ku TT Hkkjr esa osQoy (yxHkx) 18 jkT;ksa esa ck?k ik;s tkrs gSaA
iykaew (csryk) >kj[k.M TT ukeniQk us'kuy ikdZ v#.kkpy çns'k esa fLFkr gSA ;g fo'o
nkyek >kj[k.M dh lokZf/d Å¡pkbZ ij fLFkr gSA
gtkjh ckx oU;tho vH;kj.k >kj[k.M TT lokZf/d ck?k vH;kj.k eè; çns'k jkT; esa gSA bls VkbZxj
LVsV Hkh dgrs gSaA
fxj ou vH;kj.k xqtjkr
TT fte dkcsZV ikdZ ls jkexaxk unh cgrh gSA
uy ljksoj xqtjkr
TT jsM MkVkcqd esa foyqIr i'kq&if{k;ksa vkSj ikS/ksa osQ ckjs esa
oSQewj fcgkj tkudkjh nh tkrh gSA
fte dkcsZV mÙkjk[k.M TT ekflujke (es?kky;) esa nqfu;k dh lcls T;knk vkSlru o"kkZ
nq/ok jk"Vªh; m|ku mÙkj çns'k gksrh gSA ;g [kklh igkfM+;ksa esa fLFkr gSA
pUæçHkk mRrj çns'k (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
ck¡nhiqj dukZVd
Hkkjr dh çeq[k unh ?kkVh ifj;kstuk
lkses'oj dukZVd
ifj;kstuk unh jkT;
rqxHkæk dukZVd
ghjkoqQ.M ck¡/ egkunh vksfM'kk
doky oU;tho vH;kj.k rsyaxkuk
pEcy pEcy jktLFkku@eè; çns'k
ekul vle
dkdjkikjk rkIrh xqtjkr
dkthjaxk vle
mdkbZ ifj;kstuk rkIrh xqtjkr
lfjLdk jk"Vªh; m|ku jktLFkku
ekyçHkk ekyçHkk dukZVd
j.kFkEHkkSj jktLFkku
nkeksnj unh ?kkVh nkeksnj if'pe caxky
oqQaHkyx<+ jktLFkku
ifj;kstuk
isap jk"Vªh; m|ku eè; izns'k
Hkk[kM+k ukxy lryt iatkc
fpYdk vksfM'kk
O;kl O;kl iatkc
fleyhiky vksfM'kk
rqqaxHknzk rqaxHknzk dukZVd
bfUnjk xka/h rfeyukMq
e;wjk{kh e;wjk{kh if'pe caxky
eqnqeykbZ rfeyukMq@dukZVd
ukxktqZu lkxj o`Q".kk vkU/z çns'k
isfj;kj osQjy
115
x.Md ifj;kstuk x.Md fcgkj TT lcls de lk{kjrk okyk jkT; fcgkj gS rFkk nwljk LFkku
v#.kkpy çns'k dk gSA
iQjDdk ifj;kstuk xaxk@HkkxhjFkh
if'pe caxky
TT tula[;k ?kuRo esa lcls cM+k jkT; fcgkj gS rFkk nwljk LFkku
fjgUn ifj;kstuk fjgUn mÙkj çns'k if'pe caxky dk gSA
bMqDdh ifj;kstuk isfj;kj osQjy TT lcls de tula[;k ?kuRo okyk jkT; v#.kkpy çns'k gS
fVgjh ifj;kstuk HkkxhjFkh mRrjk[k.M rFkk nwljk LFkku fetksje dk gSA
ekrkVhyk csrok mÙkjh çns'k TT lcls vf/d fyaxkuqikr okyk jkT; osQjy (1084) gS rFkk
nwljk LFkku rfeyukMq dk gSA
dks;uk ifj;kstuk dks;uk egkjk"Vª
TT lcls de fyaxkuqikr okyk jkT; gfj;k.kk (879) gSA
jkexaxk ifj;kstuk jkexaxk mÙkj çns'k TT lcls vf/d n'kdh; o`f¼ nj okyk jkT; es?kky; dk gSA
?kkVçHkk ifj;kstuk ?kkVçHkk dukZVd TT lcls de n'kdh; o`f¼ nj okyk jkT; ukxkyS.M gSA
Åijh o`Q".kk ifj;kstuk o`Q".kk dukZVd TT xzkeh.k tula[;k dk çfr'kr lcls vf/d fgekpy çns'k
Hkhek ifj;kstuk iouk egkjk"Vª esa gSA
TT uxjh; tula[;k dk çfr'kr lcls vf/d xksok esa gSA
tk;dokMh ifj;kstuk xksnkojh egkjk"Vª
TT lcls T;knk 'kgjh tula[;k egkjk"Vª dh gSA
j.kthr lkxj jkoh iatkc TT lcls de 'kgjh tula[;k flfDde dh gSA
fgMdy ifj;kstuk ?kkVçHkk dukZVd TT vuqlwfpr tkfr lcls vf/d mÙkj çns'k esa gSA
ukFkik >kdjh lryt fgekpy çns'k TT vuqlwfpr tutkfr lcls vf/d eè; çns'k esa gSA
rqycqy ifj;kstuk >sye tEew&d'ehj TT vuqlwfpr tkfr ukxkyS.M rFkk v#.kkpy çns'k esa fcYoqQy
Hkh ughaa gSA
nqygLrh ifj;kstuk fpukc tEew&d'ehj
TT vuqlwfpr tutkfr gfj;k.kk rFkk iatkc esa ughaa gSA
cxfygkj ifj;kstuk fpukc tEew&d'ehj TT lokZf/d tula[;k okyk osQUæ'kkflr çns'k fnYyh gSA
fryS;k ifj;kstuk cjkdj >kj[k.M TT U;wure tula[;k okyk osQUæ'kkflr çns'k y{k}hi gSA
ljnkj ljksoj ueZnk xqtjkr TT lcls vf/d tual[;k ?kuRo okyk osQUæ'kkflr çns'k fnYyh
'kjkorh ifj;kstuk 'kjkorh dukZVd gSA
TT lcls de tula[;k ?kuRo okyk osQUæ'kkflr çns'k vaMeku&
iukek ifj;kstuk iukek xqtjkr
fudksckj gSA
jk.kk çrki lkxj pEcy jktLFkku TT lcls vf/d lk{kjrk okyk osQUæ'kkflr çns'k y{k}hi gSA
ljfgUn ugj ifj;kstuk lryt gfj;k.kk TT lcls de lk{kjrk okyk osQUæ'kkflr çns'k nknj rFkk ukxj
ck.klkxj ifj;kstuk lksu fcgkj@m-ç-@ gosyh gSA
eè;çns'k TT lcls vf/d fyaxkuqikr okyk osQUæ'kkflr çns'k iqnqpsjh gSA
oqQ.Mk ifj;kstuk oqQ.Mk rfeyukMq TT lcls de fyaxkuqikr okyk osQUæ'kkflr çns'k neu ,o
nho gSA
TT ijek.kq ÅtkZ vk;ksx vxLr 1948 esa cuk rFkk Hkkjr dh çFke
TT lcls vf/d vuqlwfpr tkfr okyk osQanz'kkflr izns'k fnYyh
vkS|ksfxd uhfr Hkh ykxw gqbZA gSA
tux.kuk 2011 TT lcls vf/d vuqlwfpr tutkfr okyk osQanz'kkflr izns'k nknj
,oa ukxj gosyh gSA
TT Hkkjr esa igyh tux.kuk 1872 esa ykMZ es;ks osQ dky esa gqbZA
TT v.Meku fudksckj }hi lewg o y{k}hi esa vuqlwfpr tkfr
TT igyh fu;fer tux.kuk 1881 esa ykMZ fjiu osQ dky esa gqbZA
ughaa gSA
tux.kuk 2011 osQ vk¡dM+s TT vuqlwfpr tutkfr fnYyh] p.Mhx<+ rFkk iqnqpsjh esa ughaa gSA
TT tula[;k esa lcls cM+k jkT; mÙkj çns'k gS rFkk nwljk LFkku TT ukxkyS.M dh n'kdh; o`f¼ nj ½.kkRed jgh FkhA
egkjk"Vª dk gSA TT Hkkjr dk tual[;k ?kuRo 382 O;fDr çfr oxZ fdeh gSA
TT tula[;k esa lcls NksVk jkT; flfDde gS rFkk nwljk LFkku TT Hkkjr dk fyaxkuqikr 943 gSA
fetksje dk gSA TT Hkkjr esa 73% tula[;k lk{kj gSA
TT {ks=kiQy esa lcls cM+k jkT; jktLFkku gS rFkk nwljk LFkku TT iw.kZ lk{kj ?kksf"kr fd;k tkus okyk jkT; osQjy gSA
egkjk"Vª dk gSA TT Hkkjr esa 17% tula[;k >qXxh&>ksiM+h esa jgrh gSA
TT {ks=kiQy esa lcls NksVk jkT; xksok gSA xzkeh.k tual[;k uxjh; tual[;k
TT lcls T;knk lk{kjrk okyk jkT; osQjy gS rFkk nwljk LFkku 68.8% 31.2%
fetksje dk gSA
116
TT 2011 esa tux.kuk vk;qDr Mh- lh- pUæekSyh Fks rFkk ;g Hkkjr dk fLoV~tjyS.M d'ehj
Hkkjr dh 15oha rFkk Lora=k Hkkjr dh 7oha tux.kuk FkhA
vjc lkxj dh jkuh dksfPp
TT tula[;k osQ bfrgkl esa egku foHkktd o"kZ 1921 ;k
(1911&21) dks ekuk tkrk gSA /ku dh Mfy;k NÙkhlx<+
TT tux.kuk laxBu osQUæh; x`g ea=kky; osQ v/hu dk;Z djrk gSA Hkkjr dk cxhpk caxyw:
TT tux.kuk 2011 dk vkn'kZ okD; Fkk&gekjh tux.kuk gekjk isBk uxjh vkxjk
Hkfo";A dks;yk uxjh /uckn
Hkkjr osQ çeq[k HkkSxksfyd miuke rkyk uxjh vyhx<+
bZ'oj dk fuokl LFkku ç;kxjkt tqM+ok uxj gSnjkckn vkSj fldUnjkckn
ikap ufn;ksa dh Hkwfe iatkc o`¼ xaxk xksnkojh
lkr Vkiqvksa dk uxj eqEcbZ lwrh oL=kksa dh jkt/kuh eqEcbZ
cqudjksa dk 'kgj ikuhir ifo=k unh xaxk
varfj{k dk 'kgj caxyw: mÙkjh Hkkjr dk eSupsLVj dkuiqj
Mk;e.M gkcZj dksydÙkk efUnjksa ,oa ?kkVks dk uxj okjk.klh
Hkkjr dk ços'k }kj eqEcbZ jk"Vªh; jktekxksZ dk pkSjkgk dkuiqj
iwoZ dk osful dksfPp jktLFkku dk xkSjo fprkSM+x<+
Hkkjr dk fiV~lcxZ te'ksniqj (>kj[k.M) ufn;ksa dk mnxe
Hkkjr dk eSupsLVj vgenkckn unh mnxe LFkku
elkyksa dk cxhpk osQjy lryt ekuljksoj >hy (frCcr)
xqykch uxj t;iqj xaxk xaxks=kh
>hyksa dk uxj mn;iqj flU/q ekuljksoj >hy (frCcr)
Dohu vkWiQ Msdu iw.ks ueZnk vejd.Vd dh igkfM;k¡ (M.P)
Hkkjr dk gkyhoqM eqEcbZ egkunh flgkok (NÙkhlx<+)
lkYV lhVh xqtjkr o`Q".kk unh egkcys'oj osQ lehi
lks;k çns'k eè; çns'k xksnkojh ukfld (egkjk"Vª)
ey; dk ns'k dukZVd dkosjh oqQxZ (dukZVd)
nf{k.k Hkkjr dh xaxk dkosjh unh pEcy eÅ (eè; çns'k)
dkyh unh 'kkjnk unh czãiq=k ekuljksoj >hy
fcgkj dk 'kksd dkslh unh rkIrh cSrwy (eè; çns'k)
caxky dk 'kksd nkeksnj unh ywuh vjkoyh ioZr
yhph 'kgj nsgjknwu lksu vejd.Vd dh igkM+h
Cyw ekm.Vsu uhyfxjh dk igkfM;k¡ ;equk ;equks=kh
,f'k;k dh v.Mksa dh Vksdjh vkU/z çns'k jkoh dk¡xMk ftyk (fgekpy çns'k)
dukZVd dk jRu eSlqj O;kl fgekpy çns'k
R;kSgkjksa dk uxj enqjS (rfeyukMq) >sye osjhukx (d'ehj)
Lo.kZ efUnj dk 'kgj ve`rlj
TT xaxk unh xaxks=kh ls fudyrh gS] ogk mls HkkxhjFkh Hkh dgrs gSaA
uokcksa dk 'kgj y[kuÅ bldk xaxk uke nso ç;kx osQ ckn iM+rk gS tgk¡ vyduank
egyks dk 'kgj dksydkrk vkSj HkkxhjFkh feyrh gSA
bLikr uxjh te'ksniqj (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
ioZrksa dh jkuh elwjh TT xaxk unh dks ckaXykns'k esa in~ek dgrs gSaA
jSfy;ksa dk 'kgj fnYyh TT czãiq=k unh dks ckaXykns'k esa tequk dgrs gSaA
TT flaU/q unh Hkkjr esa osQoy tEew&d'ehj esa cgrh gSA
117
TT Hkkjr o ikfdLrku osQ eè; flaU/q ty le>kSrk 1960 esa lksuk dukZVd pk¡nh jktLFkku
gqvkA (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
fyXukbV rfeyukMq fVu NÙkhlx<
TT pEcy unh jktLFkku esa lkyHkj cgrh gSA
Fkksfj;e jktLFkku ØksekbV >kj[k.M
TT xaxk dh lcls cM+h lgk;d unh ;equk gSA ;g caxky dh
[kkM+h esa fxjrh gSA VaxLVu jktLFkku lhlk >kj[k.M
TT ueZnk unh vjc lkxj esa fxjrh gSA ghjk eè; çns'k
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift I) TT Hkkjr osQ 'kh"kZ ik¡p [kfut mRiknd jkT; Øe'k% vksfM'kk]
jktLFkku] vkU/z izns'k] NÙkhlx< ,oa >kj[k.M gSA
Hkkjr dh tutkfr;k¡
TT Hkkjr dh lcls cM+h tutkfr xksaM gSA Hkkjr osQ m|ksx
TT BDdjckck dks vkfnokfl;ksa dk elhgk dgk tkrk gSA TT Hkkjr dk igyk ykSg&bLikr dkj[kkuk oqQYVh (if'pe
TT VksMk tutkfr uhyfxfj dh igkfM+;ksa ij ik;h tkrh gSA caxky) esa cjkdj unh osQ rV ij LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
TT Fkk: tutkfr fnikoyh dks 'kksd dk R;kSgkj osQ :i esa TT Hkkjr esa ,Y;qehfu;e dk dkj[kkuk 1937 esa if'pe caxky osQ
eukrh gSA ts- osQ- uxj esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
TT ukxk tutkfr feFku R;kSgkj eukrh gSA TT LVhy vkWFksfjVh vkWiQ bf.M;k (SAIL) dh LFkkiuk 1973 esa
tutkfr jkT; dh x;h FkhA
TT Hkkjr esa igyh lwrh oL=k dk liQy dkj[kkuk 1854 esa eqEcbZ
eh.kk jktLFkku
esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
ysipk flfDde TT diM+k m|ksx Hkkjr dk lcls çkphu m|ksx gSA eqEcbZ dks
Hkhy xqtjkr] eè; çns'k Hkkjr osQ lwrh oL=kksa dh jkt/kuh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Fkk: mÙkjk[k.M TT twV m|ksx dk igyk dkj[kkuk 1855 bZñ esa dksydkrk osQ
xqTtj tEew&d'ehj lehi fj'kjk esa dh xbZ twV dks lksus dk js'kk Hkh dgk tkrk
gSA (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
dknj osQjy
TT vUrjkZ"Vªh; twV laxBu dk eq[;ky; <kdk (ckaXykns'k) esa
eksiyk osQjy gSA
xkjks] [kklh] t;fUr;k es?kky; TT Hkkjr esa phuh dh igyh fey 1840 esa fcgkj esa LFkkfir
catkjk jktLFkku dh xbZA
oqQdh ef.kiqj TT Hkkjr esa lhesUV cukus dk igyk dkj[kkuk 1904 bZñ esa eækl
cDdjoky tEew&d'ehj esa yxk;k x;k Fkk tks vliQy jgkA
TT Hkkjr esa lhesUV m|ksx dk igyk liQy dkj[kkuk xqtjkr osQ
fdUukSj fgekpy çns'k
iksjcUnj esa yxk;k x;k FkkA eè; izns'k osQ lruk rFkk dVuh
ykS/k if'pe caxky lhesUV m|ksx osQ fy, çfl¼ gSA
vykj osQjy TT dkxt dk igyk dkj[kkuk 1879 bZñ esa y[kuÅ esa yxk;k
ckxMh jktLFkku x;kA
cqDlk] HkksfV;k mÙkjk[k.M TT gks'kaxkckn (M.P.) esa uksV Nkius osQ dkxt cukus okyk
pkSiku tEew&d'ehj dkj[kkuk gS
TT eè; çns'k dk usikuxj v[kckjh dkxt osQ fy, çfl¼ gSA
yq'kkbZ vle
TT Hkkjr esa Åuh oL=k dh igyh fey 1876 esa dkuiqj esa 'kq:
Hkkjr osQ [kfut lalk/u gqbZA
TT Hkkjr oL=k m|ksx esa iw.kZr% vkRefuHkZj gSA
[kfut inkFkZ jkT; [kfut inkFkZ jkT;
rk¡ck >kj[k.M ykSg&v;Ld vksfM'kk
eSaxuht vksfM'kk ckWDlkbV vksfM'kk Hkkjr dh çeq[k [kku
isVªksfy;e vle dks;yk >kj[kaM fMXcksbZ vle isVªksfy;e
vHkzd vkU/z çns'k tLrk jktLFkku cksEcs gkbZ cksEcs isVªksfy;e
;wjsfu;e >kj[k.M eSXuslkbV mÙkjk[k.M flagHkwfe >kj[k.M ykSg v;Ld
118
jkuhxat if'pe caxky dks;yk dksykj] gV~Vh dukZVd lksuk

>fj;k >kj[k.M dks;yk iUuk eè; çns'k ghjk
[ksrM+h jktLFkku rk¡ck tkoj jktLFkku tLrk dh [kku
dksMjek >kj[k.M ckDlkbM
ijh{kksi;ksxh iz'u
1. Hkkjr esa es?kky; jkT; osQ fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl 'kgj esa 9. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl dkj.k ls [ksrh dh ^dkVks vkSj
lcls vf/d o"kkZ gksrh gS\ tykvks* (Slash and burn) fof/ viukbZ tkrh gS\
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a) tksokbZ (b) f'kykax (a)
feV~Vh dh moZjrk dks de djus osQ fy,
(c) ck?kekjk (d) ekSflujke (b)
{ks=k dks tYnh ls [kkyh djus osQ fy,
2. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk ,d izeq[k xsgw¡ mRiknd jkT; (c)
feV~Vh dh moZjrk dks iqu% iwfrZ djus osQ fy,
ugha gS\ (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (d)
iznw"k.k mRiUu djus osQ fy,
(a) iatkc (b) mÙkj izns'k 10. Hkkjr ,f'k;k osQ fdl Hkkx esa fLFkr gS\
(c) xksok (d) gfj;k.kk (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
3. fdlh Hkh {ks=k dk nkc ,oa iou ra=k fdl ij fuHkZj djrk (a)
mÙkjh ,f'k;k (b) nf{k.k ,f'k;k
gS\ (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (c)
iwohZ ,f'k;k (d) if'pe ,f'k;k
(a) LFkku dk v{kka'k vkSj Å¡pkbZ 11. Hkkjr esa var%LFkyh; ukSlapkyu tyekxZ ------------- fdeh
(b) Å¡pkbZ vkSj ns'kkarj yack gSA (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) leqnz ls nwjh vkSj v{kka'k (a) 13,600 (b) 12,500
(d) ns'kkarj vkSj leqnz ls nwjh (c) 11,000 (d) 14,500
4. xaxks=kh fgeun fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\ 12. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk jkT; ck¡l fMªi flapkbZ ra=k dk
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift I) mi;ksx djrk gS\
(a) v#.kkpy izns'k (b) mÙkjk[kaM (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(c) flfDde (d) fgekpy izns'k (a) flfDde (b) es?kky;
5. xksYMu DokfMªysVªy lqij gkbZos fnYyh] -----------] psUubZ vkSj (c) vle (d) f=kiqjk
eqacbZ dks tksM+rk gSA 13. fo'kk[kkiÙkue ------------- LFky #¼ vkSj vPNh rjg ls
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift I) lajf{kr canjxkg gSA
(a) >kalh (b) nsgjknwu (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c) ukxiqj (d) dksydkrk (a) xgjk (b) lcls yack
6. Mªh (Dree)] v#.kkpy izns'k dk ,d o`Qf"k mRlo gS] ;g (c) fNNyk (d) lcls NksVk
---------------- osQ eghus esa euk;k tkrk gSA 14. fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk lkSj eaMy dk cká xzg gS\
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(a)twu (b) ebZ (a) i`Foh (b) 'kqozQ
(c)tqykbZ (d) vxLr (c) 'kfu (d) cq/
7. Xysf'k;j vkerkSj ij -------------- esa ik, tkrs gSaA 15. edj laozQkafr] ^mÙkjk;.k* dh 'kq#vkr dk izrhd gSA ;g
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) ---------------- dks eukbZ tkrh gSA
(a)eSnku (b) iBkj (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(c)ufn;k¡ (d) igkM+ksa (a)
20 tuojh (b) 16 ekpZ
8. i`Foh osQ ok;qeaMy dh igyh ijr ------------- gSA (c)
15 iQjojh (d) 14 tuojh
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift III) 16. fuEufyf[kr lwph esa ls ,d okeu xzg dh igpku djsaA
(a) {kksHkeaMy (b) ckáeaMy (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) lerkieaMy (d) eè;eaMy (a) cq/ (b) IywVks
119
(c)
usiP;wu (d) eaxy (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
17. fdu nks ns'kksa ls e`r lkxj dh lhek yxrh gS\ (a)vjc lkxj (b) oSQjsfc;u lkxj
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (c)ihyk lkxj (d) vjy lkxj
(a) btjkby vkSj tkWMZu (b) lhfj;k vkSj tkWMZu 28. Hkkjr dh igyh twV fey fdl jkT; esa LFkkfir dh xbZ
(c) btjkby vkSj V;wuhf'k;k (d) tkWMZu vkSj rqdhZ Fkh\ (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
18. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk] 'S' vkdkj dk egklkxj gS\ (a) if'pe caxky (b) vksfM'kk
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (c) fcgkj (d) vle
(a) iz'kkar egklkxj (b) vVykafVd egklkxj 29. cehZ Hkkjr osQ fdl iM+kslh ns'k dh jktHkk"kk gS\
(c) fgan egklkxj (d) vkoZQfVd egklkxj (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
19. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh] Hkkjrh; jsyos VªSd dh ,d (a)usiky (b) HkwVku
Js.kh ugha gS\ (c)frCcr (d) E;kaekj
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift II) 30. Hkkjr esa 'kjn dk ekSle fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl eghus osQ
(a)
czkWM xst (b) iqQV xst varjky osQ varxZr vkrk gS\
(c)
ehVj xst (d) uSjks xst (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
20. fo'o osQ ty lalk/uksa esa Hkkjr dk va'k fdruk gS\ (a)ekpZ ls ebZ (b) vDVwcj ls uoacj
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (c)fnlacj ls iQjojh (d) twu ls flracj
(a) 8% (b) 15% 31. Hkkjr esa ekulwu dh vof/ twu osQ vkjaHk ls flracj osQ
(c) 10% (d) 4% eè; rd ------------ fnuksa osQ chp gksrh gSA
21. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dk;karfjr pV~Vkuksa dk mnkgj.k (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
ugha gS\ (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a) 200&240 (b) 100&120
(a) xzsukbV (b) 'khLV (c) 60&80 (d) 260&280
(c) ukbl (d) DokV~ZtkbV 32. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh Hkkjr esa ehBs ikuh dh >hy
22. Hkkjr esa igyk lhesaV la;a=k fdl o"kZ esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k ugha gS\ (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
Fkk\ (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a) yksdVd (b) lkaHkj
(a) 1974 (b) 2014 (c) cMkikuh (d) Hkherky
(c) 2004 (d) 1904 33. Hkkjr esa vjsfcdk dkWiQh dkSu&ls jkT; esa mxkbZ tkrh gS\
23. i`Foh osQ ,dek=k izko`Qfrd mixzg dh igpku dhft,A (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (a)vle (b) mÙkjk[kaM
(a) oSQfyLVks (b) panzek (c)if'pe caxky (d) dukZVd
(c) yks (d) VkbZVu 34. dkSu&lh v{kka'k js[kk Hkkjr osQ eè; ls gksdj xqtjrh gS tks
24. osQjy osQ lcls cM+s tyizikr dk D;k uke gS\ ns'k dh tyok;q dks izHkkfor djrh gS\
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(a) ok>kpy tyizikr (b) nw/lkxj tyizikr (a) edj js[kk (b) Hkweè; js[kk
(c) vf/jkfiYyh tyizikr (d) oqaQfpdy tyizikr (c) vaVkoZQfVdk o`Ùk (d) doZQ js[kk
25. ebZ vkSj twu osQ eghuksa esa ns'k osQ mÙkjh Hkkxksa esa pyus 35. rfeyukMq rV ij vf/drj o"kkZ ----------- vkSj ----------- osQ
okyh rst] xeZ vkSj 'kq"d LFkkuh; gok dks D;k dgk tkrk nkSjku gksrh gSA
gS\ (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(a) psjh CykWle (b) vk; o"kkZ (a) vizSy vkSj ebZ (b) vxLr vkSj flracj
(c) dkycSlk[kh (d) yw (c) vDVwcj vkSj uoacj (d) ebZ vkSj twu
26. --------------- mÙkj esa [kjhiQ dh iQly vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr esa 36. ?kqearw i'kqpkj.k (Nomadic herding) esa] pjokgs vius
jch dh iQly gSA tkuojksa osQ lkFk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ----------- vkSj
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift II) -------------- osQ fy, fu/kZfjr ekxks± ls Hkze.k djrs gSaA
(a)
vylh (b) fry (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(c)
ljlks (d) vjaMh (a) vkJ; vkSj pkjs (b) vkJ; vkSj iSls
27. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk] fgan egklkxj dk foLrkj gS\ (c) iSls vkSj ikuh (d) pkjs vkSj ikuh
120
37. rkjke.My mlkZestj -------------- osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk (a) v#.kkpy izns'k (b) fgekpy izns'k
gSA (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (c) mÙkj izns'k (d) flfDde
(a) nh ozQhu (b) nh xzsV ch;j 46. fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk frygu jch iQly vkSj [kjhiQ iQly
(c) nh gaVj (d) nh pSuM eSMu nksuksa osQ :i esa mxk;k tkrk gS\
38. ,d ---------- cgrs ty esa ,d vojks/ gS tks izokg dks (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
ckf/r] funsZf'kr ;k /hek djrk gSA vDlj ,d tyk'k;] (a)
vylh osQ cht (b) vjaMh osQ cht
>hy ;k ckM+s dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA (c)
ew¡xiQyh (d) ljlksa
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift III) 47. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk R;ksgkj vxLr&flracj esa iQly
(a) lgk;d unh (b) jgV dh dVkbZ osQ ekSle esa euk;k tkrk gS\
(c) ck¡/ (d) foliZ (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
39. Hkkjr esa vDVwcj&uoacj osQ nkSjku lw;Z osQ nf{k.k dh vksj (a) cSlk[kh (b) yksgM+h
vkHkklh xfr osQ dkj.k -------------- mÙkjh eSnkuksa osQ Åij (c) edj laozQkafr (d) vks.ke
f'kfFky gks tkrk gSA 48. dkSu&lk ns'k f=kiqjk dks if'pe] mÙkj vkSj nf{k.k fn'kkvksa
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) ls ?ksjrk gS\
(a) ekulwu xrZ (b) lh xrZ (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(c) O;qRozQfer xrZ (d) mPpre xrZ (a) ckaXykns'k (b) E;kaekj
40. fo'o osQ oqQy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy esa Hkkjr dk fdruk fgLlk (c) HkwVku (d) fo;ruke
gS\ (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift II) 49. es?kky; dh dkSu&lh igkfM+;ksa esa lokZf/d o"kkZ gksrh gS\
(a) 3.9% (b) 2.4% (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(c) 4.2% (d) 2.8% (a) uhyfxfj (b) f'kokfyd
41. dkSu&lk tyekxZ vVykafVd egklkxj dks iz'kkar egklkxj (c) [kklh igkfM+;k¡ (d) vjkorh
ls tksM+rk gS\ 50. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh ,d volknh pV~Vku ugha gS\
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a)Lost ugj (b) iukek ugj (a) e`frdk (b) 'kSy
(c)dhy ugj (d) oksYxk&MkWu ugj (c) cyqvk iRFkj (d) xzsukbV
42. Hkkjr esa dkSu&lk xSj&ikjaifjd ÅtkZ Ïksr miyC/ gS@gSa\ 51. iouksa dk ns'k dgs tkus okys ns'k dh igpku djsaA
(a)Tokjh;] iou vkSj lkSj ÅtkZ (a) teZuh (b) iksySaM
(b)osQoy Tokjh; ÅtkZ (c) psd x.kjkT; (d) MsuekoZQ
(c)osQoy lkSj ÅtkZ 52. buesa ls dkSu&lk HkwoaQih; rjaxksa dk ,d izdkj gS\
(d)osQoy lkSj ÅtkZ vkSj iou ÅtkZ (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
43. xzh"e ½rq LFkkuh; rwiQkuksa dk ekSle gksrk gS] ftuesa rhoz (a) B-rjax (b) P-rjax
gokvksa osQ lkFk xjt okyh ewlyk/kj o"kkZ Hkh gksrh gS] (c) D-rjax (d) C-rjax
blosQ lkFk izk;% fge o`f"V gksrh gSA if'pe caxky esa] bu 53. dkSu&lk ty fudk; Hkkjr dks if'pe fn'kk esa ?ksjrk gS\
rwiQkuksa dks ---------------- osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (a)iz'kkar egklkxj (b) caxky dh [kkM+h
(a)
dky cS'kk[kh (b) rkfgrh (c)fgan egklkxj (d) vjc lkxj
(c)
yw (d) egkoV
54. ;fn e`nk esa lw{e d.kksa dk vuqikr vis{kko`Qr vf/d gksrk
44. yw fdl ½rq dh fo'ks"krk gS\ gS] rks bls ------------ e`nk dgk tkrk gSA
(a) ir>M+ (b) 'khr ½rq (a)e`.e; (b) tyh;
(c) olUr (d) xzh"e ½rq (c)nqeVh (d) cyqbZ
45. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk Hkkjrh; jkT;] phu osQ lkFk 55. dkSu&lh ;kstuk xSj izeq[k canjxkg vkSj izeq[k canjxkgksa dh
viuh lhek lk>k ugha djrk gS\ dusfDVfoVh lfgr rVh; lhek {ks=kksa osQ lkFk jkT; lM+dksa
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift III) osQ fodkl osQ fy, izLrkfor dh xbZ gS\
121
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift II) 63. -------------- ,d vH;kl gS ftldk mn~ns'; oSdfYid ekSle
(a)
jk"Vªh; jktekxZ fodkl ifj;kstuk esa ,d ls vf/d iQlyksa dh [ksrh djuk gSA
(b)
lkxjekyk ifj;kstuk (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c)
xksYMu DokfMªysVªy ifj;kstuk (a) cgqfo/ iQly [ksrh (b) ou o`Qf"k
(d)
lsrqHkkjre ifj;kstuk (c) lh<+hnkj [ksrh (d) [kjhiQ iQly [ksrh
56. var%m".k dfVca/h; vfHklj.k {ks=k esa D;k gksrk gS\ 64. ml LFkku dks igpkfu, tgk¡ m".kdfVca/h; rwiQku mRiUu
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift III) gksrs gSa\ (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(a)nf{k.k&if'peh vkSj mÙkj&if'peh O;kikfjd iousa (a) iz'kkar egklkxj
vfHklj.k djrh gSaA (b) vkoZQfVd egklkxj
(b) nf{k.k&iwohZ vkSj mÙkj&if'peh O;kikfjd iousa (c) vjc lkxj vkSj iz'kkar egklkxj
vfHklj.k djrh gSaA (d) caxky dh [kkM+h vkSj fgan egklkxj
(c) nf{k.k&if'peh vkSj mÙkj&if'peh O;kikfjd iousa 65. os Tokykeq[kh] tks cgqr yacs le; ls mn~xkfjr ugha gq,
fopyu djrh gSaA gSa] ysfdu Hkfo"; esa mn~xkfjr gks ldrs gSa] mUgsa D;k dgk
(d) nf{k.k&iwohZ vkSj mÙkj&iwohZ O;kikfjd iousa vfHklj.k tkrk gS\ (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
djrh gSaA (a) foyqIr Tokykeq[kh (b) lfozQ; Tokykeq[kh
57. 'kfDr] ÅtkZ dk lokZf/d n`'; :i] ftls izk;% vk/qfud (c) izlqIr Tokykeq[kh (d) <ky Tokykeq[kh
lH;rk esa izxfr ls igpkuk tkrk gS] lkekU;r% mls D;k 66. ty fo|qr mRiUu djus osQ fy, vki fuEufyf[kr esa ls
dgk tkrk gS\ fdl LFkku ij cM+s ck¡/ cuk ldrs gSa\
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(a) dks;yk (b) fctyh (a) egklkxj (b) igkM+h {ks=k
(c) rsy (d) thok'e b±/u (c) eSnkuh {ks=k (d) jsfxLrkuh {ks=k
58. xeZ ekSle dh ½rq esa if'pe caxky {ks=k esa xjt osQ lkFk 67. izko`Qfrd HkwoaQi i`Foh dh fdl ijr esa gksrs gSa\
Hkkjh o"kkZ dh ?kVuk dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\ (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a) eè;eaMy (b) vkarfjd dksj
(a) dkycSlk[kh (b) vkez o"kkZ (c) LFkyeaMy (d) nqcZyrkeaMy
(c) fuorZu o"kkZ ½rq (d) yw 68. rfeyukMq esa lfnZ;ksa dh ckfj'k ------------- osQ dkj.k gksrh
59. 'khrdkyhu o"kkZ dh oqQy ek=kk dks fn, x, LFkkuh; uke gSA (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
dh igpku dhft,A (a) mÙkj&iwohZ O;kikfjd iousa
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (b) 'khrksd".k pozQokr
(a)egkoV (b) yw (c) LFkkuh; gok
(c)rkfgrh (d) dky cSlk[kh (d) nf{k.k&if'pe O;kikfjd iousa
60. Tokykeq[kh ls fudydj i`Foh dh lrg ij iSQyus okys 69. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh unh fla/q unh dh lcls cM+h
eSXek dks D;k dgrs gSa\ lgk;d unh gS\
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(a) Toy[kaMk'eh izokg (b) ykok (a) lryqt unh (b) fpukc unh
(c) izikr (d) jk[k (c) jkoh unh (d) ';ksd unh
61. rst xM+xM+kgV vkSj fctyh osQ lkFk vpkud vkSj yxkrkj 70. jch iQlyksa dh [ksrh esa fuEu esa ls D;k lgk;d gksrk gS\
gksus okyh o"kkZ dks ----------- dgk tkrk gSA (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (a)mÙkj&if'peh iousa
(a)
o"kkZ ½rq dh 'kq:vkr (b) ewlyk/kj o"kkZ ½rq (b)egkoV
(c)
o"kkZ ½rq dk varjky (d) o"kkZ ½rq dk izLiQksV (c)nf{k.k&iwohZ O;kikfjd iousa
62. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh unh vjc lkxj esa fxjrh gS\ (d)if'pe tsV /kjk,¡
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift I) 71. 'ksojks; igkfM+;k¡ vkSj tkoM+h igkfM+;k¡ ------------ fLFkr gSaA
(a) xaxk (b) o`Q".kk (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c) ueZnk (d) egkunh (a) if'peh ?kkV osQ nf{k.k&iwoZ esa
122
(b)iwohZ ?kkV osQ nf{k.k&iwoZ esa (c) Hkkjrh; varnsZ'kh; tyekxZ izkf/dj.k
(c)iwohZ ?kkV osQ nf{k.k if'pe esa (d) Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktekxZ izkf/dj.k
(d)if'peh ?kkV osQ mÙkj&iwoZ esa 81. if'peh le'khrks".k pozQokrksa osQ dkj.k lfnZ;ksa osQ eghuksa
72. i`Foh dh lcls ckgjh ijr dkSu&lh gS tks HkwiiZVh rFkk esa ---------------------- dh miyC/rk jch iQlyksa dh liQyrk
Åijh esaVy ls cuh gS\ esa enn djrh gSA
(SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(a) cká dksj (b) LFkyeaMy (a)
ikys (b) iou
(c) eè;eaMy (d) nqcZykeaMy (c)
dksgjs (d) o"kZ.k
73. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk o`Qf"k dk mRikn gS\ 82. fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk vi?kVu dk nwljk pj.k gS\
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(a)
iQlysa (b) gok (a) fo[kaMu (b) g~;wehfiQosQ'ku
(c)
e'khusa (d) ikuh (c) fu{kkyu (d) vip;
74. vjaMh osQ chtksa esa D;k fHkUu gS\ 83. ----------- ,d ,slh iQly gS ftldk mi;ksx Hkkstu vkSj pkjs
(SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III) nksuksa osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d [kjhiQ iQly gS
(a) ;g osQoy tk;n iQly gSA ftls 21°C ls 27°C osQ chp rkieku dh vko';drk
(b) ;g osQoy jch iQly gSA gksrh gS vkSj iqjkuh tyks<+ feV~Vh esa vPNh rjg ls c<+rh
(c) ;g jch vkSj [kjhiQ nksuksa iQly gSA gSA (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(d) ;g u rks jch vkSj u gh [kjhiQ iQly gSA (a) pkoy (b) twV
75. fdl ½rq esa mÙkj&iwoZ O;kikfjd iou Hkkjr esa izcy gksrh (c) eDdk (d) xsgw¡
gS\ (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) 84. if'pe caxky fdl ns'k osQ lkFk viuh lcls yach lhek
(a) o"kkZ ½rq (b) xzh"e lk>k djrk gS\
(c) olar ½rq (d) 'khr (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
76. HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk lcls NksVk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\ (a)
HkwVku (b) ckaXykns'k
E;kaekj (d) usiky
(a)fetksje (b) flfDde 85. fdlh ioZr osQ izfriou fn'kk esa fLFkr 'kq"d Hkwfe osQ {ks=k
(c)xksok (d) f=kiqjk dks D;k dgrs gSa\
77. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk] Hkkjr esa xzh"edkyhu iQly dk (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
ekSle gS\ (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a) o"kkZ oafpr {ks=k (b) igkM+h {ks=k
(a) jch (b) tk;n (c) vuqokr fn'kk (d) izfriou fn'kk
(c) [kjhiQ (d) o"kkZ ½rq 86. xaxk unh fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ty fudk; esa tk feyrh
78. mÙkj&iwohZ iousa dgk¡ ls mRiUu gksrh gSa\ gS\ (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift II) (a) iz'kkar egklkxj (b) vjc lkxj
(a)mÙkjh xksyk¼Z osQ m".k dfVca/h; fuEu nkc dfVca/ (c) nf{k.k phu lkxj (d) caxky dh [kkM+h
(b)nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z osQ m".k dfVca/h; mPp nkc dfVca/ 87. CykWle 'kkoj gS&
(c)mÙkjh xksyk¼Z osQ miks".kdfVca/h; mPp nkc dfVca/ (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
(d)nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z osQ miks".kdfVca/h; mPp nkc dfVca/ (a)
vle (b) mÙkj izns'k
79. nsoiz;kx esa HkkxhjFkh ------------ ls feyrh gSA (c)
osQjy (d) if'pe caxky
(SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift I) 88. lryqt unh ?kkVh esa ty fo|qr mRiknu vkSj flapkbZ osQ
(a)dkslh (b) ;equk fy, dkSu&lh ifj;kstuk cukbZ xbZ gS\
(c)vyduank (d) ?kk?kjk (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
80. Hkkjr esa varnsZ'kh; tyekxks± osQ fodkl] j[kj[kko vkSj (a) ukxktqZu ifj;kstuk
izca/u dh ns[kHkky dkSu djrk gS\ (b) ghjkoqaQM ifj;kstuk
(SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift I) (c) Hkk[kM+k ukaxy ifj;kstuk
(a) Hkkjrh; bLikr izkf/dj.k (d) ljnkj ljksoj ck¡/
(b) Hkkjrh; foekuiÙku izkf/dj.k
123
89. {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk lcls NksVk iM+kslh ns'k (a) vaVkoZQfVdk] xzhuySaM vkSj nqfu;k osQ igkM+h {ks=k
dkSu&lk gS\ (b) iz'kkar egklkxj
(SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) (c) fgeky; vkSj vkoZQfVd egklkxj
(a) usiky (b) ekynho (d) fgeky; vkSj caxky dh [kkM+h
(c) HkwVku (d) Jhyadk 98. dkSu&lh ioZr Ükà[kyk 'khr lkbcsfj;kbZ iouksa dks Hkkjr esa
90. {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk lcls NksVk osaQnz'kkflr izns'k izos'k djus ls jksdrh gS\
dkSu&lk gS\ (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift III) (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
(a) y{k}hi (a) if'peh ?kkV (b) vjkoyh ioZr Ükà[kyk
(b) nknjk vkSj uxj gosyh vkSj neu vkSj nho (c) lriqM+k ioZr Ükà[kyk (d) fgeky;
(c) v.Meku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg 99. Hkkjr dh tyok;q dks ------------ izdkj osQ :i esa of.kZr
(d) iqnqpsjh fd;k x;k gSA
91. ,yuhuks ,d ,slh ?kVuk gS ftlesa gj 2 ls 5 lky esa (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
------------ rV ls xqtjus okyh BaMh /kjk osQ LFkku ij xeZ (a)ekulwuh (b) BaMs
egklkxjh; /kjk cgrh gSA (c)lw[ks (d) catj
(SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift III) 100. 1962 esa] eSdeksgu js[kk osQ {ks=k esa Hkkjr dk ;q¼ fdl
(a) is: (b) fpyh ns'k osQ lkFk gqvk Fkk\
(c) vts±Vhuk (d) czkthy (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
92. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh ,d dk;karfjr pV~Vku gS\ (a)HkwVku (b) usiky
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift I) (c)ikfdLrku (d) phu
(a)
'kSy (b) xzsukbV 101. Hkkjr osQ lcls nf{k.kh fljs dk D;k uke gS\
(c)
cyqvk iRFkj (d) DokV~ZtkbV (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
93. fuEufyf[kr esa ls] -------------- ,d [kk| iQly gSA (a) dkdkjksje (b) bafnjk ikWbaV
(SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) (c) oSQyhes;j ikWbaV (d) bafnjk dksy
(a)twV (b) jcM+ 102. leqnz ls nwjh c<+us ij fdl izdkj dh ekSle dh fLFkfr
(c)dikl (d) pkoy dk vuqHko gksrk gS\
94. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl tyok;q esa vki jcj dh iQly (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
ugha mxk ldrs gSa\ (a)
'khrks".k (b) eè;e
pje (d) gYdh
(a)miks".kdfVca/h; tyok;q 103. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk] yw osQ dkj.k gksrk gS\
(b)m".kfVca/h tyok;q (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
(c)Hkweè;js[kh; tyok;q (a)fcokbZ (b) 'khrna'k
(d)/zqoh; tyok;q (c)vYirki (d) rki ?kkr
95. vjc lkxj ls vkus okyh nf{k.k&if'pe ekuwlu iouksa dks 104. ueZnk unh fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl LFkku ls fudyrh gS\
var% m".kdfVca/h; vfHklj.k {ks=k dh vksj izokfgr djus (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
esa dkSu ck/k Mkyrk gS\ (a)
ukfld (b) lriqM+k dh Üka`[kyk,¡
egkcys'oj (d) vejoaQVd igkM+h
(a) iwohZ ?kkV (b) if'peh ?kkV 105. fdl LFkku osQ nkc dk forj.k Hkkjr esa lfnZ;ksa esa ekSle
(c) vjkoyh ioZrekyk (d) egku fgeky; ioZrekyk dh fLFkfr dks izHkkfor djrk gS\
96. lw;Z i`Foh ls yxHkx ----------- fdeh nwj gSA (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift II) (a) eè; vkSj if'peh ,f'k;k
(a) 50 fefy;u (b) 20 fefy;u (b) vaVkoZQfVdk
(c) 150 fefy;u (d) 100 fefy;u (c) mÙkjh&vesfjdk
97. orZeku esa] i`Foh ij vyo.kty osQ 70 izfr'kr Ïksr dgk¡ (d) nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k
ls izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSa\ 106. Hkkjr esa fLFkr ,dek=k fuf'pr :i ls lfozQ; Tokykeq[kh]
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift II) cSjsu }hi Tokykeq[kh] vaMeku }hi esa ------------ ls yxHkx
124
138 fdeh mÙkj&iwoZ esa fLFkr gSA Tokykeq[kh ik, tkrs gSa vkSj ogk¡ ckj&ckj HkwoaQi vkrs jgrs
(SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) gSa] mls D;k uke fn;k x;k gS\
(a) fnxfyiqj (b) ,cjMhu (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(c) isQjkjxat (d) iksVZ Cys;j (a)
Tokyk&o`Ùk (b) cjewMk Vªk,axy
107. Hkkjr osQ mÙkj&if'pe Hkkx esa ----------- osQ dkj.k lfnZ;ksa esa (c)
Mªsd tyekxZ (d) osQi gkWuZ
o"kkZ gksrh gSA 110. nhun;ky canjxkg] xqtjkr osQ oaQkMyk esa fLFkr ,d
(SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift III) --------- canjxkg gSA
(a)
if'peh fo{kksHk (b) mÙkj&if'pe ekulwu (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
(c)
nf{k.k&if'pe ekuwlu (d) fuorZu dh ½rq (a)
NksVk (b) u;k
108. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk Hkkjrh; jkT; ckaXykns'k vkSj (c)
Tokjh; (d) vLFkk;h
E;kaekj nksuksa osQ lkFk lhek lk>k djrk gS\ 111. [kklh igkfM+;ksa osQ ------------ esa ekflujke nqfu;k esa lcls
(SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift I) vf/d vkSlr o"kkZ izkIr djrk gSA
(a)
fetksje (b) ef.kiqj (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(c)
ukxkySaM (d) vle (a) if'peh Hkkx (b) nf{k.kh Hkkx
109. ,d iFk tks iz'kkar egklkxj osQ lkFk yxk gS] tgk¡ lfozQ; (c) iwohZ Hkkx (d) mÙkjh Hkkx
mRrjekyk
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (d)
51. (d) 52. (b) 53. (d) 54. (a) 55. (b) 56. (d) 57. (b) 58. (a) 59. (a) 60. (b)
61. (d) 62. (c) 63. (a) 64. (d) 65. (c) 66. (b) 67. (c) 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (b)
71. (b) 72. (b) 73. (a) 74. (c) 75. (d) 76. (c) 77. (b) 78. (c) 79. (c) 80. (c)
81. (d) 82. (c) 83. (c) 84. (b) 85. (a) 86. (d) 87. (c) 88. (c) 89. (c) 90. (a)
91. (a) 92. (d) 93. (d) 94. (d) 95. (b) 96. (c) 97. (a) 98. (d) 99. (a) 100. (d)
101. (b) 102. (c) 103. (d) 104. (d) 105. (a) 106. (d) 107. (a) 108. (a) 109. (a) 110. (c)
111. (b)
125
4 Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk fodkl igyh ckj eqfLye leqnk; ds fy, i`Fkd çfrfuf/Ro dk
TT lafo/ku 'kCn dh mRifÙk ySfVu Hkk"kk ds 'kCn dkafLVV;wV micU/ fd;k x;kA blds vUrxZr eqfLye lnL;ksa dk pquko
ls gqbZ gSA eqfLye ernkrk gh djrs FksA
TT fczVsu ds lafo/ku dks fo'o ds lHkh lafo/kuksa dh tuuh TT bl vf/fu;e dks lkaiznkf;d fuokZpu osQ tud ds :i esa
dgk tkrk gSA Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
TT 1773 bZñ dk jsX;wysfVax ,DV% bl ,DV ds rgr okWjsu TT lR;sanz izlkn flUgk ok;ljk; dh dk;Zikfydk ifj"kn osQ izFke
gsfLVaXl dks caxky dk xouZj tujy cuk;k x;kA bl Hkkjrh; lnL; cusA mUgsa fof/ lnL; cuk;k x;kA
vf/fu;e ds vUrxZr dydÙkk esa 1774 bZñ esa ,d mPpre 1909 bZ- esa ykWMZ ekWysZ baXySaM esa Hkkjr osQ jkT; lfpo Fks
U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dh x;h] ftlesa ,d eq[; U;k;k/h'k vkSj ykWMZ feaVks Hkkjr osQ ok;ljk;A
o rhu vU; U;k;k/h'k FksA blds çFke eq[; U;k;k/h'k lj
,fytkg bEis FksA TT 1919 bZ- dk Hkkjr 'kklu vf/fu;e (ek.VsX;w&psEliQksMZ
TT lu~ 1784 dk fiV~l bf.M;k ,DV% fiV~l bafM;k ,DV dks lq/kj) % çkUrksa esa }S/ 'kklu yxk;k x;kA
,DV vkWiQ lSVyesaV ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA TT bl vf/fu;e ds }kjk yksd lsok vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k
TT lu~ 1813 dk pkVZj vf/fu;e% bl pkVZj vf/fu;e }kjk x;kA
igyh ckj Hkkjrh;ksa dh f'k{kk ij izfro"kZ 1 yk[k #i;s [kpZ TT Hkkjr esa igyh ckj efgykvksa dks er nsus dk vf/dkj 1926
djus dk mica/ fd;k x;kA bZ- esa fn;k x;kA
TT 1858 bZ- dk Hkkjr 'kklu vf/fu;e% Hkkjr dk 'kklu TT 1935 dk Hkkjr 'kklu vf/fu;e% bl vf/fu;e ds }kjk
dEiuh ds gkFkksa ls fczfV'k egkjkuh ds gkFkksa esa pyk x;kA çkUrksa esa ls }S/'kklu dks gVk fn;k x;k rFkk dsUæ esa }S/
TT eqxy lezkV osQ in dks lekIr dj fn;k x;kA 'kklu dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
TT Hkkjr esa 'kklu lapkyu osQ fy, fczfV'k eaf=keaMy esa ,d TT lkaiznkf;d fuokZpu i¼fr dk foLrkj fd;k x;kA
lnL; osQ :i esa Hkkjr osQ jkT; lfpo dh fu;qfDr dh TT E;k¡ekj (cekZ) dks Hkkjr ls vyx dj fn;k x;kA
x;hA og vius dk;ks± osQ fy, fczfV'k laln osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h TT Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dh LFkkiuk 1935 bZ- esa gqbZA
gksrk FkkA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh jpuk
TT Hkkjr ds xouZj tujy dk uke cnydj ok;ljk; dj fn;k TT lafo/ku lHkk ds xBu dk fopkj loZçFke ,e-,u- jkW; us
x;kA vr% bl le; ds xouZj tujy ykWMZ dSfuax vafre 1934 bZ- esa j[kk FkkA
xouZj tujy ,oa çFke ok;ljk; gq,A TT Hkkjr ds lafo/ku dk fuekZ.k dSfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk ds rgr
TT 1861 bZ- dk Hkkjr ifj"kn vf/fu;e % xouZj tujy dks gqvkA
vè;kns'k tkjh djus dh 'kfDr iznku dh xbZA ,sls vè;kns'k TT oSQfcusV fe'ku ekpZ 1946 bZñ esa Hkkjr vk;kA blesa rhu
dh vof/ 6 ekg gksrh FkhA lnL; FksA lj LVsiQksMZ fØIl] ykMZ isfUFkd ykWjsUl rFkk
TT 1862 bZ- esa ykWMZ oSQfuax us rhu Hkkjrh;ksa & cukjl osQ jktk] ,- oh- vysDtsUMjA
ifV;kyk osQ egkjktk vkSj lj fnudj jko dks fo/ku ifj"kn~ TT lafo/ku lHkk esa 389 lnL; Fks ftlesa 292 fczfV'k çkUrksa ds
esa euksuhr fd;kA çfrfuf/ 93 ns'kh fj;klrksa ds çfrfuf/ rFkk 4 phiQ dfe'uj
TT vaxzstksa }kjk ikfjr vkElZ ,DV 1878 us Hkkjrh;ksa dks gfFk;kj {ks=k ds çfrfuf/ FksA
j[kus dh vuqefr ugha nhA TT Hkkjr foHkktu ds i'pkr~ lafo/ku lHkk esa 299 lnL; jg
(Const. GD 13 Jan., 2023)
x;sA
TT 1892 bZ- dk Hkkjr ifj"kn vf/fu;e % bl vf/fu;e osQ TT lafo/ku lHkk dh igyh cSBd ^9 fnlEcj 1946* dks ubZ
}kjk vizR;{k pquko&iz.kkyh dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA fnYyh esa gqbZA
TT 1909 dk Hkkjr ifj"kn~ vf/fu;e (ekysZ&feUVks lq/kj)%
126
TT lHkk ds lcls cqtqxZ lnL; MkWñ lfPpnkuUn flUgk dks lHkk TT 1935 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl us igyh ckj Hkkjr osQ
dk vLFkkbZ vè;{k pquk x;kA lafo/ku osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, vf/dkfjd :i ls lafo/ku lHkk
TT eqfLye yhx us bl cSBd dk cfg"dkj fd;k vkSj ikfdLrku osQ xBu dh ek¡x dhA
ds fy, ,d vyx lafo/ku dh ekax dhA
TT rst cgknqj liwz o t; izdk'k ukjk;.k us lafo/ku lHkk dh
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh fo'ks"krk,¡
lnL;rk dks vLohdkj dj fn;k FkkA TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku fo'o esa lcls yEck fyf[kr lafo/ku gSA
TT gSnjkckn ,d ,slh nslh fj;klr Fkh] ftlds çfrfuf/ (Const. GD 12/23 Jan., 2023)
lafo/ku lHkk esa 'kkfey ughaa gq,A TT fo'o dk çFke fyf[kr lafo/ku la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk us
TT lafo/ku lHkk esa fczfV'k çkUrksa ds 296 çfrfuf/;ksa dk o"kZ 1789 esa viuk;k FkkA
foHkktu lkEçnkf;d vk/kj ij fd;k x;k& 213 lkekU;] TT Hkkjr ds ewy lafo/ku esa 22 Hkkx] 395 vuqPNsn vkSj 8
79 eqlyeku rFkk 4 flD[kA vuqlwfp;k¡ Fkha] orZeku esa 25 Hkkx vkSj 12 vuqlwfp;k¡ gSaA
TT lafo/ku lHkk ds lnL;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds lnL;ksa (Const. GD 11 Jan., 2023)
dh la[;k 33 FkhA TT Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku esa izkjaHk esa 10 ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa dks o"kZ
TT lafo/ku lHkk esa efgyk lnL;ksa dh la[;k 15 FkhA 1976 esa 42osa lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e }kjk tksM+k x;kA
TT 11 fnlEcj 1946 bZñ esa jktsUæ çlkn dks lafo/ku lHkk (Const. GD 13 Jan., 2023)
dk LFkkbZ vè;{k pquk x;kA TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa ,dy ukxfjdrk dk çko/ku gSA
TT 13 fnlacj 1946 dks tokgj yky usg: us lafo/ku lHkk esa TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku mnkj ,oa dBksjrk dk feJ.k gSA
mn~ns'; izLrko izLrqr fd;kA TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dks odhyksa dk LoxZ dgk x;k gS] D;ksafd
TT çk:i lfefr dk vè;{k MkWñ Hkhejko vacsMdj dks pquk lafo/ku lHkk esa odhyksa dh la[;k cgqr vf/d FkhA
x;kA lafo/ku lHkk esa budk fuokZpu if'pe caxky ls gqvk TT lafo/ku ds }kjk Hkkjr dks jkT;ksa dk la?k crk;k x;k gSA
FkkA çk:i lfefr esa 7 lnL; FksA TT 42osa lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e 1976 dks feuh
TT lafo/ku osQ izk:i ij 114 fnu cgl pyhA lafo/ku Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
TT lafo/ku dks cuus esa 2 o"kZ 11 eghus 18 fnu dk le; (Const. GD 13 Jan., 2023)
yxkA TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dks lafo/ku lHkk }kjk viuk;k x;k FkkA
TT 26 uoacj] 1949 dks MkW- jktsanz izlkn us lHkk osQ vè;{k osQ TT Hkkjr dk lafo/ku u rks yphyk gS vkSj u gh dBksj cfYd
:i esa nLrkost gLrk{kj fd,] ;gk¡ ftl nLrkost osQ ckjs esa nksuksa dk feyk&tqyk :i gSA
ckr gks jgh gS] og Hkkjrh; lafo/ku gSA TT ;g Hkkjr dks ,d laiw.kZ izHkqRo laiUu ,oa yksdra=kkRed
(Const. GD 23 Jan., 2023) x.kjkT; ?kksf"kr djrk gSA
TT lafo/ku 26 tuojh 1950 dks ykxw fd;k x;kA TT blesa lHkh Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dks ekSfyd vf/dkj iznku fd,
TT lafo/ku lHkk dh vfUre cSBd 24 tuojh 1950 dks gqbZA x, gSaA
TT 24 tuojh 1950 dks jktsUæ çlkn dks Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr TT osQ'kokuan Hkkjrh cuke osQjy jkT;okn osQ vuqlkj
pquk x;kA mn~nsf'kdk lafo/ku dk vax gS] ij bls U;k;ky; esa dkuwuh
TT Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; dk mn~?kkVu 28 tuojh] 1950 dks ntkZ izkIr ugha gSA
fd;k x;k FkkA (Const. GD 13 Jan., 2023) TT mn~nsf'kdk dks lafo/ku dh vkRek vkSj lafo/ku fuekZrkvksa
TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk firk MkWñ ch-vkj- vEcsMdj dks dgk osQ eu dh oaqQth dgk x;k gSA
tkrk gSA TT mn~nsf'kdk esa ç;qDr ^ge Hkkjr ds yksx---* 'kCn ls Li"V
TT igyh ckj lafo/ku lHkk dh vo/kj.kk Lojkt ikVhZ us gS fd Hkkjr dh laçHkqrk Hkkjr dh turk esa fufgr gSA
1934 bZ- esa izLrkfor dh FkhA TT Hkkjr ,d x.kra=k gS] bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd Hkkjr dk
TT lafo/ku cukus osQ fy, 22 desfV;k¡ xfBr dh x;h FkhaA jk"Vªkè;{k fuokZfpr gksxk] vkuqoaf'kd ughaaA
TT lafo/ku lHkk ds laoS/kfud lykgdkj in ij Jh ch-,u- TT 42 osa lafo/ku la'kks/u 1976 }kjk mn~nsf'kdk esa lektoknh
jko dks fu;qDr fd;k x;k FkkA iaFk&fujis{k vkSj v[kaMrk uked rhu 'kCnksa dks tksM+k x;kA
TT 22 tqykbZ 1947 bZñ dks jk"Vªh; èot viuk;kA (Const. GD 2 Feb., 2023)
TT 24 tuojh 1950 bZñ dks jk"Vªxku viuk;kA TT mn~nsf'kdk esa lafo/ku ds vaxhdj.k dh frfFk 26 uoEcj]
TT 24 tuojh 1950 bZñ dks jk"Vªh; xhr viuk;kA 1949 nh x;hA
TT osQ'kokuUn Hkkjrh cuke osQjy jkT; fu.kZ; osQ vuqlkj TT blh dkj.k 26 uoacj Hkkjr esa lafo/ku fnol ds :i esa
izLrkouk dks lafo/ku dk vk/kjHkwr vax ekuk x;k gSA euk;k tkrk gSA
127
lafo/ku dh çeq[k lfefr;k¡ ,oa muds vè;{k dukMk dk lafo/ku ljdkj dh la?kh; O;oLFkk
lfefr vè;{k dsUæ ds ikl vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡
lapkyu lfefr MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn (Const. GD 13 Jan., 2023)
la?k lafo/ku lfefr iañ tokgjyky usg: la?k rFkk jkT; ds chp 'kfDr;ksa dk
forj.k
çkarh; lafo/ku lfefr ljnkj cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy
vkWLVªsfy;k dk lafo/ku lkroha vuqlwph dh leorhZ lwph
la?k 'kfDr lfefr iañ tokgjyky usg:
çLrkouk dh Hkk"kk
çk:i lfefr MkWñ Hkhejko vEcsMdj
dsUæ jkT; lEcU/
rnFkZ >.Mk lfefr MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn vk;jyS.M dk lafo/ku jkT; ds uhfr&funs'kd rRo
ewy vf/dkj milfefr ts-ch- o`Qiykuh jk"Vªifr ds fuokZpd eaMy ,oa fuokZpu
foÙk ,oa LVkWiQ lfefr jktsUnz izlkn dh i¼fr
vYila[;d milfefr ,p-lh- eq[kthZ (Const. GD 10 Jan., 2023)
izfozQ;k fu;e lfefr MkW- jktsanz izlkn jk"Vªifr }kjk jkT;lHkk esa lekt lsok]
lkfgR;] dyk ,oa foKku ds {ks=k esa
dk;Z lapkyu lfefr MkW- osQ-,e- eqa'kh [;kfr çkIr O;fDr;ksa dk euksu;u
vkokl lfefr ch- iV~VkfHk lhrkjeSÕ;k fczfV'k lafo/ku lalnh; ç.kkyh
loksZPp U;k;ky; lfefr ,l- okjnkpkfj;kj (Const. GD 09 Feb., 2023)
,dy ukxfjdrk
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds çeq[k lzksr fof/ dk 'kklu
lzksr çko/ku fof/ fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k
Hkkjr 'kklu vf/fu;e] vkikr mica/] vè;kns'k] yksd lsok lalnh; fo'ks"kkf/dkj
1935 vk;ksx] oSQx (CAG)
pquko esa lokZf/d er ds vk/kj ij
teZuh dk lafo/ku vkikrdky osQ nkSjku ewy vf/dkjksa thr dh çfØ;k
dk fuyacu
f}lnuh; O;oLFkk
eaf=keaMyh; ljdkj
iwoZ lksfo;r la?k dk ewy drZO;
lafo/ku nf{k.k vizQhdk dk lafo/ku la'kks/u dh çfØ;k
lafo/ku
vesfjdk dk lafo/ku ekSfyd vf/dkj
(Const. GD 2 Feb., 2023) oSQfcusV fe'ku osQ izLrko ij xfBr varfje
loksZPp U;k;ky; eaf=keaMy
U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu ,oa U;k;ikfydk ea=kh foHkkx
dh LorU=krk
tokgj yky usg: dk;Zdkjh ifj"kn osQ mikè;{k] fons'kh
(Const. GD 13 Jan., 2023) ekeys rFkk jk"VªeaMy laca/
lafo/ku dh loksZPprk cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy x`g] lwpuk rFkk izlkj.k
jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx dh çfØ;k cynso flag j{kk
mijk"Vªifr dk in ,oa jkT;lHkk esa tku eFkkbZ m|ksx rFkk vkiwfrZ
insu lHkkifr lh- jktxksikykpkjh f'k{kk
jk"Vªifr esa la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr lh-,p- HkkHkk dk;Z] [kku ,oa ÅtkZ
jk"Vªifr esa la?k ds j{kk cyks dk jktsanz izlkn [kk| ,oa o`Qf"k
loksZPp lekns'k
txthou jke Je
tkiku dk lafo/ku fof/ }kjk LFkkfir çfØ;k
128
Lora=k Hkkjr dk igyk eaf=keaMy (1947) yksdlHkk laln dk vLFkkbZ lnu jkT;lHkk laln dk LFkkbZ lnu
ea=kh foHkkx gSA gSA
1- Tkokgj yky usg: ç/kuea=kh yksdlHkk osQ çFke vè;{k jkT;lHkk ds igys vè;{k MkWñ
2- ljnkj cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy x`g ea=kh o lwpuk ,oa çlkj.k x.ks'k oklqnso ekoyadj FksA loZiYyh jk/ko`Q".ku FksA
ea=kh TT mijk"Vªifr jkT; lHkk dk insu vè;{k gksrk gSA
TT yksdlHkk dh 543 fuokZfpr lhVas 2026 rd fuf'pr dj nh
3- ljnkj cynso flag j{kk ea=kh
x;h (84 os lfo/ku la'kks/u }kjk)A
4- Hkhejko vEcsMdj fof/ ea=kh (dkuwu ea=kh) TT foRr fo/s;d igys yksdlHkk esa is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
5- ekSñ vcqy dyke vktkn f'k{kk ea=kh TT jkT;lHkk foRr fo/s;d dks dsoy 14 fnu rd jksd ldrh
6- tkWu eFkkbZ jsyos o ifjogu ea=kh gSA
7- MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn [kk| ,oa o`Qf"k ea=kh TT lk/kj.k fo/s;d laln ds fdlh Hkh lnu es is'k fd;k tk
8- jktdqekjh ve`r dkSj LokLF; ea=kh ldrk gSA jkT;lHkk bldks 6 eghus rd jksd ldrh gSA
TT ;fn lk/kj.k fo/s;d ij dksbZ fookn gks tk;s] rks jk"Vªifr
9- ckcw txthou jke Je ea=kh
lfo/ku ds vuqPNsn&108 ds varxZr laln dk la;qDr
10- jiQh vgen fdnobZ lapkj ea=kh vf/os'ku cqyk ldrk gSA
11- vkj-ds- "k.keq[ke 'ksV~Vh foÙk ea=kh TT /u fo/s;d ikfjr djus osQ ekeys esa yksdlHkk vkSj jkT;lHkk
12- oh-,u- xkMfxy dk;Z] [kku ,oa ÅtkZ dks leku 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr ugha gSaA
13- lh-,p- HkkHkk okf.kT; ea=kh (Const. GD 12 Jan., 2023)
TT la;qDr vf/os'ku dh vè;{krk yksdlHkk vè;{k djrk gSA
14- MkWñ ';kek çlkn eq[kthZ m|ksx ,oa vkiwfrZ
vxj yksdlHkk vè;{k ugha gS] rks vè;{krk yksdlHkk dk
laln mikè;{k ;k ofj"Bre vf/dkjh djrk gSA
TT lafo/ku esa laln dk çko/ku vuqPNsn&79 esa gSA (Const. GD 2 Feb., 2023)
TT laln ds rhu vax yksdlHkk] jkT;lHkk o jk"Vªifr gSaA laln TT Lora=k Hkkjr ds çFke vke pquko o"kZ 1951&52 esa vk;ksftr
ds l=k dks jk"Vªifr cqykrk gSA gq,A x.kra=k Hkkjr dh çFke yksdlHkk dk igyk l=k 13 ebZ
(Const. GD 8 Feb., 2023) 1952 dks gqvkA
TT Lora=krk osQ ckn Hkkjrh; laln us lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd uhfr uksV % vr% igyh fuokZfpr laln o"kZ 1952 esa vfLrRo esa
osQ mn~ns'; osQ :i esa lekt osQ ^lektoknh* Lo:i dks vkbZA (Const. GD 7 Feb., 2023)
Lohdkj fd;k gSA
TT yksdlHkk dk dk;Z fnol lqcg 11 cts ls 1%00 cts rd vkSj
nksigj 2%00 cts ls 6%00 cts rd gSA yksdlHkk esa rhu l=k
yksdlHkk jkT;lHkk esa cSBd gksrh gSA 1- ctV l=k (iQjojh ls ebZ) 2- ekulwu
;g laln dk fuEu lnu gSA ;g laln dk mPp lnu gSA l=k (tqykbZ ls flracj) 3- 'khr l=k (uoacj ls fnlacj)
yksd lHkk esa vf/dre 552 jkT;lHkk esa vf/dre 250 TT vxj dksbZ laln lnL; cxSj lnu dks crk;s 60 fnuksa rd
lnL; gks ldrs gSaA lnL; gks ldrs gSaA vuqifLFkr jgrk gS] rks mldh lnL;rk lekIr gks tk;sxhA
orZeku esa yksd lHkk es 543 jkT;lHkk es 245 lnL; gSAa TT ik¡poha yksdlHkk dk dk;Zdky ns'k esa vkikr fLFkfr ykxw djus
lnL; gSA ds dkj.k lcls T;knk ppkZ esa jgk gSA
yksdlHkk dk lnL; cuus dh jkT;lHkk dk lnL; cuus dh TT yksdlHkk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy;s 84 lhVsa vkjf{kr gSA
vk;qq 25 o"kZ gksuh pkfg,A vk;q 30 o"kZ gksuh pkfg,A TT yksdlHkk esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fy;s 47 lhVsa vkjf{kr gSA
(Const. GD 23/27 Jan., TT yksdlHkk vè;{k dk pquko yksdlHkk ds lnL; djrs gSaA
2023) TT yksdlHkk vè;{k ,oa mikè;{k viuk R;kxi=k ijLij
yksdlHkk ds lnL;ksa dk jkT;lHkk ds lnL;ksa dk ,d&nwljs dks nsrs gSaA
dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ dk gksrk gSA dk;Zdky 6 o"kZ dk gksrk gSA TT laln ds nksuksa lnu dh x.kiwfrZ oqQy lnL; la[;k dk 1@10
(Const. GD 12 Jan.,
Hkkx gksrh gSA (Const. GD 01 Feb., 2023)
2023)
TT çkjEHk es lafo/ku es yksdlHkk ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k 500 FkhA
TT yksdlHkk esa 530 lnL; jkT;ksa ls] 13 lnL; osaQnz'kkflr
129
izns'k ls gSaA blosQ vykok 2 ,aXyks bafM;u lnL; jk"Vªifr iz/kuea=kh cusA
euksuhr djrs jgs gSa] ysfdu 104osa lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/ TT yksdlHkk osQ lcls yacs le; rd vè;{k cyjke tk[kM
fu;e }kjk ,aXyksa bafM;u leqnk; osQ bl vkj{k.k osQ izko/ku jgs FksA
dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k gSA TT yksdlHkk ds ,dek=k vè;{k] tks jk"Vªifr cus uhye latho
TT laln osQ fupys lnu (yksdlHkk) osQ lnL;ksa dh vf/dre jsM~Mh FksA
la[;k 552 gSA (Const. GD 30/31 Jan., 2023) TT yksdlHkk osQ izFke nfyr vè;{k th-,e- cky;ksxh FksA
TT 61 osa lafo/ku la'kks/u] 1989 ds rgr ernku djus dh TT yksdlHkk dh çFke efgyk vè;{k ehjk dqekj FkhaA
vk;q 21 o"kZ ls ?kVkdj 18 o"kZ dj nh xbZA
TT yksdlHkk osQ dk;Zdky esa vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk ykxw gksus
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds çeq[k Hkkx
ij 1 o"kZ dh o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA ,slk izko/ku 1976 Hkkx vuqPNsn
bZñ es gks pqdk gSA Hkkx 1 la?k ,oa mldk jkT; {ks=k 1 ls 4 rd
TT vuqPNsn 75 ds vuqlkj efU=kifj"kn yksdlHkk ds çfr lkewfgd Hkkx 2 ukxfjdrk 5 ls 11 rd
:i ls mRrjnk;h gksrh gSA (Const. GD 1 Feb., 2023) Hkkx 3 ewy vf/dkj 12 ls 35 rd
TT jkT;ksa dh ifj"kn dks ^jkT;lHkk* osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA Hkkx 4 uhfr&funs'kd rRo 36 ls 51 rd
Hkkx 4d ewy dÙkZO; 51 (d)
TT jkT;lHkk dk igyh ckj xBu 3 vçSy 1952 dks fd;k x;kA
Hkkx 5 la?k 52 ls 151 rd
rc bldk uke dkmfUly vkWiQ LVsV~l FkkA
Hkkx 6 jkT; 152 ls 237 rd
TT 23 vxLr 1954 dks bl lnu dk uke cny dj jkT;lHkk
dj fn;k x;kA Hkkx 8 la?k jkT; {ks=k 239 ls 242 rd
TT jkT;lHkk ds ,d&frgkbZ lnL; çR;sd 2 o"kZ ckn lsokfuo`Ùk Hkkx 14 la?k vkSj jkT;ksa ds v/hu 308 ls 323 rd
gks tkrs gSaA lsok,¡
TT jkT;lHkk esa foi{k dk usrk pqus tkus ds fy, U;wure 10% Hkkx 15 fuokZpu vk;ksx 324 ls 329 rd
lhVsa ;k 25 lhVsa çkIr djuk vfuok;Z gSA Hkkx 17 jktHkk"kk 343 ls 351 rd
TT jkT;lHkk dh dk;Zokgh rhu l=k esa gksrh gS&ctV] ekulwu Hkkx 18 vkikr mica/ 352 ls 360 rd
o 'khr l=kA Hkkx 20 lafo/ku la'kks/u 368
TT vuqPNsn&249 laln dks oqQN fo'ks"k vf/dkj izkIr gSaA ftlls
TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk Hkkx IV(A) ewy dÙkZO;ksa ls lacaf/r gSA
fd og dkuwu cuk ldrk gSA
TT vuqPNsn&312 ds rgr~ jkT;lHkk dks vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok
ds l`tu dk vf/dkj gSA TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk Hkkx V Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; dh
TT Hkkjrh; laln dk fMtkbu vkfdZVsDV (okLrqdkj) lj ,Mfou 'kfDr;ksa vkSj dk;Z iz.kkyh ls lacaf/r gSA
yqfV;Ul ,oa lj gscVZ czsdj us o"kZ 1912 esa rS;kj fd;k
FkkA TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk Hkkx IX iapk;r ls lacaf/r gSA
TT laln Hkou dh uhao 12 iQjojh] 1921 esa j[kh x;hA lafo/ku ds dqN egRoiw.kZ vuqPNsn
TT Hkkjr dk u;k laln Hkou *lsaVªy foLVk izkstsDV* ds vUrxZr TT vuqPNsn 1% Hkkjr vFkkZr~ bafM;k jkT;ksa dk la?k gSA
fufeZr fd;k tk jgk gSA (Const. GD 1 Feb., 2023)
TT ljdkj osQ lalnh; Lo:i dks osLVfeUlVj ekWMy osQ :i esa TT vuqPNsn 3% laln }kjk fdlh jkT; dk uke rFkk u;s jkT;ksa dk
Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA (Const. GD 6 Feb., 2023) xBu o budh lhek rFkk ukeksa esa ifjorZu Hkh dj ldrh gSA
TT yksdlHkk es lcls vf/d lhV jkT;ksa esa mRrj çns'k (80) TT vuqPNsn 5% ukxfjdrk
RkFkk dsUæ'kkflr çns'k esa fnYyh (7) lhV gSaA TT vuqPNsn 12% jkT; 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk
TT jkT;lHkk esa lcls vf/d lhV jkT;ksa esa mRrj çns'k (31) TT vuqPNsn 14 % fof/ osQ le{k lekurk
rFkk dsUæ'kkflr çns'k esa fnYyh (3) esa gSaA TT vuqPNsn 15% /eZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] fyax ;k tUeLFkku ds
TT fo/kf;dk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk osQ chp 'kfDr;ksa vk/kj ij HksnHkko dk fu"ks/
dk Li"V foHkktu] Hkkjr dh lalnh; ljdkj dk fl¼kar ugha TT vuqPNsn 17% vLi`';rk dk var
gSA (Const. GD 7 Feb., 2023) (Const. GD 12 Jan., 2023)
TT bafnjk xka/h] ,p-Mh- nsoxkSMk] bUnz oqQekj xqtjky rFkk MkW-
TT vuqPNsn 18% mikf/;ksa dk var
eueksgu flag ,sls O;fDr gSa] tks jkT;lHkk osQ lnL; jgs vkSj
130
TT vuqPNsn 19% oko~Q ,oa vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krk TT vuqPNsn 52% Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr
(Const. GD 23 Jan., 2023) (Const. GD 23 Jan., 2023)
TT vuqPNsn 19(1)(g) % ukxfjd dks dksbZ Hkh mithfodk ;k TT vuqPNsn 53% jk"Vªifr dh dk;Zikfydk laca/h 'kfDr
O;kikj djus dh Lora=kkA (Const. GD 7 Feb., 2023) TT vuqPNsn 54% jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu
TT vuqPNsn 20 % vijk/ksa osQ fy, nks"k flf¼ osQ laca/ esa TT vuqPNsn 55% jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu dh jhfr
laj{k.kA TT vuqPNsn 56% jk"Vªifr dh inkof/
TT vuqPNsn 20 vkSj 21 dks vkikrdky osQ nkSjku fuyafcr ugha TT vuqPNsn 57% iqufuZokZpu ds fy, ik=krk
fd;k tk ldrkA (Const. GD 10 Jan., 2023) TT vuqPNsn 58% jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr gksus ds fy, vgZrk,a
TT vuqPNsn 21% çk.k vkSj nSfgd Lora=krk dk laj{k.k TT vuqPNsn 60% jk"Vªifr }kjk 'kiFk ;k çfrKku
(Const. GD 10 Jan., 2023) TT vuqPNsn 61% jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx pykus dh çfØ;k
TT vuqPNsn 21 (A) % Ng ls pkSng o"kZ osQ vk;q osQ cPpksa osQ TT vuqPNsn 63% Hkkjr dk mijk"Vªifr
fy, vfuok;Z fu%'kqYd f'k{kk dk izko/kuA (Const. GD 31 Jan., 2023)
(Const. GD 11 Jan., 2023) TT vuqPNsn 64 % mijk"Vªifr dk jkT;lHkk dk insu lHkkifr
TT vuqPNsn 22 % oqQN n'kkvksa esa fxjÝrkjh vkSj fujks/ ls gksukA
laj{k.kA (Const. GD 1 Feb., 2023) TT vuqPNsn 66% mijk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu
TT vuqPNsn 23% ekuo ds nqO;kZikj (ekuo rLdjh) vkSj cykr~ TT vuqPNsn 67 % mijk"Vªifr dh inkof/A
Je dk fu"ks/A (Const. GD 17 Jan., 2023) TT vuqPNsn 69 % mijk"Vªifr }kjk 'kiFk ;k izfrKkuA
TT vuqPNsn 24% 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpks dks dkj[kkuksa esa TT vuqPNsn 71 % jk"Vªifr vkSj mijk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu ls
dk;Z djus ij jksdA (Const. GD 17 Jan., 2023) lacaf/r ;k lalDr fo"k; ls lacaf/rA
TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa vuqPNsn 25 ls 28 % /eZ dh Lora=krk (Const. GD 9 Feb., 2023)
osQ vf/dkj ls lacaf/r gSA TT vuqPNsn 72% jk"Vªifr dks {keknku dh 'kfDr
TT vuqPNsn 26% /kfeZd dk;ksZ ds çca/ dh Lora=krk (Const. GD 27 Jan., 2023)
TT vuqPNsn 29% vYila[;d oxks± ds fgrksa dk laj{k.k TT vuqPNsn 74% jk"Vªifr dks lgk;rk vkSj lykg nsus ds fy,
(Const. GD 30 Jan., 2023) eaf=kifj"kn~
TT vuqPNsn 32% laoS/kfud mipkjksa dk vf/dkj TT vuqPNsn 76% Hkkjr dk egkU;k;oknh
TT vuqPNsn 33 % laln }kjk l'kL=k cyksa] iqfyl cyksa vkfn osQ (Const. GD 9 Feb., 2023)
lnL;ksa osQ ewy vf/dkjksa ij ;qfDr;qDr izfrca/A TT vuqPNsn 77 % Hkkjr ljdkj osQ dk;Z dk lapkyu
TT vuqPNsn 34 % tc fdlh {ks=k esa lsuk fof/ izo`Ùk gS rc bl TT vuqPNsn 78 % jk"Vªifr dks tkudkjh nsus vkfn osQ laca/ esa
Hkkx }kjk iznÙk vf/dkjksa ij fucZU/uA iz/kuea=kh osQ dÙkZO;
TT vuqPNsn 39 (d) % leku U;k; ,oa fu%'kqYd fof/d TT vuqPNsn 79 % laln dk xBu
lgk;rk dk izko/kuA TT vuqPNsn 80% jkT;lHkk dh lajpuk
TT vuqPNsn 40% xzke iapk;rksa dk xBu TT vuqPNsn 81% yksdlHkk dh lajpuk
TT vuqPNsn 42 % izlwfr lgk;rk dk izko/kuA TT vuqPNsn 85% laln dk l=k] l=kolku vkSj fo?kVu
TT vuqPNsn 44 % ukxfjdksa osQ fy, ,d leku ukxfjd lafgrkA TT vuqPNsn 93% yksdlHkk dk vè;{k vkSj mikè;{k
TT vuqPNsn 45% 6 o"kZ ls de vk;q osQ cPpksa ds fy, fu%'kqYd TT vuqPNsn 98% laln dk lfpoky;
vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk ,oa ns[kHkky dk mica/ TT vuqPNsn 100(3) % laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu dh cSBd dk
TT vuqPNsn 48% o`Qf"k vkSj i'kq ikyu dk laxBu xBu djus osQ fy, vko';d x.kiwfrZ lnu osQ lnL;ksa dh
TT vuqPNsn 48 (d)% i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k rFkk lao¼Zu vkSj oqQy la[;k dk ,d cVs nlok¡ Hkkx gSA
ou rFkk oU;thoksa dh j{kk (Const. GD 1 Feb., 2023)
TT vuqPNsn 49 % jk"Vªh; egRo osQ Lekjdksa] LFkkuksa vkSj oLrqvksa
TT vuqPNsn 106% laln lnL;ksa ds osru vkSj HkÙks
dk laj{k.kA
TT vuqPNsn 108% oqQN n'kkvksa esa laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dh
TT vuqPNsn 50 % U;k;ikfydk rFkk dk;Zikfydk dk i`FkDdj.kA
la;qDr cSBd
TT vuqPNsn 51% vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkfUr vkSj lqj{kk dh vfHko`f¼
TT vuqPNsn 110% /u fo/s;d dh ifjHkk"kk
TT vuqPNsn 51(d)% ewy dÙkZO;
TT vuqPNsn 112 % okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k (ctV)
(Const. GD 2 Feb., 2023)
131
TT vuqPNsn 117% foÙk fo/s;dksa ds ckjs esa fo'ks"k mica/ TT vuqPNsn 263% varjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ ds laca/ esa mica/
TT vuqPNsn 124% mPpre U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk vkSj xBu TT vuqPNsn 266% Hkkjr vkSj jkT;ksa dh lafpr fuf/;ka vkSj
TT vuqPNsn 129% mPpre U;k;ky; dk vfHkys[k U;k;ky; gksuk yksd ys[ks
TT vuqPNsn 137% fu.kZ;ksa ;k vkns'kksa dk mPpre U;k;ky; TT vuqPNsn 267% vkdfLedrk fuf/
}kjk iqufoZyksdu (Const. GD 31 Jan., 2023) TT vuqPNsn 280% foÙk vk;ksx
TT vuqPNsn 143% mPpre U;k;ky; ls ijke'kZ djus dh jk"Vªifr TT vuqPNsn 315% la?k vkSj jkT;ksa ds fy, yksd lsok vk;ksx
dh 'kfDr TT vuqPNsn 324 % fuokZpuksa osQ v/h{k.k] funsZ'ku vkSj fu;a=k.k
TT vuqPNsn 148% Hkkjr dk fu;a=kd&egkys[kkijh{kd
dk fuokZpu vk;ksx esa fufgr gksukA
TT vuqPNsn 149 % Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd egkys[kkijh{kd osQ dÙkZO;ksa
TT vuqPNsn 330% yksdlHkk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr
vkSj 'kfDr;ksa ls lacaf/r (Const. GD 30 Jan., 2023)
tutkfr;ksa ds fy, LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k
TT vuqPNsn 153 ls 167 % jkT; dk;Zdkfj.kh ls lacaf/r
TT vuqPNsn 332% jkT;ksa dh fo/kulHkkvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa
vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k
TT vuqPNsn 153% jkT;ksa ds jkT;iky
TT vuqPNsn 338% jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx
TT vuqPNsn 155% jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr
TT vuqPNsn 338 (d)% jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx
TT vuqPNsn 156% jkT;iky dh inkof/
TT vuqPNsn 339% vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa ds ç'kklu vkSj vuqlwfpr
TT vuqPNsn 157% jkT;iky fu;qDr gksus ds fy, vgZrk,a
tutkfr;ksa ds dY;k.k ds ckjs esa la?k dk fu;a=k.k
TT vuqPNsn 340% fiNMs oxksZ dh n'kkvksa ds vUos"k.k ds fy,
TT vuqPNsn 159% jkT;iky }kjk 'kiFk ;k çfrKku
vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr
TT vuqPNsn 161 % jkT;iky dh {keknku dh 'kfDr ls lacaf/rA
(Const. GD 17 Jan., 2023) TT vuqPNsn 341% vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡
TT vuqPNsn 342% vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡
TT vuqPNsn 163% jkT;iky dks lgk;rk vkSj lykg nsus ds fy,
eaf=kifj"kn~ TT vuqPNsn 343% la?k dh jktHkk"kk
TT vuqPNsn 166 % jkT; dh ljdkj osQ dk;Z osQ lapkyu ls TT vuqPNsn 345% jkT; dh jktHkk"kk ;k jktHkk"kk,a
lacaf/rA (Const. GD 23 Jan., 2023) TT vuqPNsn 350(d) % izkFkfed Lrj ij ekr`Hkk"kk esa f'k{kk
TT vuqPNsn 168% jkT;ksa ds fo/kueaMyksa dk xBu dh lqfo/k,¡
TT vuqPNsn 169% jkT;ksa esa fo/ku ifj"knksa dk l`tu TT vuqPNsn 351% fgUnh Hkk"kk ds fodkl ds fy, funsZ'k
TT vuqPNsn 178% fo/ku lHkk dk vè;{k vkSj mikè;{k TT vuqPNsn 352% vkikrdky dh mn~?kks"k.kk
TT vuqPNsn 182% fo/ku ifj"kn~ dk lHkkifr vkSj milHkkifr TT vuqPNsn 356% jkT;ksa esa lkaoS/kfud ra=k ds foiQy gks tkus
TT vuqPNsn 214% jkT;ksa ds fy, mPp U;k;ky; dh n'kk esa mica/
TT vuqPNsn 217% mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'k dh fu;qfDr vkSj TT vuqPNsn 360% foÙkh; vkikr ds ckjs esa mica/
mlds in dh 'krsZ TT vuqPNsn 368% lafo/ku dk la'kks/u djus dh laln dh
TT vuqPNsn 233% ftyk U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr 'kfDr vkSj mlds fy, çfØ;k
TT vuqPNsn 395 % lafo/ku dks viukus ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa ykxw
TT vuqPNsn 239(2) % jk"Vªifr fdlh jkT; osQ jkT;iky dks
,d fudVorhZ la?k jkT; {ks=k osQ iz'kkld osQ :i esa fu;qDr oqQN o`QR;ksa dks fujLr djus osQ fy, dkuwuh <k¡pk fu/kZfjr
djrk gSA (Const. GD 11 Jan., 2023)
djus osQ fy, vf/o`Qr djrk gSA
(Const. GD 24 Jan., 2023) Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh vuqlwfp;k¡
TT vuqPNsn 243 % iapk;r ls lacaf/rA TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa vuqlwfp;ksa dh la[;k 12 gSA
(Const. GD 11 Jan., 2023) (Const. GD 24 Jan., 2023)
TT vuqPNsn 243 (d)% xzke lHkk TT igyh vuqlwph% blesa Hkkjrh; la?k ds jkT;ksa rFkk dsUæ'kkflr
TT vuqPNsn 243 ([k)% iapk;rksa dk xBu çns'k dk mYys[k gSA
TT vuqPNsn 243 (Fk)% uxjikfydkvksa dk xBu TT nwljh vuqlwph% bles Hkkjr ds fofHkUu inkf/dkfj;ksa dks fn;s
TT vuqPNsn 262% varjkZT;h; ufn;ksa ;k unh&nwuksa ds ty laca/h tkus okys osru dk mYys[k gSA
fooknksa dk U;k; fu.kZ;u TT rhljh vuqlwph% bles fofHkUu inkf/dkfj;ksa }kjk yh xbZ
'kiFk dk mYys[k gSA
132
TT pkSFkh vuqlwph% blesa fofHkUu jkT;ksa rFkk dsUæ'kkflr çns'kks vf/dkj lfUufgr gSaA (Const. GD 11 Jan., 2023)
dk jkT;lHkk es çfrfuf/Ro dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA TT bls la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds lafo/ku ls fy;k x;k gSA
TT ik¡poh vuqlwph% blesa vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ {ks=kksa osQ TT lafo/ku ds Hkkx&3 dks Hkkjr dk vf/dkj&i=k (Magna
ç'kklu ds ckjs es fn;k x;k gSA Carta) dgk tkrk gSA
TT NBh vuqlwph% blesa vle] es?kky;] f=kiqjk rFkk fetksje TT ewy lafo/ku esa 7 ekSfyd vf/dkj FksA ysfdu 44osa
jkT;ksa ds tutkfr {ks=kksa ds ç'kklu ds ckjs esa fn;k x;k gSA lafo/ku la'kks/u] 1978 ds }kjk lEifÙk ds vf/dkj dks
TT lkroha vuqlwph% blesa dsUæ vksj jkT;ksa ds chp 'kfDr;ksa ds gVk fn;k x;k gSA
ckjs es fn;k x;k gSA blds vUrxZr rhu lwfp;k¡ gSA la?k lwph] TT bls lafo/ku ds Hkkx&12 esa vuqPNsn&300(d) ds varxZr
jkT; lwph rFkk leorhZ lwphA dkuwuh vf/dkj cuk fn;k x;kA
(Const. GD 12 Jan., 2023) TT izk.k ,oa nSfgd Lora=krk dk vf/dkj vuqPNsn 21 osQ varxZr
TT la?k lwph% bl lwph es fn;s x;s fo"k;ksa ij dsUæ ljdkj dkuwu fn;k x;k gSA
cukrh gSSaA lafo/ku ds ykxw gksus ds le; bles 97 fo"k; Fks TT vuqPNsn 21 vkikrdky dh fLFkfr esa Hkh fuyafcr ugha gksrk
vc 100 fo"k; gSaA gSA
TT jkT; lwph% bl lwph es fn;s x;s fo"k; ij jkT; ljdkj TT oko~Q ,oa vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krk vuqPNsn 19 osQ varxZr gSA
dkuwu cukrh gSA jk"Vªh; fgr lEcfU/r gksus ij dsUæ ljdkj TT Hkhejko vEcsMdj us lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&32 dks Hkkjrh;
Hkh dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA lafo/ku ds ykxw gksus ds le; blosQ lafo/ku dk ân; vkSj vkRek dgk gSA
vUrxZr 66 fo"k; Fks ijUrq orZeku es 61 fo"k; gSA TT HkkjrjRu /kjdksa dks eaf=keaMy Lrj osQ ea=kh dk ntkZ feyrk
TT leorhZ lwph% blds vUrxZr fn;s fo"k; ij dsUæ ,oa jkT; gSA
ljdkj nksuksa dkuwu cuk ldrs gSa] ijUrq dkuwu ds fo"k; leku TT 'kkafriwoZd lEesyu djus dh LorU=krk vuqPNsn&19 (1)
gksus ij dsUæ ljdkj }kjk cuk;k x;k dkuwu ekU; gksxkA ([k) esa gSA
lafo/ku ds ykxw gksus ds le; 47 fo"k; Fks ijUrq orZeku TT ewy vf/dkjksa dk laj{kd mPpre U;k;ky; gSA
es 52 fo"k; gSA TT mPpre U;k;ky; us ds'kokuan Hkkjrh ekeys lu~ 1973
TT vkBoh vuqlwph% blesa Hkkjr dh 22 Hkk"kkvksa dk mYys[k esa dgk fd ewy vf/dkjksa ds guu ds vk/kkj ij lafo/ku
fd;k x;k gSA ewy :i ls vkBoha vuqlwph esa 14 Hkk"kk,sa Fkh] la'kks/u dks pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gSA ;fn og lafo/ku ds ewy
ijUrq 1967 esa fla/h dks] 1992 esa ef.kiqjh] usikyh] rFkk <k¡ps ds f[kykiQ gks rks mls voS/ ?kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
dksad.kh vkSj 2003 esa eSFkyh] laFkkyh] Mksxjh ,oa cksMks TT vuqPNsn&21 (d) esa ?kks"k.kk dh x;h gS fd jkT; 6 ls 14
dks vkBoh vuqlwph esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA o"kZ rd dh mez ds cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk
(Const. GD 8 Feb., 2023) miyC/ djk,xkA (86ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u 2002)A
TT ukSoh vuqlwph% lafo/ku es ;g vuqlwph çFke lafo/ku TT lafo/ku dk vuqPNsn&13 U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu ds fl¼kar
la'kks/u 1951 }kjk tksM+h x;hA ;g ^Hkwfe lq/kj* ls lacaf/r dks tUe nsrk gSA
gSA TT fdlh O;fDr dk VsyhiQksu Vsi djuk okd~ vfHkO;fDr
TT nloh vuqlwph% ;g lafo/ku esa 52 osa lafo/ku la'kks/u vuqPNsn&19 (1) (d) rFkk çk.k ,oa nSfgd Lora=krk
1985 ds }kjk tksMh x;h gSA bles ny&cny ls lacaf/r (vuqPNsn&21) dk mYya?ku gSA
çko/ku gSA TT mPpre U;k;ky; (vuqPNsn&32 ds varxZr) ,oa mPp
TT X;kjgoh vuqlwph% ;g iapk;rh jkt ls lEcaf/r gSA ;g U;k;ky; (vuqPNsn&226 ds varxZr) fjV tkjh dj ldrs
73osa lafo/ku la'kks/u 1993 ds }kjk tksM+h x;hA blesa 29 gSaA os ik¡p çdkj ds fjV tkjh dj ldrs gSaA
fo"k; fn;s x;s gSA 1- cUnh çR;{khdj.k 2- ijekns'k 3- mRçs"k.k 4- çfr"ks/
TT ckjgoh vuqlwph% ;g 'kgjh {ks=kksa ds ç'kklu ds ckjs esa gS 5- vf/dkj i`PNk
rFkk 'kgjh {ks=kksa ds 18 fo"k; fn;s x;s gSaA ;g vuqlwph 74 TT o"kZ 1978 osQ lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e osQ ikfjr gksus osQ
osa lafo/ku 1993 }kjk tksM+h gSA ckn vc Ng ekSfyd vf/dkj gSaA
TT uxjikfydkvksa dh 'kfDr;k¡] izkf/dkj vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro 12oh (Const. GD 30/31 Jan., 2023)
vuqlwph osQ varxZr vkrs gSaA TT gekjs ekSfyd vf/dkj fuEu çdkj gSa%&
(Const. GD 1 Feb., 2023) 1. lekurk dk vf/dkj (vuqPNssn 14 ls vuqPNsn 18
rd) (5 vf/dkj)
ekSfyd vf/dkj@ewy vf/dkj (Const. GD 12 Jan., 2023)
TT Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku ds Hkkx&3 esa vuqPNsn 12 ls 35 rd ewy
133
2. LorU=krk dk vf/dkj (vuqPNssn 19 ls vuqPNssn 22 dks ewy vf/dkjksa ds ijs ojh;rk nh x;h FkhA
rd) TT ds-Vh- 'kkg ds vuqlkj ^jkT; dk uhfr funs'kd rRo ,d ,slk
3. 'kks"k.k ds fo:¼ vf/dkj (vuqPNssn 23 ls vuqPNssn psd gS] tks cSad dh lqfo/kuqlkj vnk fd;k tk,xk*A
24 rd) (Const. GD 16 Jan., 2023)
Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk
4. /kfeZd LorU=krk dk vf/dkj (vuqPNssn 25 ls
TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa ukxfjdrk 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr ughaa fd;k
vuqPNssn 28 rd)
x;k gSA
TT lafo/ku ds Hkkx&2 esa vuqPNsn (5&11) dsoy bdgjh ;k
5. laLo`Qfr o f'k{kk lEcU/h vf/dkj (vuqPNssn 29 ls ,dy ukxfjdrk çnku djrs gSa] blesa jkT;ksa ds fy, i`Fkd
vuqPNssn 30 rd) ukxfjdrk dk çko/ku ughaa gSA
6. laoS/kfud mipkjksa dk vf/dkj (vuqPNssn 32) TT ukxfjdrk ls lacaf/r fo"k;ksa ij fof/ cukus dh 'kfDr laln
esa fufgr gSA
ekSfyd dÙkZO; TT Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk tUe] iathdj.k] mÙkjkf/dkj] ns'kh;dj.k
TT o"kZ 1976 esa 42 osa laoS/kfud la'kks/u osQ }kjk lafo/ku esa ;k {ks=k lfEefyr gksus ij çkIr gksrh gSA
ewy dÙkZO;ksa dks tksM+k x;kA TT Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk x`g ea=kky; }kjk çnku dh tkrh gSA
TT ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa osQ ckjs esa vuq'kalk,¡ djus osQ fy, Lo.kZ flag TT la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa nksgjh ukxfjdrk dk fl¼kar
lfefr dk xBu iz/kuea=kh bafnjk xka/h osQ dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA
fd;k x;kA (Const. GD 27 Jan./8Feb., 2023)
vFkok Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr
TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa ewy dÙkZO;ksa dks Lo.kZ flag lfefr dh TT vuqPNsn&53 ds vuqlkj] Hkkjrh; la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr
fliQkfj'kksa ij 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA jk"Vªifr eas fufgr gksrh gSA
(Const. GD 31 Jan., 2023) T T Hkkjr esa lalnh; O;oLFkk dks viuk;k x;k gS] vr% jk"Vªifr
TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ ewy dÙkZO; ;w-,l-,l-vkj- (orZeku esa ukeek=k dh dk;Zikfydk gS rFkk ç/kuea=kh o mldk
:l) ns'k osQ lafo/ku ls x`fgr gSA eaf=keaMy okLrfod dk;Zikfydk gSA
(Const. GD 17 Jan., 2023) TT jk"Vªifr ns'k dk laoS/kfud ç/ku gksrk gSA jk"Vªifr Hkkjr dk
TT ewy dÙkZO;ksa dk mYys[k Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds Hkkx&4(d) ds
çFke ukxfjd dgykrk gSA
TT vuqPNsn&52 ds vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr ns'k dk laoS/kfud ç/ku
vuqPNsn&51(d) esa fd;k x;k gSA orZeku esa oqQy 11 ewy
dÙkZO; gSaA (Const. GD 16 Jan., 2023)
gksrk gS rFkk Hkkjr dk çFke ukxfjd dgykrk gSA
TT ewy dÙkZO;ksa ds vuqlkj jk"Vªxku ;k jk"Vªh; èot dk vuknj jk"Vªifr in dh ;ksX;rk (vuqPNsn&58)
djuk n.Muh; vijk/ gSA TT og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA
TT ewy dÙkZO;ksa ds vuqlkj ou] >hy] unh vkSj oU;tho vkfn TT 35 o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh dj pqdk gksA
dh j{kk djsaA (Const. GD, 17 Jan, 2023)
TT ^,slh izFkkvksa dk R;kx djuk tks fL=k;ksa osQ lEeku osQ fo#¼ TT
yksdlHkk dk lnL; fuokZfpr fd;s tkus ;ksX; gksA
gS* ;g ,d ekSfyd dÙkZO; gSA TT
pquko ds le; ykHk dk in u /kj.k fd;s gksA
(Const. GD 7 Feb., 2023) TT
vuqPNsn&54 ds vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr ds fuokZpu e.My es
jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rRo yksdlHkk] jkT;lHkk vkSj jkT; dh fo/kulHkkvks ds
fuokZfpr lnL; Hkkx ysrs gSa] ijUrq ubZ O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj iqnqpsjh
TT jkT; ds uhfr&funs'kd fl¼kUr dk o.kZu lafo/ku ds Hkkx&4
fo/kulHkk rFkk fnYyh fo/kulHkk ds fuokZfpr lnL;ksa dks
esa vuqPNsn&36 ls 51 rd fd;k x;k gSA
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
TT bls vk;jySaM ds lafo/ku ls fy;k x;k gSA
TT ,d O;fDr ftruh ckj pkgs jk"Vªifr in ij fuokZfpr gks
TT vuqPNsn&40% xzke iapk;rksa dk laxBuA
ldrk gSA
TT vuqPNsn&48% o`Qf"k ,oa i'kqikyu dk laxBuA
TT jk"Vªifr in ds mEehnokj ds fy, fuokZpu e.My ds 50
TT vuqPNsn&50% dk;Zikfydk ,oa U;k;ikfydk dk i`FkDdj.kA
lnL; çLrkod rFkk 50 lnL; vuqeksnd gksrs gSaA
TT vuqPNsn&51% vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dh vfHko`f¼A
TT vuqPNsn&55 ds vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu leku vuqikfrd
TT jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rRoksa dk eq[; mn~ns'; Hkkjr esa
çfrfuf/Ro ç.kkyh vkSj ,dy laØe.kh; er i¼fr ds
vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA
}kjk gksrk gSA
TT lafo/ku ds 42osa lafo/ku la'kks/u esa uhfr funs'kd rRo
134
TT jk"Vªifr ds fuokZpu ls lacaf/r fookn mPpre U;k;ky; ¾¾ eq[; pquko vk;qDr ,oa vU; pquko vk;qDr
}kjk fuiVk;k tkrk gSA (Const. GD, 25 Jan, 2023)
TT fuokZpu voS/ ?kksf"kr gksus ij mlds }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z voS/ ¾¾ Hkkjr dk egkU;k;oknh (vVkWuhZ tujy)
ughaa gksrs gSaA ¾¾ la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds vè;{k vkSj lnL;
TT jk"Vªifr dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ gksrk gSA ¾¾ Hkkjr ds jktnwr rFkk vU; jktukf;d
TT jk"Vªifr dks mlds in dh 'kiFk mPpre U;k;ky; dk eq[; TT 2- fo/k;h 'kfDr;k¡ % laln ds l=k dks vkgwr djus]
U;k;k/h'k fnykrk gSA mlds vuqifLFkfr es mPpre U;k;y; l=kkolku djus rFkk yksdlHkk Hkax djus laca/h vf/dkj
dk ofj"Bre U;k;k/h'k 'kiFk fnykrk gSA ¾¾ laln }kjk ikfjr fo/s;d jk"Vªifr ds vuqeksnu ds ckn
TT jk"Vªifr viuk R;kx i=k mijk"Vªifr dks nsrk gS rFkk mijk"Vªifr gh dkuwu curk gSA
bldh lwpuk yksdlHkk vè;{k dks nsxkA ¾¾ Hkkjr esa dkuwu cukus osQ {ks=k esa dksbZ fo/s;d rc rd
TT jk"Vªifr in ds mEehnokj dks pquko çpkj ds fy, nks lIrkg vf/fu;e ugha cu ikrk tc rd fd mls ^jk"Vªifr* dh
dk le; feyrk gSA lgefr izkIr ugha gks tkrhA
jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx (Const. GD, 9 Feb, 2023)
TT jk"Vªifr ij lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&61 ds varxZr fdlh Hkh ¾¾ jk"Vªifr vuqPNsn&85 ds varxZr yksdlHkk dks Hkax dj
lnu }kjk lafo/ku ds çko/kuksa dk mya?ku djus ds dkj.k ldrk gSA
egkfHk;ksx yxk;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq blds fy, vko';d gS ¾¾ laln dk la;qDr vf/os'ku lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&108 ds
fd jk"Vªifr dks 14 fnu igys fyf[kr lwpuk nh tk;s ftl rgr jk"Vªifr cqykrk gSA
ij ml lnu ds ,d&pkSFkkbZ lnL;ksa ds gLrk{kj gSA TT 3- vè;kns'k tkjh djus dh 'kfDr % jk"Vªifr lafo/ku ds
(Const. GD, 11 Jan, 2023) vuqPNsn&123 ds varxZr vè;kns'k tkjh dj ldrk gSA bldk
TT tks lnu jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx yxkuk pkgrk gS] igys blds
çHkko laln dk l=k çkjEHk gksus ds 6 lIrkg rd jgrk gSA
nks&frgkbZ lnL; bl çLrko dks ikfjr djsxsa mlds ckn ;g jk"Vªifr jkT; lwph ds fo"k; ij vè;kns'k tkjh ughaa dj
çLrko nwljs lnu es tk;sxkA rc nwljk lnu jk"Vªifr ij yxk;s ldrk gSA
vkjksiks dh tk¡p djsxk ;k djk;sxk vkSj ,slh tk¡p es jk"Vªifr TT 4- lSfud 'kfDr % jk"Vªifr rhuksa lsukvksa dk loksZPp lsukifr
ds Åij yxk;s x;s vkjksiksa dks fl¼ djus okyk çLrko gksrk gS] fdUrq budk ç;ksx fof/ }kjk djrk gSA
TT 5- {keknku dh 'kfDr % lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&72 ds varxZr
nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls ikfjr gks tk;sxkA rc jk"Vªifr ij
egkfHk;ksx dh çfØ;k iwjh le>h tk;sxh vkSj mlh fnu ls jk"Vªifr fdlh vijk/h ds n.M dks de ;k {kek dj ldrk
gSA (Const. GD 27 Jan., 2023)
jk"Vªifr dks R;kx i=k nsuk gksxkA
TT jk"Vªifr dk fjDr in 6 eghus ds vUnj Hkjk tkuk t:jh gSA uksV % ;fn {keknku ;kfpdk jk"Vªifr us jn~n dj nh rks nwljh
TT ;fn fdlh dkj.k o'k jk"Vªifr ughaa gS rks mlds dk;Z ;kfpdk nk;j ughaa dh tk ldrhA
mijk"Vªifr djrk gSA ;fn mijk"Vªifr Hkh ugha gSa rks mPpre
TT 6- laln lnL;ksa ds euksu;u dk vf/dkj % jk"Vªifr
U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;k/h'k djrk gS vkSj rhuksa dh vuqifLFkfr
vuqPNsn&80 (3) ds varxZr dyk] lkfgR;] i=kdkfjrk] foKku
esa mPpre U;k;ky; dk ofj"Bre U;k;k/h'k dk;Z laHkkysxkA
rFkk lkekftd dk;ksZ esa i;kZIr vuqHko ,oa n{krk j[kus okys
jk"Vªifr ds osru ,o HkRrs 12 O;fDr;ksa dk jkT;lHkk esa euksu;u dj ldrk gSA
TT jk"Vªifr dk ekfld osru ik¡p yk[k #i;s gksrk gSA TT 7- jk"Vªifr dh vkikrdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡ % vkikrdky ls
TT jk"Vªifr dk osru vk;dj ls eqDr gksrk gSA lEcaf/r mica/ Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds Hkkx&18 ds vuqPNsn&352
TT jk"Vªifr dks fu'kqYd fuokl LFkku o vU; HkRrs çkIr gksrs gSaA ls 360 ds vUrxZr feyrk gSA eaf=kifj"kn~ ds ijke'kZ ls
jk"Vªifr ds vf/dkj rFkk dÙkZO; jk"Vªifr rhu çdkj ds vkikr ykxw dj ldrk gSA
(Const. GD, 24 Jan, 2023)
TT
1- fu;qfDr lEcU/h vf/dkj %
TT 8- jktuSfrd 'kfDr % nwljs ns'kksa ds lkFk dksbZ Hkh le>kSrk
Hkkjr dk ç/kuea=kh
;k laf/ jk"Vªifr ds uke ls dh tkrh gSA jk"Vªifr fons'kksa
¾¾ ç/kuea=kh dh lykg ij eaf=kifj"kn~ ds vU; lnL;ksa dh
ds fy, Hkkjrh; jktnwrksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gS ,oa Hkkjr esa
fu;qfDr
fons'kksa ds jktnwrksa dh fu;qfDr dk vuqeksnu djrk gSA
¾¾ mPpre U;k;y; ,oa mPp U;k;y; ds eq[; U;k;k/h'k
TT 9- lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&143 ds vUrxZr jk"Vªifr mPpre
¾¾ jkT;ksa es jkT;iky
U;k;y; ls ijke'kZ ys ldrk gS] ijUrq og ;g ijke'kZ ekuus
¾¾ Hkkjr ds fu;U=kd ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd
ds fy, ckè; ughaa gSA
135
TT MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn Hkkjr ds çFke jk"Vªifr FksA os yxkrkj nks 14. jkeukFk dksfoUn
ckj jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr gq,A 15. nzkSinzh eqewZ
TT MkWñ tkfdj gqlSu Hkkjr ds çFke eqfLye jk"Vªifr FksA
TT uhye ltho jsMMh çFke O;fDr Fks] tks fufoZjks/ jk"Vªifr uksV % oh-oh- fxfj] U;k;ewfrZ eqgEen fgnk;rqYyk rFkk ch-Mh-
pqus x;sA tÙkh dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr jg pqds gSA
TT Hkkjr dh çFke efgyk jk"Vªifr çfrHkk nsoh flag ikfVy gSA
TT dsoy oh-oh- fxjh ds fuokZpu ds le; nwljs pØ dh Hkkjr dk mijk"Vªifr
erx.kuk djuh iM+h FkhA TT lafo/ku es mijk"Vªifr ls lacaf/r çko/ku vesfjdk ds
TT MkWñ ,l jk/ko`Q".ku Hkkjr ds çFke mijk"Vªifr rFkk nwljs lafo/ku ls fy;k x;k gSA vuqPNsn 63 osQ varxZr mijk"Vªifr
jk"Vªifr FksA osQ in dks vfuok;Z cuk;k x;k gSA
TT orZeku esa jk"Vªifr nzkSinzh eqewZ gSa] os 15 osa Øe dh jk"Vªifr (Const. GD 31 Jan., 2023)
gSA TT Hkkjr dk mijk"Vªifr jkT;lHkk dk insu vè;{k gksrk gSA
TT 44osa lafo/ku la'kks/u ds vuqlkj jk"Vªifr eaf=kifj"kn~ ls viuh (vuqPNsn 64)
lykg ij iqufoZpkj djus dks dg ldrk gSA TT mijk"Vªifr jkT;lHkk dk lnL; ughaa gksrk vr% bldks ernku
TT laln ds okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k jk"Vªifr j[kokrk gSA dk vf/dkj ughaa fdUrq lHkkifr ds :i esa fu.kkZ;d er nsus
TT lHkh n'kkvksa esa e`R;qn.M {keknku dh 'kfDr jk"Vªifr esa fufgr dk vf/dkj çkIr gSA
gSA
mijk"Vªifr in ds fy, ;ksX;rk
TT jk"Vªifr {keknku dh 'kfDr dk ç;ksx eaf=kifj"kn~ dh lykg
1. og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA
ij djrk gSA
TT vuqPNsn&78 ds vuqlkj jk"Vªifr la?k ds dk;ksZ dh tkudkjh 2. 35 o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh dj pqdk gksA
ç/kuea=kh ls ekax ldrk gSA 3. jkT;lHkk dk lnL; pqus tkus dh ;ksX;rk j[krk gksA
TT eq[; U;k;k/h'k U;k;ewfrZ eqgEen fgnk;rqYyk us jk"Vªifr ds 4. fuokZpu ds le; fdlh YkkHk ds in ij ugha gksA
dÙkZO;ksa dk fuoZgu fd;k FkkA TT mijk"Vªifr dks mlds in dh 'kiFk jk"Vªifr fnykrk gSA
TT jk"Vªifr dks mldh inkof/ ds nkSjku fxjÝrkj ughaa fd;k tk TT mijk"Vªifr viuk R;kxi=k jk"Vªifr dks nsrk gSA
ldrk gSA TT bldk dk;Zdky ik¡p o"kZ fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
TT Hkkjr ds 11osa jk"Vªifr MkWñ ,- ihts- vCnqy dyke dks TT mijk"Vªifr dh jk"Vªifr ds :i es dk;Z djus dh vf/dre
felkby eSu dh laKk nh tkrh gSA vof/ 6 eghus gksrh gSA bl nkSjku jk"Vªifr dk pquko djuk
TT jk"Vªifr Hkou dk fMtkbu fczfV'k okLrqdkj ,Mfou yqfV;Ul vfuok;Z gSA
}kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA o"kZ 1950 rd bls ok;ljk; gkml TT jk"Vªifr ds :i es dk;Z djrs le; mijk"Vªifr] jk"Vªifr dh
dgk tkrk FkkA lHkh 'kfDr;ksa] fo'ks"kkf/dkjksa vkSj osru o HkRrs dk ç;ksx dj
Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr;ksa dk Øe ldrk gSA
TT tc mijk"Vªifr] jk"Vªifr ds :i es dk;Z djrk gS rks og jkT;
1. MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn
lHkk ds vè;{k ds :i es dk;Z ughaa djsxkA
2. MkWñ ,l- jk/ko`Q".ku
TT mijk"Vªifr dk pquko yksdlHkk rFkk jkT;lHkk ds lnL;
3. MkWñ tkfdj gqlSu feydj djrs gSaA
4. oh- oh- fxfj TT mijk"Vªifr dk osru pkj yk[k :i;s gSA
5. iQ[k:n~nhu vyh vgen TT orZeku mijk"Vªifr txnhi /u[kM+ gS] os 14osa Øe ds
6. uhye latho jsM~Mh mijk"Vªifr gSA
7. Kkuh tSy flag Hkkjr dk egkU;k;oknh (vVkuhZ tujy)
8. vkj- osadVje.k TT vVkuhZ tujy dh fu;qfDr lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&76 ds varxZr
9. MkWñ 'kadj n;ky 'kekZ jk"Vªifr djrk gSA
10. ds- vkj- ukjk;.k TT vVkuhZ tujy jk"Vªifr ds çlkn&i;ZUr in /kj.k dj ldrk
11. MkWñ ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke gSA
12. çfrHkk ikfVy TT vVkuhZ tujy cuus ds fy, ogh ;ksX;rk,¡ gksuh pkfg,] tks
13. ç.kc eq[kthZ mPpre U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k cukus ds fy, gksrh gSA
136
TT Hkkjr ds çFke egkU;k;oknh ,e-lh- lhryokM+ FksA TT mPpre U;k;ky; dk xBu 28 iQjojh] 1950 dks gqvk FkkA
TT vVkuhZ tujy u rks laln dk lnL; gksrk gS vkSj u gh TT mPpre U;k;ky; esa ,d eq[; U;k;k/h'k rFkk rSrhal vU;
eaf=ke.My dk lnL; gksrk gSA ysfdu og fdlh Hkh lnu eas U;k;k/h'k gksrs gSaA çkjEHk esa ,d eq[; U;k;k/h'k rFkk lkr
Hkk"k.k ns ldrk gS] fdUrq mls er nsus dk vf/dkj ughaa gSaA vU; U;k;k/h'k gksrs FksA
TT vVkuhZ tujy Hkkjr dk çFke fof/&vf/dkjh gksrk gSA og TT mPpre U;k;ky; dk xBu lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&124 ds
Hkkjr ljdkj dks fof/ lEcU/h fo"k;ksa ij lykg nsrk gSA varxZr fd;k tkrk gSA
TT vVkuhZ tujy dks Hkkjr ds lHkh U;k;ky;ksa es lquokbZ dk TT bu U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr djrk gSA mPpre
vf/dkj gSA U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k vius in ij 65 o"kZ rd jg ldrk
gSA
jkT; dk egkf/oDrk (,MoksdsV tujy) TT mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'k dks dnkpkj rFkk vleFkZrk
TT lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&165 esa jkT; ds egkf/oDrk dh ds vk/kj ij laln ds çR;sd lnu esa fo'ks"k cgqer ikfjr
O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA djds jk"Vªifr }kjk gVk;k tk ldrk gSA
TT og jkT; dk loksZPp dkuwuh vf/dkjh gksrk gSA TT mPpre U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k cuus dh ;ksX;rk,¡
TT egkf/oDrk dh fu;qfDr jkT;iky djrk gSA ;g jkT;iky ds 1. og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA
çlkn i;±r gh in ij cuk jgrk gSA
2. og fdlh mPp U;k;ky; vFkok nks ;k nks ls vf/d
TT egkf/oDrk cuus ds fy, ogha ;ksX;rk;sa gksuh pkfg,] tks mPp
U;k;ky;ksa esa yxkrkj de&ls&de 5 o"kks± rd U;k;k/h'k
U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'k cuus dh gksrh gSA
ds :i esa dk;Z dj pqdk gksA ;k
fu;a=kd egkys[kk ijh{kd (CAG) 3. fdlh mPp U;k;ky; ;k U;k;ky;ksa esa yxkrkj 10 o"kks±
TT fu;a=kd egkys[kk ijh{kd dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr djrk gS rd vf/oDrk jg pqdk gksA ;k
(vuqPNsn&148)A 4. jk"Vªifr dh utj esa dkuwu dk mPp dksfV dk Kkrk gksA
TT lkoZtfud /u dk laj{kd fu;a=kd egkys[kk ijh{kd dks TT mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'kksa dks mlds in dh 'kiFk
dgk tkrk gSA jk"Vªifr fnykrk gSA
TT fu;a=kd egkys[kk ijh{kd dh inkof/ 6 o"kZ ;k 65 o"kZ dh TT mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'k fjVk;j gksus ds ckn Hkkjr
vk;q rd dh gksrh gSA ds fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; esa ;k fdlh Hkh vf/dkjh ds lkeus
TT fu;a=kd egkys[kk ijh{kd viuk R;kxi=k jk"Vªifr dks nsrk gSA odkyr ughaa dj ldrs gSaA
TT fu;a=kd egkys[kk ijh{kd dks laln ds nksuksa lnuksa ds lekosnu TT eq[; U;k;k/h'k jk"Vªifr dh Loho`Qfr ysdj fnYyh ds
ij gVk;k tk ldrk gSA vfrfjDr fdlh vU; LFkku ij Hkh loksZPp U;k;ky; dh
TT bldk osru 2-50 yk[k gksrk gSA cSBd cqyk ldrk gSA
TT og dsUæ ljdkj ds ys[kksa ls lacaf/r fjiksVZ jk"Vªifr dks nsrk TT vc rd gSnjkckn vkSj Jhuxj esa bl çdkj dh cSBd
gSA vk;ksftr gks pqdh gSA
TT og jkT; ljdkj ds ys[kksa ls lacaf/r fjiksVZ jkT;iky dks TT eq[; U;k;k/h'k dk osru 2-80 yk[k #i;s gS rFkk vU;
nsrk gSA U;k;k/h'kksa dk osru 2-50 yk[k #i;s gSA
TT og laln dh yksd ys[kk lfefr ds fe=k vkSj ekxZn'kZd TT loksZPp U;k;ky; dh foLr`r 'kfDr;k¡ vuqPNsn&136 ds
ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA varxZr nh x;h gSA
TT Hkkjr ds çFke fu;a=kd o egkys[kk ijh{kd oh- ujgfj jko TT Hkkjr esa loksZPp U;k;ky; ds çFke U;k;k/h'k gfjyky ts-
FksA dfu;k FksA
TT mPpre U;k;ky; esa lcls yEcs le; rd eq[; U;k;k/h'k
U;k;ikfydk
jgus okys O;fDr okbZ- oh- pUæpwM+ FksA
TT Hkkjr osQ yksdra=k dk vk/kj dkuwu dk 'kklu gS vkSj bldk
TT lcls de le; rd eq[; U;k;k/h'k jgus okys O;fDr dey
vFkZ gS fd gekjs ikl Lora=k U;k;ikfydk gksuh pkfg,A
ukjk;.k flag FksA
TT çFke nfyr eq[; U;k;k/h'k ds- th- ckyo`Q".kuu~ FksA
TT mPpre U;k;ky; % Hkkjr dh U;k; O;oLFkk bdgjh vkSj TT iQkfrek choh çFke efgyk U;k;k/h'k FkhA vHkh rd efgyk
,dho`Qr gS] ftlesa loksZPp f'k[kj ij Hkkjr dk mPpre eq[; U;k;k/h'k dh fu;qfDr mPpre U;k;ky; esa ughaa gqbZ gSA
U;k;ky; gSA mPpre U;k;ky; fnYyh esa fLFkr gSA
TT mPpre U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk xBu lEcU/h 'kfDr;k¡ Hkkjrh; mPpre U;k;ky; ds dk;Z
laln dks çkIr gSA TT nks ;k nks ls vf/d jkT;ksa ds chp fookn dks lqy>kukA
137
TT ;g ns'k dk lcls cM+k vihyh; U;k;ky; gSA TT vuqPNsn&226 ds vuqlkj] mPp U;k;ky; 5 çdkj dh fjV
TT ;g lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&143 ds vUrxZr jk"Vªifr dks tkjh dj ldrk gSA
ijke'kZ ns ldrk gS] ijUrq bl ijke'kZ dks ekuuk ;k u ekuuk v/huLFk U;k;ky;
jk"Vªifr ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA
TT lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&233 esa v/huLFk ,oa ftyk U;k;ky;ksa
TT lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&137 ds vUrxZr loksZPp U;k;ky; vius
dk çko/ku fd;k x;k gSA
iSQlys ij iqufoZpkj dj ldrk gSA
TT ftyk U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr mPp U;k;ky; ds ijke'kZ ls
TT lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&129 ds varxZr loksZPp U;k;ky; ,d
jkT;iky djrk gSA
vfHkys[k U;k;ky; dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrk gSA
TT tks O;fDr de ls de 7 o"kZ rd fdlh U;k;ky; esa yxkrkj
TT lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&32 ds vUrxZr loksZPp U;k;ky;
vf/oDrk jgk gks] mls ftyk U;k;k/h'k fu;qDr fd;k tk
ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dh j{kk djrk gSA
ldrk gSA
uksV % tc Hkkjrh; U;k; i¼fr esa yksd fgr eqdnek (PIL)
yk;k x;k rc Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;/h'k ih- ,u- Hkxorh FksA ç/kuea=kh ,oa eaf=kifj"kn~
TT lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&74 ds vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr dks mlds dk;ks±
mPp U;k;ky; esa lykg nsus ds fy, ,d eaf=kifj"kn~ gksrh gS] ftldk ç/ku
TT lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&214 ds vUrxZr çR;sd jkT; ds fy, ç/kuea=kh gksrk gSA
TT lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&75 ds vuqlkj ç/kuea=kh dh fu;qfDr
,d mPp U;k;ky; gksxk] ijUrq vuqPNsn&231 ds vUrxZr ,d
gh mPp U;k;ky; nks ;k nks ls vf/d jkT;ksa rFkk dsUæ'kkflr jk"Vªifr djrk gS] rFkk vU; eaf=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr
çns'kksa ds fy, gks ldrk gSA ç/kuea=kh dh lykg ij djrk gSAA
TT ç/kuea=kh dks 'kiFk jk"Vªifr fnykrk gSA eaf=kifj"kn~ lkewfgd
TT orZeku esa Hkkjr esa 25 mPp U;k;ky; gSA dsUæ'kkflr çns'k esa
dsoy fnYyh esa mPp U;k;ky; gSA :i ls yksd lHkk ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA
TT ea=kh rhu çdkj ds gksrs gSa%
TT çR;sd mPp U;k;ky; dk xBu ,d eq[; U;k;k/h'k rFkk vU;
1. oSQfcusV ea=kh
U;k;k/h'kksa ls feydj fd;k tkrk gSA
TT budh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr ds }kjk gksrh gSA 2. jkT; ea=kh
TT fHkUu&fHkUu mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa U;k;k/h'kksa dh la[;k 3. mi ea=kh
vyx&vyx gskrh gSA TT ç/kuea=kh yksdlHkk dk usrk gksrk gS] og fdlh Hkh le;
TT mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa vfrfjDr U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr yksdlHkk dks fo?kfVr djus dh fliQkfj'k jk"Vªifr ls dj
djrk gSA vfrfjDr U;k;k/h'k 2 o"kZ ds fy;s fu;qDr gksrs gSaA ldrs gSaA
TT mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/h'k dk osru 2-50 yk[k rFkk TT ç/kuea=kh uhfr vk;ksx] jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~] jk"Vªh; ,drk
vU; U;k;k/h'kksa dk osru 2-25 yk[k #i;s gksrk gSA ifj"kn~] varjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ rFkk jk"Vªh; ty lalk/u ifj"kn~ dk
TT mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k cukus ds fy, ;ksX;rk% vè;{k gksrk gSA
1. og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA TT ;fn ç/kuea=kh dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS vFkok og R;kxi=k ns nsrk
2. de ls de 10 o"kZ rd U;kf;d in /kj.k dj pqdk gS] rks eaf=kifj"kn~ Lor% gh fo?kfVr gks tkrh gS vkSj 'kwU;rk
gksA vFkok mRiUu gks tkrh gSA
3. fdlh mPp U;k;ky; ;k ,d ls vf/d U;k;ky;ksa esa TT jk"Vªh; lqj{kk lfefr dk ç/ku ;k vè;{k ç/kuea=kh gksrk gSaA
yxkrkj 10 o"kks± rd vf/oDrk jgk gksA TT oSKkfud ,oa vkS|ksfxd vuqla/ku ifj"kn~ dk vè;{k Hkkjr dk
TT mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'kksa dks 'kiFk jkT;iky fnykrk gSA ç/kuea=kh gksrk gSA
TT Hkkjr ds çFke ç/kuea=kh ia- tokgjyky usg: Fks] os 16 lky]
mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'kksa dh vodk'k xzg.k djus dh
vof/ 62 o"kZ gSA 9 eghus vkSj 13 fnu rd vius in ij jgsA ç/kueaf=k;ksa esa
TT mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'kksa dks ml çdkj in ls gVk;k lcls yEck dk;Zdky mudk gh gSA
TT ,d dk;Zdky esa lcls de le; rd vVy fcgkjh oktis;h
tk ldrk gS] ftl çdkj mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'kksa
dks gVkrs gSaA ç/kuea=kh jgsA
TT nwljs Øe ds ç/kuea=kh yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh FksA
TT jk"Vªifr fdlh Hkh mPp U;k;ky; esa vko';drkuqlkj
TT Hkkjr dh çFke efgyk ç/kuea=kh Jhefr bfUnjk xk¡/h FkhA og
U;k;k/h'kksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ dj ldrk gSA
TT lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&215 ds vUrxZr mPp U;k;ky; ,d nks ckj ç/kuea=kh cuh] tc og igyh ckj ç/kuea=kh cuh rks
vfHkys[k U;k;ky; dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrk gSA og jkT;lHkk dh lnL; FkhA
TT fo'oukFk çrki flag ,sls ç/kuea=kh gq, gS] ftUgsa muds in ls
138
vfo'okl çLrko }kjk gVk;k x;kA U;k;ky; ds vodk'k çkIr U;k;k/h'k S.K. /j dh vè;{krk
TT tokgj yky usg:] yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh rFkk Jhefr bfUnjk esa ,d&pkj lnL; vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;kA
xk¡/h rhuksa dh e`R;q muds dk;Zdky ds nkSjku gqbZ o yky TT bl vk;ksx us Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu dk fojks/
cgknqj 'kkL=kh dh Hkkjr ds ckgj rk'kdUn esa gqbZA fd;k vkSj ç'kklfud lqfo/k ds vk/kj ij jkT; ds iquxZBu
TT H.D. nsoxksMk] ,sls ç/kuea=kh Fks] tks in xzg.k djrs le; dk leFkZu fd;kA
fo/kulHkk ds lnL; FksA TT jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx 1953 esa cuk FkkA
TT pkS/jh pj.k flag ,dek=k ,sls ç/kuea=kh gq,] tks dHkh u;s jkT;ksa dk xBUk
yksdlHkk esa mifLFkr ughaa gq,A

jkT; xBu o"kZ
TT lcls de mez ds ç/kuea=kh jktho xk¡/h cusA
TT dSfcusV ea=kh esa lcls cM+k dk;Zdky txthou jke dk jgk 1. mÙkj çns'k & 24 tuojh 1950
og yxHkx 32 o"kks± rd dSfcusV ea=kh jgsA 2. xqtjkr & 01 ebZ 1960
3. egkjk"Vª & 01 ebZ 1960
Hkkjr ds ç/kuea=kh ,oa mudk dk;Zdky
4. ukxkyS.M & 01 fnlEcj 1963

uke dk;Zdky
5. gfj;k.kk & 01 uoEcj 1966
1. tokgjyky usg: 1947&1964
6. fgekpy çns'k & 25 tuojh 1971
2. xqytkjh yky uUnk 1964 (dk;Zokgd)
7. flfDde & 26 vçSy 1975
3. yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh 1964&1966
8. fetksje & 20 iQjojh 1987
4. xqytkjh yky uUnk 1966 (dk;Zokgd)
9. v#.kkpy çns'k & 20 iQjojh 1987
5. bfUnjk xk¡/h 1966&1977
10. mÙkjk[k.M & 09 uoEcj 2000
6. eksjkjth nslkbZ 1977&1979
11. >kj[k.M & 15 uoEcj 2000
7. pj.k flag 1979&1980
12. NÙkhlx<+ & 1 uoEcj 2000
8. bfUnjk xk¡/h 1980&1984
13. rsyaxkuk & 02 twu 2014
9. jktho xk¡/h 1984&1989
10. fo'oukFk çrki flag 1989&1990 jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk
11. pUæ'ks[kj 1990&1991
jkT;iky
12. ih-oh- ujflag jko 1991&1996
TT lafo/ku esa jkT;iky dh O;oLFkk vuqPNsn&153 esa dh x;h gSA
13. vVy fcgkjh oktis;h 1996 TT fdlh jkT; osQ jkT;iky osQ lHkh dk;Zdkjh dk;ks± dks jkT;iky
14. ,p-Mh- nsoxkSM+k 1996&1997 osQ uke ls fd;k tkuk vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk,xkA
15. bUædqekj xqtjky 1997&1998 (Const. GD 7 Feb., 2023)
16. vVy fcgkjh oktis;h 1998&2004 TT lafo/ku ds Hkkx&6 esa jkT; 'kklu ds fy, çko/ku fd;k
17. MkWñ eueksgu flag 2004 ls 2014 x;k gSA jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk dk çeq[k jkT;iky gksrk gS]
18. ujsUæ eksnh 2014 ls --------- og çR;{k :i ls vFkok v/huLFk vf/dkfj;ksa ds ekè;e ls
bldk mi;ksx djrk gSA
ns'kh fj;klrksa dk Hkkjr esa foy; TT jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk dh 'kfDr jkT;iky osQ ikl gksrh gSA
TT ns'kh fj;klrksa dk Hkkjr esa foy; djkus dk Js; ljnkj cYyHk (Const. GD 24 Jan., 2023)
HkkbZ iVsy dks tkrk gSA TT çR;sd jkT; esa ,d jkT;iky gksrk gS ysfdu ,d gh jkT;iky
TT twukx<+ fj;klr dks tuer laxzg ds vk/kj ij Hkkjr esa dks nks ;k vf/d jkT;ksa dk jkT;iky fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk
feyk;k x;kA gSA
TT gSnjkckn fj;klr dks iqfyl dk;Zokgh ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr esa
jkT;iky dh ;ksX;rk
feyk;k x;kA
1. og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA
TT tEew d'ehj fj;klr dks foy; i=k ij gLrk{kj ds }kjk
feyk;k x;k FkkA 2. 35 o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh dj pqdk gks o fdlh ykHk ds in
ij u gksA
jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu 3. og jkT; fo/kulHkk dk lnL; pqus tkus ;ksX; gksA
TT lafo/ku lHkk ds vè;{k MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn us bykgkckn mPp
139
TT lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&155 ds vuqlkj jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr fo/kulHkk

jk"Vªifr djrk gS] ijUrq og jk"Vªifr ds çlkn&i;ZUr gh in TT jkT; fo/kf;dk osQ fuEu lnu dks fo/kulHkk dgk tkrk gSA
ij jgrk gSA (Const. GD 9 Feb., 2023) (Const. GD 13 Feb., 2023)
TT jkT;iky dks 'kiFk ml jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; TT bldk xBu vuqPNsn&170 ds vUrxZr fd;k tkrk gSA
U;k;k/h'k fnykrk gSA TT bldk dk;Zdky 5 o"kks± dk gksrk gSA
TT inkof/ ds nkSjku jkT;iky dh fxjÝrkjh ughaa gks ldrh gSA TT fo/kulHkk ds l=k dh 'kq:vkr jkT;iky djrk gSA
TT jkT;iky ds dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa% TT fo/kulHkk dk lnL; cuus ds fy, U;wure vk;q 25 o"kZ gSA
1. jkT;iky eq[;ea=kh rFkk eq[;ea=kh dh lykg ls eaf=kifj"kn~ TT çR;sd jkT; dh fo/kulHkk esa de ls 60 vkSj vf/d ls
ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA vf/d 500 lnL; gksrs gSaA
2. jkT;iky eq[;ea=kh dks 'kiFk fnykrk gS rFkk eaf=kifj"kn~ viokn% xksok (40)] fetksje (40) rFkk flfDde (32) D;ksafd
ds lnL;ksa dks eq[;ea=kh dh lykg ij 'kiFk fnykrk gSA budks vuqPNsn&371 ds rgr fo'ks"k jkT; dk ntkZ çkIr gSA
(Const. GD 2/6 Feb., 2023) TT vuqPNsn&332 ds rgr vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] rFkk tutkfr;ksa dks
3. jkT;iky jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds vè;{k ,oa lnL;ksa fo/kulHkk esa tula[;k ds vk/kj ij vkj{k.k fn;k x;k gSA
dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA TT fdlh fo/s;d dks /u fo/s;d ekuk tk;s vFkok ughaa] bldk
4. lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&217(I) ds vuqlkj jkT;iky fu.kZ; fo/kulHkk djrh gSA
TT fo/kulHkk dh x.kiwfrZ ;k dksje oqQy lnL; la[;k dk 1@10
jk"Vªifr dks mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/h'k dh fu;qfDr osQ
laca/ esa ijke'kZ ns ldrk gSA Hkkx gksrk gSA
TT foÙk fo/s;d igys fo/kulHkk esa is'k fd;k tkrk gSA fo/ku
5. jkT;iky jkT; ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk dqykf/ifr gksrk ifj"kn~ fliZQ bls 14 fnuksa rd jksd ldrh gSA
gS rFkk midqyifr dks fu;qDr djrk gSA TT lcls vf/d fo/kulHkk dh lhVs mÙkj çns'k jkT; esa gS rFkk
6. jkT;iky jkT; fo/ku ifj"kn~ ds dqy lnL;ksa dk 1@6 lcls de flfDde esa gSA mÙkj çns'k esa budh la[;k 403
Hkkx lnL;ksa dks fu;qDr djrk gS] ftudk laca/ foKku] rFkk flfDde esa 32 gSA
lkfgR;] dyk] lekt&lsok] lgdkjh vkUnksyu vkfn ls TT fo/kulHkk ds lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ gksrk gSA
jgrk gSA
fo/ku ifj"kn~
7. vuqPNsn&164 ds vuqlkj] jkT;iky fo/ku eaMy dk
TT fo/ku ifj"kn~ jkT; fo/ku e.My dk mPp lnu gksrk gSA
vfHkUu vax gSA
8. jkT;iky fo/ku eaMy dk l=kkolku djrk gS rFkk mldk TT bldk xBu lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&169 ds rgr fd;k tkrk
fo?kVu djrk gS] jkT;iky fo/kulHkk ds vf/os'ku gSA
vFkok nksuksa lnuksa ds la;qDr vf/os'ku dks lacksf/r TT
fo/ku ifj"kn~ orZeku esa dsoy 6 jkT;ksa esa gSA
djrk gSA 1. mÙkj çns'k
9. jkT; fo/kueaMy }kjk ikfjr fo/s;d jkT;iky ds 2. dukZVd
gLrk{kj ds ckn gh vf/fu;e cu ikrk gSA 3. egkjk"Vª
10. vuqPNsn&161 ds vuqlkj] jkT;iky fdlh O;fDr ds naM 4. fcgkj
dks {kek vFkok de dj ldrk gSA 5. vkU/z çns'k
(Const. GD 12 Jan., 2023) 6. rsyaxkuk
11. vuqPNsn&213 ds vuqlkj] jkT;iky vè;kns'k tkjh dj Hkkjr osQ bu 6 jkT;ksa esa f}lnuh; fo/kf;dk gSA
ldrk gSA ,sls vè;kns'k 6 lIrkg ds Hkhrj fo/kueaMy (Const. GD 25 Feb., 2023)
}kjk Loho`Qr gksuk vko';d gSA ;fn fo/kueaMy 6 TT fo/ku ifj"kn~ dk lnL; cuus osQ fy, U;wure vk;q 30 o"kZ
lIrkg ds Hkhrj mls viuh Loho`Qfr ughaa nsrk gS] rks ml gksrh gSA
vè;kns'k dh oS/rk lekIr gks tkrh gSA TT fo/ku ifj"kn~ ds lnL; dk dk;Zdky 6 o"kZ dk gksrk gSA
TT fo/ku ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu vkuqikfrd çfrfuf/Ro
TT jkT;iky dk osru 3-5 yk[k #i;s gSA
dh ,dy laØe.kh; er ç.kkyh ds }kjk gksrk gSA
fo/kue.My TT fo/kuifj"kn osQ oqQy lnL;ksa dh la[;k jkT; fo/ku lHkk osQ
TT jkT; fo/ku eaMy dk fuekZ.k fo/kulHkk] fo/ku ifj"kn~ rFkk lnL;ksa dh oqQy la[;k osQ 1@3 ls vf/d ugha gksxh] foaQrq ;g
jkT;iky ls feydj gksrk gSA lnL; la[;k fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa 40 ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,A
140
TT jkT;iky fo/ku ifj"kn esa dqy 1@6 lnL; dks euksuhr djrk TT eq[; pquko vk;qDr dk dk;Zdky 6 o"kZ ;k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q
gSA rd gksrk gSA
TT vU; pquko vk;qDr dk dk;Zdky 6 o"kZ ;k 62 o"kZ dh vk;q
eq[;ea=kh
iwjh gksus rd gksrk gSA
TT eq[;ea=kh dh fu;qfDr jkT;iky }kjk vuqPNsn&163 ds rgr
dh tkrh gSA fuokZpu vk;ksx ds eq[; dk;Z
TT fo/kulHkk esa cgqer çkIr ny ds usrk dks jkT;iky eq[;ea=kh TT pquko {ks=kksa dk ifjlheu
fu;qDr djrk gSA TT ernkrk lwfp;ksa dks rS;kj djokuk
TT eq[;ea=kh rFkk eaf=k;ksa dks 'kiFk jkT;iky fnykrk gSA TT fofHkUu jktuhfrd nyksa dks ekU;rk çnku djuk
TT eq[;ea=kh viuk R;kxi=k jkT;iky dks nsrk gSA TT jktuhfrd nyksa dks pquko fpUg çnku djuk
TT ;fn fdlh ny dks Li"V cgqer çkIr u gks rks jkT;iky TT jktuhfrd nyksa ds fy, vkpkj lafgrk rS;kj djkuk
eq[;ea=kh dh fu;qfDr esa vius foosdkf/dkj dk ç;ksx dj TT pquko djokuk
ldrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa jkT;iky lcls cMs ny ds usrk dks fuokZpu vk;ksx ds dqN vU; rF;
eq[;ea=kh fu;qDr dj ldrk gSA
TT eq[; pquko vk;qDr dks egkfHk;ksx tSlh çfØ;k ls gVk;k tk
uksV % jk"Vªh; jkt/kuh {ks=k fnYyh rFkk iqnqpsjh dh fo/kulHkk ds
ldrk gSA
pquko ds ckn eq[;ea=kh dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr ds }kjk dh tkrh gS
TT eq[; pquko vk;qDr dk ntkZ loksZPp U;k;ky; ds eq[;
vkSj eq[;ea=kh jk"Vªifr ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA
U;k;k/h'k ds leku gSA
uhfr vk;ksx T T eq[; pquko vk;qDr ,oa vU; pquko vk;qDrksa dk osru Hkkjr
TT ç/kuea=kh ujsUæ eksnh us 15 vxLr 2014 dks yky fdys dh dh lafpr fuf/ esa ls fn;k tkrk gSA
çkphj ls jk"Vª ds uke vius lacks/u esa ;kstuk vk;ksx ds uksV % pquko yM+us vkSj ljdkj esa lÙkk ij dkfct gksus osQ
uke ij ,d u;h laLFkk ykus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA fy, ,d lkFk vus okys yksxksa osQ lewg dks ^jktuhfrd ny*
TT 1 tuojh 2015 dks ,d u;h laLFkk ftls jk"Vªh; Hkkjr dgk tkrk gSA (Const. GD 6 Feb., 2023)
ifjorZu laLFkku dgk x;k vfLrRo esa vk;h] vke rkSj ij bls
uhfr vk;ksx dgk tkrk gSA jk"Vªh; ny dk ntkZ gkfly djus ds fy, vko';d 'krsZ
TT bldk vè;{k ç/kuea=kh gksrk gS vkSj ;g vk;ksx dsUæ ljdkj TT yksdlHkk vke pquko vFkok jkT; fo/ku pquko vFkok fdUgh
ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; ljdkj ds fy, Hkh uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k pkj vFkok vf/d jkT;ksa esa pquko esa Mkys x;s oS/ erks dk
djrk gSA 9% çkIr djuk t:jh gksxkA
TT ;g ;kstuk ds fuekZ.k esa ljdkj dks lykg nsxkA TT blds vykok fdlh ,d jkT; vFkok jkT;ksa ls fo/kulHkk dh
TT uhfr vk;ksx ds çFke mikè;{k vjfoUn iuxfM+;k FksA de ls de 4 lhVs thruh gksxhA
TT orZeku esa uhfr vk;ksx ds mikè;{k lqeu csjh gSA vFkok
jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ TT yksdlHkk esa 2% lhVs gks vkSj ;s de ls de rhu fofHkUu
TT jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dk xBu 6 vxLr 1952 dks gqvk FkkA jkT;ksa esa gkfly dh xbZ gksA
TT bldk vè;{k ç/kuea=kh gksrk gS rFkk lHkh jkT;ksa ds eq[;ea=kh orZeku esa ekU;rk çkIr jk"Vªh; jktuSfrd ny (6)
blds lnL; gksrs gSaA ny pquko&fpg~u
TT jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dk eq[; dk;Z dsUæ o jkT; ljdkj
Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dey
vkSj uhfr vk;ksx ds chp lsrq dh rjg dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl gkFk dk iatk
fuokZpu vk;ksx cgqtu lektoknh ikVhZ gkFkh
TT lafo/ku ds Hkkx&15 ds vuqPNsn&324 ls 329 rd] fuokZpu Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ (Hkkdik) gafl;k o ckyh
ls lEcfU/r micU/ fn;k x;k gSA us'kuy ihiYl ikVhZ iqLrd
TT fuokZpu vk;ksx dk xBu 25 tuojh 1950 dks gqvk FkkA ;g
vke vkneh ikVhZ >kMw
,d Lok;Rr laoS/kfud fudk; gSA
TT fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk 1993 ds pquko esa tkyh ernku vkSj
TT fuokZpu vk;ksx dk xBu eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr o vU;
dqN ernkrk ij fu;a=k.k j[kus ds fy, iQksVks ;qDr igpku i=k
fuokZpu vk;qDrksa ls feydj fd;k tkrk gSA bu lHkh dh
dk ç;ksx fd;k x;kA
fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr djrk gSA
TT 18 o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh djus okyk Hkkjrh; ukxfjd ernkrk
141
lwph esa 'kkfey gksus dk ik=k gksrk gS vkSj og blds fy, jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx
vkosnu dj ldrk gSA TT o"kZ 1966 esa la;qDr jk"Vª us ekuokf/dkj pkVZj viuk;k FkkA
bySDVªkfud oksfVax e'khu (EVM) TT la;qDr jk"Vª ekuokf/dkj ?kks"k.kk 10 fnlacj 1948 esa dh
x;h FkhA blfy, 10 fnlEcj dks çfro"kZ vUrjkZ"Vªh;
TT bldk lcls igys ç;ksx 1982 esa dsjy ds ik:j fo/ku lHkk
ekuokf/dkj fnol euk;k tkrk gSA
{ks=kksa esa fd;k x;kA
TT jk"Vªh; ekuo vf/dkj vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk 12 vDVwcj]
TT 1999 es EVM dk ç;ksx djds iwjk pquko djokus okyk
1993 dks ekuo vf/dkj j{kk vf/fu;e] 1993 ds rgr
jkT; xksok gSA
dh x;h FkhA
TT EVM dk ç;ksx djds igyh ckj 2004 esa lEiw.kZ vke
TT ;g vk;ksx ns'k esa ekuo vf/dkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, Lok;RRk
pquko djk;k x;kA
rFkk Lora=k fudk; dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA
vUrjkZT; ifj"kn~ TT jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx ds vè;{k dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr
TT vuqPNsn&263 ds vUrxZr dsUæ o jkT; ds chp rkyesy }kjk dh tkrh gSA
LFkkfir djus gsrq jk"Vªifr ,d vUrjkZT; ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk TT jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx ds vè;{k dks 'kiFk jk"Vªifr
dj ldrk gSA }kjk fnyk;h tkrh gSA
TT igyh ckj twu 1990 esa vUrjkZT; ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk gqbZA TT vk;ksx dk vè;{k ogh O;fDr gksrk gS] tks loksZPp U;k;ky;
vUrjkZT; ifj"kn~ dh igyh cSBd 10 vDVwcj 1990 dks gqbZA dk U;k;k/kh'k jg pqdk gksA
TT ç/kuea=kh rFkk muds }kjk euksuhr Ng dSfcusV Lrj ds ea=kh] TT vk;ksx esa lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk 6 lnL; lfefr
lHkh jkT;ksa o la?k jkT; {ks=kksa ds eq[;ea=kh ,oa la?k jkT; {ks=kksa dh fliQkfj'k ds vk/kj ij dh tkrh gSA
ds ç'kkld blds lnL; gksrs gSaA TT jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx ds çFke vè;{k U;k;ewfrZ jaxukFk
TT vUrjkZT; ifj"kn~ dh cSBd o"kZ esa 3 ckj dh tk;sxh] ftldh feJk FksA
vè;{krk ç/kuea=kh djsxkA bl cSBd esa de ls de 10 lnL;
yksd lsok vk;ksx
gksus vfuok;Z gSA
TT yksd lsok vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk 1926 esa dh xbZA
foÙk vk;ksx TT yksd lsok vk;skx dh LFkkiuk ds fy, 1924 bZñ esa fof/
TT foÙk vk;ksx dk xBu vuqPNsn&280 ds vUrxZr fd;k tkrk vk;ksx us fliQkfj'k dh FkhA
gSA foÙk vk;ksx dk xBu jk"Vªifr djrk gSA TT la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds vè;{k o lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr
TT foÙk vk;ksx esa jk"Vªifr }kjk ,d vè;{k o pkj vU; lnL; jk"Vªifr djrk gSA
fu;qDr gksrs gSaA TT la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL; dh la[;k fu/kZfjr djus
TT igyk foÙk vk;ksx 1951 esa xfBr gqvk] ftlds vè;{k dh 'kfDr jk"Vªifr dks gSA
osQ-lh- fu;ksxh FksA TT la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds vè;{k o lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr 6
TT 15 osa foÙk vk;ksx ds vè;{k ,u-ds- flag gSA bl vk;ksx o"kZ ;k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q rd (tks Hkh igys gks) ds fy, dh
dh fliQkfj'ksa 1 vçSy 2020 ls ik¡p lky dh vof/ ds tkrh gSA (Const. GD 1 Feb., 2023)
fy, gksxhA TT jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr jkT;iky djrk
gS] ijUrq bUgsa in ls gVkus dk vf/dkj jk"Vªifr dks gSA
dsUæh; lrdZrk vk;ksx TT jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds vè;{k o lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky 6
TT bldh LFkkiuk 1964 bZ- esa osQ- laFkkue lfefr dh fliQkfj'k o"kZ o 62 o"kZ dh vk;q rd gksrk gSA
ij dh x;h FkhA blds çFke vè;{k Jh ,u-,l- jkÅ FksA
TT ;g vk;ksx Hkkjr ljdkj ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds vf/dkfj;ksa@ lwpuk vk;ksx
deZpkfj;ksa ls lacaf/r Hkz"Vkpkj fu;a=k.k dh loksZPp laLFkk TT 15 twu] 2005 dks jk"Vªifr ,ihts vCnqy dyke vktkn us
gSA lwpuk ds vf/dkj ij gLrk{kj fd,A
TT laln }kjk vf/fu;fer dsanzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx vf/fu;e] TT blds ckn 12 vDVwcj] 2005 esa lwpuk dk vf/dkj
2003 }kjk bls lkafof/d ntkZ iznku fd;k x;kA vf/fu;e ykxw gqvkA
TT vk;ksx esa ,d vè;{k o nks lrdZrk vk;qDr gksrs gSa] TT vk;ksx dk eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh esa gSA
ftudh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr djrk gSA TT jk"Vªifr eq[; lwpuk vk;qDr rFkk vU; lwpuk vk;qDrksa dh
TT budk dk;Zdky 4 o"kZ ;k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q (tks Hkh igys fu;qfDr djrk gSA
gks)] rd gksrk gSA TT bu lHkh dk dk;Zdky dsUnz ljdkj }kjk fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk
142
gSA uhfr cukukA

TT çFke eq[; lwpuk vk;qDr otkgr gchcqYyk FksA TT bldk vè;{k ç/kuea=kh gksrk gSA
TT lwpuk ds vf/dkj ds rgr ukxfjd dks ljdkjh ;k
v¼Z&ljdkjh laxBu@laLFkk ls lwpuk çkIr djus dk oS/kfud
vU; fiNM+k vk;ksx
vf/dkj gSA vkosnu çkIr gksus ds 30 fnuksa ds Hkhrj lwpuk TT lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&340 ds rgr jkT; dks vU; fiNM+s oxZ
çnku djuk ckè;dkjh gSA ;fn ekeyk thou ;k ekuokf/dkj ds fodkl ds fy, ç;kljr~ jgus dk vkg~oku fd;k x;k gSA
dk gS rks lwpuk 48 ?k.Vksa ds Hkhrj çkIr djus dk vf/dkj gSA TT tuojh 1953 dks dkdk dkysydj dh vè;{krk esa çFke
TT ;fn fdlh ukxfjd ds vihy (30 fnu ds ckn vkSj 60 fnu vU; fiNM+s oxZ vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA
ds Hkhrj) vkSj nwljh vihy (çFke vihy vkns'k çkIr gksus TT f}rh; vU; fiNM+s oxZ vk;ksx dk xBu ch- ih- e.My dh
ds 90 fnu ds Hkhrj) ds mik; lekIr gks tkrs gSa rks og vè;{krk 01 tuojh 1979 dks fd;k x;kA blus vks-ch-
lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn 32 ds v/hu loksZPp U;k;ky; esa tk lh- ds fy, ljdkjh lsokvksa esa 27% vkj{k.k dh fliQkfj'k
ldrk gSA dh FkhA
TT vf/fu;e dsoy Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa dks lwpuk dk vf/dkj TT o"kZ 1993 esa vU; fiNM+k oxZ ds fy, LFkk;h vk;ksx dk
nsrk gSA xBu fd;k x;kA
TT dk;Zdky rhu o"kZ dk gksrk gSA
jk"Vªh; vYila[;d vk;ksx TT 102oka lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e] 2018 }kjk jk"Vªh;
TT o"kZ 1993 esa ikfjr vf/fu;e ds rgr çFke vYila[;d fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx dks laoS/kfud ntkZ iznku djrk gSA
vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA
TT Ng leqnk; dks ns'k esa vYila[;d dk ntkZ fn;k x;k
vuqlwfpr tkfr @vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx
gS&fl[k] bZlkbZ] ikjlh] ckS¼] eqfLye vkSj tSuA TT lkekftd] vkfFkZd :i ls fiNMs vuqlwfpr tkfr
TT ns'k dh tula[;k esa budk fgLlk 19-50 çfr'kr gSA (vuqPNsn&338) vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr (vuqPNsn& 338
TT blesa ,d vè;{k ,d mikè;{k vkSj ik¡p vU; lnL; gksrs gSaA
d) ds ukxfjdksa dh vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fLFkfr dk
TT jk"Vªh; vYila[;d vk;ksx ds çFke vè;{k ekS- ljnkj vyh
vkadyu vkSj fodkl ds fy, lykg nsus ds fy, ,d vk;ksx
[kku FksA dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA
TT o"kZ 2004 jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr vkSj jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tutkfr
jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx vk;ksx xfBr gqvkA bldk dk;Zdky rhu o"kZ dk gksrk gSA
TT jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx dk xBu 31 tuojh 1992 esa fd;k
laln dh foÙkh; lfefr;k¡
x;kA
TT çkDdyu lfefr % bl lfefr esa yksdlHkk ds 30 lnL;
TT lafo/ku vkSj fof/ ds vUrxZr efgykvksa dh lqj{kk djuk
gksrs gSaA blesa jkT;lHkk ds lnL;ksa dks 'kkfey ughaa fd;k tkrkA
bldk çeq[k dk;Z gSA
TT blds lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky 1 o"kZ gksrk gSA
TT vè;{k dk dk;Zdky 3 o"kZ dk gksrk gSA
TT lfefr dk vè;{k yksdlHkk ds vè;{k }kjk euksuhr fd;k
TT bldh çFke vè;{k t;Urh iVuk;d FkhA
tkrk gSA
TT orZeku esa jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx dh vè;{k js[kk 'kekZ gSA
TT ;g lfefr ljdkjh [kpZ esa dSls deh yk;h tk;s] laxBu esa
jk"Vªh; ,drk ifj"kn~ dSls oqQ'kyrk yk;h tk;s rFkk ç'kklu esa dSls lq/kj fd;k
TT bldk xBu lu~ 1961 esa fd;k x;kA tk;s vkfn fo"k;ksa ij fjikVZ nsrh gSA
TT izkDdyu lfefr ds çfrosnu ij lnu esa cgl ughaa gks ldrhA
TT bldh LFkkiuk dk çeq[k mn~ns'; jk"Vªh; ,drk ds ç'u ij
ldkjkRed igy djuk gSA yksd ys[kk lfefr
TT bldk vè;{k ç/kuea=kh gksrk gSA TT bl lfefr dks çkDdyu lfefr dh tqMok¡ cgu dgrs gSaA
TT blesa foi{kh jktuSfrd nyksa ds lnL;ksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k TT blesa 22 lnL; gksrs gSa] ftlesa 15 lnL; yksdlHkk ls o
tkrk gSA 7 lnL; jkT;lHkk ls gksrs gSaA
jk"Vªh; vkink çca/u çkf/dj.k TT
bu lHkh dk dk;Zdky 1 o"kZ dk gksrk gSA
TT
bl lfefr ds vè;{k dks yksdlHkk ds vè;{k ds }kjk
TT o"kZ 2005 esa bldk xBu fd;k x;kA ;g x`g ea=kky; ds
v/hu gSA euksuhr fd;k tkrk gSA
TT bl lfefr dk vè;{k foi{kh ny dk usrk gksrk gSaA
TT bldk mn~ns'; çko`Qfrd ;k ekuo fufeZr vkinkvksa ds le;
{kerk fuekZ.k djuk vkSj lkFk gh vkinkvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, TT yksd ys[kk lfefr esa jkT;lHkk ds lnL;ksa dks lg lnL; ekuk
143
tkrk gS rFkk mUgsa er nsus dk vf/dkj ughaa gksrk gSA Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; fpg~u
yksd ys[kk lfefr ds dk;Z TT
Hkkjrh; èot% rhu ifV~V;ksa okyk frjaxk Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh;
TT ;g lfefr Hkkjr ds fu;a=kd egkys[kk ijh{kd }kjk fd;s èot gS] èot dh yackbZ o pkSM+kbZ dk vuqikr 3%2 gSA Hkkjr
x;s dk;ks± dh tkap djrh gSA dh lafo/ku lHkk us jk"Vªh; èot dk çk:i 22 tqykbZ 1947
TT Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk [kpZ dh xbZ jkf'k;ksa ds ys[kkvksa dh tkap dks viuk;kA lisQn iV~Vh ds chp esa uhys jax dk pØ gS]
djrh gSaA ftlesa 24 frfYy;k¡ gS rFkk bl pØ dks lkjukFk osQ v'kksd
TT laln }kjk fd;s x;s vfrfjDr O;; dh tkap djrh gSaA LrEHk ls cus pØ ls fy;k x;k gSA
TT lfefr jk"Vªifr ds foÙkh; ekeyksa dh Hkh tkap djrh gSA TT jk"Vªh; èot dk osQlfj;k jax tkx`fr] 'kkS;Z rFkk R;kx dk]
uksV % yksd ys[kk lfefr viuk çfrosnu yksdlHkk dks nsrh gS] lisQn jax lR; ,oa ifo=krk dk ,oa gjk jax thou&le`f¼
ftlls fd tks vfu;ferrk,¡ mlds è;ku esa vkbZ gS mu ij laln dk çrhd gSA
esa cgl gks vkSj mu ij çHkkoh dne mBk;s tk ldsaA TT Hkkjr ds jk"Vªèot dk igyh ckj çn'kZu 14 vxLr 1947 dks
eè; jkf=k esa gqvkA
iapk;rh jkt
jk"Vªh; xhr
TT Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt dk vkjEHk 2 vDVwcj 1959 bZñ dks
TT cafdepUæ pVthZ ds miU;kl vkuUn eB esa bUgha ds }kjk
Hkkjr ds ç/kuea=kh iañ tokgj yky usg: }kjk jktLFkku jkT;
ds ukxkSj ftys esa gqvkA jfpr oUns ekrje~ dks jk"Vªh; xhr ds :i esa 26 tuojh
TT vkU/z çns'k esa 11 vDVwcj 1959 dks iapk;rh jkt dk xBu
1950 dks Lohdkj fd;k x;kA
gqvkA iapk;rh jkt cyoar jk; esgrk lfefr dh fliQkfj'k uksV % Hkkjrh; laln ds vf/os'ku dk çkjEHk tu x.k eu ls
ij yk;k x;k Fkk] ;g lfefr 1957 bZñ esa xfBr gqbZA vkSj lekiu oUns ekrje~ ds xk;u ls gksrk gSA
TT 73ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u iapk;rh jkt ls lEcfU/r gSA
TT iapk;rh jkt dk çko/ku lafo/ku ds Hkkx&9 ds vuqPNsn&243 jk"Vª xku
esa fd;k x;k gS rFkk vuqlwph&11 Hkh iapk;rh jkt ls lacaf/r TT jfoUæukFk Bkdqj }kjk jfpr tu x.k eu dks lafo/ku lHkk
gSA (Const. GD 25 Jan., 2023) us 24 tuojh 1950 dks Hkkjr dk jk"Vª xku Lohdkj fd;kA
TT 73osa lafo/ku la'kks/u dh eq[; ckrsa% TT bldks xkus dk le; 52 lsds.M gS rFkk laf{kIr vof/
1. blesa iapk;rh jkt ds f=kLrjh; <k¡ps dk çko/ku fd;k 20 lsds.M gSA
x;k gSA xzke Lrj ij xzke iapk;r] ç[k.M Lrj ij TT ;g lcls igys 27 fnlEcj 1911 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl
iapk;r lfefr rFkk ftyk Lrj ij ftyk ifj"kn~ ds xBu ds dydRrk vf/os'ku esa xk;k x;kA
dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA TT bldks Hkkjr HkkX; fo/krk 'kh"kZd ls çdkf'kr fd;k x;k
2. bldk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k gSA FkkA
3. ,d&frgkbZ efgykvksa dks vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA
Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; çrhd
4. iapk;r Hkax gksus ij 6 ekg ds vUnj fuokZpu gksaxsA
TT Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; çrhd lkjukFk fLFkr v'kksd ds flag LrEHk
uksV % 73 osa lafo/ku la'kks/u ds ckn iapk;rh jkt vf/fu;e ds 'kh"kZ Hkkx dh vuqo`Qfr gSA
dk fuekZ.k djus okyk çFke jkT; dukZVd gSA TT Hkkjr ljdkj us bls 26 tuojh 1950 dks viuk;kA
TT 74ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u % ;g la'kks/u uxjikfydkvksa TT çrhd ds uhps eqaMdksifu"kn~ esa fy[kk lw=k lR;eso t;rs
ls lacaf/r gSA blds }kjk lafo/ku ds Hkkx&9 (d)] nsoukxjh fyfi esa fy[kk gqvk gSA
vuqPNsn&243 ,oa 12oha vuqlwph dk çko/ku fd;k x;k gSA
blesa oqQy 18 fo"k; fn;s x;s gSA jk"Vªh; dyS.Mj
TT 74osa lafo/ku la'kks/u dh eq[; ckrsa % uxjikfydkvksa esa TT Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; dSys.Mj 'kad lor~ ij vk/kfjr gSA
efgykvksa ds fy, 1@3 Hkkx LFkku vkjf{kr gSA TT jk"Vªh; iapkx dks ljdkjh dk;Z esa ç;ksx ds fy, 22 ekpZ
TT uxjikfydkvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr ds fy, Hkh 1957 dks viuk;k x;kA
vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA TT bldk igyk eghuk pS=k o vfUre eghuk iQkYxqu gksrk gSA
TT uxjh; laLFkkvksa dk dk;Zdky ik¡p o"kZ dk gksxkA fo?kVu dh ;g lkekU; o"kZ esa 22 ekpZ vkSj yhi o"kZ esa 21 ekpZ dks
fLFkfr esa Ng ekg ds vUnj pquko djkuk gksxkA çkjEHk gksrk gSA
144
jk"Vªh; i'kq ck?k TT jkT;ksa esa vkikrdky dh vof/ 2 ekg dh gksrh gSA blls
vf/d ds le; ds fy, laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa ls vyx&vyx
jk"Vªh; iq"i dey
vuqefr ysuh iM+rh gS] rc ;g 6 ekg dh tk ldrh gSA
jk"Vªh; i{kh eksj
TT jkT;ksa esa vkikrdky dh vof/ vf/dre 3 lky rd gksrh
jk"Vªh; iQy vke gSA
jk"Vªh; isM+ cjxn TT lcls igys 1951 esa iatkc esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu yxk;k x;k
jk"Vªh; fojklr i'kq gkFkh FkkA
jk"Vªh; unh xaxk TT lokZf/d le; rd ,slk vkikrdky tEew&d'ehj esa yxk
jk"Vªh; tyh; tho MkWfYiQu (eNyh) FkkA
jktHkk"kk foÙkh; vkikrdky (vuqPNsn&360)

TT lafo/ku ds Hkkx&17 ds vuqPNsn&343 ds vuqlkj la?k dh TT ;g vkikrdky rc yxk;k tkrk gS] tc jk"Vªifr dks ,slk
jktHkk"kk fgUnh o fyfi nsoukxjh gSA fo'okl gks tk;s fd ns'k dh foÙkh; lk[k [krjs esa gSA
TT lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&344 esa jk"Vªifr dks jktHkk"kk ls TT bl vkikrdky dh vf/dre le; lhek fu/kZfjr ughaa dh
lEcfU/r dqN fo"k;ksa esa lykg nsus ds fy, ,d vk;ksx dh xbZ rFkk ;g Hkkjr esa vHkh rd ,d ckj Hkh ughaa yxk gSA
fu;qfDr dk çko/ku gSA çeq[k lafo/ku la'kks/u
TT lafo/ku dh vkBoha vuqlwph esa fuEu Hkk"kkvksa dks jktHkk"kk
TT çFke lafo/ku la'kks/u (1951)% bl la'kks/u lsa lafo/ku
ds :i esa ekU;rk çkIr gS%& esa 9oha vuqlwph tksM+h xbZA
1- vlfe;k 2- ckaXyk 3- xqtjkrh 4- fgUnh 5- dUuM+ TT lkrok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (1956)% bl la'kks/u }kjk Hkk"kkbZ
6- d'ehjh 7- ey;kye 8- ejkBh 9- mfM+;k 10- iatkch vk/kj ij jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu fd;k x;kA
11- laLo`Qr 12- fla/h 13- rfey 14- rsyqxw 15- mnwZ TT 12ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (1962) % iqrZxkyh vkf/iR; okys
16- dksad.kh 17- ef.kiqjh 18- usikyh 19- eSfFkyh xksok] neu&nho dks Hkkjr dk vax cuk fn;kA
20- laFkkyh 21- Mksxjh 22- cksMks TT 14ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (1962) % izQkafllh vkf/iR; okys
vkikr micU/ iqnqpsjh dks Hkkjr dk vax cuk fn;kA
TT 24ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (1971) % laln dks ekSfyd
TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa rhu çdkj ds vkikr dky dh O;oLFkk
vf/dkjksa lfgr lafo/ku ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa la'kks/u dk
dh xbZ gSA
vf/dkj fn;k x;kA
jk"Vªh; vkikr (vuqPNsn&352) TT 35ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (1974) % flfDde dks lgjkT;
TT bldh ?kks"k.kk ;q¼] ckgjh vkØe.k vkSj l'kL=k foæksg gksus ij ds :i esa Hkkjr esa 'kkfey fd;kA
jk"Vªifr }kjk ns'k ds fdlh Hkkx ;k iwjs ns'k esa dh tkrh gSA TT 42ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (1976)% bl la'kks/u ls
TT jk"Vªifr }kjk jk"Vªh; vkikr dh ?kks"k.kk ,d ekg rd tkjh lafo/ku dh çLrkouk esa lektoknh] iaFkfujis{k ,oa v[kaMrk
jgrh gSA ;fn laln bls 2@3 cgqer ls ikfjr dj ns rks ;g 'kCn tksM+s x;sA
6 ekg vkSj c<kbZ tk ldrh gSA TT o"kZ 1976 esa 42osa la'kks/u vf/fu;e esa Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa
TT vkikrdky esa yksdlHkk dk dk;Zdky 1 o"kZ rd c<+k;k Hkkx IVA ,d u;k Hkkx lfEefyr fd;kA
tk ldrk gSA (Const GD. 16 Jan., 2023)
TT lcls igys vkikrdky 26 vDVwcj] 1962 dks yxk tc TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ 42osa laoS/kfud la'kks/u vf/fu;e osQ
phu us Hkkjr ij vkØe.k fd;k FkkA fy, feuh lafo/ku 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
TT nwljh ckj vkikr dky ikfdLrku ds ;q¼ ds le; 3 fnlEcj] (Const GD. 9 Feb., 2023)
1971 bZñ esa yxkA TT
lafo/ku ds Hkkx 4 (d) esa 10 ekSfyd dÙkZO; tksM+s x;sA
TT rhljh ckj jk"Vªh; vkikrdky vkUrfjd xM+cM+h ds dkj.k 26 TT
yksdlHkk o fo/kulHkk ds dk;Zdky dks 5 o"kZ ls 6 o"kZ
twu 1975 dks yxk;k x;k FkkA dj fn;k x;kA
TT blds }kjk ou] lEink] f'k{kk rFkk tula[;k fu;U=k.k vkfn
jkT;ksa esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu (vuqPNsn&356)
fo"k;ksa dks jkT; lwph ls leorhZ lwph esa yk;k x;kA
TT ;fn fdlh jkT; dk 'kklu lafo/ku ds vuqlkj ughaa py
TT 44ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (1978)% blds }kjk lEifÙk ds
jgk gS] rks jk"Vªifr ml jkT; ds 'kklu dks vius gkFkksa esa ys
vf/dkj dks ekSfyd vf/dkj ls gVkdj dkuwuh vf/dkj
ysrk gSA
145
cuk fn;kA TT 104ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (2020) % yksdlHkk vkSj jkT;lHkk

TT yksdlHkk o fo/kulHkk dk dk;Zdky iqu% 6 o"kZ ls 5 o"kZ fo/kulHkk esa ,aXyks bafM;u osQ fy, lhVksa osQ vkj{k.k dks
dj fn;k x;kA lekIr dj fn;kA
TT 52ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (1985)% nycny fojks/h çko/ku TT Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ 104osa lafo/ku la'kks/u (o"kZ 2020) us
(vuqlwph&10 tksM+h) x;hA vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ vkj{k.k dh vof/
TT 61ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (1989)% blds }kjk ernku dh dks 10 o"kZ osQ fy, c<+k fn;kA
vk;q 21 o"kZ ls ?kVkdj 18 o"kZ dj nh xbZA (Const GD. 31 Jan., 2023)
TT 69ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (1991)% fnYyh dks jk"Vªh;
jkt/kuh {ks=k (NCR) dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA
egRoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh
TT 73ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (1993)% iapk;rh jkt (11oha TT 'kwU;dky% laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa ç'udky ds Bhd ckn ds
vuqlwph) dks tksM+k x;kA dky dks 'kwU;dky dgk tkrk gSA ;g 12 cts çkjEHk gksrk gS
TT 74ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (1993) % uxj fudk; lEcU/h vkSj 1 cts rd pyrk gSA
(12oha vuqlwph) vuqPNsnksa dks tksM+k x;kA TT lafpr fuf/ % lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&266 esa lafpr fuf/
dk çko/ku gSA jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr rFkk fu;a=kd egkys[kk
uksV % 73osa vkSj 74osa lafo/ku la'kks/u osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa ijh{kd vkfn dk osru blh fuf/ ls fn;k tkrk gSA
rhu Lrjh; 'kklu iz.kkyh gSA TT vkdfLed fuf/ % lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&267 ds vuqlkj
TT 84ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (2001) % yksdlHkk rFkk Hkkjr ljdkj ,d vkdfLed fuf/ dh LFkkiuk djsaxhA laln
fo/kulHkkvksa dh lhVksa dh la[;k esa 2026 rd dksbZ ifjorZu dh Loho`Qfr ds fcuk bl en ls /u ughaa fudkyk tk ldrkA
u djus dk çko/ku fd;k x;kA TT vfo'okl çLrko% ;g lnu ds foi{kh ny ds lnL;ksa }kjk
TT 86ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (2002)% 6 ls 14 o"kZ ds cPpksa yk;k tkrk gSa çLrko ds i{k esa de ls de 50 lnL;ksa dk
dks fu%'kqYd o vfuok;Z f'k{kkA gksuk vko';d gSa ;k çLrko çLrqr gksus ds ckn 10 fnu esa
TT 92ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (2003)% lafo/ku dh 8oha bl ij ppkZ gksuh vko';d gSA
vuqlwph esa cksMks] Mksxjh] eSfFkyh ,oa laFkkyh Hkk"kk dks 'kkfey TT /u fo/s;d % vuqPNsn&110 ds vUrxZr laln esa jktLo
fd;k x;kA vc bl vuqlwph esa 22 Hkk"kk,¡ gks x;h gSA ,df=kr djus vFkok vU; çdkj ls /u ls lacaf/r fo/s;dA
TT 101ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (2016)% oLrq ,oa lsok dj TT fxyksVhu % fdlh fo/s;d ij fopkj&fofue; dks 'kh?kz
(GST) dks ykxw djus gsrqA lekIr djus dh çfØ;k fxyksVhu dgykrh gSA
TT 103ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (2019)% lkekU; oxZ osQ vkfFkZd
:i ls detksj oxZ ds yksxksa dks 10% vkj{k.kA
ijh{kksi;ksxh iz'u
1. fo'o dk lcls yack fyf[kr lafo/ku fdl ns'k dk gS\ 4. Hkkjr esa ljdkj dk ,d lalnh; Lo:i gS] tks ---------- osQ
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023) lafo/ku ls vkgfjr ,d fo'ks"krk gSA
(a)la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk (b) uhnjySaM (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023)
(c)nf{k.k vizQhdk (d) Hkkjr (a)vkWLVªsfy;k (b) fczVsu
2. dkuwu dk 'kklu fdlh Hkh --------- dh uhao gS] ftldk vFkZ (c)la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk (d) nf{k.k vizQhdk
gS fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr dkuwu ls Åij ugha gSA 5. jkT;ksa dh ifj"kn dks ---------- osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023) (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023)
(a)lkE;okn (b) ,dra=k (a)
mPpre U;k;ky; (b) yksdlHkk
(c)vf/uk;dRo (d) yksdra=k (c)
jkT;lHkk (d) mPp U;k;ky;
3. 26 uoacj] 1949 dks MkW- jktsanz izlkn us lHkk osQ vè;{k 6. yksdlHkk dk dk;Zdky] (tc rd Hkax u gks)] mldh
osQ :i esa nLrkost ij gLrk{kj fd,A ;gk¡ fdl nLrkost igyh cSBd dh fu;r rkjh[k ls --------- rd gksrk gSA
osQ ckjs esa ckr dh tk jgh gS\ (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023)
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023) (a) 6 o"kZ (b) 5 o"kZ
(a) izLrkouk (b) lafo/ku dk igyk elkSnk (c) 4 o"kZ (d) 3 o"kZ
(c) Hkkjrh; lafo/ku (d) ifjxzg.k dk lk/u
146
7. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ekeys esa] yksdlHkk vkSj jkT;lHkk 14. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ fdl vuqPNsn esa dgk x;k gS fd
dks leku 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr ugha gSa\ Hkkjr vFkkZr~ bafM;k ^jkT;ksa dk la?k* gksxk\
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023) (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023)
(a)loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'kksa (a)vuqPNsn 2 (b) vuqPNsn 1
ij egkfHk;ksx pykus (c)vuqPNsn 11 (d) vuqPNsn 10
(b) jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx pykus 15. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa lekurk osQ vf/dkj laca/h ----------
(c) /u fo/s;d ikfjr djus vuqPNsn gSaA
(d) laoS/kfud la'kks/u (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023)
8. pquko vk;ksx ------------] jkT; fo/kueaMy vkSj jk"Vªifr ,oa (a)3 (b) 4
mijk"Vªifr osQ inksa osQ fy, pquko dk lapkyu djrk gSA (c)5 (d) 2
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023) 16. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dk vuqPNsn 17 ------------- ls lacaf/r gSA
(a)MsI;wVh Lihdj (b) laln (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023)
(c)Lihdj (d) iz/kuea=kh (a)f'k{kk dk vf/dkj (b) vLi`';rk dk var
9. yksdlHkk dk lnL; cuus osQ fy, U;wure vk;q fdruh (c)mikf/;ksa dk var (d) fof/ osQ le{k lerk
gksuh pkfg,\ 17. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn ^vLi`';rk* dh
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023) vo/kj.kk dks lekIr djrk gS vkSj fdlh Hkh :i esa blosQ
(a)
23 o"kZ (b) 18 o"kZ O;ogkj dks fuf"k¼ djrk gS\
(c)
22 o"kZ (d) 25 o"kZ (SSC GD, 06 Feb., 2023)
10. laln osQ fupys lnu osQ lnL;ksa dh vf/dre la[;k (a)16 (b) 15
fdruh gS\ (c)14 (d) 17
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023) 18. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn mikf/;ksa dk var
(a)
500 (b) 250 ls lacaf/r gS\
(c)
590 (d) 552 (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023)
11. laln ------------- ls feydj curh gSA (a)vuqPNsn 16 (b) vuqPNsn 19
(i) jk"Vªifr (c)vuqPNsn 17 (d) vuqPNsn 18
(ii) jkT;lHkk 19. lafo/ku osQ fdl vuqPNsn osQ rgr ,d ukxfjd dks dksbZ
(iii) yksdlHkk Hkh mithfodk ;k O;kikj djus dh Lora=krk gS\
(SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023) (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023)
(a) (i)] (ii) vkSj (iii) (b) (i) vkSj (iii) nksuksa (a)vuqPNsn 19(1) (g) (b) vuqPNsn 20(c)
(c) osQoy (i) (d) (ii) vkSj (iii) nksuksa (c)vuqPNsn 21 (f) (d) vuqPNsn 22(b)
12. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dFku Hkkjr osQ laln osQ la;qDr 20. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn vfHkO;fDr dh
l=k osQ ckjs esa lgh ugha gS\ vktknh iznku djrk gS\
(SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023) (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023)
(a)
vc rd nksuksa lnuksa dh la;qDr cSBd rhu ekSdksa ij (a) 21 (b) 20
gks pqdh gSA (c) 21A (d) 19
(b) jkT;lHkk osQ lHkkifr (mijk"Vªifr) la;qDr l=k dh 21. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn îzk.k vkSj nSfgd
vè;{krk djrs gSaA Lora=krk dk laj{k.k* ls lacaf/r gS\
(c) jk"Vªifr la;qDr l=k osQ fy, nksuksa lnuksa dh cSBd (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023)
cqyk ldrk gSA (a)vuqPNsn 20 (b) vuqPNsn 21
(d) laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ chp xfrjks/ dks nwj djus osQ (c)vuqPNsn 22 (d) vuqPNsn 19
fy, la;qDr l=k dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA 22. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn f'k{kk dk vf/dkj
13. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ ewy ys[k esa --------- vuqPNsn FksA iznku djrk gS\
(a) 395 (b) 440 (a) 22 (b) 21A
(c) 386 (d) 376 (c) 23 (d) 20
147
23. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dk fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vuqPNsn mijk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu ls lacaf/r ;k lalDr fo"k; ls
ôqQN n'kkvksa esa fxjÝrkjh vkSj fujks/ ls laj{k.k* iznku lacaf/r gS\ (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023)
djrk gS\ (a) 69 (b) 70
(SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023) (c) 71 (d) 68
(a) vuqPNsn 35 (b) vuqPNsn 22 32. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dk fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vuqPNsn
(c) vuqPNsn 47 (d) vuqPNsn 10 Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dks ltk ;k ltk osQ ekeys esa {kek djus
24. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vuqPNsn] dk vf/dkj nsrk gS\
'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ vf/dkj ls lacaf/r gS\ (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023)
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023) (a) vuqPNsn 65 (b) vuqPNsn 78
(a)vuqPNsn 27&28 (b) vuqPNsn 23&24 (c) vuqPNsn 72 (d) vuqPNsn 66
(c)vuqPNsn 33&34 (d) vuqPNsn 37&38 33. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 100(3) osQ rgr] laln osQ
25. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 25 ls 28 ------------ ls fdlh Hkh lnu dh cSBd dk xBu djus osQ fy, vko';d
lacaf/r gSaA x.kiwfrZ] lnu osQ lnL;ksa dh oqQy la[;k dk -----------------
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023) Hkkx gSA (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023)
(a) laoS/kfud mipkj osQ vf/dkj (a) ,d cVs ik¡pok¡ (b) ,d cVs nlok¡
(b) lkaLo`Qfrd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd vf/dkj (c) vk/k (d) ,d&frgkbZ
(c) /eZ dh Lora=krk osQ vf/dkj 34. laln osQ le{k ctV fooj.k izLrqr djus dh laoS/kfud
(d) 'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ vf/dkj vko';drk Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn ----------- esa nh
26. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn vYila[;d oxZ osQ xbZ gSA (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023)
fgrksa osQ laj{k.k ls lacaf/r gS\ (a) 121 (b) 123
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023) (c) 112 (d) 12
(a)33 (b) 29 35. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dk fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vuqPNsn]
(c)31 (d) 27 jkT; dk;Zdkfj.kh ls lacaf/r gS\
27. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ fdl vuqPNsn osQ rgr ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023)
dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS\ (a) vuqPNsn 123&132 (b) vuqPNsn 134&143
(SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023) (c) vuqPNsn 153&167 (d) vuqPNsn 145&150
(a) 50A (b) 53A 36. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn jkT;iky dh
(c) 51A (d) 52A {keknku dh 'kfDr ls lacaf/r gS\
28. ----------- ewy dÙkZO;ksa dks Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ Hkkx IV A (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023)
osQ vuqPNsn ------------- esa lwphc¼ fd;k x;k gSA (a) vuqPNsn 55 (b) vuqPNsn 161
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023) (c) vuqPNsn 163 (d) vuqPNsn 145
(a) 11; 51A (b) 11; 52A 37. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn jkT; dh ljdkj osQ
(c) 13; 52A (d) 13; 51A dk;Z osQ lapkyu ls lacaf/r gS\
29. vuqPNsn ----------- ls --------- vU; ckrksa osQ lkFk&lkFk (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023)
jk"Vªifr dh ;ksX;rk] dk;ks± vkSj muosQ dk;Zdky] fuokZpu] (a) 144 (b) 178
iqufuZokZpu dh fof/ vkSj egkfHk;ksx dk o.kZu djrs gSaA (c) 166 (d) 132
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023) 38. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk vuqPNsn 76 ----------- ls lacaf/r gSA
(a) 50; 55 (b) 50; 60 (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023)
(c) 52; 62 (d) 19; 21 (a) Hkkjr osQ jkT;iky (b) x`gea=kh
30. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn Hkkjr osQ mijk"Vªifr (c) Hkkjr osQ egkU;k;oknh (d) ea=kh ifj"kn~
osQ in dks vfuok;Z djrk gS\ 39. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dk fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vuqPNsn
(SSC GD, 31 Jan, 2023) ;g dgrk gS fd Hkkjr osQ fy, egkU;k;oknh dh fu;qfDr
(a)vuqPNsn 49 (b) vuqPNsn 42 jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tk,xh\
(c)vuqPNsn 53 (d) vuqPNsn 63 (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023)
31. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn jk"Vªifr vkSj (a) vuqPNsn 115 (b) vuqPNsn 12
148
(c)vuqPNsn 123 (d) vuqPNsn 76 47. vkikrdky osQ nkSjku fdu ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dks fuyafcr
40. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl vuqPNsn ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS\
osQ vuqlkj loksZPp U;k;ky; vius fu.kZ;ksa ;k vkns'kksa dh (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023)
leh{kk dj ldrk gS\ (a)vuqPNsn 16&17 (b) vuqPNsn 14&15
(SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023) (c)vuqPNsn 20&21 (d) vuqPNsn 1&19
(a) vuqPNsn 137 (b) vuqPNsn 134 48. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa vafre vuqPNsn dks la[;k ------------ nh
(c) vuqPNsn 120 (d) vuqPNsn 147 xbZ gSA (ebZ 2022 rd izkIr tkudkjh osQ vuqlkj)
41. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vuqPNsn] (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023)
Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd osQ fy, ,d Lora=k (a)380 (b) 395
dk;kZy; dk izko/ku djrk gS\ (c)385 (d) 390
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023) 49. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dh dkSu&lh vuqlwph la?k] jkT; vkSj
(a) vuqPNsn 160 (b) vuqPNsn 158 leorhZ lwfp;ksa ls lacaf/r gS\
(c) vuqPNsn 134 (d) vuqPNsn 148 (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023)
42. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn Hkkjr osQ (a)lkroha (b) X;kjgoha
fu;a=kd&egkys[kkijh{kd osQ dÙkZO;ksa vkSj 'kfDr;ksa ls (c)ukSoha (d) ik¡poha
lacaf/r gS\ 50. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku esa vuqlwfp;ksa dh la[;k fdruh gS\
(a) vuqPNsn 165 (b) vuqPNsn 160 (a)
12 (b) 10
(c) vuqPNsn 148 (d) vuqPNsn 149 (c)
11 (d) 9
43. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 157 esa dgk x;k gS fd 51. uxjikfydkvksa dh 'kfDr;k¡] izkf/dkj vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro
fdlh jkT; osQ jkT;iky fu;qDr gksus osQ fy, fdlh O;fDr fdl vuqlwph osQ varxZr vkrs gSa\
}kjk fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh ;ksX;rk,¡ iwjh dh tkuh (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023)
pkfg,\ (a)10oha (b) 13oha
(i) mls ,d Hkkjrh; ukxfjd gksuk pkfg,A (c)11oha (d) 12oha
(ii) mlus 35 o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh dj yh gksA 52. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh lkroha vuqlwph --------- ls lacaf/r gSA
(a) osQoy (i) (b) osQoy (ii) (a) jkT;ksa dh U;k;ikfydk
(c) nksuksa (i) vkSj (ii) (d) u rks (i) vkSj u gh (ii) (b) laln dh 'kfDr;k¡
44. lafo/ku osQ Hkkx VI esa vuqPNsn ----------------------- jkT; (c) osaQnz vkSj jkT;ksas osQ chp 'kfDr;ksa osQ foHkktu
fo/kf;dk osQ laxBu] lajpuk] vof/] vf/dkfj;ksa] (d) iapk;rh jkt
izfozQ;kvksa] fo'ks"kkf/dkjksa] 'kfDr;ksa vkfn ls lacaf/r gSaA 53. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh fdl vuqlwph esa Hkkjrh; x.kjkT; dh
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023) Hkk"kk,¡ 'kkfey gSa\
(a) 150 ls 168 (b) 168 ls 212 (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023)
(c) 158 ls 200 (d) 150 ls 212 (a)9 (b) 6
45. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 243 osQ vuqlkj] --------- dk (c)8 (d) 7
vFkZ gS xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ fy, vuqPNsn 243[k osQ v/hu 54. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku osQ fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl Hkkx esa ewy
xfBr Lok;r 'kklu okyh ,d laLFkkA vf/dkj lfUufgr gSa\
(a) xzke lHkk (b) iapk;r (a) III (b) IV
(c) uxj fuxe (d) E;qfuLiy desVh (c) II (d) I
46. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk vuqPNsn pqukoksa dh lwpuk] 55. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa fdrus ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa dk mYys[k
funsZ'ku osQ ckjs esa gS\ fd;k x;k gS\ (ebZ 2022 osQ vuqlkj)
(a) vuqPNsn 324 (b) vuqPNsn 356 (a) 10 (b) 8
(c) vuqPNsn 367 (d) vuqPNsn 333 (c) 11 (d) 9
149
56. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dÙkZO;] Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa (a) jktsanz izlkn (b) ch-vkj- vacsMdj
42osa la'kks/u }kjk ugha tksM+k x;k Fkk\ (c) tokgj yky usg: (d) oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy
(SSC GD, 11 March, 2023) 64. ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa dh dkSu&lh mi/kjk Lora=krk osQ fy,
(a)Hkkjr dh izHkqrk] ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dh j{kk djuk gekjs jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dks izsfjr djus okys mPp vkn'kks±
vkSj mls v{kq..k j[kuk dks ân; esa ltks,¡ j[ks vkSj mudk ikyu djsa osQ ckjs esa
(b) N% ls pkSng o"kZ dh vk;q osQ chp osQ cPps ;k ckr djrh gS\ (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023)
izfrikY; dks f'k{kk osQ volj iznku djuk (a) mi&/kjk b (b) mi&/kjk a
(c) ns'k dh lkefld laLo`Qfr dh xkSjo'kkyh ijaijk dk (c) mi&/kjk c (d) mi&/kjk d
egRo le>uk vkSj bls ifjjf{kr djuk 65. fdl laoS/kfud la'kks/u osQ }kjk lafo/ku esa ewy dÙkZO;ksa
(d) lkoZtfud laifÙk dh j{kk djuk vkSj fgalk ls nwj jguk dks tksM+k x;k\
57. fdl Hkkjrh; iz/kuea=kh osQ dk;Zdky esa Hkkjrh; lafo/ku (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023)
esa ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k\ (a) 41osa (b) 43osa
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023) (c) 42osa (d) 44osa
(a)
eueksgu flag (b) jktho xka/h 66. ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa osQ ckjs esa vuq'kalk,¡ djus osQ fy, -------
(c)
tokgj yky usg: (d) bafnjk xka/h -- lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA
58. fuEu esa ls D;k o"kZ 1950 esa viuk, x, ewy Hkkjrh; (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023)
lafo/ku dk fgLlk ugha Fkk\ (a)
LokehukFku (b) cyoar jk; esgrk
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023) (c)
Lo.kZ flag (d) fccsd nscjkW;
(a) ewy dÙkZO; 67. fdl lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e osQ ikfjr gksus osQ ckn
(b) vkikrdkyhu izko/ku vc Ng ekSfyd vf/dkj gSa\
(c) ewy vf/dkj (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023)
(d) jkT; osQ uhfr funs'kd fl¼kar (a) 1952 esa 11oka la'kks/u (b) 1996 esa 102oka la'kks/u
59. Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; dk mn~?kkVu dc fd;k x;k (c) 1978 esa 44oka la'kks/u (d) 1952 esa 44oka la'kks/u
Fkk\ (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023) 68. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk Hkkx IVA fdlls lacaf/r gS\
(a) 26 tuojh 1948 (b) 2 tuojh 1950 (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023)
(c) 26 tuojh 1952 (d) 28 tuojh 1950 (a) jkT; osQ uhfr funs'kd fl¼karksa
60. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku esa izkjafHkd 10 ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa dks dc (b) iqfyl dk uSfrd dÙkZO;
tksM+k x;k Fkk\ (c) ewy dÙkZO;ksa
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023) (d) ewy vf/dkjksa
(a)1985 (b) 1976 69. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk fdrus ewy vf/dkj iznku fd, x,
(c)1947 (d) 1955 gSa\ (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023)
61. 6 ls 14 o"kZ dh vk;q oxZ osQ cPpksa osQ fy, vfuok;Z f'k{kk (a) 8 (b) 7
dk izko/ku fdl lafo/ku la'kks/u }kjk fd;k x;k\ (c) 6 (d) 5
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023) 70. UPSC osQ lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky ---------- gksrk gSA
(a)85osa (b) 86osa (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023)
(c)82osa (d) 83osa (a) 5 o"kZ ;k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q
62. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa ewy dÙkZO; fdl ns'k osQ lafo/ku ls (b) 4 o"kZ ;k 62 o"kZ dh vk;q
x`fgr gSa\ (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023) (c) 6 o"kZ ;k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q tks Hkh igys gks
(a) ;w-,l-,- (d) 6 o"kZ ;k 62 o"kZ dh vk;q
(b) izQkal 71. ^ns'k dh j{kk djus vkSj vkàoku fd, tkus ij jk"Vª dh
(c) dukMk lsok osQ fy, rRij jgus dk mYys[k ------------- osQ rgr
(d) ;w-,l-,l-vkj- (vc :l) fd;k x;k gSA
63. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlus] laoS/kfud mipkj osQ vf/dkj (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023)
dks ^lafo/ku dh vkRek dgk Fkk\ (a) ewy dÙkZO;ksa (b) ewy vf/dkjksa
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023) (c) funs'kd fl¼karksa (d) lafo/ku dh izLrkouk
150
72. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa ewy vf/dkjksa dk fl¼kar fuEufyf[kr (a) mPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k
esa ls fdl ns'k ls fy;k x;k gS\ (b) jkT;iky
(SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023) (c) eaf=keaMy
(a) nf{k.k vizQhdk (b) ;wukbVsM foaQxMe (d) eq[;ea=kh
(c) la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk (d) dukMk 81. Hkkjr esa] fdlosQ }kjk eq[;ea=kh dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gS\
73. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa ^jk"Vªifr osQ pquko dh fof/* dks (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023)
----------- lafo/ku ls fy;k x;k gSA (a) mi jk"Vªifr (b) iz/kuea=kh
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023) (c) jkT;iky (d) jk"Vªifr
(a)teZuh (b) nf{k.k vizQhdk 82. jkT; esa laoS/kfud vkikrdky yxkus dh vuq'kalk djus dh
(c)la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk (d) vk;jySaM 'kfDr fdlosQ ikl gS\
74. Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa fuokZfpr gksus osQ fy, U;wure (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023)
vk;q fdruh gksuh pkfg,\ (a)Hkkjr osQ mijk"Vªifr (b) ml jkT; osQ jkT;iky
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023) (c)Hkkjr osQ iz/kuea=kh (d) Hkkjr osQ x`gea=kh
(a)25 o"kZ (b) 34 o"kZ 83. jkT; osQ jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr ------------ }kjk dh tkrh gSA
(c)30 o"kZ (d) 35 o"kZ (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023)
75. Hkkjr esa vkikrdky dh mn~?kks"k.kk osQoy --------- gh dj (a)iz/kuea=kh (osaQnz ljdkj dh lykg ij)
ldrk gSA (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023) (b)jk"Vªifr
(a) iz/kuea=kh (b) jk"Vªifr (c)iz/kuea=kh
(c) eq[;ea=kh (d) jkT;iky (d)eq[;ea=kh (osaQnz ljdkj dh lykg ij)
76. ns'k osQ jk"Vªifr dks muosQ in ls gVkus dks ----------------- osQ 84. dkSu&lk vuqPNsn jk"Vªifr dks fdlh jkT; osQ jkT;iky dks
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ,d fudVorhZ la?k jkT;{ks=k osQ iz'kkld osQ :i esa fu;qDr
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023) djus osQ fy, vf/o`Qr djrk gS\
(a)lsokvksa ls LoSfPNd lsokfuo`fr (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023)
(b)lsokvksa dh lekfIr (a) vuqPNsn 239(2) (b) vuqPNsn 231(2)
(c)egkfHk;ksx (c) vuqPNsn 238(2) (d) vuqPNsn 237(2)
(d)R;kxi=k 85. Hkkjr esa dkuwu cukus osQ {ks=k esa] dksbZ fo/s;d rc rd
77. Hkkjr esa] eq[; pquko vk;qDr dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\ vf/fu;e ugha cu tkrk tc rd fd mls ------------ dh
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023) lgefr izkIr ugha gks tkrhA
(a) yksdlHkk vè;{k (b) jk"Vªifr (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023)
(c) iz/kuea=kh (d) mi&jk"Vªifr (a)mi jk"Vªifr (b) iz/kuea=kh
78. jkT;iky osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dFku lgh (c)jk"Vªifr (d) egkU;k;oknh
ugha gS\ (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023) 86. jkT; osQ jkT;iky osQ :i esa fu;qDr gksus osQ fy, U;wure
(a) og eq[;ea=kh vkSj vU; eaf=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA vk;q fdruh gksuh pkfg,\
(b) mlosQ ikl fdlh O;fDr osQ e`R;qnaM dks {kek djus] (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023)
izfoyacu djus ;k ekiQ djus dh 'kfDr gksrh gSA (a) 30 o"kZ (b) 35 o"kZ
(c) jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr jkT;iky esa fufgr gSA (c) 25 o"kZ (d) 27 o"kZ
(d) og dfri; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vè;kns'k tkjh dj ldrk 87. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk dk izko/ku
gSA fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ns'k osQ lafo/ku ls fy;k x;k gS\
79. fdlh jkT; osQ jkT;iky osQ lHkh dk;Zdkjh dk;ks± dks (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023)
----------- osQ uke ls fd;k tkuk vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk,xkA (a) ;wukbVsM foaQxMe (b) la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023) (c) ;w,l,lvkj (d) izQkal
(a)
eq[;ea=kh (b) eaf=keaMy 88. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh fo'ks"krk_ la?kokn dk osaQnzho`Qr :i]
(c)
jkT;iky (d) egkf/oDrk ftlesa osaQnz osQ ikl jkT;ksa ls vf/d 'kfDr;k¡ gksrh gSa] fdl
80. jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk dh 'kfDr ------------ osQ ikl gksrh gSA ekWMy ij vk/kfjr gS\
151
(a) dukMkbZ ekWMy (b) tkiku ekWMy (c) 7 (d) 5

(c) fczVsu ekWMy (d) ;w,l, ekWMy 98. eaf=kifj"kn lkewfgd :i ls -------------------------- osQ izfr
89. vaxzstksa }kjk ikfjr fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl vf/fu;e us mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA
Hkkjrh;ksa dks gfFk;kj j[kus dh vuqefr ugha nh\ (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023)
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023) (a) yksdlHkk (b) jkT;iky
(a) vkElZ ,DV 1888 (b) vkElZ ,DV 1850 (c) turk (d) eq[;ea=kh
(c) vkElZ ,DV 1878 (d) vkElZ ,DV 1868 99. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ 101osa lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e us
90. vizSy 2021 rd fdrus jkT;ksa esa fo/ku ifj"kn gS\ fuEu iz.kkyh dh 'kq:vkr dh%
(a)5 (b) 6 (a),d ns'k] ,d vk; (b) ,d ns'k ,d dj
(c)4 (d) 7 (c),d O;fDr] ,d dj (d) ,d O;fDr] ,d nj
91. jkT; fo/kf;dk osQ mPp lnu dks ---------------osQ :i esa 100. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh mn~nsf'kdk esa îaFkfujis{k* 'kCn fdl
tkuk tkrk gSA o"kZ esa tksM+k x;k Fkk\
(a) fo/kulHkk (b) yksdlHkk (a)1976 esa (b) 1972 esa
(c) jkT;lHkk (d) fo/ku ifj"kn (c)1974 esa (d) 1970 esa
92. Hkkjr esa] bl vf/fu;e osQ varxZr varj&/eZ fookg fd, 101. Hkkjr ljdkj us o"kZ ---------------- esa ,d vf/fu;e ikfjr
tkrs gSa& (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023) djosQ] rRdkyhu tEew vkSj d'ehj jkT; dh fo'ks"k
(a) fganw fookg ,oa nÙkd xzg.k vf/fu;e laoS/kfud fLFkfr dks jn~n dj fn;kA
(b) fo'ks"k fookg vf/fu;e (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023)
(c) Hkkjrh; mÙkjkf/dkj vf/fu;e (a)
2018 (b) 2014
(d) flfoy izfozQ;k lafgrk (c)
2021 (d) 2019
93. Lora=krk osQ ckn] Hkkjrh; laln us lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd 102. fdlh jkT; esa eaf=kifj"kn dh fu;qfDr ---------------------- dh
uhfr osQ mn~ns'; osQ :i esa lekt osQ ------------------ Lo:i lykg ij dh tkrh gSA
dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023)
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023) (a)
jkT;iky
(a) mnkjoknh (b) iw¡thoknh (b)
jk"Vªifr
(c) lkE;oknh (d) lektoknh (c)
mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'k
94. Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk Hkkx Hkkjr osQ loksZPp (d)
eq[;ea=kh
U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj dk;Ziz.kkfy;ksa ls lacaf/r gS\ 103. ljdkj osQ lalnh; Lo:i dks --------------------- ekWMy osQ
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023) :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
(a) Hkkx VI (b) Hkkx V (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023)
(c) Hkkx X (d) Hkkx XI (a)lkE;oknh (b) /fudra=k
95. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk dkSu&lk Hkkx iapk;r ls lacaf/r gS\ (c)/eZra=k (d) osLVfeULVj
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023) 104. pquko yM+us vkSj ljdkj esa lÙkk ij dkct gksus osQ fy,
(a)Hkkx XI (b) Hkkx X ,d lkFk vkus okys yksxksa osQ lewg dks ------------------------
(c)Hkkx VIII (d) Hkkx IX dgk tkrk gSA
96. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; esa f}lnuh; fo/kf;dk gS\ (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023)
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023) (a)
U;k;ikfydk (b) jktuhfrd ny
(a) iatkc (b) dukZVd (c)
Jfed (d) uxj ikfydk
(c) gfj;k.kk (d) rfeyukMq 105. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk ,d ekSfyd dÙkZO; gS\
97. fo/ku ifj"kn osQ lnL; --------------- o"kZ dh vof/ osQ fy, (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023)
pqus tkrs gSaA (a) vf/oDrkvksa dh xfjek osQ fy, viekutud izFkkvksa
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023) dk R;kx djuk
(a) 6 (b) 4
152
(b) fdlh Hkh iz'kklfud vf/dkjh dh xfjek osQ fy, (a)

eksjkjth nslkbZ (b) bafnjk xka/h
viekutud izFkkvksa dk R;kx djuk (c)
eueksgu flag (d) oh-ih- flag
(c) iq#"kksa dh xfjek osQ fy, viekutud izFkkvksa dk 113. ,d vf/fu;e tks cPpks dks ;kSu geys] ;kSu mRihM+u vkSj
R;kx djuk v'yhy lkfgR; osQ vijk/ksa ls cpkus osQ fy, vkSj fo'ks"k
(d) ,slh izFkkvksa dk R;kx djuk tks fL=k;ksa osQ lEeku osQ U;k;ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, ;kstuk djrk gS] -----------
fo#¼ gSaA (POCSO) osQ :i esa lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gSA
106. --------------- HkxksM+s vkfFkZd vijkf/;ksa dks Hkkjrh; vnkyrksa (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023)
osQ vf/dkj {ks=k ls ckgj jgdj Hkkjr esa dkuwu dh izfozQ;k (a) ySafxd vijk/ksa ls ckydksa dk laj{k.k vf/fu;e]
ls cpus ls jksdus osQ mik; iznku djrk gSA 2012
(SSC GD, 6Feb., 2023) (b) ySafxd vijk/ksa ls ckydksa dk laj{k.k vf/fu;e]
(a)fons'kh vkfFkZd vijk/h vf/fu;e] 2018 2013
(b)vkfFkZd vijk/h vf/fu;e] 2018 (c) ySafxd vijk/ksa ls ckydksa dk fuokj.k vf/fu;e]
(c)HkxksM+k vijk/h vf/fu;e] 2015 2012
(d)HkxksM+k vkfFkZd vijk/h vf/fu;e] 2018 (d) ySafxd dVq vuqHko ls ckydksa dk laj{k.k vf/fu;e]
107. Hkkjr esa yksdra=k dk vk/kj dkuwu dk 'kklu gS vkSj bldk 2012
vFkZ gS fd gekjs ikl ---------------- gksuk pkfg,A 114. fo/kuifj"kn osQ oqQy lnL;ksa dh la[;k jkT; fo/kulHkk
(SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023) osQ lnL;ksa dh oqQy la[;k osQ --------------- ls vf/d ugha
(a) vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krk gksxh] foaQrq ;g lnL; la[;k fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa 40 ls
(b) ,d fyf[kr lafo/ku de ugha gksuh pkfg,A
(c) laln dh laizHkqrk (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023)
(d) Lora=k U;k;ikfydk (a) 1@3 (b) 1@10
108. igyh fuokZfpr laln fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl o"kZ esa (c) 1@6 (d) 1@8
vfLrRo esa vkbZ Fkh\ (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023) 115. Hkkjr esa naM izfozQ;k lafgrk o"kZ ----------------- esa vf/fu;fer
(a) 1949 (b) 1955 dh xbZ gSA (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023)
(c) 1952 (d) 1950 (a) 1977 (b) 1975
109. fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu&lk Hkkjr dh lalnh; ljdkj dk (c) 1971 (d) 1973
fl¼kar ugha gS\ (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023) 116. jkT; fo/kf;dk osQ fuEu lnu dks --------------- dgk tkrk
(a) yksdlHkk dk fo?kVu gSA (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023)
(b) cgqer ny dk 'kklu (a) jkT;lHkk (b) yksdlHkk
(c) fo/kf;dk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk osQ chp (c) fo/kulHkk (d) fo/ku ifj"kn
'kfDr;ksa dk Li"V foHkktu 117. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ fdl laoS/kfud vf/fu;e osQ fy,
(d) lkewfgd ftEesnkjh ^feuh lafo/ku* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS\
110. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ varxZr mPpre U;k;ky; fuEufyf[kr (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023)
esa ls dkSu&lk ewy vf/dkjksa osQ izorZu osQ fy, tkjh dj (a)38osa (b) 40osa
ldrk gS\ (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023) (c)42osa (d) 44osa
(a) fjV (b) vf/lwpuk 118. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk 'kCn 42osa la'kks/u osQ nkSjku
(c) vè;kns'k (d) gqDeukek izLrkouk esa tksM+k x;k Fkk\
111. ----------------- esa] Hkkjrh; laln us ukxfjdrk (la'kks/u) (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023)
vf/fu;e (CAA) dkuwu ikfjr d;kA (a)
iaFkfujis{k (b) Lora=krk
(SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023) (c)
/eZ (d) jk"Vª jkT;
(a)
tuojh 2019 (b) tuojh 2018 119. 1976 esa 42osa la'kks/u vf/fu;e us Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa
(c)
fnlacj 2019 (d) fnlacj 2018 dkSu&lk u;k Hkkx lfEefyr fd;k\
112. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlosQ dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku Lo.kZ flag (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023)
lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k Fkk\ (a) Hkkx IIIA (b) Hkkx IV A
(SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023) (c) Hkkx IIA (d) Hkkx I A
153
120. Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ ----------------- osa la'kks/u (o"kZ 2020) 121. 73osa vkSj 74osa la'kks/u osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa ------------------
us vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ vkj{k.k dks Lrjh; 'kklu iz.kkyh gSA
c<+k fn;kA (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023) (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023)
(a) 107 (b) 106 (a) ,d (b) rhu
(c) 104 (d) 105 (c) pkj (d) nks
mRrjekyk
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (a)
41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (b) 46. (a) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (a)
51. (d) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (c) 56. (b) 57. (d) 58. (a) 59. (d) 60. (b)
61. (b) 62. (d) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (c) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (c) 69. (c) 70. (c)
71. (a) 72. (c) 73. (d) 74. (d) 75. (b) 76. (c) 77. (b) 78. (b) 79. (c) 80. (b)
81. (c) 82. (b) 83. (b) 84. (a) 85. (c) 86. (b) 87. (b) 88. (a) 89. (c) 90. (b)
91. (d) 92. (b) 93. (d) 94. (b) 95. (d) 96. (b) 97. (a) 98. (a) 99. (b) 100. (a)
101. (d) 102. (d) 103. (d) 104. (b) 105. (d) 106. (d) 107. (d) 108. (c) 109. (c) 110. (a)
111. (c) 112. (b) 113. (a) 114. (a) 115. (d) 116. (c) 117. (c) 118. (a) 119. (b) 120. (c)
121. (b)
154
5 vFkZO;oLFkk
TT vFkZ'kkL=k % ;g ekuo dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dk vè;;u i;ZVu vkfnA

djrk gS] ftlesa mldk vkfFkZd ykHk rFkk vkfFkZd gkfu TT o`Qf"k esa yxs gq, yksxksa dks jsM dkyZj tkWc osQ vUrZxr j[kk
'kkfey jgrs gSaA tkrk gSA
TT vFkZ'kkL=k dk tud ,Me fLeFk dks dgk tkrk gSA mUgksaus TT f}rh;d {ks=k esa yxs yksxksa dks Cyw dkWyj tkWc osQ vUrxZr
osYFk vkWiQ us'ku uked iqLrd fy[khA j[kk tkrk gSA
TT tc fdlh ns'k dks mldh leLr vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa osQ lUnHkZ TT r`rh; vFkok lsok {ks=k esa layXu O;fDr;ksa dks OgkbV dkWyj
esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa] rks mls vFkZO;oLFkk dgrs gSaA tkWc osQ varxZr j[kk tkrk gSA
TT bldk oxhZdj.k rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
TT i¡wthoknh vFkZO;oLFkk % bl vFkZO;oLFkk esa D;k mRiknu Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ çeq[k y{k.k
djuk gS] fdruk djuk gS rFkk mls fdl dher ij cspuk gS TT Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ,d fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk gSA ,slh
;g lc cktkj r; djrk gS] blesa ljdkj dh dksbZ Hkwfedk vFkZO;oLFkk tgk¡ vkfFkZd lao`f¼ osQ mPp Lrj dks izkIr djus
ugha gksrhA dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS] fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk dgykrh gSA
TT jkT; vFkZO;oLFkk (lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk) % ;g fodflr ns'kksa osQ lkis{k esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk fiNM+h gqbZ gSA
vFkZO;oLFkk iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ foijhr esa gSA blesa TT o`Qf"k ij vk/kfjr vFkZO;oLFkk gS %
mRiknu] vkiwfrZ rFkk dherksa lHkh dk iSQlyk ljdkj }kjk ¾¾ 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj ns'k dh oqQy vkcknh
fy;k tkrk gSA ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk dks osQUæho`Qr fu;ksftr dk 54.6 izfr'kr o`Qf"k vkSj blosQ lacaf/r xfrfof/;ksa
vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh dgrs gSaA esa yxk gqvk gSA
¾¾ ns'k dh yxHkx 70 izfr'kr tula[;k viuh vkthfodk
uksV % igyh ckj jkT; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fl¼kUr teZuh osQ osQ fy;s eq[;r% o`Qf"k ij fuHkZj gSA
nk'kZfud dkyZ ekDlZ us fn;k FkkA budh iqLrd dk uke nkl ¾¾ dbZ m|ksxksa dks dPps eky osQ fy, o`Qf"k {ks=k ij fuHkZj
oSQfiVy gSA jguk iM+rk gSA
TT fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk % iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk lektoknh ¾¾ o`Qf"k {ks=k dk fons'kh eqæk vtZu djus esa Hkh vge
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ la;qDr :i dks fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dgrs gSaA ;ksxnku gSA
TT Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dk loZJs"B TT Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk gS %
mnkgj.k gSA eysf'k;k rFkk baMksusf'k;k dh Hkh fefJr ¾¾ fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk esa futh ,oa lkoZtfud {ks=k ;k
vFkZO;oFkk gSA cktkj rFkk jkT; dh Hkwfedk ?kfu"B :i ls lEcfU/r
TT vFkZO;oLFkk osQ {ks=k % vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa gksrh gSA
dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS] ftUgsa vFkZO;oLFkk dk {ks=k ¾¾ Hkkjr osQ vk;kstu esa vkjEHk ls gh nksuksa {ks=kksa osQ egRo
dgk tkrk gSA dks Lohdkj fd;k x;kA
TT çkFkfed {ks=k % ;g {ks=k çR;{k :i ls i;kZoj.k ij fuHkZj ¾¾ 'kq:vkrh ;kstukvksa esa lkoZtfud {ks=k dh eq[; Hkwfedk
gksrk gSA blosQ vUrZxr o`Qf"k] i'kqikyu rFkk eRL; ikyu vkfn Fkh] fdUrq 1991 ls mnkjhdj.k osQ çHkko ls futh {ks=k
vkrs gSaA blesa layXu Je dh ço`Qfr dks jsM dkWyj tkWc osQ ;ksxnku esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
dgk tkrk gSA TT fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk gS %
TT f}rh;d {ks=k % ;g {ks=k çkFkfed {ks=k osQ mRiknksa dks ¾¾ fodflr ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk fiNM+h
viuh xfrfof/;ksa esa dPps eky dh rjg mi;ksx djrk gSA gqbZ gS] ftldk vk/kj fuEufyf[kr gS&
tSls&yksgk&bLikr m|ksx] oL=k m|ksx] okgu rFkk bysDVªkWfuDl ¾¾ o`Qf"k {ks=k dk vf/d ;ksxnkuA
vkfnA ¾¾ çfr O;fDr vk; dk Lrj de gksukA
TT r`rh;d {ks=k % bl {ks=k esa fofHkUu çdkj dh lsokvksa dk TT Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ftu lwpdksa osQ vk/kj ij fodflr ns'kksa
mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&chek] cSfdax] fpfdRlk] f'k{kk] ls fiNM+h gqbZ gS] mu lwpdksa esa fujarj lq/kj gks jgk gS] vFkkZr~
155
og fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gSA TT jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk dh rhu fof/ gSA
1. mRikn x.kuk fof/
ekuo fodkl lwpdkad (HDI)
2. vk; x.kuk fof/
TT fodkl osQ vU; igyqvksa ij fo'o osQ jk"Vªksa dk è;ku vkdf"kZr
3. miHkksx&cpr fof/
djus osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe (UNDP) }kjk
o"kZ 1990 ls yxkrkj okf"kZd vk/kj ij ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ 1. mRikn x.kuk fof/ % blosQ vUrxZr fdlh ns'k esa ,d
dk çdk'ku fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa fofHkUu jk"Vªksa }kjk fodkl o"kZ esa mRikfnr vfUre lsokvksa rFkk oLrqvksa dk 'kq¼
osQ fofHkUu ekudks osQ lkis{k fd;s x;s ç;klksa dk ,d oSf'od ewY; Kkr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mlosQ ;ksx dks vafre mit
fo'ys"k.k çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ;ksx dgk tkrk gSA ;g okLro esa GDP dks n'kkZrk gSA
TT UNDP }kjk ekuo fodkl osQ vk/kjHkwr igyqvksa 2. vk; x.kuk fof/ % blosQ varxZr fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa
tSls&LokLF;] f'k{kk] vk; vkfn osQ lwpdkadksa osQ vkSlr osQ dk;Zjr O;fDr;ksa rFkk O;olkf;d miØeksa dh 'kq¼ vk;
}kjk fofHkUu ns'kksa dk ekuo fodkl lwpdkad rS;kj fd;k dk ;ksx çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
tkrk gS_ ftls ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ 'kh"kZd osQ rgr çdkf'kr 3. miHkksx&cpr fof/ % blosQ vuqlkj oqQy vk; ;k rks
fd;k tkrk gSA miHkksx ij O;; dh tkrh gS ;k cpr ijA vr% jk"Vªh;
TT ekuo fodkl lwpdkad dh vo/kj.kk dk fodkl ikfdLrkuh vk; oqQy miHkksx O;; vkSj oqQy cprksa dk ;ksx gksrh
vFkZ'kkL=kh egcwc&mYk&gd rFkk ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZ'kkL=kh veR;Z lsu us fd;k FkkA
jk"Vªh; vk; dh vo/kj.kk,¡
TT ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ osQ igys laLdj.k dk çdk'ku o"kZ 1990
esa bUgha nksuksa vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dh enn ls fd;k x;k FkkA 1. ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) % fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk }kjk
TT ekuo fodkl lwpdkad iSekus dk mPpre eku 1-0 rd gks viuh ?kjsyw lhek osQ Hkhrj ,d foÙkh; o"kZ esa mRikfnr
ldrk gSA lHkh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk vafre ekSfæd ewY; mldk
TT Hkkjr ekuo fodkl iSekus ij eè;e Js.kh esa vkrk gSA ldy ?kjsyw mRikn gksrk gSA
2. 'kq¼ ?kjsyw mRikn (NDP) % 'kq¼ ?kjsyw mRikn (NDP)
uksV % jkT; Lrj ij ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ tkjh djus okyk çFke fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dk og GDP gS] ftls 1 o"kZ esa gq,
jkT; eè; çns'k gSA ewY; âkl dks ?kVkdj çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
TT [kq'kgkyh % ;g euq"; ek=k dh vkdka{kk gS tks fd lkekftd NDP = GDP– ewY; âkl (Depreciation)
çxfr dk vk/kj cu ldrh gSA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k us çFke ckj 3. ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn (GNP) % fdlh ns'k
o"kZ 2012 esa fo'o [kq'kgkyh fjiksVZ tkjh dh FkhA osQ ukxfjdksa }kjk ,d o"kZ esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa osQ vafre ekSfæd ewY; esa tc ml o"kZ esa
jk"Vªh; vk;
mlosQ ukxfjdksa }kjk fons'kksa ls çkIr vk; dks tksM+rs
TT Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; dk çFke vuqeku nknkHkkbZ ukSjkSth
gSa rks mls ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn dgk tkrk gSA vFkkZr~
}kjk o"kZ 1868 osQ fy, yxk;k x;k] ftls mudh iqLrd
;g GDP esa fons'kksa ls çkIr vk; dks tksM+us osQ
ikoVhZ ,.M vu&fczfV'k :y bu bf.M;k esa çdkf'kr
ckn çkIr gksrk gSA blh rjg ns'k osQ vUnj fonsf'k;ksa
fd;k x;kA
}kjk mRikfnr vk; dks GDP esa ls ?kVk fn;k tkuk
TT o"kZ 1949 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us jk"Vªh; vk; lfefr dk vè;{k
pkfg,A
ih- lh- egkyuksfcl dks fu;qDr fd;k FkkA
GNP = GDP + X – M (X = ns'k osQ ukxfjdksa }kjk
TT orZeku esa jk"Vªh; vk; osQ vk¡dM+s osQUæh; lkaf[;dh laxBu
fons'kksa esa vftZr vk; rFkk M = fonsf'k;ksa }kjk ns'k esa
(CSO) tkjh djrk gSA
vftZr vk;)
TT bldh LFkkiuk ebZ 1951 esa gqbZ Fkh rFkk bldk eq[;ky; ubZ
fnYyh esa gSA 4. 'kq¼ jk"Vªh; mRikn (NNP) % fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk
TT osQUæh; lkaf[;dh laxBu (CSO) }kjk o"kZ 1996&97 ls }kjk mRikfnr ,d o"kZ esa lHkh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn osQ =kSekfld vk¡dM+s çdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSaA vafre ekSfæd ewY; esa fons'kksa ls izkIr fuoy vk; dks
TT Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; osQ vk¡dM+s dk foÙkh; o"kZ 1 vçSy ls tksM+dj vkSj ewY; âkl dks ?kVkdj tks vk; cprh gS]
31 ekpZ rd gksrk gSA mls 'kq¼ jk"Vªh; mRikn dgrs gSaA
TT Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; dh oSKkfud x.kuk MkW- V.K.R.V jko NNP = GDP + fons'kksa ls izkIr fuoy vk; & ewY;
us 1931 esa dh FkhA âkl = GNP & ewY; âkl
(SSC GD 16 Jan., 2023)
156
¾¾ fons'kksa ls izkIr fuoy vk; = Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk fons'kksa esa TT mnkjhdj.k % mnkjhdj.k dk vFkZ O;kikj ,oa m|ksx dks
vftZr vk; – fons'kh ukxfjdksa }kjk Hkkjr esa vftZr vk; vokafNr ljdkjh fu;a=k.kksa ,oa ikcafn;ksa ls eqDr djuk gSA bl
¾¾ NNP dks ns'k dh tula[;k ls Hkkx nsdj] HkkxiQy uhfr dh nks çeq[k ckrsa gSa&
}kjk çfr O;fDr vk; dks n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA TT lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ vkjf{kr m|ksxksa dks futh {ks=k esa pykus
¾¾ NNP fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dks n'kkZus dh lcls csgrj dh vuqefrA
vo/kj.kk gS] D;ksafd ;g mldh ek=kk] xq.koÙkk] ewY; TT futh {ks=k osQ fy, cuk, x, fu;eksa esa <hyA
âkl vkSj cká 'kfDr dks Li"V djrk gSA mnkjhdj.k osQ fy, fd, x, mik;
¾¾ NNP dks gh jk"Vªh; vk; dgk tkrk gSA
1. vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa lq/kj
(SSC GD 23 Jan., 2023)
TT jk"Vªh; vk; % Hkkjr esa lk/u@dkjd ykxr ij 'kq¼ jk"Vªh; 2. foÙkh; {ks=k esa lq/kj
mRikn (NNP) dks jk"Vªh; vk; dgrs gSaA bldh x.kuk osQ 3. dj lq/kj
fy, cktkj ewY; ij çkIr 'kq¼ jk"Vªh; mRikn esa ls vçR;{k 4. fons'kh O;kikj esa lq/kj
dj dks ?kVk;k tkrk gS vkSj lfClMh dks tksM+k tkrk gSA TT futhdj.k % futhdj.k og çfØ;k gS] ftlesa futh {ks=k dks
(SSC GD 23 Jan., 2023) lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ miØeksa osQ LokfeRo ,oa fu;a=k.k esa Hkkx
¾¾ Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk pkyw ewY; osQ vk/kj ij ysus dh vuqefr nh tkrh gSA
rFkk fLFkj ewY;ksa osQ vk/kj ij dh tkrh gSA TT futhdj.k osQ fy, fd, x, mik;
¾¾ fdlh ns'k dk vkfFkZd fodkl dk lgh lwpd fLFkj 1. futh fons'kh fofu;ksx
dher ij jk"Vªh; vk; gSA 2. fofuos'k
¾¾ jk"Vªh; vk; esa lcls vf/d ;ksxnku r`rh; {ks=k dk rFkk
3. fons'kh çR;{k fofu;ksx
lcls de çkFkfed {ks=k dk gSA
TT oS'ohdj.k % oS'ohdj.k og çfØ;k gS] ftlosQ }kjk iwjk
¾¾ Hkkjr esa fons'kksa ls çkIr 'kq¼ vk; dk vk¡dM+k Hkkjrh;
fo'o ,dy cktkj cu tkrk gSA bls cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa }kjk
fjtoZ cSad }kjk tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA
fons'kh fuos'k rFkk fons'kh O;kikj osQ ekè;e ls dbZ ns'kksa osQ
¾¾ Hkkjr esa iwath fuekZ.k lEcfU/r vk¡dMs+ osQUæh; lkaf[;dh
chp rhoz ,dhdj.k ;k ijLij laca/ osQ :i esa Hkh le>k tk
laxBu }kjk tkjh fd;s tkrs gSaA
ldrk gSA bl çfØ;k esa ge varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij vkfFkZd :i
TT oS;fDrd vk; % fdlh ns'k osQ ukxfjdksa dks çkIr gksus okyh
ls ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj gks tkrs gSaA
vk;] O;fDrxr vk; dgykrh gSA
¾¾ Hkkjr esa çfr O;fDr vk; lcls vf/d xksok esa rFkk oS'ohdj.k osQ fy, fd, x, mik;
lcls de fcgkj esa gSA 1. #i;s dk voewY;u
TT /u&fu"dklu (Drain of Wealth) dk fl¼kUr nknk 2. #i;s dh ifjorZu'khyrk
HkkbZ ukSjksth us fn;k FkkA 3. rVdj ,oa 'kqYd esa deh
TT fgUnw o`f¼ nj jk"Vªh; vk; ls lEcfU/r gSA
4. fons'kh fofu;ksx
TT Hkkjr esa fons'kksa ls çkIr 'kq¼ vk; osQ vk¡dM+s Hkkjrh; fjtoZ
TT Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu ,oa iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡ % vkfFkZd
cSad tkjh djrk gSA uk fd] osQUæh; lkaf[;dh laxBuA
fu;kstu dk vFkZ gS&jkT; osQ vfHkdj.kksa }kjk is'k dh xbZ
Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kj vkfFkZd lEink vkSj lsokvksa dh ,d fuf'pr vof/ gsrq
TT Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dk eryc mu uhfr;ksa ls gS] vko';drkvksa dk iwokZuqeku yxkukA
ftudk çkjEHk 1991 ls vFkZO;oLFkk esa oqQ'kyrk] mRikndrk] TT Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu osQ fuEufyf[kr mn~ns'; gSa%
ykHknk;drk ,oa çfr;ksfxrk dh 'kfDr osQ Lrjksa dh o`f¼ djus 1. xjhch dk fuokj.k
osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls fd;k x;kA 2. jkstxkj osQ voljksa esa o`f¼
TT Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kjksa esa nks çdkj dh ;qfDr;k¡ 'kkfey gS& 3. vkfFkZd o lkekftd vlekurk dks nwj djuk
TT lef"V vFkZ'kkL=kh; fLFkjhdj.k ;qfDr;k¡ % buosQ }kjk yksxksa 4. vkfFkZd lao`f¼
dh Ø; 'kfDr esa o`f¼ djosQ vFkZO;oLFkk esa ldy ekax dks
5. {ks=kh; fo"kerkvksa dks nwj djuk
c<+kuk FkkA
TT Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu ls lEcfU/r igyk çLrko 1934
TT lajpukRed lq/kj % buesa mRiknu çfØ;k dks mUeqDr djosQ
vFkZO;oLFkk esa ldy vkiwfrZ dks c<kuk FkkA Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd bZñ esa fo'os'ojS;k dh iqLrd IykaM bdksukseh iQkj bf.M;k
lq/kjksa osQ fy, rhu çfØ;k,¡ viukbZ x;h gSa&mnkjhdj.k] esa fn;k x;k gSA
TT bl iqLrd esa Hkkjr osQ fodkl osQ fy, 10 o"khZ; dk;ZØe
futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.kA
157
çLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA TT bl ;kstuk esa cksdkjks bLikr la;a=k dh LFkkiuk gqbZ xbZA
TT 1945 esa Jh ,e- ,u- jk; us tu;kstuk cuk;hA TT ;wfuV VªLV vkWiQ bf.M;k (1964)] baMLVªh;y MsoyiesaV cSad
TT 1950 esa t; çdk'k ukjk;.k us loksZn; ;kstuk çdkf'kr dhA vkWiQ bf.M;k (IDBI) (1964)] Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe] (FCI)
TT Lora=krk osQ i'pkr 1947 bZñ esa iañ tokgj yky usg: dh (1965)] o`Qf"k ykxr vkSj ewY; vk;ksx (CACP) (1965)
vè;{krk esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu lfefr xfBr gqbZA bl lfefr dh LFkkiuk gqbZA
dh fliQkfj'k ij 15 ekpZ] 1950 esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dk TT bl ;kstuk esa o`Qf"k o m|ksx nksuksa dks çkFkfedrk nh xbZA
xBu gqvkA
TT ;kstuk vk;ksx osQ izFke vè;{k tokgj yky usg: cusA
;kstuk vodk'k (1966&69)
(SSC GD 1 Feb., 2023) TT bl nkSjku rhu okf"kZd ;kstuk pykbZ x;h] D;ksafd phu o
ikfdLrku osQ lkFk ;q¼ gksus osQ dkj.k pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
TT jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ fy;s vafre
'kq: u djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA
vuqeksnu izkf/dj.k FkkA (SSC GD 24 Jan., 2023)
TT blh nkSjku gfjr Økafr dh 'kq:vkr (1966&67) esa
TT ;kstuk vk;ksx osQ çFke mikè;{k xqytkjh yky uUnk FksA
MkW-Lokeh ukFku us dhA
TT vkfFkZd fu;kstu leorhZ lwph dk ,d fo"k; gSA
igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1951&56) pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1969&74)

(SSC GD 13 Jan., 2023)
(SSC GD 24 Jan., 2023)
TT bl ;kstuk dks xkMfxy ;kstuk osQ uke ls Hkh tkurs gSA bl
TT Hkkjr dh çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1 vçSy] 1951 dks çkjEHk
;kstuk esa lektoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k
gqbZA (SSC GD 11 Jan., 2023)
x;kA
TT igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk gSjkWM&Mksej ekWMy ij vk/kfjr FkhA
TT bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns'; ^fLFkjrk osQ lkFk fodkl* FkkA
TT bl ;kstuk dk eq[; mn~ns'; vFkZO;oLFkk dk larqfyr fodkl
(SSC GD 13 Jan., 2023)
djuk FkkA
TT bl ;kstuk esa o`Qf"k dks çkFkfedrk nh xbZA TT ;g ;kstuk Hkh vliQy jgh Fkh] D;ksafd 1971 esa Hkkjr&ikfdLrku
(SSC GD 12 Jan., 2023) osQ ;q¼ ls vkfFkZd ladV mRiUu gks x;k FkkA
(SSC GD 11 Jan., 2023)
TT bl ;kstuk osQ nkSjku dbZ cM+h flapkbZ ifj;kstuk,¡ 'kq: dh
x;hA tSls&Hkk[kM+k ukxay] nkeksnj ?kkVh] esV~Vwj ck¡/ vkfnA TT 1969 esa 14 okf.kfT;d cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k rFkk 1974
esa iks[kj.k (jktLFkku) esa ukfHkdh; ijh{k.k (Lekbfyax cq¼k)
f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1956&61) bl ;kstuk dh çeq[k miyfC/;k¡ FkhA
(SSC GD 13 Jan., 2023) TT bl ;kstuk esa ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZozQe dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA
TT ;g ;kstuk ih- lh- egkyuksfcl ekWMy ij vk/kfjr FkhA
ikapoh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1974&78)
bldk mn~ns'; vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk fodkl djuk FkkA
TT bl ;kstuk dk eq[; mn~ns'; xjhch mUewyu rFkk vkRefuHkZjrk
(SSC GD 23 Jan., 2023)
dh çkfIr FkhA (SSC GD 6 Feb., 2023)
TT fHkykbZ bLikr dkj[kkuk tks :l osQ lg;ksx ls NÙkhlx<+ esa
TT blesa loksZPp çkFkfedrk o`Qf"k dks nh x;h rRi'pkr~ m|ksx o
cuk;k x;k] bldh LFkkiuk blh ;kstuk esa dh x;hA
[kfut dks c<kok fn;k x;kA
TT nqxkZiqj bLikr dkj[kkuk if'pe caxky esa fczVsu osQ lg;ksx
TT bl ;kstuk esa chl lw=kh; dk;ZØe 1975 esa çkjEHk fd;k
ls cuk;k x;kA
x;kA
TT jkmjosQyk bLikr dkj[kkuk vksfM'kk esa teZuh osQ lg;ksx ls
TT xjhch gVkvksa dk ukjk bfUnjk xk¡/h us bl ;kstuk esa fn;k
blh ;kstuk esa cuk;k x;kA
FkkA
TT [kknh ,oa xzkeh.k m|ksx vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk nwljh iapo"khZ;
TT turk ikVhZ }kjk bl ;kstuk dks 1978 bZñ esa r; o"kZ (le;)
;kstuk esa dh xbZA
ls ,d o"kZ igys gh lekIr dj fn;k x;kA
rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1961&66) TT U;wure vko';drk dk;ZØe dk çkjEHk Hkh blh ;kstuk esa
TT bl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk eq[; mn~ns'; vFkZO;oLFkk dks gqvkA (SSC GD 25 Jan., 2023)
vkRefuHkZj cukuk FkkA (SSC GD 24 Jan., 2023) TT {ks = kh; xz k eh.k cS a d ks dh LFkkiuk (2 vDVwcj] 1975) rFkk
TT Hkkjr&phu ;q¼ (1962)] Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q¼ (1965) rFkk dke osQ cnys vukt dk;ZØe (1977&78) dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA
Hkh"k.k lw[kk osQ dkj.k ;g ;kstuk vius y{;ksa dks çkIr ughaa
dj ldhaA
158
vuojr ;kstuk (Rolling Plan) (1978&80) py jgk Fkk] ftldk çHkko Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij Hkh iM+kA
TT ik¡poha ;kstuk lekIr dj 1 vçSy] 1978 esa vuojr ;kstuk gkyk¡fd] bl le; rd vFkZO;oLFkk 1990 osQ foÙkh; ladV
'kq: gqbZA (SSC GD 10 Jan., 2023) ls ckgj fudy pqdh FkhA
TT NBh ;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr nks ckj gqbZ] igyh ckj turk ljdkj TT bl ;kstuk dk eq[; mn~ns'; lkekftd U;k; vkSj lekurk
}kjk (1978&83)] tks osQoy nks o"kZ rd gh py ldh vkSj osQ lkFk vkfFkZd lao`f¼ FkkA blosQ fy, thouLrj] jkstxkj
nwljh ckj dkaxzsl ljdkj }kjk 1980&85 dh vof/ osQ fy,A l`tu] vkRe&fuHkZjrk vkSj {ks=kh; larqyu tSls {ks=kksa ij fo'ks"k
cy fn;k x;kA
NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1980&85)
TT bl ;kstuk dks çkjEHk djus esa Mh- Vh- ydMokyk dk nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (2002&2007)
;ksxnku gSA (SSC GD 1 Feb., 2023)
TT bl ;kstuk dk izkjaHk jksfyax Iyku (1978&80 bZñ) tks turk TT nloha ;kstuk osQ varxZr fuEufyf[kr egRoiw.kZ dne
ikVhZ }kjk cuk;h xbZ Fkh] dks lekIr djosQ fd;k x;kA mBk, x;s&
TT ukckMZ dh LFkkiuk 1982 esa NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ nkSjku ¾¾ çfr O;fDr vk; dks nl o"kZ esa nksxquk djukA
dh xbZA ¾¾ lk{kjrk nj dks o"kZ 2007 rd 75% rd igq¡pkukA
TT bl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fo|qr mRiknu ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k ¾¾ ouksa osQ foLrkj dks o"kZ 2007 rd 25% ,oa 2012 rd
x;kA 33% osQ Lrj ij ykukA
TT bl ;kstuk osQ nkSjku 6 cSadks dk jk"Vªh;dj.k 1980 esa fd;k
X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (2007&2012)
x;kA
TT bl ;kstuk osQ varxZr vkSlru 9% dh okf"kZd o`f¼ nj
Lkkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1985&90) çkIr djus dk y{; fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu vesfjdh
TT lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa rhoz [kk|kUu mRiknu] jkstxkj] vFkZO;oLFkk esa foÙkh; ladV dk çHkko bu y{;ksa ij iM+kA
lkekU; mRiknu esa o`f¼ ij cy fn;k x;kA TT mn~ns'; % rhoz vkSj vf/d lekos'kh fodklA
(SSC GD 10 Jan., 2023)
ckjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (2012&2017)
TT bl ;kstuk esa vkjaHk gq, çeq[k dk;ZØe gSa&LihM iksLV O;oLFkk
TT Hkkjr dh 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dks fnlacj] 2012 esa jk"Vªh;
(1986)] dikVZ dh LFkkiuk (1980)] lsch dh LFkkiuk
fodkl ifj"kn~ }kjk Loho`Qfr çnku dh x;hA
(1988)] tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk (1989)] usg: jkstxkj
TT bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns';_ rhoz] laiks"k.kh; vkSj vf/d lekos'kh
;kstuk (1989)A
fodkl j[kk x;kA (SSC GD 7 Feb., 2023)
;kstuk vodk'k (1990&92) uksV % bl ;kstuk osQ ckn dksbZ vU; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ugha cuhA
TT osQUæ esa vk jgs jktuhfrd cnyko vkSj Hkqxrku larqyu osQ
ladV osQ dkj.k 1990&92 osQ nkSjku iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡ ykxw iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡ % ,d utj esa
ughaa dh tk ldhaA bl vof/ esa y?kq m|ksxksa osQ fodkl osQ miyfC/ fodkl
fy, 1990 esa flMch (SIDBI) dh LFkkiuk gqbZ vkSj 1991 iapo"khZ; ;kstuk y{; fodkl nj
nj
esa Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh x;hA igyh 2.1% 3.6%
vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1992&97) nwljh 4.5% 4.27%
TT bldh 'kq:vkr ,d ubZ vkfFkZd n`f"Vdks.k ls gqbZA vkfFkZd rhljh 5.6% 2.4%
lq/kj dh çfØ;k 'kq: gks x;h FkhA bl ;kstuk dk eq[; pkSFkh 5.6% 3.6%
mn~ns'; ekuo lalk/u dk fodkl FkkA ik¡poha 4.4% 4.8%
TT Hkkjr 1 tuojh] 1995 dks fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) NBh 5.2% 5.7%
dk lnL; cuk rFkk 1993 esa ç/kuea=kh jkstxkj ;kstuk dh lkroha 5.0% 6.01%
'kq:vkr gqbZA
vkBoha 5.6% 6.8%
TT bl ;kstuk dk çk:i pkj ljdkjksa us vius&vius rjhosQ ls
uoha 7.1% 5.4%
rS;kj fd;k FkkA
nloha 8.1% 7.6%
ukSoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1997&2002) X;kjgoha 9.0% 8.0%
TT bl ;kstuk osQ le; nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa foÙkh; ladV ckjgoha 8.0% 8.0%
159
uhfr vk;ksx vVy Hkw&ty ;kstuk 25 fnlacj] 2019

TT Hkkjr osQ iz/kuea=kh Jh ujsUnz eksnh th us 15 vxLr 2014 dks iz/kuea=kh xjhc dY;k.k ;kstuk 25 ekpZ] 2019
ykyfdys ls vius Hkk"k.k esa 1 tuojh 2015 ls uhfr vk;ksx LokfeRo (SVAMITVA) ;kstuk 24 vizSy] 2020
osQ xBu dk izko/ku j[kkA uhfr vk;ksx dk vè;{k iz/kuea=kh vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr vfHk;ku 12 ebZ] 2020
gksrk gSA uhfr vk;ksx dk izFke mikè;{k vjfoan iuxf<+;k
ou us'ku] ou jk'ku dkWMZ ;kstuk 1 twu] 2020
dks cuk;k x;kA (SSC GD 16 Jan., 2023)
PM Lofuf/ ;kstuk 1 twu] 2020
osQUæ ljdkj dh uohu ;kstuk,¡ us'kuy fMftVy gsYFk fe'ku 15 vxLr] 2020
;kstuk,¡ 'kq:vkr iz/kuea=kh eRL; laink ;kstuk 10 flracj] 2020
uekfe xaxs vfHk;ku twu] 2014 PM ok.kh ;kstuk 9 fnlacj] 2020
esd bu bafM;k 25 flrEcj] 2014 ty 'kfDr vfHk;ku % oSQp n jsu 22 ekpZ] 2021
jk"Vªh; xksoqQy fe'ku 16 fnlEcj] 2014 PM osQ;lZ iQkWj fpYMªsu ;kstuk 29 ebZ] 2021
ç/kuea=kh iQly chek ;kstuk 13 tuojh] 2016 NIPUN Hkkjr dk;ZozQe 3 tqykbZ] 2021
ç/kuea=kh tu/u ;kstuk 28 vxLr] 2014 iz/kuea=kh mTtoyk ;kstuk 2-0 10 vxLr] 2021
csVh cpkvks&csVh i<+kvksa ;kstuk 22 tuojh] 2015 LoPN Hkkjr fe'ku] 'kgjh 2-0 1 vDVwcj] 2021
ç/kuea=kh lqdU;k le`f¼ ;kstuk 22 tuojh] 2015 PM fe=kk ;kstuk 6 vDVwcj] 2021
lkaln vkn'kZ xzke ;kstuk 11 vDVwcj] 2014 iz/kuea=kh xfr'kfDr ;kstuk 13 vDVwcj] 2021
fe'ku bUæ/uq"k 25 fnlEcj] 2014 SMILE ;kstuk 12 iQjojh] 2022
Dyhu ekbZ dksp 11 ekpZ] 2016 SHRESHTA ;kstuk 3 twu] 2022
fMftVy bafM;k 1 tqykbZ] 2015 vfXuiFk ;kstuk 14 twu] 2022
ç/kuea=kh thou T;ksfr chek ;kstuk 9 ebZ] 2015 RAMP ;kstuk 30 twu] 2022
ç/kuea=kh mTtoyk ;kstuk 1 ebZ] 2016 PM SHRI ;kstuk 5 flracj] 2022
LVkVZi bafM;k] LVSaMi bafM;k 16 tuojh] 2016 Vsyh & MANAS 10 vDVwcj] 2022
lkxjekyk çkstsDV 31 tqykbZ] 2015 fe'ku LIFE 20 vDVwcj] 2022
ç/kuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk (vcZu) 25 twu] 2015 ve`r Hkkjr LVs'ku ;kstuk 27 fnlacj] 2022
ou jSad ou isa'ku Ldhe 7 uoacj] 2015 iz/kuea=kh xjhc dY;k.k vUu ;kstuk 1 tuojh] 2023
mM+ku (Udey Desh ka Aam 21 vDVwcj] 2016 vkjksX; eS=kh 13 tuojh] 2023
Nagrik) ve`r /jksgj ;kstuk 5 twu] 2023
LekVZ xaxk flVh 13 vxLr] 2016 fe"Bh ;kstuk 5 twu] 2023
lksyj pj[kk ;kstuk 27 twu] 2018
vk;q"eku Hkkjr ;kstuk 23 flracj] 2018 uksV % iz/kuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk (vcZu) 25 twu] 2015 rFkk
iz/kuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk (:jy) 20 uoacj 1026A
ç/kuea=kh o; oanuk ;kstuk 4 ebZ] 2017
lkSj lqtyk ;kstuk 1 uoEcj] 2016
Hkkjrh; o`Qf"k
ofj"B isa'ku chek ;kstuk 1 tuojh] 2017 TT Hkkjr ,d o`Qf"k ç/ku ns'k gS ftldh yxHkx 70% tula[;k
iz/kuea=kh lgt fctyh gj ?kj ;kstuk 25 flracj] 2017 xkao esa fuokl djrh gS vkSj eq[; :i ls Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSA
(lkSHkkX;) TT Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa o`Qf"k dk vge~ ;ksxnku jgrk gSA
nhun;ky mikè;k; ^Li'kZ* ;kstuk 3 uoacj] 2017 TT Lora=krk osQ ckn Hkkjr esa o`Qf"k vkSj Hkwfe lq/kj ij fo'ks"k
jk"Vªh; iks"k.k fe'ku 30 uoacj] 2017 cy fn;k x;kA
iz/kuea=kh Je ;ksxh eku/u ;kstuk 15 iQjojh] 2019 TT gfjr Økafr us Hkkjr dh o`Qf"k dks vyx eqdke ij igq¡pk;kA
iz/kuea=kh fdlku lEeku fuf/ ;kstuk 24 iQjojh] 2019 TT Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa o`Qf"k dk egRo
iz/kuea=kh deZ;ksxh eku/u ;kstuk 23 tqykbZ] 2019 ¾¾ o`Qf"k dk Hkkjr osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa lcls de
;ksxnku gSA
ty thou fe'ku 15 vxLr] 2019
¾¾ ;g {ks=k lEiw.kZ tula[;k osQ 65-70% Hkkx dks
160
vkthfodk çnku djrk gSA Økafr) çkjaHk fd;kA (SSC GD 3 Feb., 2023)
¾¾ o`Qf"k }kjk oqQy fu;kZr vk; dk yxHkx 14% Hkkx çnku ¾¾ vkjaHk esa vkWijs'ku ÝyM 10 jkT;ksa ls 'kq: fd;k x;kA
fd;k tkrk gSA ¾¾ vHkh rd vkWijs'ku ÝyM osQ rhu pj.k iwjs gks pqosQ gSA
¾¾ ns'k osQ oqQy fu;kZr dk yxHkx 38 çfr'kr fgLlk o`Qf"k
¾¾ us'kuy Ms;jh fjlpZ baLVhV~;wV] djuky (gfj;k.kk)
,oa mlls lacaf/r gSA
1955 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
çeq[k iQlysa TT iQVhZxs'ku % ;g ,slh i¼fr gS ftlesa iks"kd rRo flapkbZ osQ
1. [kjhiQ dh iQlysa % mRrj Hkkjr esa twu&tqykbZ esa cksbZ ekè;e ls iQlyksa dks çkIr gksrs gSaA
tkrh gS vkSj vDVwcj esa dkVh tkrh gSA tSls&/ku] eDdk] TT U;wure leFkZu ewY; (MSP) % ;g og U;wure ewY; gS]
Tokj] cktjk] ewax rFkk xUuk vkfnA ftl ij ljdkj fdlku ls iQlyksa dks [kjhnrh gS] pkgs cktkj
2. jch dh iQlysa % mRrj Hkkjr esa vDVwcj&uoEcj esa cksbZ esa iQly dk dksbZ Hkh ewY; gksA
tkrh gS vkSj iQjojh vkSj ekpZ esa dkVh tkrh gSA tSls&xsgw¡] ¾¾ ;g 1966&67 esa igyh ckj xsgw¡ osQ fy, ykxw gqvkA
puk] eSlwj] ljlks] tkS rFkk vylh vkfnA
¾¾ o`Qf"k ykxr ,oa ewY; vk;ksx o"kZ esa nks ckj ([kjhiQ&jch)
3. tk;n dh iQlysa % mRrj Hkkjr esa ;s iQlysa ekpZ&vizSy
U;wure leFkZu ewY; ykxw djrh gSA
esa ckbZ tkrh gSA tSls&rjcwt] [khjk] ddM+h rFkk lwjteq[kh
¾¾ Hkkjr ljdkj dh vkfFkZd ekeyksa dh eaf=keaMyh; lfefr
vkfnA
}kjk ljdkj 29 uoEcj rd 23 eq[; iQlyksa osQ fy,
gfjr Økafr U;wure leFkZu ewY; dh ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gSA
TT gfjr Økafr ykus dk Js; esfDldks osQ o`Qf"k oSKkfud TT o`Qf"k ykxr ,oa ewY; vk;ksx (CACP) % tuojh 1965
MkW- ukWjeu cksjykWx dks gSA bUgsa gfjr Økafr dk firk dgk esa Hkkjr ljdkj us bl vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dhA igys bldk
tkrk gSA (SSC GD 17Jan., 2023) uke d`f"k ewY; vk;ksx FkkA
TT gfjr ozQkafr dh 'kq:vkr esfDldks esa gqbZ FkhA ¾¾ ;g vk;ksx fofHkUu o`Qf"k mRiknksa osQ fy, muosQ ewY;
(SSC GD 13 Jan., 2023) ij lykg nsrk gSA
TT gfjr Økafr dk ukedj.k fofy;e xkWM }kjk fd;k x;k gSA TT fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ ;kstuk (KCC) % fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ
TT Hkkjr esa gfjr Økafr dks ykus dk Js; MkW- LokehukFku dks gSA ;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr o"kZ 1998 esa dh x;hA bldk çeq[k
TT bUgsa Hkkjrh; gfjr Økafr dk tUenkrk dgk tkrk gSA mn~ns'; fdlkuksa dks laxfBr cSafdx ç.kkyh ls yphys ,oa
TT Hkkjr esa çFke gfjr Økafr 1966&67 ls çkjEHk gqbZ vkSj nwljh de [kphZys rjhosQ ls i;kZIr vkSj le;kuqlkj ½.k miyC/
gfjr Økafr 1983&84 ls çkjEHk ekuh tkrh gSA djkuk gSA
(SSC GD 11 Jan., 2023)
TT çFke gfjr Økafr dk {ks=k % iatkc] gfj;k.kk ,oa if'peh uksV % fdlku dky lsaVj (KCC) dh LFkkiuk 21 tuojh]
mÙkj çns'k Fkk] tcfd f}rh; gfjr Økafr dk {ks=k if'pe 2004 dks dh x;hA
caxky] fcgkj] vksfM'kk] eè; çns'k vkSj iwohZ mÙkj çns'k
FkkA
o`Qf"k foi.ku
TT gfjr Økafr dk lokZf/d çHkko xsgw¡ vkSj pkoy osQ mRiknu TT VªkbisQM % Hkkjr ljdkj us 1987 esa Hkkjrh; tutkrh;
ij iM+kA lgdkjh foi.ku fodkl la?k (VªkbisQM) dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA
TT gfjr ozQkafr eq[; :i ls gkbZ ;hYM oSjk;Vh izksxzke ij fuHkZj bldk eq[; mn~ns'; tutkrh; yksxksa dks LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa
gS vFkkZr~ bldk izeq[k mn~ns'; vf/d mit nsus okyh iQlyksa osQ 'kks"k.k ls cpkuk gS rFkk muosQ y?kq ou mRiknksa osQ fy,
osQ mRiknu esa o`f¼ djuk gSA mi;qDr esgurkuk çnku djuk gSA
(SSC GD 12/31 Jan., 2023) TT ukisQM % jk"Vªh; o`Qf"k lgdkjh foi.ku la?k (ukisQM) dh
TT gfjr Økafr dks ubZ o`Qf"k ;qfDr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA LFkkiuk 2 vDVwcj] 1958 dks gqbZA
TT f}rh; gfjr Økafr dk eq[; mn~ns'; 2015 rd Ñf"k mRiknksa lgdkjh cSad
dks nksxquk djus dk FkkA TT ukckMZ (jk"Vªh; o`Qf"k rFkk xzkeh.k fodkl cSad) % bldh
TT vkWijs'ku ÝyM % MkW- oxhZt oqQfj;u blosQ çeq[k lw=k/kj LFkkiuk 12 tqykbZ] 1982 dks f'kojeu flag lfefr dh
gSa] ftUgksaus fo'o osQ bl lcls cMs+ lefUor Ms;jh fodkl fliQkfj'k ij dh xbZA ;g o`Qf"k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq ½.k
dk;ZØe dh 'kq:vkr dhA miyC/ djkus okyh 'kh"kZLFk laLFkk gSA
¾¾ bl 'osr Økafr dks xfr çnku djus osQ fy, 1970 esa TT {ks=kh; xzkeh.k fodkl cSad % bldh LFkkiuk 1975 esa ,e-
jk"Vªh; Ms;jh fodkl cksMZ us vkWijs'ku ÝyM ('osr ujflEgu lfefr dh fliQkfj'k ij dh x;h FkhA
161
TT jk"Vªh; o`Q"kd vk;ksx % bl vk;ksx dk xBu 2004 esa MkW- uksV % Hkkjr esa igys eqækLiQhfr dh x.kuk osQoy Fkksd ewY;
,e- ,l- LokehukFku dh vè;{krk esa fd;k x;k FkkA bldk lwpdkad osQ vk/kj ij dh tkrh Fkh] ysfdu o"kZ 2014 ls ;g
çeq[k dk;Z Fkk&o`Qf"k {ks=k osQ fodkl] o`Qf"k {ks=k dh leL;kvksa x.kuk Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad ,oa miHkksDrk ewY; lwpdkad nksuksa
vkfn osQ mik;ksa dk irk yxkukA osQ vk/kj ij dh tkrh gSA
o`Qf"k {ks=k esa gqbZ fofHkUu ØkfUr;k¡
TT eqæk voLiQhfr vFkok eqæk laoqQpu (Deflation)
gfjr ØkfUr [kk|kUu mRiknu ¾¾ ;g eqækLiQhfr dh foijhr voLFkk gS] blesa eqæk dk
'osr Økafr nqX/ mRiknu ewY; c<+rk vkSj oLrqvks vkSj lsokvksa dk ewY; ?kVrk gSA
ihyh Økafr frygu mRiknu TT eqæk&laoqQpu dks jksdus dk mik;
uhyh Økafr eRL; mRiknu 1. lkoZtfud O;; esa c<+ksÙkjh djuk
yky Økafr ek¡l ,oa VekVj mRiknu 2. djkjksi.k esa deh
lqugjh Økafr ckxokuh] 'kgn ,oa iQyksa osQ mRiknu 3. ½.kksa dk Hkqxrku
xqykch Økafr >haxk eNyh mRiknu 4. fu;kZr esa o`f¼ rFkk vk;kr esa deh
Hkwjh Økafr moZjd mRiknu 5. iwfrZ ij fu;a=k.k
jtr Økafr vaMk@oqQDoqQV mRiknu TT eqæk laLiQhfr (Reflation) % ;g og çfØ;k gS ftlesa
jtr js'kk Økafr dikl mRiknu tku&cw>dj eqæk vkSj lk[k dh ek=kk esa o`f¼ djosQ oLrq osQ
gfjr lksuk Økafr ckWal mRiknu ewY; esa o`f¼ dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gSA ,slk çk;% eanh ls
NqVdkjk ikus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
eqæk osQ ewY; esa ifjorZu TT eqæk viLiQhfr (Disinflation) % blosQ vUrxZr os lc
TT eqæk osQ ewY; esa ifjorZu pkj çdkj osQ gksrs gSa% fØ;k,¡ o mik; vkrs gSa] tks eqækLiQhfr osQ osx dks jksdus osQ
1. eqækLiQhfr (Inflation) fy, fd;s tkrs gSaA
2. voLiiQhfr vFkok eqæk&laoqQpu (Deflation) uksV % eqæk viLiQhfr (Disinflation) ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr
3. eqæk&laLiQhfr (Reflation) esa lq/kj osQ fy, gksrh gSA eqæk&laoqQpu ls ns'k dks gkfu gksrh gSA
4. eqæk&viLiQhfr (Disinflation)
TT eqækLiQhfr (Inflation) % ;g og fLFkfr gksrh gS] ftlesa voewY;u
eqæk dk ewY; fxj tkrk gS rFkk dhers c<+ tkrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa TT vU; eqæk dh rqyuk es Lons'kh eqæk osQ ewY; dks ?kVkuk
esa ;g og voLFkk gksrh gS tc oLrqvksa dh miyC/ ek=kk dh voewY;u dgykrk gSA eqæk dk voewY;u fu;kZr dks c<+kok
rqyuk esa eqæk rFkk lk[k dh ek=kk esa vf/d o`f¼ gksrh gSA nsus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
eqækLiQhfr dk çHkko T T vc rd Hkkjrh; eqæk dk rhu ckj voewY;u fd;k tk
TT mRiknd oxZ (o`Q"kd] O;kikjh] m|ksxifr) dks ykHk gksrk gSA pqdk gSA
TT ½.kh dks ykHk rFkk ½.knkrk dks gkfu gksrh gSA TT lcls igys Hkkjrh; eqæk dk voewY;u 1949 esa gqvk FkkA
TT fuf'pr vk; okys oxZ dks gkfu gksrh gS tcfd ifjofrZr vk; TT nwljh ckj Hkkjrh; eqæk dk voewY;u 1966 esa gqvk FkkA
okys oxZ dks ykHk gksrk gSA TT rhljh ckj Hkkjrh; eqæk dk voewY;u 1991 esa gqvk FkkA
TT lekt esa vkfFkZd fo"kerk,¡ c<+ tkrh gSA /uh oxZ vkSj T;knk TT 1991 esas Hkkjrh; eqnzk dk voewY;u nks pj.kksa es gqvk FkkA
/uh gks tkrs gSa rFkk fu/Zu oxZ vkSj T;knk fu/Zu gks tkrs gSaA LVSxÝys'ku
TT O;kikj lUrqyu foi{k esa gks tkrk gS] D;ksafd vk;kr esa o`f¼ TT tc dHkh eqækLiQhfr osQ lkFk&lkFk eanh Hkh vk tkrh gS] ml
rFkk fu;kZr esa deh gks tkrh gSA voLFkk dks LVSxÝys'ku dgrs gSaA
eqækLiQhfr dks fu;fU=kr djus osQ mik; ;k
TT larqfyr ctV cukuk TT eqækLiQhfr dh mPp nj rFkk csjkstxkjh dh mPp nj ,d lkFk
TT mRiknu esa o`f¼ djuk gks rks ml voLFkk dks LVSxÝys'ku dgrs gSaA
TT lkoZtfud [kpZ ij fu;a=k.k j[kuk TT gokyk % fons'kh eqæk dk voS/ dkjksckj gokyk dgykrk gSA
TT çxfr'khy djkjksi.k TT dkyh eqæk % og eqæk ftl ij VSDl vnk ugha fd;k x;k gS]
TT lkoZtfud ½.k esa o`f¼ djuk og dkyh eqæk dgykrh gSA
TT cpr dks çksRlkfgr djuk TT lLrh eqæk % ns'k dh eqæk dk varjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa ljyrk
ls miyC/ gksukA
162
TT dBksj eqæk (gkMZ djsalh) % og eqæk ftldh vkiwfrZ ekax Hkkx O;; djrk gSA
dh viss{kk de gksA ;g eqæk çk;% fodflr ns'kksa osQ ikl TT ,slh oLrqvksa dh dher de gksus ij budh ekax Hkh de gks
ik;h tkrh gSA tkrh gSA
TT lkWÝV djsalh % og eqæk ftldh vkiwfrZ ekax dh vis{kk TT bu oLrqvksa ij ekax osQ fu;e dk dksbZ çHkko ughaa iM+rkA
vf/d gksA TT buosQ ewY; esa o`f¼ ls budh ekax esa Hkh o`f¼ gks tkrh gS rFkk
TT xeZ eqæk % ,slh eqæk ftlesa 'kh?kz iyk;u dj tkus dh ço`fr ewY; esa deh ls ekax esa Hkh deh gks tkrh gSA
gksA TT ,slh oLrqvksa dks fxisQu oLrq dgrs gSaA bldk çfriknu jkWcVZ
TT fof/xzkg~; eqæk % ftl eqæk es Hkqxrku djus ij ysus okyk fxisQu us fd;k FkkA
dkuwuh rkSj ij Lohdkj djus ls euk ugha dj ldrkA Hkkjr
dh fof/xkzg~; eqæzk :i;k gSA
ekax dh yksp
TT foeqæhdj.k % ljdkj }kjk iqjkuh eqæk dks lekIr dj u;h TT ewY; esa ifjorZu dh vuqfØ;k esa fdlh oLrq dh ekax esa gksus
eqæk pykuk foeqæhdj.k dgykrk gSA ;g çk;% dkys/u dh okys ifjorZu dks tSls ewY; esa 5% dh deh osQ dkj.k ekax
jksdFkke osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA esa 15% dh o`f¼ dks ge ekax dh yksp dgrs gSaA
TT Hkkjr esa lcls igys i=k eqæk dk çpyu 1806 bZñ es gqvk TT ek'kZy]tkWu] jkWfcUlu vkfn fo}ku blls lacaf/r gSA
FkkA TT tc ewY; esa deh ekax esa vis{kko`Qr vf/d vuqikr esa o`f¼
TT eqæk osQ çpyu dk fu;e xzs'ke (fczVsu) us fn;k FkkA ykrh gS rks ,slh oLrqvksa dks ge ykspnkj oLrq dgrs gSaA
TT eqæk Lo;a eqæk dk fuekZ.k djrh gS] ;g Øksej us dgk FkkA TT ,slh oLrq,¡ lkekU;r;k foykflrk dh oLrq,¡ gksrh gSA
TT cktkj osQ fu;e osQ çLrqr djrk ts- ch- ls FksA budh iqLrd mi;ksfxrk
dk uke VªhVsM bdksukWfed ikWfyfVd gSA buosQ fu;e osQ TT
çR;sd oLrq esa O;fDr dh fdlh u fdlh vko';drk dh
vuqlkj] iwfrZ viuh ekax dk Lo;a fuekZ.k djrh gSA larqf"V dh {kerk gksrh gSA bl larqf"V dh {kerk dks gh ge
ekax oLrq dh mi;ksfxrk dgrs gSaA
TT fdlh oLrq ls feyus okyh mi;ksfxrk O;fDr dh vko';drk
TT fdlh oLrq osQ fy, ekax ls vfHkçk; oLrq dks [kjhnus dh
dh rhozrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
ml bPNk ls gS] ftlosQ fy, i;kZIr Ø; 'kfDr gS vkSj [kpZ
TT blfy, tSls&tSls O;fDr fdlh oLrq dh vf/d bdkbZ;ksa dk
djus dh rRijrk gSA
miHkksx djrs gSa] vko';drk dh rhozrk de gksrh tkrh gSA
TT ewY; dk ekax osQ lkFk lEcU/ vFkZ'kkL=k esa ekax dk fu;e
dgykrk gSA miHkksDrk larqyu
TT ;g fu;e crykrk gS fd ;fn vU; ckrsa leku jgsa rks fdlh TT miHkksDrk larqyu ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS] ftlesa ,d miHkksDrk
oLrq ;k lsok dh dher esa o`f¼ gksus ij mldh ekax ?kVrh gS viuh lhfer vk; dks fofHkUu oLrqvksa ij O;; djosQ
rFkk dher esa deh gksus ij mldh ekax c<rh gSA vf/dre larqf"V çkIr djrk gSA
TT bl fu;e dk çfriknu vYÝsM ek'kZy (fczVsu) us fd;k FkkA
TT ekax osQ fu;e osQ oqQN viokn Hkh gSA
mRiknu
TT bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd oqQN oLrqvksa dh dher vf/d gksus TT ftl fØ;k osQ }kjk fdlh oLrq ;k lsok esa mi;ksfxrk dk l`tu
ij mudh ekax c<+ tkrh gS rFkk dher de gksus ij mudh fd;k tkrk gS mls mRiknu dgrs gSaA
ekax de gks tkrh gSA TT ;g :i ifjorZu] LFkku ifjorZu ;k le; ifjorZu osQ }kjk gks
ldrk gS] /ku (pkoy) [ksr esa iSnk djuk] pkoy dks xk¡o
çfr"Bk lwpd oLrq osQ fdlku ls Ø; djosQ 'kgj dh e.Mh esa ys tkuk vFkok
TT oqQN ,slh oLrq,¡ gksrh gSa ftlls lkekftd çfr"Bk feyrh gSA pkoy dks nks o"kZ rd j[kdj mls iqjkus pkoy (tks vPNk
TT bu oLrqvksa dh ekax vf/d gksrh gS D;ksafd budh dhersa csgn ekuk tkrk gS) osQ :i esa cspuk lHkh fØ;k,¡ vyx&vyx
vf/d gksrh gSA <ax ls mi;ksfxrk dk l`tu djrh gSaA blfy, ;g mRiknu
TT ;fn budh dher de gks tkrh gSa rks bUgs çfr"Bk lwpd oLrq,¡ dgykrk gSA
ughaa ekuk tkrk gSA
TT ;g ekax osQ fu;e dh vogsyuk djrh gSA
miHkksx
TT ewY;oku ghjs] iqjkuh dkjsa vkfn blosQ mnkgj.k gks ldrs gSaA TT fdlh oLrq esa fufgr mi;ksfxrk dks lekIr djuk ;k mlesa
deh ykuk miHkksx dgykrk gSA miHkksx osQ fy, mRiknu dh
fxisQu oLrq,¡ vko';drk gksrh gSA
TT oqQN ,slh fuEu oLrq,¡ ftu ij miHkksDrk viuh vk; dk cM+k
163
mRiknu iQyu gSaA ctV esa vxys foÙk o"kZ (1 vçSy ls 31 ekpZ) dh
TT fdlh mRiknu fØ;k esa tks mRiknu çkIr gksrk gS] og mRiknu vof/ dh foÙkh; ;kstuk gksrh gSA
fØ;k esa ç;qDr ykxrksa ;k lk/uksa osQ ç;ksx dk ifj.kke gksrk (SSC GD 24 Jan., 2023)
gSA mRiknu vkSj lk/uksa dh ek=kk osQ chp tks rduhdh TT lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 112 osQ varxZr okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k
iQyukRed (vkfJrrk) laca/ gksrk gS] mls mRiknu iQyu (ctV) dk çko/ku gSA
dgrs gSaA TT ctV 'kCn izsaQp Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gSA
TT ctV çLrqr djus osQ 75 fnu osQ vanj bls ikfjr djkuk
C;kt vko';d gSA
TT C;kt og ekSfæd Hkqxrku gS tks iw¡thifr dks iw¡th osQ miHkksx TT ctV osQ vk¡dMs+ % ctV esa rhu çdkj osQ vk¡dMs+ gksrs gSaA
osQ cnys esa çkIr gksrk gSA 1. fiNys foÙk o"kZ osQ vfUre vk¡dMs+A
etnwjh 2. pkyw foÙk o"kZ osQ la'kksf/r vk¡dMs+A

TT etnwjh ,d çdkj dk iqjLdkj gS tks euq"; osQ ifjJe 3. vxys foÙk o"kZ osQ çLrkfor vuqekuA
osQ cnys esa fn;k tkrk gS pkgs og çfr ?kaVk] çfrfnu ;k TT fofy;e ,doFkZ lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ vk/kj ij 1924 esa
le;kuqlkj fn;k tk, vkSj pkgs mldk Hkqxrku eqæk ;k oLrqvksa jsy ctV dks vke ctV ls vyx dj fn;k x;kA
;k nksuksa osQ :i esa gksA etnwjh nks çdkj dh gksrh gS&1- udn TT 2017&18 osQ ctV esa jsy ctV dks vke ctV esa lekfgr
etnwjh 2- okLrfod etnwjh dj fn;k x;kA
TT Hkkjr esa igyk ctV 7 vizSy] 1860 dks ykWMZ osQfuax osQ
ykHk 'kkludky esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA
TT fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk dks lqpk: :i ls pyk;eku j[kus osQ TT Lora=k Hkkjr dk igyk ctV 26 uoacj] 1947 dks rRdkyhu
fy, mldh O;kolkf;d xfrfof/;ksa esa ykHk dk miktZu gksuk foÙkea=kh "k.keq[ke 'ksV~Vh }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;kA
vfr vko';d gSA TT x.kra=k Hkkjr dk igyk ctV tku eFkkbZ us 1950 esa izLrqr
cktkj fd;kA
TT cktkj dk vk'k; fdlh m|ksx fo'ks"k esa O;kIr çfr;ksfxrk dh jktdks"kh; ?kkVk
ço`Qfr] fLFkfr vFkok :i ls gksrk gSA blosQ vUrxZr orZeku
TT tc ljdkj dh oqQy çkfIr (jktLo ,oa iw¡th çkfIr) rFkk
esa fdlh oLrq osQ Ø;&foØ; esa yxh iQeks± vkSj O;fDr;ksa dks
oqQy O;; (jktLo ,oa iw¡th O;;) dk larqyu udkjkRed gks]
lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA
rks og jktdks"kh; ?kkVk gksrk gSA ;g ljdkj }kjk vko';d
cktkjksa dk oxhZdj.k oqQy m/kj n'kkZrk gSA
TT iw.kZ çfr;ksfxrk % iw.kZ çfr;ksfxrk cktkj osQ ml :i dks TT jktLo ?kkVk % jktLo O;; vkSj jktLo izkfIr;ksa dk varj]
dgrs gSa tgk¡ fdlh oLrq osQ Øsrk rFkk foØsrk cM+h la[;k jktLo ?kkVk dgykrk gSA (SSC GD 31 Jan., 2023)
esa gksrs gSA TT izkFkfed ?kkVk % pkyw o"kZ osQ jktdks"kh; ?kkVs vkSj igys dh
TT ,dkf/dkj % ,dkf/dkj cktkj dk ,slk :i gS] ftlesa oLrq m/kfj;ksa ij C;kt dk varj] izkFkfed ?kkVk dgykrk gSA
dk osQoy ,d mRiknd ;k foØsrk gksrk gSA
TT vYikf/dkj % ;g viw.kZ çfr;ksfxrk dk og :i gS] ftlesa
dj (Tax)
cktkj esa ijLij fuHkZj FkksM+s ls foozsQrk gksrs gSa vkSj çR;sd oqQy TT dj ,d çdkj dk vfuok;Z Hkqxrku gS tks ml O;fDr dks
iwfrZ osQ og cM+s Hkkx ij fu;a=k.k j[krk gS rFkk og cktkj esa vfuok;Z :i ls ljdkj dks nsuk iM+rk gS] tks dj vk/kj ls
oLrq osQ ewY; dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA lEcfU/r gksrk gS rFkk blosQ cnys djnkrk dks dksbZ ykHk
ugha feyrkA
yksd foÙk TT ;s nks çdkj osQ gksrs gSaA
TT yksd foÙk esa os lHkh ekeys vkrs gSa] tks eqæk ls tqM+s gq, 1. çR;{k dj
gS&tSls ljdkj dk vk; vkSj O;; (ljdkj }kjk çkIr fd;k 2. vçR;{k dj ;k ijks{k dj
x;k] [kpZ fd;k x;k] m/kj fy;k x;k ;k Nkih xbZ eqæk)A 1. çR;{k dj % ftu djksa dk Hkkj lh/s O;fDr osQ Åij
TT yksd foÙk esa lkoZtfud ½.k] foÙkh; ç'kklu ,oa jktdks"kh; iM+rk gS mls çR;{k dj dgrs gSaA
uhfr dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA
2. vçR;{k dj % ftu djksa osQ okLrfod cks> dks foofrZr
ctV fd;k tk ldrk gS] mUgs vçR;{k dj dgrs gSaA
TT ljdkj osQ vkxkeh o"kZ osQ vk;&O;; osQ C;kSjs dks ctV dgrs
164
TT osQUæ ljdkj }kjk yxk;s tkus okys çR;{k dj% TT osQUæ dks lokZf/d fuoy jktLo (Net Tax) dh çkfIr lhek
1. vk;dj 'kqYd ls gksrh gSA ;g jkT; ljdkj dks ughaa fn;k tkrkA
2. fuxedj TT lqçfl¼ vFkZ'kkL=kh ,Me fLeFk us viuh iqLrd osYFk vkWiQ
3. lEifÙk dj us'ku esa djkjksi.k osQ pkj fl¼kUrksa osQ ckjs esa crk;k gSA
TT Vksfcu dj ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk tsEl Vksfcu }kjk çLrkfor
4. migkj dj
,d oSf'od dj gS] ftls lHkh fons'kh fofue; lkSns ij yxkus
5. C;kt dj
dh ckr dh x;h FkhA
6. iwath ykHk dj TT fdlh O;fDr ;k laxBu }kjk çnw"k.k iSQyk;s tkus osQ dkj.k mu
7. ykHkka'k dj ij ,d fo'ks"k dj dk vkjksi.k fd;k tkrk gS] tks gfjr dj
8. O;; dj ;k fixksfo;u dj dgykrk gSA
9. vkfLr dj
oLrq ,oa lsok dj (Good and Service Tax)
TT jkT; ljdkj }kjk yxk;s tkus okys çR;{k dj%
TT th,lVh dh uhao Hkkjr osQ iwoZ ç/kuea=kh vVy fcgkjh
1. Hkw&jktLo dj
oktis;h dh ljdkj esa j[kh x;h FkhA
2. iFk dj TT bl dj dks oLrq ,oa lsok dj (th,lVh) dgk x;k gSA
3. o`Qf"k vk; ij dj TT ;g ,d vçR;{k dj gS tks iwjs ns'k esa fufeZr mRiknksa vkSj
4. gksVy çkfIr;ksa ij dj lsokvksa osQ foØ; ,oa miHkksx ij ykxw gqvk gSA
5. O;olk; dj (SSC GD 1 Feb., 2023)
6. xSj 'kgjh lEifÙk ij dj TT blls lacaf/r fo/s;d yksdlHkk esa 6 vxLr] 2016 dks rFkk
7. jkstxkjksa ij dj jkT;lHkk esa 3 vxLr] 2016 dks ikfjr gqvkA bls jk"Vªifr
TT osQUæ ljdkj }kjk yxk;s tkus okys vçR;{k dj% dk vuqeksnu 8 flrEcj] 2016 dks çkIr gqvkA
TT 1 tqykbZ] 2017 ls vc rd osQ lcls cM+s dj lq/kj osQ
1. lhek 'kqYd
rgr th,lVh ykxw gks x;kA (SSC GD 16 Jan., 2023)
2. lsok dj
TT ;g laiw.kZ Hkkjr esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ij yxk;k tkus okyk
3. osQUæh; fcØh dj ,dy jk"Vªh; ,dleku dj gSA
4. osQUæh; mRikn 'kqYd (SSC GD 2 Feb., 2023)
TT jkT; ljdkj }kjk yxk;s tkus okys vçR;{k dj TT th,lVh ykxw gksus osQ ckn oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ij osQoy rhu
1. f'k{kk midj rjg osQ VSDl olwys tkrs gSaA
2. fcØh dj 1. osQUæh; th-,l-Vh-
3. okguksa ij dj 2. jkT; th-,l-Vh-
4. foKkiu dj
3. baVhxzsVsM th-,l-Vh-
5. LVkEi o iath;u 'kqYd
TT ;g ekuoh; miHkksx gsrq 'kjkc rFkk ik¡p isVªksfy;e mRikn
6. ços'k dj
7. Mhty isVªksy ij fcØh dj
isVªksfy;e ØwM] isVªksy] gkbZLihM Mhty] uspqjy xSl rFkk
8. lV~Vsckth ij dj
,-Vh-,iQ- dks NksM+dj lHkh oLrqvksa dh vkiwfrZ ij vkjksfir
fd;k tkrk gSA
uksV % VAT lcls igys gfj;k.kk us 1 vizSy] 2003 dks ykxw
fd;k Fkk rFkk lcls ckn esa mRrj çns'k us 1 tuojh] 2008 cSafdax
dks bls ykxw fd;kA TT
Hkkjr esa cSafdax dk fodkl % Hkkjr dk igyk O;kikfjd cSad
tujy cSad vkWiQ bf.M;k Fkk] ftls 1786 esa [kksyk x;k FkkA
TT dj <k¡ps esa lq/kj gsrq jktk psyS;k lfefr dk xBu 1991
Lora=krk ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa rhu çslhMsUlh cSadks dh LFkkiuk dh
esa fd;k x;k FkkA
x;h Fkh&cSad vkWiQ caxky (1806)] cSad vkWiQ ckEcs (1840)
TT psyS;k lfefr us xSj&o`Q"kdksa osQ fy, 25 gtkj #i;s ls
vkSj cSad vkWiQ eækl (1843)
vf/d okf"kZd o`Qf"k vk; ij vk;dj yxkus dh flQkfj'k
TT 1921 esa bu rhuksa cSadks dks feykdj bEihfj;y cSad
dh FkhA
vkWiQ bf.M;k dh LFkkiuk gqbZA 1 tqykbZ] 1955 dks bldk
TT osQUæh; fcØh dj ,d ,slk dj gS ftls osQUæ ljdkj yxkrh
jk"Vªh;dj.k gqvk vkSj bldk uke LVsV cSad vkWiQ bf.M;k
gS rFkk bls jkT; ljdkj olwyrh gSA
j[kk x;kA
165
TT Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk çcaf/r igyk Hkkjrh; cSad vo/ def'kZ;y cSad fd;k x;kA
Fkk] tks 1881 esa LFkkfir gqvk FkkA TT blosQ 27 {ks=kh; dk;kZy; rFkk 4 mi dk;kZy; gSa] ftuesa vf/
TT blosQ ckn 1894 esa iatkc us'kuy cSad dh LFkkiuk gqbZ FkhA dka'k jkT;ksa dh jkt/kfu;ksa esa fLFkr gSaA
TT 1959 esa LVsV cSad osQ lkr lg;ksxh cSadksa dk xBu fd;k x;k] TT Hkkjr esa ekSfæd ,oa lk[k uhfr fjtoZ cSad }kjk gh cuk;h
ftUgsa LVsV cSad lewg dgk tkrk gSA tkrh gSA
TT orZeku esa LVsV cSad lewg esa lHkh cSadksa dk foy; gks pqdk gSA TT lj vkWLckuZ fLeFk RBI osQ çFke xouZj FksA
TT 19 tqykbZ] 1969 dks 14 O;olkf;d cSadks dk jk"Vªh;dj.k TT çFke Hkkjrh; ,oa Lora=k Hkkjr esa Hkkjrh; fjt+oZ cSad osQ
fd;k x;kA xouZj lh- Mh- ns'keq[k Fks] bUgha osQ dk;Zdky esa RBI dk
TT 15 vçSy] 1980 dks iqu% 6 cSadks dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k jk"Vªhdj.k gqvkA
x;k FkkA TT fgYVu ;ax vk;ksx igyk vk;ksx Fkk] ftlus osQUæh; cSad osQ
O;kolkf;d cSad :i esa RBI osQ uke dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA

TT RBI dk u;k ys[kk o"kZ 7 vizSy ls 31 ekpZ gksrk gSA
TT lkoZtfud cSad % ;s os cSad gksrs gSa] ftuesa ljdkj dh
TT Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad osQ ikl gj le; 85 djksM+ : dh fons'kh
/fjrk 51% ls vf/d gksrh gSA
eqæk gksuh pkfg, rFkk 115 djksM+ dk lksuk gksuk pkfg,A
TT orZeu esa Hkkjr 12 lkoZtfud cSad gSa&1- Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad]
TT RBI jsiks nj rFkk fjolZ jsiks nj esa deh rFkk o`f¼ dj
2- iatkc us'kuy cSad] 3- baf.M;u cSad] 4- osQujk cSad]
ldrk gSA
5- ;wdks cSad] 6- ;wfu;u cSad vkWiQ bf.M;k] 7- iatkc rFkk
TT dksbZ Hkh cSad RBI dh vuqefr osQ cxSj 'kk[kk ugha [kksy
fla/ cSad] 8- cSad vkWiQ cM+kSnk] 9- cSad vkWiQ egkjk"Vª]
ldrk gSA
10- cSad vkWiQ bf.M;k] 11 l.Vªsy cSad vkWiQ bf.M;k
TT RBI dks cSadks dk cSad Hkh dgrs gSaA
12- bafM;u vksojlht cSadA
(SSC GD 13 Feb., 2023)
TT lkoZtfud {ks=k dk lcls cM+k cSad LVsV cSad vkWiQ bf.M;k
TT Hkkjr osQ fons'kh O;kikj lEcU/h vk¡dMs+ RBI tkjh djrk gSA
gS rFkk mlosQ ckn iatkc us'kuy cSad dk LFkku vkrk gSA
TT eqæk dh n'keyo ç.kkyh 1 vçSy] 1957 ls vkjaHk gqbZA
TT fons'kksa esa lcls vf/d 'kk[kk,¡ LVsV cSad vkWiQ bf.M;k
TT 30 twu] 2011 ls 25 iSls rFkk mlls de ewY; osQ flDosQ
dh gSA
TT thou chek {ks=k esa ços'k djus okyk igyk cSad LVsV cSad cUn dj fn;sA
TT 1 : osQ uksV o flDdksa dks foÙk ea=kky; tkjh djrk rFkk
vkWiQ bf.M;k gSA
TT phu esa 'kk[kk [kksyus okyk igyk cSad LVsV cSad vkWiQ foÙk lfpo ml ij gLrk{kj djrk gSA 1 : ls vf/d osQ
bf.M;k gSA uksVksa dks Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad tkjh djrk gS rFkk RBI osQ
TT bEihj;y cSad vkWiQ bf.M;k dk uke 1 tqykbZ 1955 dks xouZj osQ gLrk{kj gksrs gSaA
TT dksbZ vke O;fDr Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad esa viuk [kkrk ughaa
cnydj LVsV cSad vkWiQ bf.M;k dj fn;k FkkA
TT Hkkjr esa lokZf/d 'kk[kk LVs.MMZ pkVMZ cSad dh gSA LVs.MMZ [kksy ldrk gSA
TT cSad nj % cSad nj] og nj gS] ftl ij fjtoZ cSad vU; cSadksa
pkVMZ cSad fczVsu dk cSad gSA
TT çFke cSad ØsfMV dkMZ 1959 bZñ esa cSad vkWiQ vesfjdk dks ½.k nsrk gSA
TT jsiks nj % bl nj ij fjt+oZ cSad] cSadks dks vYidkfyd ½.k
}kjk tkjh fd;k x;k FkkA
TT ns'k esa igys eksckby cSad dh 'kq#vkr eè; çns'k jkT; esa nsdj vFkZO;oLFkk esa rjyrk dh vfrfjDr ek=kk tkjh djrk gSA
TT fjolZ jsiks nj % bl nj ij fjt+oZ cSad] cSadks ls vYidkfyd
gqbZ gSA
TT Hkkjr esa igyk rSjrk gqvk ATM osQjy osQ dksfPp esa LFkkfir ½.k ysdj vFkZO;oLFkk ls rjyrk okil ysrk gSA
(SSC GD 10 Jan., 2023)
fd;k x;k FkkA
TT udn vkjf{kr vuqikr (Cash Reserve Ratio-
Hkkjrh; fjt+oZ cSad (RBI) CRR) % lHkh O;kikfjd cSadks dks tek jkf'k dk ,d fuf'pr
TT fjtoZ cSad dh LFkkiuk 1 vçSy 1935 dks vkj-ch-vkbZ- çfr'kr fjt+oZ cSad osQ ikl dks"k osQ :i esa j[kuk iM+rk gSA
,DV] 1934 osQ rgr 5 djksM+ dh vf/o`Qr iwath ls gqbZ FkhA bls udn vkjf{kr vuqikr dgrs gSaA
(SSC GD 25 Jan., 2023) TT oS/kfud rjyrk vuqikr (Statutory Liquidity
TT fjt+oZ cSad dk jk"Vªh;dj.k 1 tuojh] 1949 dks gqvkA Ratio-SLR) % O;kikfjd cSadks dks viuh oqQy lEifÙk dk
TT fjt+oZ cSad vkWiQ bafM;k] Hkkjr dk osQUæh; cSad gSA ,d fuf'pr çfr'kr rjy :i esa vius ikl j[kuk iM+rk gSA
TT fjt+oZ cSad dk osQanzh; dk;kZy; izkjaHk esa dksydkrk esa LFkkfir bls oS/kfud rjyrk vuqikr dgk tkrk gSA
fd;k x;k Fkk] ftls 1937 esa LFkk;h :i ls eqacbZ esa LFkkukarfjr (SSC GD 12 Jan., 2023)
166
{ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad TT flD;ksfjVh isij fey] gks'kaxkckn % ;gk¡ cSad o djsalh uksV
TT {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSadks dh LFkkiuk 2 vDVwcj] 1975 dks gqbZ isij] xSj vnkyrh LVkEi isij dh NikbZ esa yxus okys dkxt
FkhA {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSadks esa osQUæ ljdkj jkT; ljdkj rFkk dk mRiknu gksrk gSA
çorZd cSad dh iwath 50%15%35 osQ vuqikr yxh gksrh gSA m|ksx
TT LokfHkeku ;kstuk dk laca/ xzkeh.k cSafdax ls gSA osQUæ
TT vktknh osQ ckn ns'k dh çFke vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk 6
ljdkj us osQydj lfefr dh fliQkfj'k dks ekurs gq, 1987
vçSy] 1948 dks rRdkyhu osQUæh; m|ksx ea=kh MkW- ';kek
osQ ckn ls {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSadks dh LFkkiuk cUn dj nh gSA
çlkn eq[kthZ }kjk dh x;h FkhA
ukckMZ (jk"Vªh; o`Qf"k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl cSad) TT bl uhfr esa lkoZtfud {ks=k vkSj futh {ks=k nksuksa osQ egRo
TT bldh LFkkiuk 12 tqykbZ] 1982 dks NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k vkSj ns'k esa fefJr ,oa fu;af=kr
osQ nkSjku dh x;h FkhA vFkZO;oLFkk dh uhao j[kh x;hA
TT ;g ns'k esa o`Qf"k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq foÙk miyC/ djus TT nwljh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk 30 vçSy] 1956 esa dh
okyh 'kh"kZ laLFkk gSA (SSC GD 7 Feb., 2023) x;hA
TT ukckMZ (la'kks/u) fo/s;d 2017 (2018 esa ikfjr) }kjk osQanz TT m|ksxksa dks lkoZtfud] futh ,oa mi;qDr {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr
ljdkj dks ukckMZ dh vf/Ñr iwath dks 5000 djksM+ #i, fd;k x;kA
ls 30]000 djksM+ #i, rd c<kus dk vf/dkj fey x;k TT bl uhfr dk mn~ns'; lektoknh <ax osQ lekt dh LFkkiuk
gSA djuk FkkA
TT bldk eq[;ky; eqEcbZ esa gSA TT ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk 24 tqykbZ 1991 esa dh x;hA
TT ;g ,d lkafof/d fudk; gSA TT ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa cgqr ls mnkjoknh dne mBk, x, gSA
TT ukckMZ dh LFkkiuk f'kojeu desVh dh fliQkfj'k ij gqbZ FkhA TT /heh xfr ls vkS|ksfxd fodkl] csjkstxkjh] vkS|ksfxd :X.krk]
uksV % fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ (KCC) ;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr vxLr mPp eg¡xkbZ nj rFkk Hkqxrku vlarqyu vkfn ladV osQ lanHkZ
1998 esa rRdkyhu for ea=kh ;'koar flUgk }kjk dh x;h FkhA esa ;g uhfr vf}rh; FkhA
TT bl uhfr dh eq[; ckrsa fuEufyf[kr gSa%
TT ,LVsV M;wVh % fdlh O;fDr dh e`R;q osQ i'pkr mldh ¾¾ vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax ls eqfDr % orZeku esa osQoy 5
lEifÙk osQ gLrkUrj.k osQ le; tks dj lEifÙk ij yxk;k tkrk m|ksxksa osQ fy, ykblsaflax vfuok;Z gS&rEckdw mRikn]
gS] mls ,LVsV M;wVh dgrs gSaA 'kjkc] [krjukd jlk;u] vkS|ksfxd foLiQksVd rFkk j{kk
TT xzs ekosQZV % ;g vukf/o`Qr cktkj gksrk gSA bl lkSns dks 'ks;j mRikn] bysDVªkWfud] ,;jksLislA
cktkj dk laj{k.k ughaa gksrk gSA ¾¾ m|ksxksa dks vukjf{kr djuk % vc osQoy rhu m|ksx
Hkkjr esa eqæ.k ,oa flDdksa dk mRiknu lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ fy, vkjf{kr jg x;s gS&ijek.kq ÅtkZ]
TT bf.M;u flD;ksfjVh çsl] ukfld % ;gk¡ Mkd[kkuksa dh jsy ifjogu rFkk 1995 dh lwph esa ntZ [kfutA
LVs'kujh] Mkd fVdV] vnkyrh o xSj&vnkyrh LVkEi] fjtoZ ¾ ¾ Hkkjrh; çfrLi/kZ vk;ksx % bldh LFkkiuk 2003
cSad o Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad osQ psd] ckW.M] jk"Vªh; cpr i=k] esa gqbZA Jh /esZUnz oqQekj blosQ çFke vè;{k FksA bl
iksLVy vkMZj] ikliksVZ vkfn osQ vykok osQUæ ljdkj] jkT; vk;ksx dk mn~ns'; gS fd çfrLi/kZ esa ck/d xfrfof/;ksa
ljdkjksa] ljdkjh {ks=k osQ miØeksa] foÙkh; fuxeksa vkfn osQ dks lekIr fd;k tk,] cktkj çfrLi/kZ dks çksRlkfgr
çfrHkwfr i=kksa dh NikbZ gksrh gSA fd;k tk, rFkk miHkksDrkvksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk dh tk,A
TT flD;ksfjVh fçafVax çsl] gSnjkckn % ;gk¡ nf{k.kh jkT;ksa osQ ¾ ¾ Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjks % 1947 esa Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa es
fy, Mkd ys[ku lkexzh] iwjs ns'k dh osQUæh; mRikn 'kqYd mRiknksa osQ fy, ekud rS;kj djus gsrq LFkkfir fd;k
LVkEi dh NikbZ gksrh gSA x;kA ;g ,d lkafof/d laLFkk gSA ;g fofHkUu mRiknksa
TT djsalh çsl uksV] ukfld % ;gk¡ 10] 50] 100 vkSj 500 :i;s ij xq.koÙkk fpUg vFkkZr~ vkbZ-,l-vkbZ- fpUg vkcafVr
osQ uksVksa dh NikbZ vkSj iwfrZ gksrh gSA djrh gSA
TT cSad uksV çsl] nsokl (eè; izns'k) % ;gk¡ 20] 50] 100 ¾ ¾ ØsfMV jsfVax % ØsfMV jsfVax fdlh Hkh ns'k] laLFkk ;k
vkSj 500 :i;s osQ mPp ewY; oxZ osQ uksV Nirs gSaA O;fDr dh lk[k ;k mlosQ Hkqxrku djus dh {kerk dk
TT eSlwj (dukZVd) ,oa lkycksuh (if'pe caxky) osQ ewY;kadu gksrh gSA ,-,-,- lcls etcwr lcls csgrj
Hkkjrh; fjt+oZ cSad uksV eqæk fyfeVsM % ;gk¡ RBI osQ ØsfMV jsfVax ekuh tkrh gSA
fu;a=k.k esa djsalh uksV Nkis tkrs gSaA
167
lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ bLikr dkj[kkus Ikkoj iQkbusal dkiksZjs'ku (PFC) 1986 ubZ fnYyh
LFkku rF; :jy bySfDVªfiQosQ'ku dkWjiksjs'ku 1969 ubZ fnYyh
jkmjosQyk f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ varxZr teZuh dh
egkjRu osQ ntsZ gsrq vko';d n'kk,¡
(vksfM'kk) lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k x;kA o"kZ 1959 bZ-
TT dEiuh 'ks;j cktkj esa lwphc¼ gksA
esa mRiknu 'kq: gqvkA
TT fiNys rhu o"kks± esa dEiuh dk vkSlr dkjksckj 25]000 djksM+
fHkykbZ f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr :l dh
#i, jgk gksA
(NÙkhlx<+) lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k x;kA o"kZ 1959 bZ-
TT bl nkSjku dEiuh us 5000 djksM+ #i, dk vkSlr 'kq¼ ykHk
vftZr fd;k gksA
nqxkZiqj (if'pe f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ varxZr fczVsu dh TT dEiuh osQ ikl uojRu dk ntkZ gksA
caxky) lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k x;kA o"kZ 1962 bZ-
uojRu dEifu;k¡
cksdkjks ,f'k;k dk lcls cM+k la;a=kA bls r`rh; dEifu;k¡ LFkkiuk eq[;ky;
(>kj[kaM) iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr :l dh lgk;rk Hkkjr bysDVªkWfuDl fyfeVsM 1954 csaxy#
ls LFkkfir fd;k x;kA o"kZ 1973 bZ- esa mRiknu fgUnqLrku ,jksukWfVDl fyfeVsM 1940 csaxyq#
vkjEHk gqvkA egkuxj VsfyiQksu fuxe fyfeVsM 1986 ubZ fnYyh
cuZiqj (if'pe- futh {ks=k la;U=k osQ jk"Vªh;dj.k }kjk us'kuy ,Y;wfefu;e dEiuh 1981 vksfM'kk
caxky) vf/x`ghr ;g la;a=k :l dh lgk;rk ls fyfeVsM
LFkkfir gqvkA
jk"Vªh; Hkou fuekZ.k fuxe fyfeVsM 1960 ubZ fnYyh
lyse pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr LFkkfir
daVsuj dkWiksZjs'ku vkWiQ bafM;k 1988 ubZ fnYyh
(rfeyukMq) fd;k x;kA
Hkækorh pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr jk"Vªh;o`Qr jk"Vªh; bLikr fuxe fyfeVsM 1982 fo'kk[kkiV~Vue
(dukZVd) fd;k x;kA bathfu;lZ bafM;k fyfeVsM 1965 ubZ fnYyh
fot;uxj pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr LFkkfir f'kfiax dkWiksZjs'ku vkWiQ bf.M;k 1961 eqacbZ
(dukZVd) fd;k x;kA fyfeVsM
uSosyh fyXukbV dkWiksZjs'ku fyfeVsM 1956 psUubZ
egkjRu dEifu;k¡
jk"Vªh; [kfut fodkl fuxe 1958 gSnjkckn
dEifu;k¡ LFkkiuk eq[;ky;
fyfeVsM
LVhy vFkkWfjVh vkWiQ bafM;k fyfeVsM 1973 ubZ fnYyh
(SAIL) jsy fodkl fuxe fyfeVsM 2002 ubZ fnYyh
rsy ,oa çko`Qfrd xSl fyfeVsM 1956 ubZ fnYyh uojRu osQ ntsZ gsrq vko';d n'kk,¡
(ONGC)
TT uojRu dk ntkZ çkIr dEifu;k¡ 1000 djksM+ #i, rd osQ
us'kuy FkeZy ikoj dkWiksZjs'ku fyfeVsM 1975 ubZ fnYyh fuos'k çLrkoksa ij osQUæ ljdkj dh iwokZuqefr osQ fcuk gh
(NTPC)
fu.kZ; ys ldrh gSA
dksy bf.M;k fyfeVsM (CIL) 1975 dksydkrk TT fiNys rhu o"kks± esa daiuh yxkrkj ykHk esa jgh gksA
fganqLrku isVªksfy;e dkWiksZjs'ku fyfeVsM 1974 eqacbZ TT uojRu dk ntkZ çkIr gksus osQ fy, 100 Ldksj esa ls 60 Ldksj
(HPCL) gksuk pkfg,A
xsy bafM;k fyfeVsM (GAIL) 1984 ubZ fnYyh
feuhjRu
Hkkjr gSoh bysfDVªdYl fy- (BHEL) 1964 ubZ fnYyh
TT bl ;kstuk dk çkjEHk 1997 esa fd;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjr isVªksfy;e dkWiksZjs'ku fyfeVsM 1952 eqacbZ
(BPCL) TT orZeku esa feuhjRu oaQifu;ksa dh la[;k 74 gSA
TT Hkkjrh; foekuiÙku çkf/dj.k] dksphu f'ki;kMZ fy-] fgUnqLrku
ikoj fxzM dkWiksZjs'ku vkWiQ bafM;k 1989 xq#xzke
dkWij fy-] feJ /krq fuxe fy- vkfn feuh jRu dEifu;k¡ gSA
fyfeVsM (PGCI)
bafM;k vk;y dkiksZjs'ku fyfeVsM 1959 ubZ fnYyh Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd foÙk çnku djus okyh laLFkk,¡
(IOCL) TT Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad (IDBI) % vkbZ-Mh-ch-
vkbZ- dh LFkkiuk Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad osQ iw.kZr% Lokf/o`Qr
168
lgk;d laLFkk osQ :i esa 1964 bZ- esa dh x;hA 2004 esa osQ lanHkZ esa xjhch js[kk dks 1000 #i, (izfr O;fDr izfr
bldk :ikarj.k ,d cSad osQ :i esa gks x;kA ekg) vkSj xzkeh.k ifjokjksa osQ fy, bls 816 #i, fu/kZfjr
TT Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd foÙk fuxe (IFCI) % ;g vkbZ-,iQ-lh- fd;k FkkA rsanqydj lfefr 2005 xfBr gqqbZ FkhA bldh fjiksVZ
vkbZ- vf/fu;e osQ rgr~ o"kZ 1948 esa LFkkfir dh xbZ igyh 2009 esa vk;hA
fodkl foÙk laLFkk gSA TT xjhch ij jaxjktu lfefr dh fjiksVZ % jaxjktu lfefr osQ
TT Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad (SIDBI) % Hkkjrh; vk/kj ij vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij 'kgjh {ks=k osQ fy;s 1407
ljdkj }kjk 1988&89 osQ ctV esa bldh LFkkiuk dh ?kks"k. #i, rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=k osQ fy;s 972 #i, izfr O;fDr ekfld
kk dh xbZ rFkk bl cSad us 1990 esa viuk dk;Z djuk çkjaHk miHkksx O;; dks xjhch js[kk osQ :i esa fu/kZfjr fd;k x;kA
dj fn;kA bldk eq[;ky; y[kuÅ esa gSA jaxkjktu lfefr 2012 esa xfBr gqbZA
TT Hkkjrh; ;wfuV VªLV (UTI) % Hkkjrh; laln us 1963 esa
Hkkjrh; ;wfuV VªLV vf/fu;e ikfjr fd;k vkSj vf/fu;e osQ
csjkstxkjh
vuqlkj bldh LFkkiuk 1964 bZ- esa ,d oS/kfud bdkbZ osQ TT csjkstxkjh dk vk'k; mRiknu dk;Z esa u yxk gksuk gSA
:i esa dh x;hA TT csjkstxkjh osQ çdkj % ;g fuEu çdkj dh gksrh gS&
TT fofuos'k % ;g og çfØ;k gS ftlesa lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ m|eksa 1. ,sfPNd csjkstxkjh % tc dksbZ O;fDr dksbZ Hkh mRiknu
dk ljdkjh fgLlk (bfDoVh) cspk tkrk gSA ljdkj us jaxjktu dk;Z djuk gh ughaa pkgrk gS ;k jkstxkj çkIr djuss dh
lfefr 1991 dh fliQkfj'k ij fofuos'k dh çfØ;k 1993 esa dksbZ bPNk gh u gks] rks mlss ,sfPNd csjkstxkj dgk
vkjEHk dh FkhA tkrk gSA
TT diM+k m|ksx Hkkjr dk o`Qf"k m|ksx osQ ckn nwljk lcls cM+k 2. vuSfPNd csjkstxkjh % tc vFkZO;oLFkk esa çpfyr pkyw
jkstxkj çnku djus okyk m|ksx gSA etnwjh nj ij dksbZ O;fDr dke djus dks rS;kj gS] ijUrq
TT Hkkjr esa lcls vf/d js'ke dk mRiknu dukZVd esa gksrk gSA mls ml etnwjh nj ij dke u feys] rks bls vuSfPNd
TT y?kq o oqQVhj m|ksx ij fo'ks"k è;ku 1977 dh vkS|ksfxd csjkstxkjh dgrs gSaA bls [kqyh csjkstxkjh Hkh dgk tkrk
uhfr esa fn;k x;kA gSA
TT y?kq m|ksxksa dks foÙk çnku djus osQ mn~ns'; ls 1990 ls 3. lajpukRed csjkstxkjh % ;g ,d nh?kZdkyhu csjkstxkjh
Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad (SIDBI) dh LFkkiuk dh gS] tks vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa gksus okyh lajpukRed ifjorZu
x;hA osQ dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa vf/dka'k csjkstxkjh
TT vkfcn gqlSu lfefr y?kq m|ksxksa esa lq/kj ls lEcfU/r gSA blh çdkj dh gSA
TT y?kq m|ksx os m|ksx gS ftlesa 1 djksM+ #i, ls 10 djksM+ 4. vYijkstxkj % {kerk vuqlkj ;k iwjk dke ughaa feyus
rd dk vf/dre fuos'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ls bl çdkj dh csjkstxkjh mRiUu gksrh gSA
TT oqQVhj m|ksx dh vf/dre fuos'k lhek 25 yk[k #i, gSA 5. vn`';@fNih gqbZ@çPNUu csjkstxkjh % blosQ varxZr
TT Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk Make in India dk;ZØe dh 'kq:vkr Jfed ckgj ls rks dke ij yxs gq, çrhr gksrs gSa]
ns'k esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh xfr dks rst djus osQ mn~ns'; fdUrq ml dk;Z esa mudh vko';drk ughaa gksrh gSA blesa
ls 25 flrEcj] 2014 esa dhA Jfedksa dk lhekUr mRiknu 'kwU; gksrk gSA
TT Make in India dk çrhd fpUg dksXl ls cuk 'ksj gSA (SSC GD 24 Jan., 2023)
6. ?k"kZ.kkRed csjkstxkjh % cktkj dh n'kkvksa esa ifjorZu
xjhch ,oa csjkstxkjh (ekax ,oa iwfrZ dh 'kfDr;ksa esa ifjorZu) gksus ls mRiUu
TT xjhch % xjhch dk eki djus osQ fy, lkisf{kd ,oa fujis{k csjkstxkjh dks ?k"kZ.kkRed csjkstxkjh dgrs gSaA
çfrekuksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 7. ekSleh csjkstxkjh ,d o"kZ osQ fdlh ekSle ;k oqQN eghuksa
TT lkis{k xjhch % lkis{k xjhch varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd vlekurk osQ fy;s jkstxkj feyuk vkSj ckdh le; esa dk;Z ugha
vFkok {ks=kh; vkfFkZd vlekurkvksa dk cks/ djkrh gSA feyrk] ekSleh csjkstxkjh dgykrh gSA
TT fujis{k xjhch % bldk vfHkçk; ekuo dh vk/kjHkwr
vko';drkvksa_ tSls&Hkkstu] diM+k] LokLF; lqfo/k vkfn dh Hkkjr osQ çeq[k 'ks;j cktkj
iwfrZ gsrq i;kZIr oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dks tqVk ikus esa vleFkZrk TT cacbZ LVkWd ,Dlpsat (BSE) % bldh LFkkiuk 1875 esa gqbZ
ls gSA FkhA 2005 ls ;g ifCyd fyfeVsM dEiuh osQ :i esa ifjofrZr
TT xjhch js[kk % xjhch dh js[kk dh vo/kj.kk] ewy ekuoh; gks x;kA Hkkjr fo'o dk ik¡pok¡ lcls cM+k 'ks;j cktkj gSA
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk dj ikus esa vleFkZrk ls tqMh gSA TT jk"Vªh; 'ks;j cktkj (NSE) % bldh LFkkiuk dh fliQkfj'k
TT rsanqydj lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ esa 'kgjh {ks=k esa jg jgs ifjokjksa 1991 esa isQjokuh lfefr us dh Fkh rFkk bldh LFkkiuk 1992
169
esa eqEcbZ esa gqbZA IDBI bldk eq[; çorZd gSA Hkkjr dh çeq[k lfefr vkSj vk;ksx
TT Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad (IDBI) Hkkjrh; 'ks;j cktkj
LokehukFku lfefr tula[;k uhfr
dk çeq[k çorZd gSaA
jktk pSys;k lfefr dj lq/kj (1991)
TT jk"Vªh; 'ks;j cktkj dh çkjafHkd vf/o`Qr iwath 25 djksM+ gSA
TT jk"Vªh; 'ks;j cktkj (NSE) dk eq[;ky; eqEcbZ gSA ljdkfj;k lfefr osQUæ jkT; laca/
tkudh jeu lfefr çfrHkwfr ?kksVkys
uksV % fo'o dk lcls igyk 'ks;j cktkj o"kZ 1602 bZñ esa
uhnjyS.M osQ ,ElVMZe esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA nkarsokyk lfefr csjkstxkjh dk vuqeku
js[kh lfefr vçR;{k dj
TT LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa 49% rd fons'kh fuos'k dh vuqefr gSA egkyuksfcl lfefr jk"Vªh; vk;
TT Hkkjr esa lsch }kjk ekU;rk çkIr 23 LVkd ,Dlpsat gSA buesa
eYgks=kk lfefr chek {ks=k esa lq/kj
ls 5 jk"Vªh; ço`Qfr osQ gSa vkSj 18 çknsf'kd ço`Qfr osQ gSA
Hk.Mkjh lfefr {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSadksa dh iw.kZ lajpuk
eanfM;k ,oa rstfM+;k (Bear and Bull)
lqjs'k rsUnqydj xjhch ls lEcfU/r (BPL)
TT eanfM+;k og O;fDr gS] tks vkus okys le; esa ewY; esa fxjkoV
ehjk lsB lfefr gFkdj?kk osQ fodkl
dh lkspdj vius 'ks;j cspdj ykHk vftZr djrk gSA
TT eanfM+;k osQ lfØ; gksus ls 'ks;j lwpdkad uhps fxjrk gSA lPpj lfefr eqfLyeksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj
TT rstfM+;k og O;fDr gS] tks Hkfo"; esa 'ks;j ewY;ksa esa gksus 'kS{kf.kd fLFkfr dk v/;;u
okyh o`f¼ dh lksp osQ lkFk mUgsa orZeku esa lLrs ewY; ij jaxjktu lfefr Hkqxrku larqyu
[kjhn ysrk gSA vkfcn gqlSu lfefr y?kq m|ksx
TT rstfM+;k osQ lfØ; gksus ls 'ks;j cktkj rsth ls Åij p<+us Hkxorh lfefr csjkstxkjh
yxrk gSA oS|ukFk lfefr flapkbZ osQ ikuh
TT Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr ,oa fofue; cksMZ (SEBI) dh LFkkiuk
T;ksfr clq lfefr vkWDVªkbZ lekfIr ij fjiksVZ
1988 esa gqbZ Fkh rFkk bldks 30 tuojh] 1992 dks SEBI
,DV osQ rgr lkafof/d ntkZ iznku fd;k x;kA lsu xqIrk lfefr f'kf{kr csjkstxkjh
TT Security and Exchange Board of India bldk iwjk MkW- fot; osQydj çko`Qfrd xSl ewY;
uke gSA lfefr
TT bldk eq[;ky; eqEcbZ esa gSA osQydj lfefr&2 çR;{k rFkk ijks{k djkjksi.k
TT ;g 'ks;j cktkjksa dk çeq[k fu;ked laLFkk gSA e.My deh'ku fiNM+h tkfr;ksa osQ fy, lhVksa dk
TT fxYM ,.M cktkj ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa ls lEcfU/r gSA vkj{k.k
TT cnyk % tc fdlh LVkWd dkjksckj esa foyacu dh ekax] LVkWd dksBkjh deh'ku 'kSf{kd lq/kj
osQ [kjhnnkj }kjk dh tkrh gS] rks mls cnyk dgrs gSaA
ujflage lfefr cSafdax lq/kj
TT Hkkjrh; chek fu;ked ,oa fodkl çkf/dj.k (IRDAI)
% bldh LFkkiuk 19 vçSy] 2000 dks dh x;hA bldk gtkjh lfefr vkS|ksfxd uhfr
eq[;ky; gSnjkckn esa gSA frokjh lfefr vkS|ksfxd :X.krk
TT Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe (LIC) % bldh LFkkiuk 1 ekysxk¡o lfefr çkFkfed iw¡th cktkj
flrEcj 1956 esa gqbZ FkhA bldk osQUæh; dk;kZy; eqEcbZ esa ,u- ,l- oekZ lfefr okf.kfT;d cSadks dh iquZlajpuk
fLFkr gSA feL=kh lfefr foÙkh; xfrfof/;ksa osQ lq/kj gsrq lq>ko
fo'o osQ çfl¼ 'ks;j cktkj lwpdkad 'kqaxyw lfefr lnkj ljksoj ck¡/ ifj;kstuk osQ
fuDdh Vksfd;ks (tkiku) foLFkkfirksa osQ iquokZl dh fLFkfr dh
leh{kk gsrq
Mksu tksUl U;w;kWdZ (USA)
ikBd vk;ksx UNO osQ rsy osQ cnys vukt dk;ZØe
flEcsDl flaxkiqj dh tk¡p gsrq
uSlMSd USA ckloku lfefr flfoy lsok ijh{kk esa cnyko djus
lsV FkkbZySaM dk lq>ko
feM MsDl izSaQdiQVZ (teZuh)
170
oqQN vU; çeq[k ;kstuk,¡ nf{k.k vizQhdk esa gSA

TT vUukiw.kkZ ;kstuk % bldk çkjEHk 2 vDVwcj] 2000 dks TT fo'o esa nqX/ mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk igyk o USA dk nwljk
xkft;kckn osQ fl[kksMk xk¡o ls gqvk FkkA LFkku gSA
¾¾ bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns'; vR;Ur fu/Zu o`¼ksa osQ fy, jksVh TT nky osQ mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa igyk LFkku gSA
dh O;oLFkk djuk gSA TT Hkkjr esa lsok dj yxkus osQ fy, 88ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u
TT loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku % bl ;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr 2001 esa o"kZ 2003 esa fd;k x;k FkkA
gqbZ FkhA bldk çeq[k mn~ns'; xjhc cPpksa dks f'k{kk miyC/ TT Hkkjr osQ dukZVd jkT; esa tux.kuk dh rtZ ij ekSrkas dh
djkuk gSA x.kuk dk dk;Z Hkh çkjEHk fd;k x;kA
¾¾ bl ;kstuk esa osQUæ ljdkj o jkT; ljdkj dk 50%- TT o`Q".k ØkfUr dk lEcU/ [kfut rsy esa vkRefuHkZjrk ls gSA
50% /u yxk gksrk gSA TT jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k fodkl laLFkku gSnjkckn esa fLFkr gSA
TT jk"Vªh; LokLF; fe'ku % ;g ;kstuk 2013 esa 'kq: dh x;hA TT [kknh ,oa xzkeh.k m|ksx vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk nwljh iapo"khZ;
bldk mn~ns'; laØked o xSj&laØked jksxksa ls fuiVus osQ ;kstuk esa dh x;h FkhA
fy;s xzkeh.k o 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa LokLF; iz.kkyh dks etcwr TT 1944 bZñ esa eqEcbZ osQ 8 m|ksxifr;ksa }kjk çLrqr ;kstuk dks
djUkk gSA ckWEcs ;kstuk dgrs gSaA
TT fe'ku bUæ/uq"k % bldh 'kq:vkr 2014 dks gqbZA TT 1950 esa t;çdk'k ukjk;.k }kjk loksZn; ;kstuk çLrqr dh
¾¾ bldk mn~ns'; mu lHkh cPpksa dks Vhdk yxkuk gS ftUgsa x;hA
vkaf'kd :i ls 7 chekfj;ksa dk Vhdk ugha yxk;k x;kA TT Hkkjr esa igyk ty fo|qr 'kfDr xzg 1897 bZñ esa nkftZfyax
TT jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjUVh vf/fu;e (ujsxk) (vle) esa çkjEHk gqvk FkkA
¾¾ bldh 'kq:vkr 2 iQjojh] 2006 esa vkU/z çns'k osQ TT Hkkjr osQ oqQy frygu mRiknu esa ew¡xiQyh dk fgLlk lcls
vuUriqj xk¡o ls gqbZ FkhA vf/d gSA
¾¾ blosQ fy, vf/fu;e o"kZ 2005 esa ikfjr gqvk FkkA TT Hkkjr esa lokZf/d uxjhdj.k xksok jkT; esa gqvk gSA
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023) TT ,slh foÙk O;oLFkk ftlesa ljdkjh O;; vk; ls vf/d gks
¾¾ 2 vDVwcj] 2009 dks bldk uke cnydj egkRek
rFkk 'ks"k ?kkVs dks iwjk djus osQ fy, lkekU;rk eqæk Nkih tkrh
xka/h jkstxkj xkjUVh ;kstuk (eujsxk) dj fn;k x;kA gks rks mls ?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk dgrs gSaA
TT Hkkjr esa eksVj okguksa dk lokZf/d fu;kZr tokgj yky usg:
¾¾ bl ;kstuk esa gj ifjokj dks de ls de 100 fnu dk
jkstxkj miyC/ djkuk gSA cUnjxkg ls fd;k tkrk gSA
TT Hkkjr esa xjhch gVkvks dk ukjk ik¡poh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa
¾¾ bl ;kstuk esa osQUæ ljdkj o jkT; ljdkj osQ eè;
90% o 10% lg;ksx fn;k tkrk gSA
fn;k x;kA
TT miHkksDrk dh cpr dk fl¼kar vYizsQM ek'kZy us fn;k gSA
¾¾ MGNREGA Hkkjr ljdkj osQ xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky;
TT fdlh ns'k dk vk;kr o fu;kZr ls lacaf/r Hkqxrku O;kikj
osQ varxZr vkrk gSA (SSC GD, 17 Jan. 2023)
'ks"k dgykrk gSA
vFkZ'kkL=k osQ oqQN egRoiw.kZ rF; TT jkstxkj xkjUVh ;kstuk loZçFke 1972&73 esa egkjk"Vª us 'kq:
TT Hkkjr esa lokZf/d nw/ mRiknd jkT; jktLFkku gSA dhA
TT Hkkjr esa Mhty batu cukus dk igyk dkj[kkuk lrkjk TT uhyh ØkfUr eNyh mRiknu ls lacaf/r gSA
(egkjk"Vª) esa 1932 esa [kksyk x;k FkkA TT Hkkjr i;ZVu fodkl fuxe dh LFkkiuk 1 vDVwcj] 1966
TT Hkkjrh; cSadksa dh fons'kksa esa lcls vf/d 'kk[kk,¡ ;w-osQ- esa gSA dks gqbZ FkhA
TT lqij 301 vesfjdh O;kikj dkuwu dh /kjk gS] tks mUgsa vius TT osQjy jkT; osQ ckgj igyk iw.kZ lk{kj ftyk o¼Zeku (if'pe
vk;kr ij mPp lhek 'kqYd yxkus dh 'kfDr nsrh gSA caxky) gSA
TT jkt lfefr us o`Qf"k tksrkas ij dj yxkus dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA TT Hkkjr esa deZpkjh jkT; chek ;kstuk 1952 esa çkjEHk gqbZ FkhA
TT Hkkjr esa lcls vf/d lajpukRed csjkstxkjh ik;h tkrh gSA TT ckMesj (jktLFkku) esa rsy osQ fo'kky Hk.Mkj ik;s tkrs gSaA
TT fo'o esa lcls vf/d lgdkjh laLFkk,¡ Hkkjr esa gSA TT OgkbV xqM~l ls rkRi;Z vfHktkR; oxZ }kjk nSfud bLrseky esa
TT osQUæh; ,xekdZ ç;ksx'kkyk ukxiqj esa gSA ç;ksx dh tkus okyh oLrqvkas ls gksrk gS tSls&Vh-oh-] izQhtj]
TT o`Qf"k dks m|ksx dk ntkZ nsus okyk çFke jkT; egkjk"Vª FkkA okf'kax e'khu] dkj vkfnA
TT Hkkjr dh igyh Lo.kZ fjiQkbZujh f'kjiqj (egkjk"Vª) esa LFkkfir TT OgkbV xqM~l dh fo'ks"krk ;g gksrh gS fd çn'kZu çHkko ls
gqbZ FkhA bu oLrqvksa osQ miHkksx dks çksRlkgu feyrk gSA
TT fo'o dh lcls cM+h Lo.kZ fjiQkbZujh jSaM fjiQkbZujh fyfeVsM TT gjk lksuk pk; dks dgk tkrk gSA
171
TT lisQn lksuk dikl dks dgk tkrk gSA us fn;k FkkA

TT dkyk lksuk dks;yk gSA TT O;kikj pØ esa pkj pj.k gksrs gSaA
TT æo Lo.kZ isVªksy dks dgrs gSaA TT xksYMu gSaM'ksd Ldhe LoSfPNd lsokfuo`fÙk ls lacaf/r gSA
TT cSadksa esa xzkgd lsok lq/kjus osQ fy, lq>ko nsus okyh lfefr TT Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa f'kfFky dky tuojh&twu dks ekuk
xksbiksfj;k FkhA tkrk gSA
TT 'ks;j ?kksVkys osQ fy, tkudh jeu lfefr cuh FkhA TT ekYFkl dk tula[;k fl¼kar fujk'kkoknh gS vkSj vkn'kZ
TT Hkkjr dh lcls cM+h E;wpqvy iQ.M laLFkk UTI gSA tula[;k fl¼kar vk'kkoknh gSA
TT Hkkjr esa euh vkMZj ç.kkyh dh 'kq:vkr 1880 esa gqbZA TT 2011 dh tux.kuk Hkkjr dh 15oha tux.kuk FkhA
TT nyky LVªhV eqEcbZ esa fLFkr gSA TT psd ,d oSdfYid eqnzk dk mnkgj.k gSA
TT Hkkjr dh fons'kh eqæk dk lokZf/d Hkkx isVªksfy;e osQ TT Hkkjrh; o`Qf"k {ks=k esa vf/d mit okyh fdLeksa dk dk;ZØe
vk;kr ij [kpZ gksrk gSA 1966 ls vkjEHk fd;k x;kA
TT vFkZ'kkL=k esa fuos'k dk eryc 'ks;jksa dh [kjhnkjh ls gSA TT vksbdksuksfe;k 'kCn dk vFkZ ?kjsyw çcU/ gksrk gSA ;g 'kCn
TT Hkkjrh; ;wfu;u VªLV (UTI) dk 30 tqykbZ] 2007 dks uke vjLrw dh nsu gSA
cnydj Axis Bank Limited dj fn;k x;kA TT Hkkjr esa bfDoVh cktkj ij lsch (SEBI) dk fu;a=k.k gSA
TT 'ks;j gksYMjksa osQ LVkWd ij gqbZ dekbZ dks YkkHkka'k dgrs gSaA TT Hkkjr osQ futh {ks=k osQ cSad HDFC dk iatho`Qr dk;kZy;
TT ikuh iapk;r ;kstuk vksfM'kk ls lacaf/r gSA eqEcbZ esa gSA
TT ldy FDI esa egkjk"Vª jkT; çFke LFkku j[krk gSA TT fjtoZ cSad dh lgk;d laLFkk osQ :i esa jk"Vªh; vkokl cSad
TT cgqjk"Vªh; iQeZ vusd ns'kksa esa çpfyr ,d daiuh gksrh gSA dh LFkkiuk tqykbZ 1988 esa dh x;hA
TT vFkZ'kkL=k 'kCn ;wukuh Hkk"kk ls fy;k x;k gSA TT orZeku esa vkS|ksfxd Jfedksa osQ fy, miHkksDrk dher lwpdkad
TT lw{e vFkZ'kkL=k dk laca/ O;fDrxr ;wfuVksa ls gSA dk vk/kj o"kZ 1982 gSA
TT O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k jsxuj TT osQjy esa f'k'kq e`R;q nj lcls de gSA
fizQ'p us fd;k FkkA TT Hkkjr esa fu/Zurk js[kk dk vkdyu NSSO }kjk fd;k tkrk
TT eqæk vkiwfrZ Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk fu;af=kr dh tkrh gSA gSA
TT miHkksDrk }kjk viuh vk; dks viuh bPNkuqlkj O;; djus dh TT RBI, Hkkjr esa ekbozQksiQkbusal dks fofu;fer djrk gSA
Lora=krk miHkksDrk çHkqRo dgykrk gSA TT 1956 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa m|ksxksa dks 3 Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZo`Qr
TT fjdkWMksZ osQ yxku fl¼kar esa iw.kkZf/dkj cktkj dh fd;k x;k FkkA
vo/kj.kk nh x;h gSA TT Hkkjr esa lgdkjh cSad] jkT; lgdkjh lfefr vf/fu;e osQ
TT ykHk dk vfHkuo fl¼kar tkslsiQ ,ykW;l 'kwEihVj us varxZr iatho`Qr gksrs gSaA
fodflr fd;k FkkA TT miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/fu;e] 2019] o"kZ 2020 esa ykxw gqvk
TT tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk xzke iapk;rksa }kjk fØ;kfUor dh FkkA
tkrh gSA TT tks yksx fu;fer :i ls fu/Zurk js[kk osQ vanj vkSj ckgj gksrs
TT ewY; of/Zr dj (VAT) lcls igys izQkal esa ykxw gqvk FkkA jgrs gSa] pozQh; fu/Zu dgykrs gSaA
TT Hkkjr esa U;wure etnwjh vf/fu;e 1948 esa igyh ckj TT vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ nkSjku Hkkjr osQ iz/kuea=kh ih-oh-
Loho`Qr gqvk FkkA ujflEgk jko FksA
TT vuqlwfpr cSadks dks iath;u Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad osQ ikl TT jktLo izkfIr;k¡ ,slh izkfIr;k¡ gksrh gSa ftuls ljdkj osQ Åij
djkuk gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh izdkj dh nsunkjh l`ftr ugha gksrh] u gh ifjlaifRr;ksa
TT Hkkjrh; jsy osQ jktLo esa eky ;krk;kr vk; dk çeq[k ;ksxnku esa fxjkoV gksrh gSA
jgrk gSA TT iw¡thxr izkfIr;k¡ ,slh izkfIr;k¡ gSa ftuls ljdkj dh ifjlaifÙk;k¡
TT i'kqikyu osQ lkFk [ksrh djus dks fefJr [ksrh dgrs gSaA de gks tkrh gSa ;k fiQj ftuosQ dkj.k ljdkj dh ns;rkvksa
TT xkao ls NksVs dLcs vkSj ckn esa 'kgj rd yksxksa osQ tkus dks esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
pj.kokj çokl dgk tkrk gSA TT 2013 dk jk"Vªh; [kk| vkSj lqj{kk vf/fu;e (NFSA,
TT fu{ksi lsok,a çfrHkwfr;ksa dks lqjf{kr j[kus osQ fy, ,d ,tsalh 2013) Hkkjr dh xzkeh.k vkcknh osQ 75% dks lfClMh ;qDr
gSA [kk|kUu iznku djrk gSA
TT yksd foÙk esa vf/dre lkekftd ykHk dk fl¼kar MkWYVu
172
ijh{kksi;ksxh iz'u
1. fuEu esa ls D;k lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ eq[; mn~ns';ksa 9. 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj fdl osaQnz'kkflr izns'k dk
esa ls ,d Fkk\ fyaxkuqikr lcls vf/d gS\
(a)
thou Lrj esa lq/kj (a)neu vkSj nho (b) iqnqpsjh
(b)
[kk|kUuksa osQ mRiknu esa o`f¼ (c)paMhx<+ (d) y{k}hi
(c)
volajpuk esa o`f¼ 10. Lora=krk osQ ckn] Hkkjr us ------------------ esa viuh igyh
(d)
xjhch mUewyu iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 'kq: dhA
2. egkRek xka/h (ubZ) Ükà[kyk osQ ` 50 osQ cSad uksV dk (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
vk/kj jax ----------- gSA (a) 1953 (b) 1950
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (c) 1952 (d) 1951
(a)LVksu xzs (b) pkWdysV Hkwjk 11. ,d ctV nLrkost] tks fdlh fo'ks"k foÙkh; o"kZ osQ fy,
(c)ÝyksjkslsaV uhyk (d) ySosaMj ljdkj dh jktLo izkfIr;ksa vkSj jktLo O;; ls lacaf/r
3. tux.kuk 2011 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa lokZf/d efgyk gksrk gS] --------------- dgykrk gSA
lk{kjrk nj okys jkT; dk uke crkb,A (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (a) jktLo ctV (b) nh?kZdkfyd ctV
(a) egkjk"Vª (b) osQjy (c) iw¡thxr ctV (d) 'kwU; ctV
(c) dukZVd (d) fetksje 12. phuh m|ksx osQ fy, izkFkfed dPpk eky ----------- gS
4. vFkZO;oLFkk osQ izR;sd {ks=kd }kjk thMhih esa fd, x, (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
;ksxnku ls gh -------------- rS;kj gksrk gSA (a) 'kdjoaQn (b) jklk;fud LohVuj
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (c) xUuk (d) lsc
(a) lkaosQfrd <k¡pk (b) okLrfod <k¡pk 13. Hkkjr ljdkj us ^jk"Vªh; e/qeD[kh ikyu ,oa 'kgn fe'ku
(c) okLrfod thMhih (d) vFkZO;oLFkk dk <k¡pk (NBHM)* uke dh ,d ubZ osaQnzh; {ks=k ;kstuk dks eatwjh
5. RBI osQ vuqlkj] 1980 osQ n'kd esa] Hkkjr dh GDP esa nh gS tks ---------------- ozQkafr ls tqM+h gSA
lsok {ks=k dh fgLlsnkjh fdrus izfr'kr Fkh\ (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (a)
Lo.kZ (b) fe"Bku
(a) 38.6 izfr'kr (b) 18.6 izfr'kr (c)
uedhu (d) 'kgn
(c) 58.6 izfr'kr (d) 78.6 izfr'kr 14. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk laxBu Hkkjr esa fu/Zurk js[kk
6. Hkkjr esa] izR;sd -------------------- esa ,d ckj tula[;k dk vkdyu djus osQ izfrn'kZ losZ{k.k dkSu djrk gS\
tux.kuk dh tkrh gSA (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (a),u-,l-,l-vks- (b) foÙk ea=kky;
(a) 5 o"kZ (b) 12 o"kZ (c)vkj-ch-vkbZ- (d) lh-,l-vks-
(c) 10 o"kZ (d) 15 o"kZ 15. dPps rsy] isVªksfy;e mRiknksa vkSj izko`Qfrd xSl dks
7. ctV nLrkost oqQy O;; dks -------------- esa oxhZo`Qr djrs LFkkukarfjr djus osQ fy, vc ifjogu osQ fdl lk/u dk
gSaA (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift I) mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS\
(a) eky vkSj vk; (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(b) vkaf'kd vkSj iw.kZ O;; (a) osQcy (b) gokbZ ekxZ
(c) lsokvksa vkSj xSj&eky lsokvksa (c) cl (d) ikbi ykbu
(d) ;kstukxr vkSj xSj&;kstukxr O;; 16. --------------- = vFkZO;oLFkk dh lHkh iQeks± osQ ldy
8. fn, x, m|ksxksa esa] pwuk iRFkj ------------- dk dPpk eky ewY;of/Zr dk oqQy ;ksx
gSA (SSC GD, 10 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a) IykfLVd m|ksx (b) iQuhZpj m|ksx (a) th- ,u- ih- (b) ,u- ,u- ih-
(c) lhesaV m|ksx (d) bysDVªkWfud m|ksx (c) th- Mh- ih- (d) ,u- vkbZ-
173
17. miHkksDrk laj{k.k fu;e] 2021 osQ vuqlkj] ftyk vk;ksxksa Fkh\ (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
osQ ikl mu f'kdk;rksa ij fopkj djus dk vf/dkj gksxk (a) 88.23% (b) 74.04%
tgk¡ izfriQy osQ :i esa Hkqxrku dh xbZ oLrqvksa ;k lsokvksa (c) 69.90% (d) 65.27%
dk ewY; --------------- gSA 26. O;kikj dh xbZ oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ oqQy ewY; dks
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift III) O;kikj dk@dh ---------------- ekuk tkrk gSA
(a)nl yk[k #i, ls vf/d ugha (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(b),d yk[k #i, ls vf/d ugha (a)
fn'kk (b) la;kstu
(c)ipkl yk[k #i, ls vf/d ugha (c)
ek=kk (d) izn'kZuh
(d),ddjksM+ #i, ls vf/d ugha 27. gfjr ozQkafr eq[; :i ls ------------------- ij fuHkZj gSA
18. Hkkjr esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh m|ksx dk izeq[k osaQnz fuEu esa ls (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
ls fdls ekuk tkrk gS\ (a)
gkbZ ;hYM oSjk;Vh izksxzke
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (b)
izko`Qfrd ouLifr
(a) d'ehj (b) Hkksiky (c)
o"kkZ ty lap;u
(c) lwjr (d) csaxyq# (d)
izko`Qfrd moZjdksa osQ mi;ksx
19. Hkkjr esa] gfjr ozQkafr dk igyk pj.k ----------------- osQ n'kd 28. udn vkjf{kr vuqikr osQ vykok] cSadksa dks vYikof/ esa
osQ eè; ls ------------------- osQ n'kd osQ eè; rd FkkA udn :i esa oqQN fjtoZ j[kus dh Hkh vko';drk gksrh gS]
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) ftls -------------- dgk tkrk gSA
(a) 1950, 1960 (b) 1970, 1980 (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c) 1940, 1950 (d) 1960, 1970 (a) jkT; rjyrk vuqikr
20. Hkkjr esa] n'kdh; tux.kuk djkus dh ftEesnkjh fdl (b) oS/kfud ykblsal vuqikr
ea=kky; dh gksrh gS\ (c) oS/kfud rjyrk vuqikr
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (d) oS/kfud rjyrk jsiks
(a) x`g ea=kky; (b) dkjiksjsV dk;Z ea=kky; 29. Hkkjr esa] ;g ns'k dk ,dek=k m|ksx gS] tks ewY; Ükà[kyk esa
(c) foÙk ea=kky; (d) lkaf[;dh ea=kky; vkRefuHkZj vkSj iw.kZ gS vFkkZr~ dPps eky ls ysdj mPpre
21. 2019 esa] Hkkjr ------------- fefy;u Vu bLikr dk fofuekZ.k ewY; of/Zr mRiknksa rdA ;gk¡ fdl m|ksx dh ckr gks jgh
dj lalkj esa dPpk bLikr mRikndksa esa nwljs LFkkuij FkkA gSA (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a) yksgk vkSj bLikr m|ksx (b) oL=k m|ksx
(a)198 (b) 111 (c) futh {ks=k m|ksx (d) y?kq m|ksx
(c)71 (d) 234 30. oS;fDrd iz;ksT; vk; osQ lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls
22. 1971 osQ Hkkjr&ikd ;q¼ osQ le; dkSu&lh iapo"khZ; dkSu&lk lgh gS\
;kstuk Hkkjr esa py jgh Fkh\ (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a)oS;fDrd iz;ksT; vk; = oS;fDrd vk;+ oS;fDrd
(a) nwljh (b) NBh dj vnk;xh – xSjdj vnk;xh
(c) vkBoha (d) pkSFkh (b) oS;fDrd iz;ksT; vk; = oS;fDrd vk; + oS;fDrd
23. ----------------- osQ ikl Hkkjr esa cSad uksV tkjh djus dk dj vnk;xh + xSjdj vnk;xh
,dek=k vf/dkj gSA (c) oS;fDrd iz;ksT; vk; = oS;fDrd vk; – oS;fDrd
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift III) dj vnk;xh – xSjdj vnk;xh
(a)
izfrHkwfr cSad (b) fo'o cSad (d) oS;fDrd iz;ksT; vk; = oS;fDrd vk; – oS;fDrd
(c)
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (d) Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad dj vnk;xh + xSjdj vnk;xh
24. ljdkj dk gLr{ksi pkgs ek¡x dk foLrkj djus osQ fy, gks 31. izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk mn~ns'; --------------- FkkA
;k bls de djus osQ fy,] -------------- dk;Z dgykrk gSA (SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (a) o`Qf"k dk fodkl djuk
(a) fLFkjhdj.k (b) dLVekb”ks'ku (b) Hkkjr dh GDP dks c<+kuk
(c) vkjaHk (d) fuekZ.k (c) f'k{kk dks vf/d c<+kok nsuk
25. tux.kuk 2011 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa lk{kjrk nj fdruh (d) fodkl dh izfozQ;k 'kq: djuk
174
32. -------------- iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ^fLFkjrk osQ lkFk fodkl* osQ (c)
okfudh (d) eRL;u
fof'k"V mn~ns'; osQ lkFk 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA 41. fdl dkj.k ls vk;kfrr lkeku vf/d eg¡xk gksrk gS\
(a)nwljh (b) pkSFkh (a) izo`Qfr esa nqyZHkrk (b) iz'kqYdksa
(c)igyh (d) vkBoha (c) ilankuqlkj fufeZr eky (d) mPprj xq.koÙkk
33. Hkkjr dh f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh le; lhek D;k gS\ 42. ----------------- dks 'kq: dh xbZ] LVkVZvi bafM;k igy us
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift I) m|fe;ksa dks leFkZu nsus osQ mn~ns'; ls dbZ dk;ZozQe 'kq:
(a) 1950-56 (b) 1956-61 fd, x, gSaA
(c) 1948-53 (d) 1957-62 (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
34. tux.kuk fjiksVZ 2011 osQ vuqlkj fdl Hkkjrh; jkT; dh (a)14 tuojh] 2014 (b) 16 tuojh] 2016
lk{kjrk nj nwljh lcls de gS\ (c)17 tuojh] 2017 (d) 15 tuojh] 2015
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift I) 43. Hkkjr esa] fdlh y?kq m|ksx dks ---------------- osQ lanHkZ esa
(a) jktLFkku (b) v#.kkpy izns'k ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
(c) fgekpy izns'k (d) fetksje (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
35. fdl ;kstuk osQ rgr] ` 10,000 rd dh vksojMªkÝV (a) Hkkxhnkjksa dh vf/dre la[;k
(OD) lqfo/k] ik=k [kkrk/kjdksa osQ fy, miyC/ gS\ (b) fdlh bdkbZ dh ifjlaifÙk ij vf/dre fuos'k dh
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift I) vuqefr
(a)
iz/kuea=kh lqj{kk chek ;kstuk (c) deZpkfj;ksa dh vf/dre la[;k
(b)
iz/kuea=kh tu&/u ;kstuk (d) funs'kdksa dh vf/dre la[;k
(c)
fLdy bafM;k fe'ku 44. -------------- dks fodkl dk vk/kj ekuk tkrk gSA
(d)
iz/kuea=kh dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
36. fdlh ns'k dh izfr O;fDr vk; dh x.kuk] ns'k dh jk"Vªh; (a) fofuekZ.k m|ksx (b) f'k{kk m|ksx
vk; dks mlosQ@mldh ------------- ls Hkkx nsdj dh tkrh gSA (c) cSafoaQx (d) Ms;jh m|ksx
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift I) 45. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk m|ksx fo'ks"k :i ls lkoZtfud
(a)½.k (b) tula[;k {ks=k esa oLrqvksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, vkjf{kr gS\
(c)ns;rk (d) ifjlaifr (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
37. vkS|ksfxd uhfr ladYi] 1956 us m|ksxksa dks ----------------- (a) ijek.kq ÅtkZ (b) f'k{kk
Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZo`Qr fd;k gSA (c) fpfdRlk (d) chek
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift II) 46. ----------- vk;kr dks izfrcaf/r djrk gS vkSj ?kjsyw mRikndksa
(a) rhu (b) ,d dh fons'kh izfrLi/kZ esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
(c) nks (d) pkj (A) VSfjiQ
38. vVy isa'ku ;kstuk (APY)] Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa osQ fy, (B) dksVk
isa'ku ;kstuk gS] tks ------------ {ks=k osQ Jfedksa ij osaQfnzr gSA (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (a)
osQoy A (b) u rks A vkSj u gh B
(a)
laxfBr (b) vlaxfBr (c)
osQoy B (d) A vkSj B nksuksa
(c)
tfVy (d) vfufnZ"V 47. fuoy jk"Vªh; mRikn osQ laca/ esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk
39. tux.kuk 2011 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa iq#"kksa dh lk{kjrk nj lgh gS\ (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
fdruh gS\ (a) ,u-,u-ih- = th-,u-ih – ewY;ßkl
(SSC GD, 12 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (b) ,u- ,u- ih- = th- ,u- ih- + ewY;ßkl
(a) 81.17% (b) 80.65% (c) ,u- ,u- ih- = th- ,u- ih- ÷ ewY;ßkl
(c) 84.35% (d) 82.14% (d) ,u- ,u- ih- = th- ,u- ih- × ewY;ßkl
40. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu vFkZO;oLFkk osQ izkFkfed {ks=k ls 48. fo'o esa gfjr ozQkafr osQ tud ukWeZu cksjykWx] (jk"Vªh;rk
lacaf/r ugha gS\ dh n`f"V ls) ----------------- FksA
(a) cSad lsok,¡ (b) Ms;jh (a) Hkkjrh; (b) phuh
175
(c)Lisfu'k (d) vesfjdh (c) vkfFkZd (d) jklk;fud

49. ,d cktkj lajpuk ij fopkj djsa] ftlesa iQkeks± dh la[;k 57. izfr O;fDr vk; ml ns'k osQ ,d O;fDr }kjk vftZr vkSlr
dkiQh vf/d gksrh gS vkSj iQkeks± dk fuckZ/ izos'k vkSj --------------------- dks fu:fir djrk gSA
cfgxZeu gksrk gS] fdUrq muosQ }kjk mRikfnr oLrq ltkrh; (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
ugha gksrh gSaA ,slh cktkj lajpuk dks ------------ dgrs gSaA (a) vk; (b) ½.k
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (c) iwath (d) ns;rk
(a) ,dkf/dkj (b) vYikf/dkj 58. o`Qf"k mit dk og fgLlk tks fdlkuksa }kjk cktkj esa cspk
(c) ,dkf/dkjh izfrLi/kZ (d) ozsQrk ,dkf/dkj tkrk gS] --------------- vf/'ks"k dgykrk gSA
50. miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/fu;e] 2019] 2019 esa ikfjr fd;k (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
x;k Fkk vkSj ---------------- esa ykxw gqvk FkkA (a) la'kksf/r (b) larqfyr
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (c) vk;kfrr (d) cktkj
(a)2021 (b) 2019 59. Hkkjr esa] vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ nkSjku o`Qf"k esa Bgjko dks
(c)2022 (d) 2020 -------------------- }kjk LFkk;h :i ls lekIr dj fn;k x;k FkkA
51. os Jfed tks viuh vkthfodk dekus osQ fy, ,d m|e (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
osQ ekfyd gSa vkSj mldk lapkyu djrs gSa] mUgsa ------------ (a) vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax (b) gfjr ozQkafr
osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA (c) iqjkuh iQly rduhd (d) ½.k lqfo/k
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift III) 60. ------------- dk fodkl Hkkjr esa igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk
(a)Lofu;ksftr (Self employed) eq[; mn~ns'; FkkA
(b)oqQ'ky Jfed (skill workers) (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c)vkdfLed Jfed (a) ufn;ksa (b) bekjrksa
(d)fu;fer osruHkksxh Jfed (c) okLrqdyk (d) o`Qf"k
52. Hkkjr dh lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh okLrfod fodkl nj 61. uotkr e`R;q nj fdlh fn, x, o"kZ ;k vU; vof/ esa izfr
D;k Fkh\ (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift III) 1000 thfor tUeksa osQ thou osQ igys ------------- osQ nkSjku
(a) 6% (b) 8% gksus okyh e`R;q dh la[;k dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
(c) 12% (d) 3% (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
53. Hkkjr esa gfjr ozQkafr 1960 osQ n'kd osQ var esa ----------- esa (a)
27 fnu (b) 26 fnu
'kq: gqbZ FkhA (c)
28 fnu (d) 25 fnu
(SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) 62. fdlh laLFkk osQ LokfeRo okyh oLrq,¡ --------- dgykrh gSaA
(a) vka/z izns'k (b) egkjk"Vª (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c) iatkc (d) mÙkjk[kaM (a) fMcsapj (b) ns;rk,¡
54. mu yksxksa osQ fy, D;k 'kCn iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks (c) ½.k (d) ifjlaifÙk;k¡
fu;fer :i ls fu/Zurk js[kk osQ vanj vkSj mlls ckgj gksrs 63. vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ nkSjku iz/kuea=kh dkSu Fks\
jgrs gSa\ (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a) lekU;r% fu/Zu (b) pozQh; fu/Zu (a) eueksgu flag (b) ,y-osQ- vkMok.kh
(c) vfu;fer fu/Zu (d) fpjdkfyd fu/Zu (c) ih- oh- ujflEgk jko (d) ujsUnz eksnh
55. Hkkjr esa gfjr ozQkafr dh 'kq:vkr 1960 osQ n'kd esa 64. O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; dk foLrkj djus vkSj fons'kh eqnzk ykus
-------------- dh mPp mit nsus okyh fdLeksa dks 'kq: djosQ esa D;k enn djrk gS\
dh xbZ FkhA (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (a)fufeZr oLrqvksa dk vk;kr
(a) pkoy vkSj xsgw¡ (b) Tokj vkSj eDdk (b)e'khuksa dk vk;kr
(c) cktjk vkSj twV (d) twV vkSj dkWVu (c)dPps eky dk vk;kr
56. jk"Vªh; vk; ys[kk] ,d fuf'pr le; vof/ esa ns'k dh --- (d)fufeZr oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr
------------ xfrfof/ osQ Lrj dks ekius osQ fy, ,d cgh[kkrk 65. vFkZ'kkL=k esa] CRR dk iw.kZ :i D;k gS\
iz.kkyh gSA (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(a) fpfdRldh; (b) yksdrkaf=kd (a) oSQ'k fjtoZ jsf'k;ks (Cash Reserve Ratio)
176
(b) oSQ'k jk'kfud fjtoZ (Cash Rationing Reserve) ifjorZu ls xqtjrk gSA fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk bl
(c) oSQ'k jsV jsf'k;ks (Cash Rate Ratio) volajpukRed ifjorZu dk ,d laosQr gS\
(d) oSQfiVy fjtoZ jsf'k;ks (Capital Resrve Ratio) (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
66. osaQnz ljdkj dh nwljh tula[;k uhfr] jk"Vªh; tula[;k (a)thMhih (GDP) esa o`Qf"k dk ;ksxnku c<+rk gSA
uhfr (NPP) Hkkjr esa fdl o"kZ esa cukbZ xbZ Fkh\ (b)thMhih (GDP) esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk ;ksxnku ?kVrk
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) gSA
(a)
2000 (b) 1998 (c) thMhih (GDP) esa o`Qf"k dk ;ksxnku 50 izfr'kr ls
(c)
2005 (d) 2002 vf/d gks tkrk gSA
(d) thMhih (GDP) esa o`Qf"k dk ;ksxnku ?kVrk gSA
67. dkSu&lh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk cqfu;knh <k¡ps osQ fodkl] ;kuh
fctyh vkSj ifjogu ij osaQfnzr Fkh\ 75. 'kgjh ty larqyu ;kstuk esa fpfUgr ifj;kstukvksa osQ
(SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III) vk/kj ij] -------------- (CWAP) rS;kj fd;k tk,xkA
(a)nwljh (b) rhljh (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(c)igyh (d) pkSFkh (a)flVh okVj ,D'ku ihfj;M
(b)oaQtoZ okVj ,D'ku Iyku
68. fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk eq[; iQksdl Hkkjh vkSj cqfu;knh
(c)flVh okVj ,fj;k Iyku
m|ksxksa dk fodkl rFkk rhoz vkS|ksxhdj.k Fkk\
(d)flVh okVj ,D'ku Iyku
(a) igyh (b) pkSFkh 76. Hkkjrh; izfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ (SEBI) dh igyh
(c) rhljh (d) nwljh efgyk izeq[k dkSu cuh gSa\
69. jk"Vªh; vk; dks ------------------- dh rjg ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
(a)
lkeaFkk fozQLVksiQksjsVh (b) eatjh t#gj
tkrk gSA (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(c)
ek/ch iqjh cqp (d) xhrk xksihukFk
(a) dkjd ykxr ij ,u- ih- ih-
(b) dkjd ykxr ij th- ,u- ih- 77. gfjr ozQkafr osQ nkSjku] fdlkuksa us ---------------- dk mi;ksx
(c) ,u- ,u- ih- djosQ iQlyksa dh [ksrh dhA
(d) cktkj ewY; ij th- ,u- ih- (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a)
f}chti=kh chtksa
70. gfjr ozQkafr osQ ifj.kkeLo:i] Hkkjr esa] [kk| iQlyksa dk
(b)
fuEu mit okyh fdLeksa osQ chtksa
vk;kr ------------ FkkA
(c)
vf/d mit okyh fdLeksa osQ chtksa
(d)
,dchti=kh chtksa
(a)c<+ x;k (b) izfrcaf/r
(c)de gks x;k (d) vizHkkfor jgk 78. ,d o"kZ esa mRikfnr ----------------oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk
oqQy ewY;] jk"Vªh; vk; dks fu:fir djrk gSA
71. tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj fdl Hkkjrh; jkT; dk tula[;k
?kuRo lcls de gS\
(a)viw.kZ (b) O;kolkf;d
(c)vafre (d) eè;LFk
(a) flfDde (b) ukxkySaM
(c) v#.kkpy izns'k (d) fetksje 79. tc ^fu;kZr* vk;kr ls vf/d gksrk gS] rks bls ----------- dh
fLFkfr osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
72. ?kjsyw eqnzk osQ lanHkZ esa fons'kh eqnzk dh ,d bdkbZ dh
dher -------------- dgykrh gSA
(a) O;kikj ?kkVk (b) O;kikj vf/'ks"k
(c) jktdks"kh; ?kkVk (d) jktLo vf/'ks"k
(a)
okLrfod fofue; nj (b) ekSfnzd fofue; nj
(c)
vkadh xbZ ÝyksV nj (d) fLFkj fofue; nj 80. --------------- osQ nkSjku eq[; iQksdl lkoZtfud {ks=k ij Fkk]
vkSj bl nkSjku ns'k esa rsth ls vkS|ksxhdj.k ykus dh ;kstuk
73. ljdkj dh izkfIr;k¡] tks ns;rk l`ftr djrh gSa ;k foÙkh;
cukbZ xbZ FkhA
ifjlaifÙk;ksa dks de djrh gSa] ------------- dgykrh gSaA
(a) Hkkjr esa nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
(a) lsok djkj (b) vkjf{kr
(b) Hkkjr esa izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
(c) iwathxr izkfIr;k¡ (d) jktLo izkfIr;k¡
(c) Hkkjr esa rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
74. fodkl dh izfozQ;k osQ nkSjku dksbZ ns'k volajpukRed
(d) Hkkjr esa ik¡poha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
177
81. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk gfjr ozQkafr dk ,d ykHk gS\ us lokZf/d dkaL; ind thrs\
(a) [kk|kUu esa vkRefuHkZjrk (a) gfj;k.kk (b) egkjk"Vª
(b) ljdkj osQ [kk|kUu HkaMkj esa deh (c) osQjy (d) mÙkj izns'k
(c) [kk|kUuksa osQ vk;kr esa o`f¼ 90. Hkkjr esa] iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ fy, vafre vuqeksnu izkf/
(d) [kk|kkUu osQ ewY; esa o`f¼ dj.k FkkA (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
82. rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk mn~ns'; Hkkjr dks ------------- (a) jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn
cukuk FkkA (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (b) jk"Vªh; o`Qf"k ,oa fodkl ifj"kn
(a) vkRefuHkZj (b) ,d lwpuk rduhdh jk"Vª (c) varjkZ"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn
(c) vkfJr (d) U;wu (d) jk"Vªh; fodkl osaQnz
83. jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk dh -------------- fof/ esa] ge mRikfnr 91. Hkkjr dh vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ------------ osQ dkj.k
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ oqQy okf"kZd ewY; dh x.kuk djrs foyafcr gqbZ FkhA
gSaA (;fn ,d o"kZ le; dh bdkbZ gS)A (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (a) oSf'od fu/Zurk esa o`f¼
(a) [kjhn (b) ½.k (b) osaQnz esa jktuhfrd vfuf'prrk
(c) mRikn (d) dj (c) rduhfd dh deh
84. --------------- ns'kksa osQ osaQnzh; cSadksa }kjk /kfjr fons'kh eqnzk (d) de o`Qf"k mRiknu
ifjlaifÙk;k¡ gSaA 92. jk"Vªh; o`Qf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad (NABARD) iw.kZ
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift II) :i ls --------------- osQ LokfeRo esa gSA
(a) LFkkuh; fofue; (b) nj fofue; (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(c) lk[k fu;a=k.k (d) fons'kh eqnzk fjtoZ (a)Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad
85. m|ksxksa dk ,d lewg tks 'kgjh osaQnzksa }kjk iznku fd, tkus (b)Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
okys ykHkksa dk mi;ksx djus osQ fy, ,d lkFk vkus dh (c)Hkkjrh; izfrHkwfr vkSj fofue; cksMZ
izo`fÙk j[krk gs] mls D;k dgk tkrk gS\ (d)Hkkjr ljdkj
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift II) 93. Hkkjr esa vf/dre eqnzkLiQhfr o"kZ --------------- esa 25-2
(a) 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk izfr'kr ntZ dh xbZ Fkh] tks eq[; :i ls mlosQ fiNys o"kZ
(b) lewgu vFkZO;oLFkk (agglomeration economics) [kjhiQ iQlyksa osQ [kjkc gks tkus vkSj dPps rsy osQ ewY;ksa
(c) ,dhdj.k vFkZO;oLFkk (amalgamation esa c<+ksÙkjh osQ dkj.k gqvk FkkA
economics) (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(d)xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk (a) 1998-99 (b) 2019-20
86. ctV izR;sd ------------------ gsrq ljdkj dh vuqekfur izkfIr;ksa (c) 2015-16 (d) 1974-75
vkSj O;; dk fooj.k gSA 94. SME dk iw.kZ :i Small and (LekWy ,aM)
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift III) ----------------- ,aVjizkbtsat (Enterprises) gSA
(a) iw¡thxr o"kZ (b) foÙkh; o"kZ (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(c) oSQysaMj o"kZ (d) fiNys o"kZ (a) eSU;wiSQDpfjax (manufacturing)
87. -------------] ljdkj }kjk vko';d oqQy m/kj dk ,d laosQr (b) ehfM;e lkbTM (medium sized)
gSA (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (c) ekWMZu lkbTM (modern sized)
(a) jktdks"kh; ?kkVk (b) jktdkss"kh; 'ks"k (d) feM VeZ (mid term)
(c) jktdks"kh; vf/'ks"k (d) jktdks"kh; o`f¼ 95. --------------- dks ik¡poh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ nkSjku is'k fd;k
88. vkj-ch-vkbZ- osQ fuEufyf[kr ekSfnzd fy[krksa esa ls dkSu&lk x;k FkkA (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
izo`Qfr esa xq.kkRed gS\ (a) fnok&fo|ky;
(SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (b) U;wure vko';drk dk;ZozQe
(a)vkjf{kr udn vuqikr (b) eksjy lq,'ku (c) csVh cpkvks
(c)[kqyk cktkj djokbZ (d) cSad nj (d) LoPN Hkkjr
89. Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªh; [ksy 2022 osQ 36osa laLdj.k esa fdl jkT; 96. --------------- lkoZtfud oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
178
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (a)

65 (b) 60
(a)fcfLdV osQ iSosQV (b) diM+sa (c)
85 (d) 70
(c)lM+osaQ (d) izlk/u mRikn 106. eky dk fu;kZr ------------ dks c<+krk gSA
97. izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa --------------- ekWMy dk ikyu fd;k (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
x;k FkkA (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a)O;; (b) LFkkuh; ½.k
(a) ,dhdj.k (b) egkyuksfcl (c)jk"Vªh; ½.k (d) fons'kh eqnzk
(c) iw¡th (d) gSjksM&Mksej 107. bl ;kstuk osQ varxZr] xjhch js[kk ls uhps (BPL) ifjokjksa
98. turk osQ@dh --------------------- dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ljdkj dks 5 djksM+ LPG (fyfDoiQkbM isVªksfy;e xSl) dusD'ku
}kjk lfClMh iznku dh tkrh gSA iznku fd, x,A
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(a) dY;k.k (b) ilan (a)lkaln vkn'kZ xzke ;kstuk
(c) ?kuRo (d) izo`Qfr (b)csVh cpkvks csVh i<+kvks
99. baVjusV vkSj iSQDl osQ ekè;e ls oLrqvksa osQ ozQ;&foozQ; (c)fLdy bafM;k fe'ku
osQ fy, miyC/ lqfo/k dk uke crk,¡A (d)iz/kuea=kh mTToyk ;kstuk
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift I) 108. 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr dk tula[;k ?kuRo
(a) VsyhiQksu lsok (b) Mkd lsok (izfr oxZ fdeh) fdruk gS\
(c) Vsyhfotu (d) bZ&dkWelZ (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
100. fuoy fu;kZr = oqQy fu;kZr – --------------- (a)298 (b) 198
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (c)382 (d) 442
(a)oqQy vk; (b) oqQy vk;kr 109. ½.k osQ fy, lqj{kk osQ :i esa ½.knkrk osQ ikl m/kjdrkZ
(c)oqQy C;kt (d) oqQy jktLo }kjk fxjoh j[kh xbZ laifÙk] ------------ dgykrh gSA
101. Hkkjr dh nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ nkSjku okLrfod (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
fodkl nj ----------------- FkhA (a) f}i{kh; (b) cgqi{kh;
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (c) ,di{kh; (d) laikf'oZd
(a) 6.2% (b) 7.6% 110. fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa ^rhoz vkSj vf/d lekos'kh
(c) 7% (d) 5% fodkl* dh vo/kj.kk x<+h xbZ Fkh\
102. tux.kuk 2011 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr dk lcls de tula[;k (SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
okyk jkT; dkSu&lk gS\ (a)
9oha (b) 11oha
8oha (d) 10oha
(a) flfDde (b) fetksje 111. dikl] twV] js'ke] Åuh oL=k] phuh vkSj [kk| rsy vkfn
(c) xksok (d) iatkc fdl m|ksx ls lacaf/r gSa\
103. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk ,d o`Qf"k vk/kfjr m|ksx gS\ (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (a) la;qDr {ks=k m|ksx (b) Hkkjh m|ksx
(a) isVªksjklk;u (b) yksgk rFkk bLikr (c) o`Qf"k vk/kfjr m|ksx (d) [kfut vk/kfjr m|ksx
(c) js'ke oL=k (d) lhesaV 112. Hkkjr esa 2011 dh vafre tux.kuk fdrus pj.kksa esa dh xbZ
104. izFke lkr iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa --------------- dks vf/d Fkh\ (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
egRo fn;k x;kA (a) 2 (b) 3
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (c) 1 (d) 4
(a) vkRefuHkZjrk (b) vk/qfudhdj.k 113. ------------------ (ODOP) dk y{;] buiqV osQ izki.k] lkekU;
(c) fgLlsnkjh (d) fu;kZr o`f¼ lsokvksa osQ ykHk mBkus vkSj mRiknksa osQ foi.ku osQ laca/ esa
105. fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ rgr Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk cM+s iSekus ij ykHk mBkuk gSA
ewy :i ls o`Qf"k iz/ku jghA ml le; ns'k dh yxHkx (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
fdrus izfr'kr tula[;k o`Qf"k ls izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls (a),d ftyk ,d mn~ns'; (b) ,d ftyk ,d mRikn
vkthfodk izkIr djrh Fkh\ (c),d ftyk ,d O;fDr (d) ,d varj ,d mRikn
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift II) 114. Hkkjr dh GDP esa ----------------- {ks=kd osQ ;ksxnku dk
179
vuqikr 1950&51 esa 11-8 izfr'kr ls c<+dj 1990&91 esa 123. fo'o esa igyh ckj] iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1928&32)] lksfo;r
24-6 izfr'kr gks x;k FkkA la?k esa ------------- }kjk ykxw dh xbZ FkhA
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a) j{kk (b) lsok (a)
,Me fLeFk (b) dkyZ ekDlZ
(c) o`Qf"k (d) vkS|ksfxd (c)
LVho tkWCl (d) tkslsiQ LVkfyu
115. -------------- dk mi;ksx iSls dh ek¡x vkSj vkiwfrZ dks fu;af=kr 124. 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj fdl jkT; esa fyaxkuqikr
djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA lcls vf/d gS\
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a) ozsQfMV fu;a=k.k (b) 'ks;j fu;a=k.k (a) vksfM'kk (b) vka/z izns'k
(c) bfDoVh fu;a=k.k (d) MsfcV fu;a=k.k (c) osQjy (d) rfeyukMq
116. Hkkjr esa] vkS|ksfxd uhfr ladYi igyh ckj o"kZ ------------- 125. ,slh fLFkfr] ftlesa ljdkj vius }kjk ,df=kr jktLo
esa ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA osQ cjkcj jkf'k [kpZ dj ldrh gS] ------------- dh fLFkfr
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift II) dgykrh gSA(SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a)1946 (b) 1947 (a) vf/'ks"k ctV (b) larqfyr ctV
(c)1948 (d) 1949 (c) iwathxr ctV (d) ?kkVs dk ctV
117. 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj] fdl Hkkjrh; jkT; dh 126. Hkkjr esa gfjr ozQkafr esa mPp mit nsus okyh fdLeksa osQ
lk{kjrk nj lcls de gS\ chtksa osQ iz;ksx dh eq[; vko';drk D;k Fkh\
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(a) fcgkj (b) >kj[kaM (a) iQly mxkus dh iqjkuh i¼fr dk mi;ksx
(c) egkjk"Vª (d) mÙkj izns'k (b) ikuh dh vfu;fer vkiwfrZ dk mi;ksx
118. Hkkjr ljdkj dh ------------ iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (2012&17) (c) LFkkuh; phtksa dk mi;ksx
Hkkjr dh vafre iapo"khZ; ;kstuk FkhA (d) moZjd vkSj dhVuk'kd dk mi;ksx
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift III) 127. ------------] [kqnjk foozsQrkvksa osQ fy, xksnke esa LVkWd j[krs gSa
(a)nloha (b) vkBoha rkfd [kqnjk foozsQrkvksa dks tc Hkh mudh vko';drk gks]
(c)ckjgoha (d) ikapoha mUgsa lkeku miyC/ djk;k tk losQA
119. xjhch gVkvks vkSj ^vkRefuHkZjrk dh izkfIr* fdl iapo"khZ; (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
;kstuk osQ nks izeq[k mn~ns'; Fks\ (a) Fkksd foozsQrk (b) [kjhnnkj
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (c) xzkgd (d) foozsQrk
(a)rhljh (b) lkroha 128. dke osQ vf/dkj dks ykxw djus osQ fy, Hkkjr dh osaQnz
(c)ik¡poha (d) igyh ljdkj }kjk egkRek xka/h jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/
120. Hkkjr esa ykxw dh xbZ vafre iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dkSu&lh gS\ fu;e fdl o"kZ esa vf/fu;fer fd;k x;k Fkk\
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(a) ckjgoha (b) X;kjgoha (a) 2007 (b) 2005
(c) nloha (d) rsjgoha (c) 2006 (d) 2009
121. ekbozQksiQkbusal laLFkk ------------------ dks foÙkh; lsok,¡ iznku 129. jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk esa ---------------- o"kZ (o"kks±) dh
djrh gSA (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift I) le;kof/ dks è;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA
(a) mPp vk; okys O;fDr;ksa (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(b) iwoZ lSfudksa (a) nks (b) ,d
(c) de vk; okys O;fDr;ksa (c) ik¡p (d) nl
(d) voS/&vk; okys O;fDr;ksa 130. fofufeZr oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr] O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; dks
122. csjkstxkjh osQ ---------------------- osQ fy, vkS|ksfxd fodkl ---------------- gSaA
,d iwoZ 'krZ gSA (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (a) iSQykrk (b) laoqQfpr djrk
(a) izksRlkgu (b) ;ksx (c) de djrk (d) detksj djrk
(c) mUewyu (d) Roj.k 131. 15 ekpZ] 1950 dks ;kstuk vk;ksx dk xBu ------------- dh
180
vè;{krk esa fd;k x;k FkkA (d)

laifÙk dj
(SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) 139. fodkl dh fLFkfr osQ vk/kj ij lalk/uksa dk oxhZdj.k
(a) ,ihts vCnqy dyke (b) lqHkk"k panz cksl fdl izdkj fd;k tkrk gS\
(c) tokgj yky usg: (d) bafnjk xka/h (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
132. 10oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh vof/ D;k Fkh\ (a)
oS;fDrd] varjkZ"Vªh; vkSj jk"Vªh;
(SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) (b)
laHkkfor] fodflr LVkWd vkSj lafpr dks"k
(a) 2004&2009 (b) 2002&2007 (c)
uohdj.kh; vkSj xSu&uohdj.kh;
(c) 2007&2012 (d) 2005&2010 (d)
tSfod vkSj vtSfod
133. Hkkjr esa U;wure etnwjh vf/fu;e fdl o"kZ esa ykxw fd;k 140. NABARD dk iw.kZ :i D;k gS\
x;k Fkk\ (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift I) (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(a) 1948 (b) 1951 (a) us'kuy cSad iQkWj ,xzhdYpj ,aM fjoj MsoyiesaV
(c) 1950 (d) 194+9 (National Bank for Agriculture and River
134. --------------- esa] Hkqxrku larqyu esa ladV osQ dkj.k Hkkjr esa Development)
vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA (b) us'kuy cSad iQkWj vkfoZQVsDpj ,aM :jy MsoyiesaV
(National Bank for Architecture and
Rural Development)
(a) 1997 (b) 2001
(c) us'kuy cSad iQkWj ,xzhdYpj ,aM :jy MsoyiesaV
(c) 1981 (d) 1991
(National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
135. varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj le>kSrksa esa ikfVZ;ksa osQ :i esa ----------- Development)
gksrs gSaA (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift I) (d) us'kuy ckWMh iQkWj ,xzhdYpj ,aM :jy MsoyiesaV
(a) nks ;k mlls vf/d ns'k (National Body for Agriculture and Rural
(b) nks ;k mlls vf/d jkT; Development)
(c) nks fHkUu 'kgj 141. ,d ys[kk o"kZ osQ nkSjku ?kjsyw {ks=k osQ --------------- mRikfnr
(d) nks ;k mlls vf/d izkar vafre eky vkSj lsokvksa dk oqQy ewY;] ?kjsyw vk; dgykrh
136. dkSu&lk Hkkjrh; laxBu ns'k esa xjhch ij MsVk ,d=k djus gSA (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
osQ fy, ftEesnkj gS\ (a) ckgj (b) nwj
(SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) (c) Hkhrj (d) osQ vykok vU;
(a) jk"Vªh; uewuk losZ{k.k laxBu 142. GNP dk iw.kZ :i D;k gS\
(b) uhfr (NITI) vk;ksx (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(c) jk"Vªh; lkekftd vf/dkfjrk laxBu (a) xzkWl usV izksMDV (Gross Net Product)
(d) Hkkjrh; jftLVªkj tujy vkSj tux.kuk vk;qDr dk (b) xzkWl uy izksMDV (Gross Null Product)
dk;kZy; (c) xzkWl usfXytsal izksMDV (Gross Negligence
137. Hkkjr esa tux.kuk osQ laca/ esa] NPR dk iw.kZ :i D;k Product)
gS\ (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift I) (d) xzkWl us'kuy izksMDV (Gross National Product)
(a) us'kuy ikWiqys'ku jftLVj (National Population 143. rRdkyhu o`Qf"k ea=kh --------------] gfjr ozQkafr osQ rgr Hkkjr
Register) esa ubZ o`Qf"k izkS|ksfxdh ykus okys ,d izeq[k O;fDr FksA
(b) us'kuy ikWiqys'ku fjdkWMZ (National Population (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
Record) (a) ,e- ,l- LokehukFku (b) ,e- oh- jko
(c) us'kuy ihiy fjdkWMZ (National People Record) (c) lh- lqczge.;e (d) csatkfeu ihjh iky
(d) us'kuy ihiy jftLVj (National People 144. 1944 esa] fofHkUu m|ksxifr ,d lkFk tqM+s vkSj Hkkjr esa
Register) ,d fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk LFkkfir djus osQ fy, ,d
138. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vizR;{k dj dk mnkgj.k gS\ la;qDr izLrko dk elkSnk rS;kj fd;kA og -------------------
(SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) ;kstuk osQ uke ls izfl¼ gSA
(a) iQeks± osQ fy, fuxe dj (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
(b) migkj dj (a) ckWEcs (b) iapo"khZ;
(c) th- ,l- Vh- (c) vkS|ksfxd (d) jk"Vªh;
181
145. Hkkjr esa] dkSu lk dk;ZozQe xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa ls de gks tkrh gS] rks bls D;k dgk tkrk gS\
fj;k;rh ewY;ksa ij [kk|kUu vkSj vU; vko';d oLrq,¡ iznku (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
djrk gS\ (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift III) (a) ih<+hxr fu/Zurk (b) lkis{k fu/Zurk
(a) Hkwnku (c) fujis{k fu/Zurk (d) ifjfLFkfrtU; fu/Zurk
(b) lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh (Public Distribution 154. vafre (ckjgoha) iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk mn~ns'; D;k Fkk\
System) (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) lqjf{kr HkaMkj (Buffer Stock) (a)
LoPN Hkkjr
(d) xzkenku (b)
nksxquh izfr O;fDr vk;
146. ------------- lSDVj esa 'kkfey yksx] izkFkfed lkexzh dks (c)
Rofjr] lrr vkSj vf/d lekos'kh fodkl
lalkf/r djrs gSa vkSj mls rS;kj eky esa ifjofrZr djrs gSaA (d)
folihZ fodkl
(SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift III) 155. lqij ekfoZQV osQ lapkyu dh ,d lhek crk,¡A
(a) izkFkfed (b) f'k{kk (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) flapkbZ (d) f}rh;d (a) ,d xzkgd dks ,d gh LFkku ij fofHkUu czkaMksa dk
147. ½.k ,d -------------- dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa] D;ksafd mUgsa ,d lkeku fey ldrk gSA
fuf'pr vof/ esa ½.knkrk dks okil djuk iM+rk gSA (b) lqij ekosZQV dks 'kq: djus vkSj pykus osQ fy, cM+h
(SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift III) ek=kk esa iw¡th vko';d gSA
(a)
o`f¼ (b) fgLlsnkjh (c) os ekud xq.koÙkk okyh oLrq,¡ iznku djrs gSaA
(c)
ifjlaifÙk (d) ns;rk (d) os lkekuksa dh ,d foLr`r Ükà[kyk dks laHkkyrs gSaA
148. NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ vuqlkj] yf{kr vkfFkZd fodkl 156. jk"Vªh; o`Qf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad (NABARD) dk
nj D;k Fkh\ mn~ns'; -------------- m|ksxksa osQ izpkj vkSj fodkl osQ fy,
(SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) ½.k vkSj vU; lqfo/k,¡ iznku djuk gSA
(a) 6.0 (b) 5.8 (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) 5.2 (d) 6.3 (a) 'kgjh (b) cM+s
149. ;fn lkoZtfud ½.k ls Hkfo"; esa fuxZr esa o`f¼ --------- (c) vkyh'kku (d) xzkeh.k
gksrh gS] rks ;g ,d izdkj dk cks> gSA 157. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl tksf[ke dk laca/ gfjr ozQkafr ls
(SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) gS\ (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(a) de (b) c<+rh (a) [kk|kUu mRiknu esa o`f¼
(c) foLrkfjr (d) vof/Zr (b) fdlkuksa dh vk; esa o`f¼
150. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh xfrfof/ vFkZO;oLFkk osQ (c) NksVs vkSj cM+s fdlkuksa osQ chp c<+rh vlekurk
r`rh;d {ks=k ls lacaf/r gS\ (d) [kk|kUuksa dh mRikndrk esa o`f¼
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift I) 158. gfjr ozQkafr osQ igys pj.k esa] HYV chtksa dk mi;ksx
(a)diM+k cquuk (b) vkWVkseksckby fuekZ.k vf/d le`¼ jkT;ksa rd gh lhfer FkkA fuEufyf[kr esa ls
(c)eRL;u (d) HkaMkj.k dkSu bl lwph esa 'kkfey ugha Fkk\
151. miHkksDrk iks"kd rRoksa osQ ---------------- osQ lkFk csgrj (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
xq.koÙkk okys [kk| inkFkks± dh vis{kk djrs gSaA (a)
iatkc (b) vka/z izns'k
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift II) (c)
rfeyukMq (d) dukZVd
(a) feykoV (b) lanw"k.k 159. fo'o esa gfjr ozQkafr dk tud fdls dgk tkrk gS\
(c) izfr/kj.k (d) cfg"dj.k (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
152. vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQ vuqlkj] ,d xjhc jk"Vª osQoy rHkh izxfr (a) vkj- osQ- oh- jko (b) ,e- ,l- LokehukFku
dj ldrk gS] tc mlosQ ikl vPNk -------------- gksA (c) ukWeZu cksjykWx (d) jktk o`Q".k
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) 160. -------------- ns'k osQ fons'kh eqnzk HkaMkj dk laj{kd gS vkSj
(a)
futh {ks=k (b) lsok {ks=k muosQ fuos'k osQ izca/u dh ftEesnkjh fufgr gSA
(c)
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k (d) o`Qf"k {ks=k (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
153. tc fdlh ifjokj dh vk; ewyHkwr thou Lrj (Hkkstu (a) Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad
vkJ;] vkokl) dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, vko';d jkf'k (b) okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=kky;
182
(c)foÙk ea=kky; lacaf/r gSa\ (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(d)Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (a) f}rh;d {ks=k (b) laxfBr {ks=k
161. Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe ljdkj }kjk ?kksf"kr ---------------- esa (c) izkFkfed {ks=k (d) r`rh;d {ks=k
fdlkuksa ls [kk|kUu [kjhnrk gSA 169. pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk o"kZ ------------- esa 'kq: gqbZ FkhA
(SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift I) (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(a) fj;k;rh ewY; (b) U;wure leFkZu ewY; (a) 1969 (b) 1973
(c) izfrLi/kZRed ewY; (d) vf/dre [kqnjk ewY; (c) 1962 (d) 1966
162. Hkkjr esa igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ nkSjku LFkkfir mPp 170. cSadksa osQ cSadj osQ :i esa -------------- vafre ½.knkrk osQ
f'k{kk dk lkafof/d fudk; dkSu&lk Fkk\ :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA
(SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift III) (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(a) Hkkjrh; vk;qfoZKku ifj"kn (a) Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad (b) ;wfu;u cSad vkWiQ bafM;k
(b) fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx (c) jk"Vªh;o`Qr Hkkjrh; cSad (d) Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
(c) vf[ky&Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn 171. ------------------ ,d O;kikj uhfr gS] tks vk;kr ;k fu;kZr dks
(d) jk"Vªh; f'k{kd f'k{k.k ifj"kn izfrcaf/r ugha djrh gSA
163. ----------------- ,d varjkZ"Vªh; fudk; gS] tks fofHkUu ns'kksa dh (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
ljdkj dks iw¡th m/kj nsrk gSA (a) LFkkuh; O;kikj (b) fLol O;kikj
(SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) (c) eqDr O;kikj (d) fu"i{k O;kikj
(a) Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad (b) fo'o cSad 172. ------------------ ,d bysDVªkWfud Hkqxrku iz.kkyh gS tks fdlh
(c) lsaVªy cSad vkWiQ bafM;k (d) Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad cSad ;k vU; fdlh foÙkh; laLFkku osQ xzkgdksa dks foÙkh;
164. iz/kuea=kh eqnzk ;kstuk (PMMY) Hkkjr osQ ekuuh; laLFkku dh osclkbV osQ ekè;e ls dbZ izdkj osQ foÙkh;
iz/kuea=kh }kjk 8 vizSy] 2015 dks xSj&dkjiksjsV ,aVjizkbt ysunsu djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA
dks --------------- iznku djus osQ fy, 'kq: dh xbZ ,d ;kstuk (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
gSA (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) (a) varjjkT;h; cSafoaQx (b) ,dy izfof"V iz.kkyh
(a) ½.k (b) dkS'ky izf'k{k.k (c) baVjusV cSafoaQx (d) baVj dkWiksjsV cSafoaQx
(c) edku (d) lfClMh 173. IPR-1956 us ------------- iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh uhao j[khA
165. fo'o esa gfjr ozQkafr osQ tud ukWeZu cksjykWx dks -------- ls (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA (a) pkSFkh (b) nwljh
(SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) (c) NBoha (d) nloha
(a) ukscsy 'kkafr iqjLdkj (b) ohjrk iqjLdkj 174. gfjr ozQkafr us [kk| iQlyksa dh mit esa o`f¼ dh] vkSj bl
(c) Hkkjr jRu (d) vksyafid ind izdkj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa ------------- ;ksxnku fn;kA
166. ------------- cSad vius xzkgdksa osQ LokfeRo esa gksrs gSa vkSj ,d (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
O;fDr] ,d er osQ lgdkjh fl¼kar dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA (a) fuf"ozQ; (b) izfrowQy
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift I) (c) ldkjkRed (d) udkjkRed
(a) jk"Vªh;o`Qr (b) vuqlwfpr 175. Hkkjr osQ xqtjkr esa fLFkr ,d lgdkjh cSad] SEWA
(c) jkT; (d) lgdkjh (Lo&fu;ksftr efgyk la?k) dh 'kq:vkr -----------------------
167. miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/fu;e Hkkjr esa ------------------ Lrjh; esa gqbZ FkhA
miHkksDrk fookn fuokj.k ,tsafl;ksa osQ fy, ;kstuk djrk gSA (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift I) (a) 1874 (b) 1894
(a) pkj (b) rhu (c) 1994 (d) 1974
(c) nks (d) ,d
168. o`Qf"k vkSj eNyh idM+us dh xfrfof/;k¡ fdl {ks=k ls
183
mRrjekyk
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (d) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (d) 49. (c) 50. (d)
51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (c) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (c) 57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (b) 60. (d)
61. (c) 62. (d) 63. (c) 64. (d) 65. (a) 66. (a) 67. (c) 68. (d) 69. (a) 70. (c)
71. (c) 72. (b) 73. (c) 74. (d) 75. (d) 76. (c) 77. (c) 78. (c) 79. (b) 80. (a)
81. (a) 82. (a) 83. (c) 84. (d) 85. (b) 86. (b) 87. (a) 88. (b) 89. (b) 90. (a)
91. (b) 92. (d) 93. (d) 94. (b) 95. (b) 96. (c) 97. (d) 98. (a) 99. (d) 100. (b)
101. (b) 102. (a) 103. (c) 104. (a) 105. (c) 106. (d) 107. (d) 108. (c) 109. (d) 110. (b)
111. (c) 112. (a) 113. (b) 114. (d) 115. (a) 116. (c) 117. (a) 118. (c) 119. (c) 120. (a)
121. (c) 122. (c) 123. (d) 124. (c) 125. (b) 126. (d) 127. (a) 128. (b) 129. (b) 130. (a)
131. (c) 132. (b) 133. (a) 134. (d) 135. (a) 136. (a) 137. (a) 138. (c) 139. (b) 140. (c)
141. (c) 142. (d) 143. (c) 144. (a) 145. (b) 146. (d) 147. (d) 148. (c) 149. (a) 150. (d)
151. (c) 152. (c) 153. (c) 154. (c) 155. (b) 156. (d) 157. (c) 158. (d) 159. (c) 160. (d)
161. (b) 162. (b) 163. (b) 164. (a) 165. (a) 166. (d) 167. (b) 168. (c) 169. (a) 170. (d)
171. (c) 172. (c) 173. (b) 174. (c) 175. (d)
184
6 foKku
HkkSfrd foKku
TT foKku dh og 'kk[kk ftlesa ÅtkZ rFkk nzO; vkSj mldh ijLij cjkcj gksrk gSA
fozQ;kvksa dk vè;;u gksrk gS] HkkSfrd foKku dgykrk gSA TT 1 izdk'k o"kZ = 9.46 × 1012 km = 9.46 × 1015m.
TT HkkSfrd jkf'k dks ekius osQ ekid dks ek=kd dgrs gSaA TT izdk'k o"kZ] ikjlsd vR;ar yach [kxksyh; nwfj;ksa dks ekius
TT ewy ek=kd (Fundamental Unit) ,oa O;qRiUu ek=kd dk ek=kd gSA
(Derived Unit) ek=kd osQ nks izdkj gSaA TT nwjh ekius dh lcls cM+h bdkbZ ikjlsd gSA
TT HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, oqQN Lora=k ekudksa TT 1 ikjlsd = 3.26 izdk'k o"kZ = 3.08 × 1016 ehVj
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;s fdlh vU; ekud ij fuHkZj ugha
HkkSfrd jkf'k S.I. ek=kd
gksrs gSa] ewy ek=kd dgykrs gSaA
TT S.I. i¼fr esa ewy ek=kd dh la[;k 7 rFkk lEiwjd ek=kd
vk;ru (yackbZ × pkSM+kbZ × ehVj × ehVj × ehVj = eh3
dh la[;k 2 gSA S.I. i¼fr esa lHkh ek=kdksa osQ fy, izrhd Å¡pkbZ)
fpUg gksrs gSa ftlls mUgsa vklkuh ls igpkuk tk ldrk gSA ?kuRo (nzO;eku @vk;ru) fdxzk@ehVj3
ozQ- cy (nzO;eku × Roj.k) fdxzk × ehVj@lsosaQM2 = U;wVu
HkkSfrd jkf'k S.I. ek=kd izrhd 'kfDr (dk;Z@le;) twy@lsosaQM = twy&lsosaQM–1
la-
1- yackbZ (Length) ehVj (Metre) m = okWV
2- le; (Time) lsosaQM (Second) s osx (foLFkkiu@le;) ehVj@lsosaQM = ehVj&lsosaQM–1

3- nzO;eku (Mass) fdyksxzke kg Roj.k (osx ifjorZu@le;) ehVj@lossaQM
= eh@ls2
(Kilogram) losaQsM
4- rki (Temperature) oSQfYou (Kelvin) K
dk;Z (cy × foLFkkiu) U;wVu × ehVj
5- fo|qr /kjk (Electric ,sfEi;j (Ampere) A
Current) {ks=kiQy (yackbZ × pkSM+kbZ) ehVj × ehVj = ehVj
6- inkFkZ dh ek=kk eksy (Mole) mol nkc (cy@{ks=kiQy) U;wVu@ehVj2 = ikLdy
(Amount of
Substance)
nl dh ?kkr
7- T;ksfr rhozrk@iznhiu oSQf.Myk Cd nl dh iwoZ nl dh
izrhd iwoZ izR;; izrhd
rhozrk (Luminious (Candela) ?kkr izR;; ?kkr
Intensity) 1018 ,Dlk E 10–18 ,sVks a
(Exa) (Atto)
S.I. i¼fr osQ laiwjd ek=kd 10 15
isVk P 10 –15
isQEVks f
1- lery dks.k (Plane Angle) jsfM;u (Radian) rad (Peta) (Femto)
2- ?ku dks.k@Bksl dks.k (Solid LVsjsfM;u sr 1012 Vsjk T 10–12 ihdks p
Angle) (Steradian) (Tera) (Pico)
TT O;qRiUu ek=kd os ek=kd gksrs gSa] tks ewy ek=kdksa dh lgk;rk 109 xhxk G 10–9 uSuks n
(Giga) (Nano)
ls O;Dr fd;s tkrs gSaA
TT 1 izdk'k o"kZ] izdk'k }kjk ,d o"kZ esa r; dh xbZ nwjh osQ 106 esxk M 10–6 ekbozQks m
(Mega) (Micro)
185
103 fdyks k 10–3 feyh m oksYVehVj nks fcanqvksa osQ eè; vkos'k fHkUurk
(Kilo) (Milli) xSYosuksehVj fo|qr /kjk dh izcyrk rFkk mifLFkfr
102 gsDVks h 10–2 ls.Vh c ikbjksehVj mPp rkieku
(Hecto) (Centi)
,sfDVuksehVj lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dh rhozrk
101 Msdk da 10–1 Mslh d
(Deca) (Deci) vYVhehVj Å¡pkbZ ekius esa
TT os HkkSfrd jkf'k;k¡] ftUgsa O;Dr djus osQ fy, osQoy ifjek.k iSQnksehVj leqnz dh xgjkbZ
dh vko';drk gksrh gS] fn'kk dh ugha] vfn'k jkf'k;k¡ vksMksehVj fdlh okgu }kjk r; dh xbZ nwjh
(Scalar Quantity) dgykrh gSaA oSQjsVehVj Lo.kZ dh 'kq¼rk
TT nzO;eku] nwjh] pky] vk;ru] ?kuRo] dk;Z] 'kfDr] ÅtkZ] fLiQXekseSuksehVj jDr nkc ekius esa
rkieku vkfn vfn'k jkf'k;k¡ gSaA yDlehVj izdk'k dh rhozrk
TT os HkkSfrd jkf'k;k¡ ftUgsa O;Dr djus osQ fy, ifjek.k osQ LVsFkksLdksi ân; dh èofu lquus osQ fy,
lkFk&lkFk fn'kk dh Hkh vko';drk gksrh gS] lfn'k jkf'k;k¡
lksukj leqnz esa Mwch oLrqvksa dk irk yxkus esa
(Vector Quantity) dgykrh gSaA
TT ueu dks.k % fdlh LFkku ij i`Foh dk laiw.kZ pqcadh; {ks=k
TT osx] foLFkkiu] Roj.k] cy] laosx] cy vk?kw.kZ lfn'k jkf'k;k¡
gSaA {kSfrt ry osQ lkFk ftruk dks.k cukrk gS] mls ml LFkku dk
TT ,d fuf'pr fn'kk esa nks fcanqvksa osQ chp dh U;wure nwjh dks ueu dks.k dgrs gSaA fo"kqor~ js[kk (Hkweè; js[kk) ij ueu dks.k
0° vkSj /zqo ij ueu dks.k 90° gksrk gSA
foLFkkiu (Displacement) dgrs gSaA foLFkkiu ,d lfn'k
jkf'k gSA bldk S.I. ek=kd ehVj gSA fo|qr /kjk (Electric Current)
TT oLrq osQ foLFkkiu dh nj dks ml oLrq dk osx dgrs gSaA ;g TT fdlh pkyd esa fo|qr vkos'k osQ izokg dh nj dks fo|qr
,d lfn'k jkf'k gSA bldk S.I. ek=kd ehVj@lsoaQM gSA /kjk dgrs gSaA
TT fdlh oLrq osQ osx esa ifjorZu dh nj dks Roj.k TT bldk S.I. ek=kd ,sfEi;j gSA ;g ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA
(Acceleration) dgrs gSaA ;g ,d lfn'k jkf'k gSA Roj.k TT fo|qr /kjk dks ,sfEi;j esa ekius osQ fy, vehVj uked ;a=k
dk S.I. ek=kd ehVj@lsoaQM2 gSA dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
TT fdlh oLrq }kjk izfr lsoaQM esa r; dh xbZ nwjh dks pky TT ,d vkn'kZ vehVj dk izfrjks/ 'kwU; gksuk pkfg,A
(Speed) dgrs gSaA pky = nwjh@le;A pky ,d vfn'k jkf'k TT fo|qr ifjiFk esa ÅtkZ osQ {k; gksus dh nj dks 'kfDr dgrs
gSA bldk S.I. ek=kd ehVj@lsoaQM gSA gSaA bldk S.I. ek=kd okV gksrk gSA
TT fn;s x;s le;kUrjky esa oLrq }kjk r; fd;s x;s laiw.kZ ekxZ dh TT ifjiFk osQ fdUgha nks fcanqvksa osQ chp foHkokarj dks ekius osQ
yackbZ dks nwjh (Distance) dgrs gSaA nwjh ,d vfn'k jkf'k fy, oksYVehVj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
gSA bldk eku lnSo /ukRed gksrk gSA TT ,d vkn'kZ oksYVehVj dk izfrjks/ vuUr gksuk pkfg,A
TT dks.kh; osx dk S.I. ek=kd jsfM;u@lsd.M gSA ;g ,d lfn'k TT xSYosuksehVj fo|qr ifjiFk esa fo|qr /kjk dh mifLFkfr crkus
jkf'k gSA okyk ,d ;a=k gSA blls 10–6 ,sfEi;j rd dh fo|qr /kjk
TT tc dksbZ oLrq fdlh o`Ùkkdkj ekxZ ij xfr djrh gS rks bls dks ekik tk ldrk gSA
o`Ùkh; xfr dgrs gSaA TT tks pkyd vkse osQ fu;e dk ikyu djrs gSa] muosQ izfrjks/
;a=k mi;ksx dks vkseh; izfrjks/ dgrs gSaA
cSjksehVj ok;qeaMyh; nkc ekius esa TT tks pkyd vkse osQ fu;e dk ikyu ugha djrs gSa mUgsa vu
ySDVksehVj nw/ dh 'kq¼rk ekius esa vkseh; izfrjks/ dgrs gSaA
TT ,sls inkFkZ ftudks pqacdh; {ks=k esa j[kus ij ckgjh pqacdh;
,fueksehVj ok;q dh xfr
{ks=k dh foijhr fn'kk esa pqacdRo mRiUu gksrk gS] izfrpqacdh;
gkbMªksehVj rjy inkFkZ dk vkisf{kd ?kuRo inkFkZ dgykrs gSaA tSls&fcLeFk] rk¡ck] lksuk] pk¡nh] gok] lhlk]
vkWfM;ksehVj èofu dh rhozrk tLrk] ty vkfn izfrpqacdh; inkFkks± osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
gkbxzksehVj ok;qeaMyh; vknzZrk TT vuqpqacdh; inkFkZ ,sls inkFkZ gksrs gSa ftuosQ vanj izsfjr
vehVj fo|qr /kjk pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk cká vkjksfir pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk
eSuksehVj xSlksa dk nkc esa gksrh gSA tSls&IySfVue] ozQksfe;e] lksfM;e vkfnA
flLeksxzkiQ HkwoaQi TT LFkk;h pqacd cukus osQ fy, bLikr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
186
TT vLFkk;h pqacd cukus osQ fy, ueZ yksgs dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk TT og fuf'pr rki ftl ij dksbZ nzo xSl esa cnyrk gS] mls
gSA DoFkukad (Boiling Point) dgrs gSaA
TT i`Foh ry osQ fdlh LFkku ij pqacdh; ;kE;ksÙkj vkSj HkkSxksfyd mnkgj.k & lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh vis{kk igkM+h {ks=kksa
;kE;ksÙkj osQ chp cus U;wu dks.k dks f}dikr~ dks.k dgrs gSaA esa [kkuk idkuk vf/d dfBu gksrk gS D;ksafd ogk¡ leqnz
TT ok;qeaMy esa izfr bdkbZ vk;ru esa mifLFkr tyok"i dh ek=kk ry dh rqyuk esa ty dk DoFkukad ?kV tkrk gSA
dks vknzZrk (Humidity) dgrs gSaA TT izs'kj oqQdj esa nkc c<+us ij ty dk DoFkukad c<+ tkrk gS]
ftlls ty dh xqIr Å"ek dk eku Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA ftlosQ
pqacdRo (Magnetism)
iQyLo:i [kkuk tYnh id tkrk gSA
TT yksgs dk vkWDlkbM eSXusVkbV (Fe3O4) izko`Qfrd pqacd gSA
TT igkM+ksa ij ok;qnkc de gksus osQ dkj.k DoFkukad ?kV (100°C
bldk dksbZ fuf'pr vkdkj ugha gksrk gSA
ls de) tkrk gS blfy, [kkuk nsjh ls idrk gSA
TT o`Qf=ke fof/;ksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ pqacd dks o`Qf=ke pqacd dgrs
TT Å"ek lapj.k dh ,slh fof/ ftlesa inkFkZ osQ v.kq Å"ek ikdj
gsaA ;g dksckYV] yksgk] bLikr vkfn ls cukbZ tk ldrh gSaA
viuk LFkku cnyus yxrs gSa vkSj mudk LFkku BaMs v.kq xzg.k
;g fofHkUu vko`Qfr dh gksrh gSa_ tSls&NM+ pqacd] pqacdh;
djus yxrs gSa laogu (Convection) dgykrh gSA mnkgj.k
lqb±] ?kksM+kuky pqacd vkfnA
&i`Foh dk ok;qeaMy laogu fof/ }kjk gh xeZ gksrk gSA
TT yksgs dks pqacd viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrk gS] bl xq.k dks
TT xSlksa ,oa nzoksa esa Å"ek dk lapj.k laogu }kjk gh gksrk gSA
pqacdRo dgrs gSaA
TT ty dh fof'k"V Å"ek dk eku vf/d gksrk gSA
TT pqacd osQ nks /zqoksa dks feykus okyh js[kk dks pqacdh; v{k
TT Å"ek lapj.k dh ,slh fof/ gS ftlesa fdlh Hkh ekè;e dh
dgrs gSaA
vko';drk u gks mls fofdj.k fof/ (Radiation) dgrs gSaA
TT leku /zqoksa esa izfrd"kZ.k ,oa vleku /zqoksa esa vkd"kZ.k gksrk gSA
TT lw;Z dh Å"ek i`Foh rd fofdj.k fof/ }kjk gh LFkkukarfjr
TT pqacd osQ pkjksa vksj og {ks=k] ftlesa pqacd osQ izHkko dk
gksrh gSA
vuqHko fd;k tkrk gS] pqacdh; {ks=k dgykrk gSA
TT jsfxLrku fnu esa cgqr vf/d xeZ rFkk jkr esa BaMs gks tkrs gSaA
TT pqacdh; {ks=k dh rhozrk ,d lfn'k jkf'k gSA
jsr Å"ek dh vPNh vo'kks"kd gksrh gSA
TT bldk ek=kd VsLyk (T) gksrk gSA
TT va/sjs esa ;fn ,d dkyh vkSj ,d lisQn oLrq dks leku rki
TT xqIr Å"ek dk S.I. ek=kd twy@fdxzk ;k oSQyksjh@xzke gSA
ij xje djosQ j[kk tk, rks dkyh oLrq vf/d fofdj.k
TT Bksl osQ nzo voLFkk esa ifjorZu osQ fy, vko';d Å"ek gh
mRlftZr djsxhA vr% dkyh oLrq va/sjs esa vf/d peosQxhA
xyu dh xqIr Å"ek (Latent Heat of Melting) dgykrh
gSA ty dk vlkekU; izlkj
TT ,d fuf'pr rki ij nzo osQ ,dkad nzO;eku dks ok"i esa TT tc ty dks 0°C rd xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rks ty floqQM+rk
cnyus osQ fy, vko';d Å"ek dks ok"ihdj.k dh xqIr Å"ek gS vFkkZr~ ty osQ vk;ru (Volume) esa deh vkSj ?kuRo
(Latent Heat of Vaporization) dgrs gSaA c<+ tkrk gSA
TT ok"ihdj.k og izfozQ;k gS ftlosQ varxZr nzo voLFkk ok"i TT ty dk ?kuRo 4°C ij vf/dre gksrk gS rFkk ty dk
voLFkk esa ifjofrZr gksrh gSA U;wure vk;ru 4°C ij gh gksrk gSA blfy, ciZQ dk vk;ru
TT xehZ osQ ekSle esa ikuh dk fNM+dko dj nsus ls BaMd izkIr ty osQ vk;ru ls T;knk gksrk gSA
gksrh gSA TT –40° rkieku ij lsfYl;l ,oa iQkWjsugkbV nksuksa iSekuksa ij
TT xfeZ;ksa osQ ekSle esa tc 'kjhj dk ilhuk lw[krk gS rks leku ikB~;kad gksxkA
ok"ihdj.k osQ }kjk ;g gekjs 'kjhj ls Å"ek ysrk gS] ftlls TT osQfYou iSekus ij rkieku esa ls 273 ?kVkus ij gesa lsfYl;l
gesa BaMd dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA iSekus ij rkieku feyrk gSA blh izdkj lsfYl;l iSekus ij
TT i`"B (Surface) ls Bhd uhps dk ty 4°C ij ty voLFkk rkieku esa 273 tksM+ nsus ij osQfYou esa rkieku fey tk,xkA
esa jgrk gS] ftlesa tyh; tho] eNfy;k¡ thfor cuh jgrh gSaA TT ,d LoLFk euq"; osQ 'kjhj dk rkieku 37°C gksrk gSA
TT tc ty 0° ij teus yxrk gS rks blosQ vk;ru esa izlkj vr% osQfYou iSekus ij ;g 37 + 273 = 310K gksrk gSA
gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ciZQ cuus dh fozQ;k esa vk;ru c<+ tkrk gSA iQkWjsugkbV ij ;g rkieku 98.6°F osQ cjkcj gksxkA
TT og fuf'pr rki ftl ij dksbZ Bksl inkFkZ nzo esa cnyrk gS] TT ,d gh oLrq esa Å"ek dk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij tkuk
xyukad (Melting Point) dgykrk gSA Å"ek LFkkukUrj.k dgykrk gSA
TT ,d fuf'pr rki ij nzo dk Bksl esa cnyuk ^fgehdj.k* TT Å"ek LFkkukarj.k dh eq[; rhu fof/;k¡ gksrh gSa&
(Freezing) dgykrk gS rFkk og fuf'pr rki ftl ij 1. pkyu 2- laogu
fgehdj.k dh fozQ;k gksrh gS] fgekad dgykrk gSA 3. fofdj.k
TT v'kqf¼ feykus ij inkFkZ dk xyukad de gks tkrk gSA
187
TT Å"ek lapj.k dh ,slh fof/ ftlesa inkFkZ dk v.kq fcuk LFkku TT fdlh crZu esa ikuh Hkjk gS vkSj ciZQ ml ij rSj jgh gS] rc
cnys Å"ek ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij LFkkukarfjr dj nsrk ciZQ iwjh rjg fi?ky tk;sxh rks ik=k esa ikuh dk ry c<+rk
gS] pkyu (Conduction) dgykrh gSA ugha gS] igys osQ leku jgrk gSA
TT Bkslksa esa Å"ek dk lapj.k pkyu fof/ }kjk gh gksrk gSA
TT tc ge /krq dh NM+ osQ ,d fljs dks gkFk ls idM+dj nwljs
Å"ek
TT Å"ek ÅtkZ dk gh ,d izdkj gS] tks nks oLrqvksa osQ rkikarj
fljs dks vkx esa j[krs gSa] oqQN nsj ckn NM+ dk nwljk fljk
esa varj gksus ij muosQ chp izokfgr gksrh gSA fdlh oLrq esa
pkyu osQ dkj.k xeZ gks tkrk gSA
fufgr Å"ek ml oLrq osQ nzO;eku ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
TT ftu ?kjksa esa Nr oaQozQhV dh cuh gksrh gS] os xfeZ;ksa esa vf/d
TT ydM+h dh rqyuk esa yksgk Å"ek dk vPNk pkyd gSA
xeZ gks tkrh gSa] D;ksafd oaQozQhV Å"ek dk vPNk pkyd gksrh
gSA Å"ek osQ ek=kd
TT /krq,¡ (rk¡ck] yksgk vkfn) Å"ek dh lqpkyd gksrh gSaA TT Å"ek dk S.I. ek=kd twy gSA
TT lfnZ;ksa esa Åuh oL=k gesa xeZ j[krs gSa] tks Å"ek dk oqQpkyd TT ,d xzke ty dk rki 1°C c<+kus osQ fy, vko';d Å"ek
gksus osQ dkj.k okrkoj.k dh BaMd gekjs 'kjhj rd igq¡pus dh ek=kk dks 1 oSQyksjh dgk tkrk gSA
ugha nsrh gSA TT 1 xzke 'kq¼ ty dk rki 14.5°C ls 15.5°C rd c<+kus osQ
TT og ;a=k tks fdlh oLrq dk rki ekirk gS] rkiekih fy, vko';d Å"ek dh ek=kk dks 1 oSQyksjh dgk tkrk gSA
(Thermometer) dgykrk gSA TT fdlh yksyd dk vkorZdky 'T' mldh yackbZ 'l' ,oa xq#Roh;
TT fofHkUu izdkj osQ rki iSekus& Roj.k 'g' ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
1. nzo rkiekih (Liquid Thermometer) TT is.Mqye ?kfM+;ksa dk vkorZdky de gksus osQ dkj.k 'khrdky
TT ikjk iz;qDr djus ij –39°C ls ysdj 350°C esa rhoz gks tkrh gS tcfd xfeZ;ksa esa lqLr gks tkrh gSA
rd dk rki ekik tk ldrk gSA TT panzek ij yksyd ?kM+h dks ys tkus ij mldk vkorZdky c<+
TT ,Ydksgy dk nzo.kkad fuEu gksus osQ dkj.k tk;sxk D;ksafd panzek ij g dk eku i`Foh osQ g osQ eku dk
,Ydksgy iz;qDr djus ij –115°C dk rki 1/6 xquk gSA
ekik tk ldrk gSA TT vxj ,d yksyd dks Hkweè; js[kk ls /zqoksa dh vksj ys tk;k
2. ikjk rkiekih@MkWDVj rkiekih (Clinical tk, rks g osQ eku esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k mldk vkorZdky
Thermometer) dk iz;ksx 'kjhj osQ rkieku dks Hkweè; js[kk ij vf/dre ,oa /zqoksa ij U;wure gksxkA
ekius osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mRIykou
TT ikjk rkiekuh esa U;wure fcanq 95°F (35°C) rFkk TT fdlh oLrq dks nzo esa iw.kZ ;k vkaf'kd :i ls Mqcks;k tkrk gS
mPpre fcanq yxHkx 110°F (43°C) gksrk gS rks nzo }kjk ml oLrq ij Åij dh vksj ,d cy yxk;k tkrk
vFkkZr~ ;g rkiekih 95°F ls 110°F osQ chp gS ftls mRIykou dgrs gSaA
dk;Z djrk gSA TT vkisf{kd ?kuRo dks gkbMªksehVj ls ekik tkrk gSA
3. lsfYl;l iSekus% iSekus esa fgekad dks 0°C o Hkki nzO;eku
fcanq dks 100°C vafdr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk buosQ ?kuRo =
vk;ru
chp dh nwjh dks 100 cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSA
TT bldk S.I. ek=kd fdyksxzke ehVj–3 gksrk gSA
4. osQfYou iSekuk esa fgekad 273.15 K ,oa Hkki fcanq
373K gSA ljy vkorZ xfr
5. fLFkj vk;ru rkiekih (Simple Harmonic Motion)
TT blesa gkbMªkstu xSl rkiekih ls –200°C ls tc dksbZ oLrq viuh ekè; fLFkfr osQ nksuksa vksj ljy js[kk esa nksyu
+500°C rd dk rki ekik tkrk gSA
xfr djrh gS rks bl izdkj dh xfr dks ljy vkorZ xfr dgrs gSaA
TT –200°C ls uhps osQ rki dks ekius gsrq gkbMªkstu
osQ LFkku ij ghfy;e xSl dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk ljy vkorZ xfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡
gSA 1. ml ij dksbZ cy dk;Z ugha djrk gSA
6. iQkWjsugkbV iSekuk esa fgekad 32°F ij rFkk Hkki fcanq 2. osx vf/dre gksrk gSA
212°F ij fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k gSA 3. fLFkfrt ÅtkZ 'kwU; gksrh gSA
TT lkekU; ty dh vis{kk leqnzh ty dk ?kuRo vf/d gksrk gS] 4. xfrt ÅtkZ vf/dre gksrh gSA
blfy, mlesa rSjuk vklku gksrk gSA
TT ,d nksyu iwjk djus osQ le; dks vkorZdky dgrs gSaA
188
TT oaQiu djus okyh oLrq ,d lsoaQM esa ftruk oaQiu djrh gS] ikjk 1450
mls mldh vko`fÙk dgrs gSaA dk¡p 5640
TT vko`fr dk S.I. ek=kd gV~tZ (Hertz) gksrk gSA ;fn vko`fr ,Y;qfefu;e 6420
1
n rFkk vkorZdky T gks] rks n = gksrk gSA yksgk 5130
T
TT tc èofu ,d ekè;e ls nwljs ekè;e esa xfr djrh gS rks
TT ,slh xfr ftlesa dksbZ d.k ;k fi.M viuh lkE; voLFkk osQ
èofu dh pky (v) rFkk rjaxnSè;Z (l) cny tkrs gSa] tcfd
vkl&ikl xfr djrk gS] nksyu ;k oaQiu dgykrh gSA
vko`fr (n) leku jgrh gSA
TT nksyu djus okys d.k dk viuh lkE; fLFkfr esa tkuk fiQj
lkE; fLFkfr esa iqu% okil ykSVuk] ,d nksyu ;k oaQiu èofu osQ y{k.k (Characters of Sound)
dgykrk gSA (1) rkjRo (2) izcyrk (3)xq.krk
TT yksyd }kjk ,d iw.kZ vkorZ esa yxus okys le; dks yksyd TT èofu dk rkjRo (Pitch) mldh vko`fr ij fuHkZj djrk gS]
dk vkorZdky (Time-Period) dgrs gSaA ftruh vf/d vko`fr gksxh] èofu dk rkjRo mruk gh Å¡pk
gksxkA
izR;kLFkrk (Elasticity)
TT iq#"kksa dh èofu de rkjRo dh eksVh gksrh gS] tcfd efgykvksa
TT izR;kLFkrk fdlh inkFkZ dk og xq.k gS] ftlosQ dkj.k oLrq
dh èofu mPp rkjRo dh iryh ,oa ckjhd gksrh gSA
fdlh fo:id cy osQ }kjk mRiUu vkdkj vFkok vko`Qfr esa
TT èofu dh izcyrk] èofu dh rhozrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
ifjorZu dk fojks/ djrh gS vkSj fo:id cy gVkrs gh oLrq
TT euq";ksa dh lkekU; ckrphr esa izcyrk 20 Mslhcy
viuh iwoZ voLFkk dks izkIr dj ysrh gSA
(iqQliQlkgV) ls 65 Mslhcy rd dh gksrh gSA
TT izR;kLFkrk dk S.I. ek=kd U;wVu@ehVj2 gksrk gS ftls ikLdy
TT 80 db (Mslhcy) ls vf/d dh èofu gkfudkjd èofu
dgrs gSaA
iznw"kd dgh tkrh gSA
TT izR;kLFkrk xq.k osQ foijhr] ;fn fdlh oLrq ij ux.;
TT 85 db ls vf/d osQ 'kksj esa yxkrkj jgus ls gekjs dku
(Negligible) cy yxkus ij mlesa LFkk;h ifjorZu gks tk;s
[kjkc gks ldrs gSaA
rks mls IykfLVd dgrs gSaA
TT euq"; dh vf/dre JO;rk lhek 95 db (Mslhcy) gS]
TT izfr ,dkad {ks=kiQy ij yxk;s x;s cy dks izfrcy (Stress)
blls vf/d rhozrk dh èofu dks euq"; ugha lqu ldrk gSA
dgrs gSaA
TT izfrèofu lquus osQ fy, Jksrk ,oa ijkorZd lrg osQ chp
TT fdlh rkj ij fo:id cy yxkus ls ;fn mldh izkjafHkd
U;wure 17 ehVj (16-6 ehVj) nwjh gksuh pkfg,A
l
yackbZ L esa o`f¼ l gksrh gS] rks dks foo`Qfr dgrs gSaA TT èofu osQ viorZu osQ dkj.k èofu fnu dh vis{kk jkr esa
L
vf/d nwjh rd lqukbZ nsrh gSA
TT gqd osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj] izR;kLFkrk dh lhek osQ varxZr
fdlh inkFkZ ij dk;Z djus okyk izfrcy mlesa mRiUu foo`Qfr èofu rjax (Sound Waves)
osQ lekuqikrh gksrk gSA TT 20 Hz ls uhps dh vko`fÙk okyh èofu rjaxksa dks ^viJO;
izfrcy rjaxsa* dgrs gSaA bls gekjs dku lqu ugha ldrs gSaA
izR;kLFkrk xq.kkad =
foo`Qfr TT 20 Hz ls 20,000 Hz osQ chp dh vko`fÙk okyh rjaxksa dks
TT ;ax osQ izR;kLFkrk xq.kkad osQ vuqlkj] ;g vuqnSè;Z izfrcy rFkk JO; rjaxsa dgrs gSaA bu rjaxksa dks gekjs dku lqu ldrs gSaA
vuqnSè;Z foo`Qfr dk vuqikr gSA TT 20,000 Hz ls Åij dh vko`fr okyh rjaxksa dks ijkJO; rjaxsa
vuq¼Sè;Z izfrcy dgk tkrk gSA euq"; osQ dku bls ugha lqu ldrs gSaA ijarq oqQN
Y =
vuq¼Sè;Z foo`Qfr tkuoj tSls&oqQRrk] fcYyh] pexknM+ vkfn bls lqu ldrs gSaA
ekè;e èofu dh pky m/s TT fofHkUu ekè;eksa esa èofu dh pky fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA èofu
ok;q 332
dh pky izR;kLFkrk rFkk ?kuRo ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
TT ok;q esa èofu dh pky 332 m/s, ty esa èofu dh pky
gkbMªkstu 1269
1493 m/s vkSj yksgs esa èofu dh pky 5130 m/s gksrh gSA
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM 260
TT èofu dh pky Bkslksa esa lokZf/d] mlls de nzO; esa rFkk
Hkki 100°C 405 lcls de xSlksa esa gksrh gSA
,Ydksgy 1213 TT tc èofu ,d ekè;e ls nwljs ekè;e esa tkrh gS rks èofu
ty 1493 dh pky ,d rjaxnSè;Z cny tkrh gS] tcfd vko`fÙk ugha
leqnzh ty 1533 cnyrh gSA
189
TT os rjaxsa ftuesa ekè;e osQ d.k rjax osQ pyus dh fn'kk osQ fcanq) ls ysdj U;wure 25 lseh rd dh oLrqvksa dk izfrfcEc
vuqfn'k (;k lekukarj) oaQiu djrs gSa] vuqnSè;Z rjaxsa dgykrh jsfVuk ij cuk ldrk gSA
gSA TT tjk n`f"V nks"k osQ fuokj.k osQ fy, f}iQksdlh ysal (fupyk
TT vuqnSè;Z rjaxsa lHkh izdkj osQ ekè;eksa (Bksl] nzo rFkk xSl) esa Hkkx mÙky ysal ;k Åij dh vksj vory ysal) dk mi;ksx
mRiUu dh tk ldrh gSA mnkgj.k&èofu rjaxsa] ok;q esa mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSA
rjaxsa] HkwoaQi rjaxsa] fLizax dh rjaxsa vkfnA TT n`f"V oS"kE; ;k vfcUnqdrk (Astigmatism) esa us=k {kSfrt
TT os rjaxsa ftuosQ lapj.k osQ fy, fdlh ekè;e dh vko';drk fn'kk esa rks Bhd ns[k ikrk gS] ijarq ÅèoZ fn'kk esa ugha ns[k
ugha gksrh gS] mls v;kaf=kd rjaxsa ;k fo|qr pqacdh; rjaxsa dgrs ikrk gSA
gSaA tSls& izdk'k rjaxsa] jsfM;ks rjaxsa] ,Dl rjaxsaA TT blosQ fuokj.k gsrq csyukdkj ysal (Cylindrical Lense)
TT v;kaf=kd rjaxsa fuokZr (Vaccum) esa xfr dj ldrh gSA tSls& dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
X rjaxsa] jsfM;ks rjaxsa] izdk'k rjaxsaA TT fudV n`f"V nks"k (Myopia) esa dksbZ O;fDr fudV dh oLrqvksa
TT lHkh fo|qr pqacdh; rjaxsa ,d gh pky ls pyrh gSa] tks izdk'k dks Li"V :i ls ns[k ldrk gS ysfdu nwj fLFkr oLrqvksa dks
dh pky osQ cjkcj gksrh gSA Li"V :i ls ugha ns[k ikrk gSA
TT fo|qr pqacdh; rjaxsa vuqizLFk (Transverse) izdkj dh TT fudV n`f"V nks"k osQ dkj.k
gksrh gSaA 1. ysal dh {kerk c<+ tkrh gSA
TT lHkh fo|qr pqacdh; rjaxsa iQksVkWu dh cuh gksrh gSaA 2. ysal dh xksykbZ c<+ tkrh gSA
TT fo|qr pqacdh; rjax dh vo/kj.kk eSDlosy (Maxwell) osQ 3. ysal dh iQksdl nwjh ?kV tkrh gSA
}kjk izfrikfnr dh x;h gSA TT fudV n`f"V nks"k osQ fuokj.k osQ fy, vory ysal ;k ½.kkRed
TT rjax xfr dks ifjHkkf"kr djus osQ oqQN xq.k {kerk okys ysal dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
1. tc rjax fdlh ekè;e ls lapfjr gksrh gS] rks ekè;e ;k
TT nwj n`f"V nks"k (Hypermetropia) esa dksbZ O;fDr nwj dh
dksbZ d.k viuh lkE;koLFkk osQ nksuksa vksj ftruk vf/d oLrqvksa dks Li"V :i ls ns[k ldrk gS ysfdu fudV dh
foLFkkfir gksrh gS] rjax dk vk;ke dgykrk gSA oLrqvksa dks Li"V :i ls ugha ns[k ikrk gSA
2. oaQiu dh dyk TT nwj n`f"V nks"k osQ dkj.k
3. vk;ke 1. ysal dh {kerk ?kV tkrh gSA
4. vko`fÙk
2. ysal dh xksykbZ de gks tkrh gSA
5. rjax&nSè;Z
3. ysal dh iQksdl nwjh c<+ tkrh gSA
rjax (Waves) TT nwj n`f"V nks"k osQ fuokj.k osQ fy, mÙky ysal dk iz;ksx fd;k
TT rjax fdlh ekè;e esa mRiUu fo{kksHk gS] tks mn~xe fcanq ls tkrk gSA
ekè;e osQ d.kksa osQ okLrfod LFkkukarj.k osQ fcuk lHkh TT fudV n`f"V nks"k esa oLrq dk izfrfcac jsfVuk ij u cudj jsfVuk
fn'kkvksa esa lapfjr gksrh gSA osQ vkxs cu tkrk gSA
TT rjaxsa eq[;r% nks izdkj dh gksrh gS& TT nwj n`f"V nks"k esa oLrq dk izfrfcac jsfVuk osQ ihNs curk gSA
1. ;kaf=kd rjaxsa TT tjk n`f"V nks"k (Presbyopia) esa O;fDr u rks nwj dh oLrq
2. v;kaf=kd rjaxsa ;k fo|qr pqacdh; rjaxsa vkSj u gh fudV dh oLrq ns[k ikrk gSA
TT os rjaxsa ftuosQ xeu osQ fy, ,d HkkSfrd ekè;e dh banz/uq"k dk cuuk
vko';drk gksrh gS] ;kaf=kd rjaxsa (Mechanical Waves) TT
loZizFke tc lw;Z dk izdk'k o"kkZ dh cw¡nksa esa izos'k djrk gS
dgykrh gSA ;g HkkSfrd ekè;e Bksl] nzo] xSl oqQN Hkh gks
rks bldk viorZu gks tkrk gS] ftlosQ dkj.k lw;Z dk izdk'k
ldrk gSA fofHkUu jaxksa esa c¡V tkrk gSA
TT ;kaf=kd rjaxsa nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa& TT yky jax esa mPp rjaxnSè;Z gksus osQ dkj.k lcls de eqM+rk
1. vuqizLFk rjaxsa (Transverse Waves)
gS] tcfd cSaxuh jax esa fuEu rjaxnSè;Z gksus osQ dkj.k lcls
2. vuqnSè;Z rjaxsa (Longitudinal Waves) vf/d eqM+rk gSA
TT os rjaxsa ftuesa ekè;e osQ d.k rjax pyus dh fn'kk osQ yacor~
TT iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu osQ ckn] ijkofrZr izdk'k cw¡n ls ckgj
oaQiUu djrs gSa&vuqizLFk rjaxsa dgykrh gSA fudyrs le; iw.kZ viofrZr gks tkrk gSA
TT tc 'osr izdk'k (lw;Z dk izdk'k) dk¡p osQ fizTe ij fxjrk gS
ekuo us=k
rks fizTe ls fudyus osQ ckn ;g lkr jaaxksa esa foHkDr gks tkrk
TT ,d LoLFk euq"; dk us=k ysal vf/dre vuar (us=k dk nwj
gSA bu jaxksa osQ ozQe dks o.kZ ozQe (Spectrum) dgk tkrk gSA
190
TT cSaxuh (V), tkequh (I), uhyk (B), gjk (G), ihyk (Y), ukjaxh 3. mÙky niZ.k dk mi;ksx lM+dksa osQ fdukjs yxs ijkorZu
(O) rFkk yky (R)] bu jaxksa osQ o.kZ ozQe dks VIBGYOR ySEi (Reflected Lamp) esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
dgk tkrk gSA TT mÙky niZ.k esa izR;sd n'kk esa izfrfcac niZ.k osQ ihNs mlosQ
TT dk¡p esa yky jax osQ izdk'k dh pky lcls vf/d ,oa bldk /zqo vkSj iQksdl osQ chp oLrq ls NksVk] lh/k] vkHkklh curk
viorZukad lcls de gksrk gSA gSA
TT izdk'k osQ jaxksa dk rjaxnSè;Z vyx&vyx gksrk gS vkSj jaxksa dh TT vory niZ.k osQ mi;ksx&
pky Hkh vyx&vyx gksrh gSA bl dkj.k izdk'k osQ fofHkUu 1. vory niZ.k dk mi;ksx VkpZ] lpZykbZV] okguksa dh gsM
vo;oh jax fHkUu&fHkUu dks.kksa ls fo{ksfir gksrs gSaA ykbVksa (Head Lights) esa fd;k tkrk gSA
TT cSaxuh jax dk rjaxnSè;Z lcls de vkSj yky jax dk rjaxnSè;Z 2. fpfdRldksa }kjk vk¡[k] dku] ukd] xyk vkfn dh tk¡p
lokZf/d gksrk gSA osQ fy, vory niZ.k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
TT tc izdk'k dh fdj.k ,d ekè;e ls nwljs ekè;e esa izos'k
3. lkSj ÅtkZ ls pyus okys midj.kksa esa vory niZ.k dk
djrh gS] rks vius ekxZ ls fopfyr gks tkrh gS izdk'k }kjk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
iznf'kZr ;g ?kVuk gh viorZu dgykrh gSA
4. psgjs dk cM+k izfrfcac ns[kus osQ fy, nk<+h cukus okys
TT izdk'k osQ viorZu osQ dkj.k ?kVus okyh ?kVuk,¡
1. rkjksa dk fVefVekukA
niZ.kksa (Shaving Mirror) esa vory niZ.k dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
2. lw;ksZn; ,oa lw;kZLr osQ ckn lw;Z dk fn[kkbZ nsukA
TT tc izdk'k ,d ekè;e ls nwljs ekè;e (tSls& ok;q ls dk¡p)
3. nzo esa va'kr% Mwch gqbZ lh/h NM+ Vs<+h fn[kkbZ iM+rh
esa tkrk gS rks bldk rjaxnSè;Z ,oa osx ifjofrZr gksrk gS ysfdu
gSA
vko`fÙk ugha cnyrhA
4. ikuh ls Hkjs fdlh crZu dh ry esa iM+s gq, flDosQ TT lw;Z ls izdk'k dks i`Foh rd igq¡pus esa yxHkx 8 feuV 16-6
dk Åij mBk gqvk fn[kkbZ iM+ukA lsosaQM dk le; yxrk gSA
5. ty osQ vanj iM+h gqbZ eNyh okLrfod xgjkbZ ls oqQN TT izdk'k dk jax mlosQ rjaxnSè;Z ls fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA
Åij mBh gqbZ fn[kk;h iM+rh gSA TT izdk'k ,d fo|qr pqacdh; rjax gS vr% bldh fu;r vko`fr
TT l?ku ekè;e esa vkifrr fdj.k osQ mlh ekè;e esa ijkofrZr (n) vkSj ,d rjaxnSè;Z (l) gksxh rFkk izdk'k dh xfr
gksus dh ?kVuk dks iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu dgrs gSaA v = nl gksxhA
TT iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu osQ fy, nks vko';d 'krs±% TT yky jax osQ izdk'k dh ÅtkZ lcls de ,oa cSxuh jax osQ
1. izdk'k l?ku ekè;e ls fojy ekè;e dh vksj xfr djsaA izdk'k dh ÅtkZ lokZf/d gksrh gSA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS
2. vkiru dks.k dk eku ozQkafrd dks.k ls vf/d gksA D;ksafd yky jax osQ izdk'k dk rjaxnSè;Z lokZf/d ,oa cSaxuh
TT iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu dk nSfud thou esa iz;ksx% jax osQ izdk'k dk rjaxnSè;Z U;wure gksrk gSA
1. BaMs izns'kksa esa ejhfpdk dk dkj.kA TT fpduh i`"B ;k lrg ls izdk'k osQ ykSVus dh ?kVuk dks izdk'k
2. ikuh osQ Hkhrj j[kh ij[kuyh dk pedukA
dk ijkorZu (Reflection of Light) dgrs gSaA
TT vkiru dks.k ijkorZu dks.k osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
3. dk¡p esa iM+h njkj dk pedukA
TT vkifrr fdj.k] vkiru fcanq ij vfHkyac o ijkofrZr fdj.k
4. ghjs dk vR;f/d pednkj fn[kkbZ iM+ukA ,d gh ry esa gksrs gSaA
5. jsfxLrku esa ejhfpdk dk dkj.kA
lery niZ.k esa izfrfcac
TT ,sls niZ.k ftudk ijkorZd i`"B xksyh; gksrk gS] xksyh; niZ.k
1. lery niZ.k ls cuk oLrq dk izfrfcac niZ.k osQ ihNs
(Spherical Mirror) dgykrs gSaA
TT xksyh; niZ.k nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& mruh gh nwjh ij curk gS ftruh nwjh ij oLrq niZ.k osQ
1. mÙky niZ.k (Convex Mirror)
lkeus j[kh tkrh gSA ;g vkdkj esa oLrq osQ cjkcj o
vkHkklh gksrk gSA
2. vory niZ.k (Concave Mirror)
2. lery niZ.k ls O;fDr dk izfrfcac ns[kus osQ fy, niZ.k
mÙky niZ.k osQ mi;ksx dh yackbZ de ls de O;fDr dh yackbZ ls vk/h gksuh
1. mÙky niZ.k dk mi;ksx okguksa osQ ik'oZ (Slide) esa fd;k pkfg,A
tkrk gS] ftlls pkyd vius ihNs vkus okys okguksa dks 3. ;fn dksbZ O;fDr lery niZ.k osQ yacor~ fdlh pky ls
ns[k losQ rFkk viuk okgu lqjf{kr :i ls pyk losQA niZ.k osQ lehi vkrk gS ;k nwj tkrk gS] rks mls izfrfcac
2. mÙky niZ.k okguksa osQ fy, blfy, mi;ksxh gS] D;ksafd nqxquh pky ls ikl ;k nwj tkrk gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA
blosQ }kjk cuk;s x;s izfrfcac lh/s gksrs gSaA
191
izdk'k (Light) 3. ykyVsu esa feV~Vh dk rsy osQjksflu osQ dkj.k gh Åij
TT izdk'k ,d izdkj dh ÅtkZ gS] ftldh lgk;rk ls gesa oLrq,¡ p<+rk gSA
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa vFkkZr~ tks fofdj.k gekjh vk¡[kksa dks laosfnr 4. o"kkZ osQ ckn ;k flapkbZ djus osQ ckn fdlku [ksrksa dh
djrh gks] izdk'k dgykrh gSA tqrkbZ dj nsrs gSa] ftlls feV~Vh ls cuh osQ'kufy;k¡ VwV
TT yky] gjs o uhys jax osQ izdk'k osQ feJ.k ls 'osr izdk'k tk,¡ vkSj ikuh Åij ugha tk losQ o feV~Vh esa ueh cuh
mRiUu gksrk gSA yky] gjk o uhyk izkFkfed jax ;k ewy jax jgsaA
dgykrs gSaA 5. ikS/s tM+ksa }kjk e`nk (Soil) ls ty vo'kksf"kr djrs gSaA
uhyk $ gjk = L;ku ;g ty osQ'kufy;ksa ls xqtjdj fofHkUu Hkkxksa rd igq¡pk
uhyk $ yky = eStsaVk fn;k tkrk gSA
yky $ gjk = ihyk 6. isu dk fuc chp ls fpjk gksrk gSA blesa NksVh&lh ckjhd
uhyk $ gjk $ yky = 'osr osQ'kuyh cu tkrh gSA osQ'kuyh }kjk L;kgh fuc dh uksd
TT mu nks jaxksa dks ftuosQ feJ.k ls 'osr jax izkIr gksrk gS] mUgsa
rd p<+ tkrh gSA
iwjd jax dgrs gSaA 7. eksecÙkh esa fi?kyk gqvk ekse osQ'kufy;ksa osQ }kjk gh Åij
TT izdk'kh; rjaxsa ,d izdkj dh fo|qr pqacdh; rjaxsa p<+rk gS vkSj ;s tyrh jgrh gSaA
(Electromagnetic Waves) gksrh gSa] tks 3 × 108 ehVj@ 8. osQf'kdRo osQ dkj.k dkWiQh ikmMj ty esa 'kh?kz tqy
lsosaQM dh xfr ls fuokZr esa xfr djrh gSA tkrk gSA
9. osQ'kuyh dh rjg dk;Z djus okyk CykWfVax isij L;kgh
nkc (Pressure)
dks 'kh?kz lks[k ysrk gSA blesa cus NksVs&NksVs fNnz osQ'kuyh
TT izfr ,dkad {ks=kiQy ij yxus okys cy dks nkc dgrs gSaA dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSaA
TT nkc dk ek=kd U;wVu@ehVj2 ;k ikLdy gksrk gSA
cy (F) llatd cy (Cohesive Force)
TT ;g ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA nkc (P) =
{ks=kiQy (A) TT ,d gh inkFkZ osQ v.kqvksa osQ chp dk;Z djus okys vkd"kZ.k
TT ok;qeaMyh; nkc dks cSjksehVj ls ekik tkrk gSA bldh lgk;rk cy dks llatd cy (Cohesive Force) dgrs gSaA
ls ekSle lacaf/r iwokZuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA TT fdlh nzo dh cw¡ns llatd cyksa osQ dkj.k laioZQ esa vkrs gh
TT i`Foh dh lrg ls Åij tkus ij ok;qeaMyh; nkc de gks fey tkrh gS vkSj ,d cM+h cw¡n dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
tkrk gS] ftlosQ dkj.k& TT Bksl v.kqvksa osQ chp llatd cy dk eku vf/d gksrk gSA
1. igkM+ksa ij [kkuk cukus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA TT xSlksa esa llatd cy dk eku yxHkx ux.; gksrk gSA
2. ok;q;ku esa cSBs ;k=kh osQ iQkm.Vsu isu ls L;kgh fjl tkrh
gSA i`"B ruko (Surface Tension)
TT vk¡/h vkus dh laHkkouk rc gksrh gS tc cSjksehVj dk ikB~;kad TT fdlh nzo osQ eqDr ?kVd {ks=kiQy ij [khaph xbZ dkYifud
,d&,d djosQ uhps fxjrk gSA js[kk osQ izfr ,dkad yackbZ ij yxus okys cy dks i`"B ruko
TT o"kkZ gksus dh laHkkouk rc gksrh gS tc cSjksehVj dk ikB~;kad (Surface Tension) dgrs gSaA
/hjs&/hjs djosQ uhps fxjrk gSA TT i`"B ruko (Surface Tension) dk S.I. ek=kd U;wVu@
TT nzo osQ v.kqvksa }kjk crZu dh ryh osQ izfr ,dkad {ks=kiQy ij ehVj gksrk gSA
yxus okys cy dks nzo dk nkc dgrs gSaA TT nzo dk rki c<+us ij i`"B ruko de gks tkrk gSA
TT i`"B ruko osQ dkj.k ikjs dh NksVh&NksVh cw¡nsa xksykdkj i`"B ruko osQ mnkgj.k
(Round Shaped) jgrh gS tcfd oqQN cM+s vkdkj dh cw¡nsa 1. iryh lqb± i`"B ruko osQ dkj.k gh ikuh esa rSjrh gSA
xq#Ro cy osQ dkj.k piVh gksus yxrh gSaA
2. lkcqu vFkok fMVts±V ty esa feykus ij ty dk i`"B
TT osQ'kuyh esa nzo osQ Åij p<+us vFkok uhps mrjus dh ?kVuk
ruko de dj nsrs gSaA lkcqu dk ?kksy diM+ksa osQ fNnzksa
dks osQf'kdRo (Capillarity) dgk tkrk gSA
esa igq¡prk gS] ftlls diM+k T;knk lkiQ gksrk gSA
osQf'kdRo osQ mnkgj.k (Examples of Capillarity) 3. lk/kj.k ty dh vis{kk lkcqu osQ ?kksy ls vf/d
1. tks nzo dk¡p dks fHkxksrs gSa os dk¡p dh osQ'kuyh esa Åij cqycqys cuk;s tk ldrs gSaA
dh vksj p<+rs gSa] tSls & tyA 4. xje lwi dk i`"B ruko de gksus osQ dkj.k ;g thHk
2. tks nzo dk¡p dks ugha fHkxksrs gSa] os dk¡p dh osQ'kuyh osQ Åij lHkh Hkkxksa esa vPNh rjg iSQyrk gSA vr% xje
esa uhps dh vksj fxjrs gSa] tSls&ikjkA lwi vf/d Lokfn"V yxrk gSA
192
5. o"kkZ dh cw¡nsa i`"B ruko osQ dkj.k gh xksykdkj gksrh gSA Hkkxus dh izo`fÙk gksrh gS] viosaQnzh; cy dgykrk gSA ;g og
6. 'kkar o fLFkj ty dh lrg ij ePNjksa osQ ykokZ rSjrs gSaA vkHkklh cy gS tks vfHkosaQnzh; cy osQ leku rFkk foijhr
ikuh esa feV~Vh dk rsy fNM+d nsus ij mldk i`"B ruko fn'kk esa dk;Z djrk gSA
de gks tkrk gS] ftlls ykokZ ikuh esa Mwcdj ej tkrs viosaQnzh; cy osQ mnkgj.k
gSaA 1. diM+s lq[kkus dh e'khu
dk;Z] ÅtkZ ,oa 'kfDr (Work, Energy and 2. nw/ ls eD[ku fudkyus dh e'khu
Power) TT fdlh cy }kjk fdlh fi.M dks fdlh v{k osQ ifjr% ?kqekus
osQ izHkko dks cy vk?kw.kZ dgrs gSaA ;g ,d lfn'k jkf'k gSA
TT cy yxkdj fdlh oLrq dks cy dh fn'kk esa foLFkkfir djus
TT cy vk?kw.kZ dk ek=kd U;wVu&ehVj gksrk gSA
dh fozQ;k dks dk;Z dgrs gSaA dk;Z ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA bldk
TT ,d ,slk lk/u ftlosQ ekè;e ls fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks lqfo/k]
S.I. ek=kd twy gksrk gSA
ljyrk vkSj de le; esa fd;k tk ldrk gS mls ljy
dk;Z = cy × cy dh fn'kk esa foLFkkiu
e'khu (Simple Machines) dgrs gSaA ;g cy vk?kw.kZ osQ
TT fdlh oLrq dh dk;Z djus dh {kerk dks ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA ÅtkZ
fl¼kar ij dk;Z djrh gSA tSls&mÙkksyd] f?kjuh] vkur ry]
,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA bldk S.I. ek=kd twy gSA
LozwQ tSd vkfnA
TT dk;Z }kjk izkIr ÅtkZ dks ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA ;g nks izdkj
TT mÙkksyd ,d lh/h ;k Vs<+h NM+ gksrh gS tks fdlh fuf'pr
dh gksrh gS& (1) xfrt ÅtkZ (2) fLFkfrt ÅtkZ
fcanq osQ pkjksa vksj Lora=krkiwoZd ?kwe ldrh gSA
TT xfr djrh gqbZ fdlh oLrq esa mldh xfr osQ dkj.k tks ÅtkZ
TT mÙkksyd (Lever) osQ rhu fcanq gksrs gSa&vkyac] vk;kl rFkk
mRiUu gksrh gS] mls xfrt ÅtkZ (Kinetic Energy) dgrs
HkkjA
gSaA
TT mÙkksyd osQ izdkj & (1) izFke Js.kh osQ mÙkksyd (2) f}rh;
1
KE = mv2 Js.kh osQ mÙkksyd (3) r`rh; Js.kh osQ mÙkksyd
2
TT izFke Js.kh osQ mÙkksyd osQ mnkgj.k & oSaQph] fiykl]
TT fdlh oLrq esa mldh fLFkfr vkSj voLFkk osQ dkj.k mlesa flaMklh] dhy m[kkM+us dh e'khu] 'kf'k] >wyk] lkbfdy dk
tks ÅtkZ mRiUu gksrh gS mls fLFkfrt ÅtkZ (Potential czsd] gSaM iaiA
Energy) dgrs gSaA TT f}rh; Js.kh osQ mÙkksyd osQ mnkgj.k & ljkSrk] uhacw
PE = mgh fupksM+us dh e'khu] ,d ifg, dh owQM+k <ksus dh e'khu vkfnA
tgk¡ m = nzO;eku TT r`rh; Js.kh osQ mÙkksyd osQ mnkgj.k& fpeVk] euq"; dk
g = xq#Rotfur Roj.k gkFkA
h = Å¡pkbZ TT cy og cká dkjd gS tks fdlh oLrq dk vkdkj] vko`Qfr
TT ÅtkZ u rks mRiUu dh tk ldrh gS vkSj u u"V dh tk ldrh rFkk voLFkk dks ifjofrZr dj ldrk gSA
gSA ÅtkZ osQoy ,d :i ls nwljs :i esa ifjofrZr dh tk TT cy osQ izdkj] xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy] fo|qr pqacdh; cy] izcy
ldrh gSA bls ÅtkZ laj{k.k dk fu;e dgrs gSaA ukfHkdh; cy&nqcZy ukfHkdh; cyA
ÅtkZ :ikarfjr djus okys oqQN mnkgj.k xq#Rokd"kZ.k (Gravitation)
midj.k ÅtkZ dk :ikarj.k TT loZizFke U;wVu us crk;k ^fdUgha nks d.kksa osQ chp yxus okyk
Mk;useks ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa vkd"kZ.k cy mu d.kksa osQ nzO;ekuksa osQ lekuqikrh rFkk mlosQ
eksecÙkh jklk;fud ÅtkZ dks izdk'k ,oa Å"ek ÅtkZ esa chp dh nwjh osQ oxZ osQ O;qRozQekuqikrh gksrk gSA*
ekbozQksiQksu èofu ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa TT U;wVu osQ xq#Rokd"kZ.k osQ fu;ekuqlkj]
ykmMLihdj fo|qr ÅtkZ dks èofu ÅtkZ esa m1m2
F =G
lksyj lsy lkSj ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa r2
V~;wc ykbV fo|qr ÅtkZ dks izdk'k ÅtkZ esa TT G ,d fu;rkad gksrk gS] ftls lkoZf=kd xq#Rokd"kZ.k fu;rkad
fo|qr eksVj fo|qr ÅtkZ dks ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ esa dgrs gSaA ftldk eku 6.67 × 10–11 U;wVu&ehVj2@fdxzk2
flrkj ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ dks èofu ÅtkZ esa gksrk gSA
fo|qr cYc fo|qr ÅtkZ dks izdk'k ÅtkZ esa TT xq#Ro og vkd"kZ.k cy gksrk gS ftlosQ dkj.k i`Foh fdlh
fo|qr lsy jklk;fud ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa oLrq dks vius osaQnz dh vksj [khaprh gSA
TT bl cy osQ }kjk tks Roj.k mRiUu gksrk gS] mls xq#Ro tfur
TT og cy ftlosQ dkj.k fdlh xfr'khy oLrq esa] osaQnz ls nwj
193
Roj.k (g) dgrs gSaA TT i`Foh osQ fy, iyk;u osx dk eku 11-2 fdeh@lsd.M gSA
g osQ eku esa ifjorZu 2GM e
iyk;u osx Vescape =
1. i`Foh dh lrg ls Åij ;k uhps tkus ij 'g' dk eku Re
c<+ tkrk gSA TT iyk;u osx fi.M osQ nzO;eku ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gSA
2. /zqoksa ij 'g' dk eku vf/dre (Maximum) gksrk gSA TT fdlh oLrq osQ nzO;eku vkSj osx osQ xq.kuiQy dks ml oLrq
3. Hkweè; js[kk (fo"kqor js[kk ij) (Equator) ij 'g' dk dk laosx dgrs gSaA
eku U;wure (Minimum) gksrk gSA TT tc dksbZ cM+k osx fdlh oLrq ij FkksM+s le; osQ fy, dk;Z
4. i`Foh dh ?kw.kZu xfr ?kVus ij 'g' dk eku c<+ tkrk gSA djrk gS] rks cy rFkk le; varjky osQ xq.kuiQy dks ml cy
dk vkosx dgrs gSaA
5. i`Foh dh ?kw.kZu xfr c<+us ij 'g' dk eku ?kV tkrk gSA
vkosx = cy × le; varjky = laosx esa ifjorZu
(fo"kqor js[kk ij)
TT o`Ùkh; iFk esa xfr djus okys d.k ij ,d cy dk;Z djrk gS]
fyÝV esa fi.M dk Hkkj (Weight of a Body in Lift) ftldh fn'kk lnSo o`Ùk osQ osaQnz dh vksj gksrh gS] bls vfHkosaQnz
1. ;fn uhps mrjrs le; fyÝV dh Mksjh VwV tk, rks og cy (Centripetal Force) dgrs gSaA
eqDr fiaM dh Hkk¡fr uhps fxjrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa fyÝV TT vfHkosaQnz cy osQ mnkgj.k
esa fLFkr fi.M dk Hkkj 'kwU; gksrk gSA 1. igkM+ksa ij cuh lM+dksa dk ckgjh Hkkx Åij dh vksj mBk
2. tc fyÝV Åij dh vksj tkrh gS rks fyÝV esa fLFkr jgrk gSA lM+d ij pyus okyh xkfM+;k¡ vius vki osaQnz
fi.M dk Hkkj c<+k gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA dh vksj >qd tkrh gSaA
3. tc fyÝV ,d leku osx ls Åij ;k uhps xfr djrh 2. vkdk'k esa mM+rk gqvk gokbZ tgkt tc {kSfrt o`Ùkkdkj
gS rks fyÝV esa fLFkr fi.M osQ Hkkj esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha i{k esa eqM+rk gS rc ;g frjNk gksdj vfHkosaQnz cy izkIr
izrhr gksrk gSA dj ysrk gSA
4. tc fyÝV uhps dh vksj tkrh gS rks fyÝV esa fLFkr fi.M TT Mksjh ls ca/s gq, ,d iRFkj dks rsth ls o`Ùk esa ?kqek;k tkrk
dk Hkkj ?kVk gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA gS vkSj ?kqekus osQ le; Mksjh VwV tkus ij iRFkj mM+ tkrk gSA
5. ;fn fyÝV osQ uhps mrjrs le; fyÝV dk Roj.k xq#Roh; ;g o`Ùkh; xfr dk mnkgj.k gSA
Roj.k ls vf/d gks rks fyÝV esa fLFkr fi.M mldh iQ'kZ TT tc dksbZ d.k fdlh o`Ùkkdkj ekxZ ij xfr djrk gS vkSj
ls mBdj mldh Nr ls tk yxsxkA izkjafHkd fLFkfr osQ lkis{k] d.k ftrus dks.k ls ?kwe tkrk gS]
xzgksa osQ xfr ls lacaf/r osQiyj dk fu;e mls dks.kh; foLFkkiu (Angular Displacement) dgrs
TT lHkh xzg lw;Z osQ pkjksa vksj nh?kZo`Ùkkdkj d{kk (Elliptical
gSaA
TT dks.kh; foLFkkiu dk ek=kd jsfM;u (Radian) gksrk gSA ;g
Orbit) esa ifjozQe.k djrs gSa rFkk d{kkvksa osQ ,d iQksdl
ij lw;Z fLFkr gksrk gSA ,d lfn'k jkf'k gSA
TT tc fdlh oLrq dks {kSfrt esa fdlh dks.k ij isaQdk tk, rks
TT lHkh xzg dk {ks=kh; osx fu;r jgrk gSA bldk izHkko ;g gksrk
gS tc xzg lw;Z osQ fudV gksrk gS] rks mldk osx c<+ tkrk gS isaQdus osQ ckn og xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy osQ v/hu oozQh; xfr
vkSj tc nwj gksrk gS] rks mldk osx de gks tkrk gSA djrh gSA ;gk¡ ok;q osQ izfrjks/ dks 'kwU; ;k ux.; ekurs gSa
TT tks xzg lw;Z ls ftruh vf/d nwjh ij gksxk] mldk ifjozQe.k
bls iz{ksI; xfr (Projectile Motion) dgrs gSaA
dky mruk gh vf/d gksxkA vr% tks lw;Z osQ ftruk lehi TT iz{ksI; xfr osQ mnkgj.k& gokbZ tgkt ls fxjk;k x;k ce] rksi
gksxk] mldk ifjozQe.k dky mruk gh de gksxkA ls NwVk xksyk] /uq"k ls NwVk ck.kA
TT xzgksa dh ifjozQek djus okys vkdk'kh; fi.Mksa dks mixzg U;wVu osQ xfr osQ fu;e
(Satellite) dgrs gSaA
(Newton's Law of Motion)
TT mixzg viuh d{kk esa i`Foh dk ,d pDdj ftrus le; esa
TT lu~ 1687 bZ- esa HkkSfrdh osQ firk U;wVu us viuh iqLrd
yxkrk gS] mls mldk ifjozQe.k dky dgrs gSaA
fizalhfi;k esa xfr laca/h vius fopkjksa dks rhu fu;eksa osQ :i
TT Hkw&LFkk;h mixzgksa dk iz;ksx lapkj rkk ekSle lacaf/r iwokZuqeku
esa crk;kA
esa fd;k tkrk gSA
TT U;wVu osQ izFke xfr fu;e osQ vuqlkj] ;fn dksbZ oLrq fojke
TT og U;wure osx ftlls fdlh oLrq dks i`Foh dh lrg ls Åij
voLFkk (fLFkj voLFkk) esa gS rks og fojke voLFkk esa gh
dh vksj isaQdus ij og xq#Roh; {ks=k dks ikj dj tkrh gS rFkk
jgsxh og ,dleku pky ls lh/h js[kk esa py jgh gS rks
i`Foh ij dHkh ykSV dj ugha vkrh] iyk;u osx (Escape
oSlh gh pyrh jgsxh] tc rd fd ml ij dksbZ cká cy
Velocity) dgykrk gSA
194
dk;Zjr u gksA Rods) (5) blls izkIr ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ ls fo|qr ÅtkZ izkIr
TT izFke fu;e dks tM+Ro dk fu;e dgrs gSaA dh tk ldrh gSA (6) fj,DVj esa vusd izdkj osQ leLFkkfud
TT tM+Ro osQ oqQN mnkgj.k mRiUu fd, tk ldrs gSa ftudk mi;ksx fpfdRlk] foKku]
1. /wy yxs gq, diM+s] oaQcy] dkjisV vkfn dks MaMs ls o`Qf"k vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA
ihVus ij /wy osQ d.k vyx gks tkrs gSaA
ukfHkdh; fj,DVj ls lacaf/r oqQN egRoiw.kZ
2. pyrh gqbZ eksVjdkj osQ vpkud :dus ij mlesa cSBs
;k=kh vkxs dh vksj >qd tkrs gSaA tkudkjh
3. Bgjh gqbZ eksVj ;k jsyxkM+h osQ vpkud py iM+us ij 1. fj,DVj esa eand osQ :i esa Hkkjh ty ;k xzsiQkbV dk
mlesa cSBs ;k=kh ihNs dh vksj >qd tkrs gSaA iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
4. isM+ dh 'kk[kkvksa dks tksj&tksj ls fgykus ij ml ij yxs 2. fj,DVj esa b±/u osQ :i esa ;wjsfu;e&235 ;k
iQy VwVdj fxj iM+rs gSaA IywVksfu;e&239 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
TT U;wVu osQ f}rh; xfr osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj] fdlh oLrq osQ 3. fj,DVj esa fu;a=kd NM+ osQ :i esa oSQMfe;e ;k cksjkWu
laosx esa ifjorZu dh nj ml oLrq ij vkjksfir cy osQ NM+ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ukfHkd
lekuqikrh gksrh gS rFkk laosx ifjorZu mlh fn'kk esa gksrk gS] osQ fo[kaMu osQ nkSjku fudyus okys rhu u, U;wVªkWu esa ls
ftl fn'kk esa cy vkjksfir fd;k tkrk gSA nks dks vo'kksf"kr dj fy;k tkrk gSA
TT fdlh oLrq ij vkjksfir cy (F) ml oLrq osQ nzO;eku (m) TT tc nks ;k nks ls vf/d gYosQ ukfHkd la;qDr gksdj ,d
Roj.k (a) osQ xq.kuiQy osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA ;g U;wVu osQ xfr Hkkjh ukfHkd cukrs gSa vkSj vR;f/d ÅtkZ foeqDr djrs gSa rks
osQ nwljs fu;e osQ varxZr gksrk gSA bl vfHkfozQ;k dks ukfHkdh; lay;u (Nuclear Fusion)
TT U;wVu osQ r`rh; xfr osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj] izR;sd fozQ;k osQ dgrs gSaA
cjkcj ijarq foijhr fn'kk esa izfrfozQ;k gksrh gSA TT lw;Z ,oa rkjksa ls izkIr ÅtkZ ,d izdk'k dk Ïksr ukfHkdh;
lay;u gh gSA
r`rh; xfr fu;e osQ mnkgj.k TT ukfHkdksa dks layf;r djus osQ fy, djhc 108 osQfYou osQ
1. jkWosQV dks mM+kus esaA mPp rki rFkk vR;ar mPp nkc dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
2. uko dks ty esa pykus osQ fy, ikuh dks ihNs dh rjiQ TT gkbMªkstu ce ukfHkdh; lay;u ce gS tks Hkkjh gkbMªkstu
/osQyuk iM+rk gSA ukfHkdksa osQ lay;u ij vk/kfjr gSA
3. canwd ls xksyh pykus ij] pykus okys dks ihNs dh vksj TT lay;u vfr mPp nkc rFkk vfr mPp rki ij gksrk gS] vr%
/Ddk yxukA lay;u ce osQ lkFk ,d fo[k.Mu (ijek.kq) ce dks izToyu
4. oqQ,¡ ls jLlh }kjk ikuh [khapk tkrk gS jLlh VwV tk,¡ rks osQ :i esa iz;qDr djuk iM+rk gSA
jLlh [khaprk gqvk euq"; ihNs dh vksj fxj tkrk gSA TT gkbMªkstu ce esa lay;u dh izfozQ;k ,d vfu;af=kr izfozQ;k gS]
ftldk mi;ksx foèoaldkjh gks ldrk gSA
ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu rFkk lay;u (Nuclear
eki&rkSy osQ fofHkUu ek=kd
Fission and Fusion)
TT fdlh Hkkjh ukfHkd osQ nks ;k nks ls vf/d gYosQ ukfHkd esa
jkf'k ek=kd (S.I.) izrhd
VwVus dh izfozQ;k dks ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu (Nuclear Fission) yackbZ ehVj m
dgrs gSa] ftlls vR;f/d ek=kk esa ÅtkZ mRiUu gksrh gSA nzO;eku fdyksxzke kg
TT mnkgj.k & tc ;wjsfu;e (92U ) dks U;wVªkWu osQ izgkj }kjk
235
le; lsoaQM s
fo[kf.Mr fd;k tkrk gS rks ;wjsfu;e osQ ukfHkd csfj;e rFkk dk;Z rFkk ÅtkZ twy J
fozQIVkWu nks [k.Mksa esa foHkkftr gksrs gSaA rjaxnSè;Z ,saXLVªe Å
TT ijek.kq ce dks cukus osQ fy, ;wjsfu;e (92U235) rFkk iznhfIr ?kuRo yDl lx
IywVksfu;e (94Pu239) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ukfHkdh; A
fo|qr /kjk ,fEi;j
fo[kaMu osQ fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr gSA
rkieku osQfYou K
TT ukfHkdh; fj,DVj ,d ,slk la;a=k gS] ftlesa fo[kaMuh; inkFkZ esa
Loiksf"kr fu;af=kr Ükà[kyk vfHkfozQ;k pykbZ tkrh gS rFkk ÅtkZ T;ksfr ÝyDl Y;wesu lm
izkIr dh tkrh gSA bl ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx vusd dk;ks± esa fd;k fo|qr/kfjrk iSQjM F
tkrk gSA (1) b±/u (Fuel), (2) eand (Moderator), fo|qr izfrjks/ vkse W
(3) 'khryd (Coolan), (4) fu;a=kd NM+sa (Control
195
foHkokUrj oksYV V vko`fr gV~Zt Hz

i`"B ruko U;wVu izfr ehVj Nm–1 dks.kh; osx jsfM;u izfr lsoaQM rad s–1
'kfDr okV W vk;ru ?kuehVj m3
nkc ikLdy Pa {ks=kiQy oxZehVj m2
laosx fdyksxzke ehVj izfr Kgms–1 cy U;wVu N
lsoaQM Bksl dks.k LVsjsfM;u sr
vkosx U;wVu&lsoaQM Ns dks.k jsfM;u rad
tM+Ro vk?kw.kZ fdxzk&ehVj2 Kgm2 T;ksfr rhozrk oSQ.Msyk cd
jlk;u foKku
inkFkZ ,oa mldh izo`Qfr TT fdlh inkFkZ dk nzo ls ok"i voLFkk esa ifjorZu ok"ihdj.k
(Matter and Its Nature) dgykrk gSA
TT ok;qe.Myh; nkc ij og rkieku ftl ij dksbZ nzo mcyuk
TT dksbZ Hkh oLrq ftldk nzO;eku gksrk gS vkSj og LFkku ?ksjrh
vkjaHk gks tkrk gS] mldk DoFkukad dgykrk gSA
gS] inkFkZ dgykrh gSA
TT ikjs dk DoFkukad 356.7°C gksrk gSA
TT inkFkZ rhu voLFkkvksa Bksl] nzo vkSj xSl esa ik;s tkrs gSaA
TT v'kqf¼;ksa dh mifLFkfr esa DoFkukad c<+ tkrk gSA
TT ,sls inkFkZ ftudk vk;ru ,oa vkdkj nksuksa gh fuf'pr gksrs gSa]
TT nkc c<+us ij DoFkukad c<+rk gS vkSj ?kVus ij de gks tkrk gSA
Bksl dgykrs gSaA tSls&iRFkj dk VqdM+k] yksgs dh NM+ vkfnA
TT inkFkZ dk ok"i voLFkk ls nzo voLFkk esa ifjorZu la?kuu ;k
TT Bksl inkFkks± dks ljyrk ls laihfMr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
nzohdj.k dgykrk gSA
TT Bksl inkFkks± esa d.kksa osQ chp fjDr LFkku nzo rFkk xSl nksuksa
TT la?kuu] ok"ihdj.k dh Bhd foijhr izfozQ;k gSA
dh vis{kk de gksrk gSA
TT inkFkZ dk nzo voLFkk ls Bksl voLFkk esa ifjorZu fgehdj.k
TT ,sls inkFkZ ftudk vk;ru fuf'pr vkSj vkdkj vfuf'pr gksrk
dgykrk gSA
gS] nzo dgykrk gSA tSls&ty] nw/ vkfnA
TT ,d fo'ks"k nkc ij og fuf'pr rki ftl ij fgehdj.k dh
TT nzo inkFkks± esa d.kksa osQ chp fjDr LFkku Bksl inkFkks± dh vis{kk
izfozQ;k laiUu gksrh gS] fgekad dgykrk gSA
vf/d rFkk xSlh; inkFkks± dh vis{kk de gksrk gSA
TT 'kq¼ ty dk fgekad 0°C ;k 32°F ;k 273.15 K gksrk gSA
TT ,sls inkFkZ ftudk vk;ru vkSj vkdkj nksuksa gh vfuf'pr gksrs
TT fLFkj rki ij fdlh inkFkZ dh voLFkk ifjorZu osQ fy,
gSa] xSl dgykrs gSaA tSls&vkWDlhtu] ukbVªkstu vkfnA
vko';d Å"ek] xqIr Å"ek dgykrh gSA
TT xSlh; inkFkZ ftl crZu esa Mkys tkrs gSa mlh osQ vuqlkj
TT xqIr Å"ek dk ek=kd twy izfr fdxzk rFkk oSQyksjh izfr
vk;ru vkSj vkdkj xzg.k dj ysrs gSaA
xzke gksrk gSA
TT xSlh; inkFkks± esa d.kksa osQ chp fjDr LFkku Bksl o nzo inkFkks±
TT 1 fdxzk Bksl dks ok;qeaMyh; nkc ij Bksl ls nzo voLFkk esa
dh vis{kk vR;f/d gksrk gSA
ifjofrZr djus osQ fy, vko';d Å"ek dh ek=kk xyu dh
TT xSlh; inkFkks± dks vis{kko`Qr vf/d laihfMr fd;k tk ldrk
xqIr Å"ek dgykrh gSA
gSA
TT ciZQ dh xqIr Å"ek 80 oSQyksjh@xzke gksrh gSA
TT xSlh; inkFkks± esa folj.k dh nj Bksl rFkk nzo nksuksa ls vf/d
TT 1 fdxzk nzo dks ok;qeaMyh; nkc ij nzo ls ok"i voLFkk esa
gksrh gSA
ifjofrZr djus osQ fy, vko';d Å"ek dh ek=kk ok"iu dh
TT Bksl inkFkZ dk nzo voLFkk esa ifjorZu laxyu dgykrk gSA
xqIr Å"ek dgykrh gSA
TT ok;qeaMyh; nkc ij og fuf'pr rkieku ftl ij dksbZ Bksl
TT rki dh xqIr Å"ek 536 fdyks oSQyksjh izfr fdxzk gksrh gSA
inkFkZ nzo voLFkk esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS] mldk xyukad
TT ok"iu dh xqIr Å"ek osQ dkj.k gh 100°C osQ xeZ ikuh ls
dgykrk gSA
tyus dh vis{kk 100°C dh Hkki ls tyus ij vf/d d"V
TT mèoZikru% fdlh Bksl inkFkZ dks xeZ djus ij nzo voLFkk
gksrk gSA
esa ifjofrZr gq, fcuk lh/s xSlh; voLFkk esa ifjorZu dks
TT jklk;fud vk/kj ij inkFkZ dk oxhZdj.k rhu Hkkxksa esa fd;k
mèoZikru dgrs gSaA
tk ldrk gS tks rRo] ;kSfxd vkSj feJ.k gSaA
TT mèoZikru esa ifjofrZr gksus okys Bksl inkFkks± dks mèoZikrd
TT rRo 'kq¼ inkFkZ gS ftuosQ v.kq ,d izo`Qfr osQ ijek.kqvksa ls
dgrs gSaA
196
feydj cus gksrs gSaA TT U;wVªkWu dh [kkst tsEl pSMfod us 1931 esa dh FkhA
TT rRo osQ rhu :i /krq] v/krq vkSj mi/krq gksrs gSaA TT U;wVªkWu mnklhu gksrk gS vFkkZr~ 'kwU; vkosf'kr gksrk gSA
TT /krq,¡ fo|qr dh lqpkyd gksrh gSa_ tSls&lksuk] pk¡nh vkfnA TT U;wVªkWu dk nzO;eku 1.6749×10–27 xzke gksrk gSA
TT /krqvksa esa ckgjh ped fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA TT ghfy;e (He) osQ ijek.kq dk vkdkj lcls NksVk gksrk gSA
TT v/krq,¡ Å"ek vkSj fo|qr dh vPNh lqpkyd ugha gksrh gSa_ TT lhft;e (Cs) dk ijek.kq lcls cM+k gksrk gSA
tSls & ydM+hA TT fdlh rRo osQ ijek.kq osQ ukfHkd esa mifLFkfr izksVkWuksa dh
TT mi/krqvksa esa ckgjh ped ugha gksrh gSA la[;k] ijek.kq ozQekad dgykrh gSA
TT mi/krq esa /krqvksa rFkk v/krqvksa nksuksa osQ gh oqQN u oqQN TT fdlh rRo osQ ijek.kq osQ ukfHkd esa mifLFkr izksVkWuksa rFkk
xq.k ik;s tkrs gSaA U;wVªkWuksa dh oqQy la[;k] nzO;eku la[;k dgykrh gSA
TT rRo ijLij fuf'pr vuqikr esa feydj ;kSfxd dk fuekZ.k TT leku ijek.kq ozQekad ijarq fHkUu ijek.kq Hkkj okys ijek.kqvksa
djrs gSaA dh leLFkkfud (vkblksVksi) dgrs gSaA
TT ;kSfxd osQ fuekZ.k osQ i'pkr rRoksa osQ ewy xq.kksa esa ifjorZu TT leLFkkfudksa esa izksVkWuksa dh la[;k,¡ leku gksrh gSa ijarq U;wVªkWuksa
vkrk gSA dh la[;k,¡ vleku gksrh gSaA
TT gkbMªkstu Lo;a Toyu'khy gS vkSj vkWDlhtu tykus esa lgk;d TT izksfV;e 1H1, M~;wVsfj;e 1H2 vkSj fVªfV;e 1H3 gkbMªkstu osQ
gS ijarq blls cuus okyk ;kSfxd ty vkx cq>krs esa lgk;d leLFkkfud gSA
gSA TT fHkUu&fHkUu ijek.kq ozQekad ijarq leku ijek.kq Hkkj okys
TT ;kSfxd dkcZfud ;k vdkcZfud gksrk gSA ijek.kqvksa dks leHkkfjd (vkblksckj) dgrs gSaA
TT dkcZu vkSj gkbMªkstu ls feydj cus ;kSfxd gkbMªksdkcZu TT leHkkfjdksa esa izksVkWuksa dh la[;k,¡ fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gS ijarq
dgykrs gSaA U;wVªkWuksa vkSj izksVkWuksa dh la[;kvksa dk ;ksx leku gksrk gSA
TT dkcZfud ;kSfxd ouLifr rFkk tho&tarqvksa ls Hkh izkIr fd;k TT vkWxZu 18Ar40, iksVSf'k;e 19K40 vkSj oSQfY'k;e 20Ca40
tkrk gS_ tSls&rsy] olk vkfnA lHkh leHkkfjd gSaA
TT gkbMªksdkcZu osQ vfrfjDr lHkh ;kSfxd vdkcZfud gksrs gSaA TT leku U;wVªkWuksa la[;kvksa okys ijek.kqvksa dks leU;wVªkWfud
TT vdkcZfud ;kSfxd ouLifr vkSj tho&tarqvksa ls izkIr ugha dgrs gSaA
fd;s tk ldrs gSaA TT
1
H3 rFkk 2He4 leU;wVªkWfud gSaA
TT ued] lksfM;e dkcksZusV vkfn vdkcZfud ;kSfxd gSaA TT leku bysDVªkWfud la[;kvksa okys ijek.kqvksa vkSj vk;uksa dks
TT nks ;k nks ls vf/d rRoksa dks fdlh Hkh vuqikr esa feykus ij lebysDVªkWfud dgrs gSaA
feJ.k izkIr gksrk gSA TT Ne vkSj Na+ le&bysDVªkWfud gSaA
TT fuf'pr vuqikr esa vO;;ksa dks feykus ij lekax feJ.k izkIr TT ikÅyh osQ viotZu fu;e osQ vuqlkj] fdUgha nks bysDVªkWuksa
gksrk gSA osQ fy;s pkjksa Dok.Ve la[;kvksa dk eku leku ugha gks ldrk
TT ty esa phuh ;k ued dk ?kksy lekaxh feJ.k gSA gSA
TT vfuf'pr vuqikr esa vO;oksa dks feykus ij fo"kekaxh feJ.k TT gq.M osQ vf/dre cgqyrk fu;ekuqlkj] ,d gh midks'k
izkIr gksrk gSA osQ d{kdksa esa bysDVªkuksa dk ;qXeu rc rd ugha gks ldrk
TT fo"kekaxh feJ.k esa inkFkks± osQ d.kksa dks vyx&vyx ns[kk tk tc rd ml midks'k osQ lHkh d{kdksa esa ,d&,d bysDVªkWu
ldrk gSA u vk tk;sA
TT rsy vkSj ikuh dk ?kksy fo"kekaxh feJ.k gSA TT gkbtsucxZ osQ fl¼kar osQ vuqlkj] fdlh d.k dh fLFkfr vkSj
osx dk ,d lkFk lVhd fu/kZj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ijek.kq lajpuk (Atomic Structure)
TT vkiQckÅ fl¼kar osQ vuqlkj] bysDVªkWfud foU;kl esa d{kdksa
TT ijek.kq og NksVs ls NksVk d.k gS tks jklk;fud fozQ;kvksa esa dks mudh ÅtkZ osQ c<+rs ozQe esa Hkjk tkrk gSA
Hkkx ysrk gS ijarq Lora=k voLFkk esa ugha jg ldrk gSA TT fdlh ijek.kq dk 1 eksy mldh og ek=kk gS ftlesa mruh gh
TT ijek.kq osQ ukfHkd esa izksVkWu rFkk U;wVªkWu ik;s tkrs gSa vkSj jklk;fud bdkbZ;k¡ gSa] ftrus 'kq¼ dkcZu&12 leLFkkfudksa osQ
bysDVªkWu ukfHkd osQ pkjksa vksj pDdj yxkrs gSaA 12 xzke esa ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k gksrh gSA
TT izksVkWu dh [kkst vusZLV jnjiQksMZ us 1920 esa dh FkhA TT fdlh Hkh inkFkZ osQ 6.022×1023 d.k mlosQ ,d eksy osQ
TT izksVkWu ij ,d bdkbZ /ukos'k gksrk gSA cjkcj gksrs gsaA bls vkoksxknzksa la[;k dgrs gSaA
TT izksVkWu dk nzO;eku 1.6726×10–27 fdxzk gSA TT fdlh Hkh inkFkZ esa eksyksa dh la[;k = inkFkZ dk nzO;eku@
TT bysDVªkWu dh [kkst ts-ts- FkkWelu us 1897 esa dh FkhA eksyj nzO;ekuA
TT bysDVªkWu ij ,d bdkbZ ½.kkos'k gksrk gSA TT 12 xzke O2 esa eksyksa dh la[;k = O2 dk nzO;eku@O2 dk
TT bysDVªkWu dk nzO;eku 9.1095 × 10–31 xzke gksrk gSA
197
eksyj nzO;eku TT tc nks ijek.kqvksa osQ chp bysDVªkWuksa dh leku lk>snkjh gksrh
12 gS rks bls lgla;kstdrk dgrs gSaA
= = 0.375 eksy
32 TT lgla;kstdrk ls fufeZr cU/ dks lgla;ksth cU/ vkSj rRoksa
TT MkWYVu osQ vkaf'kd nkc osQ fu;ekuqlkj] fuf'pr vk;ru dks lgla;ksth rRo dgrs gSaA
okys xSlh; feJ.k dk oqQy nkc izR;sd xSl osQ vkaf'kd nkc TT gkbMªkstu v.kq (H2), vkWDlhtu v.kq (O2) lgla;ksth rRo
osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA gSA
TT lkekU; rki vkSj nkc (NTP) ij fdlh xSl osQ 1 xzke eksy TT tc ,d ijek.kq bysDVªkWu ;qXe dks nwljs ijek.kq dks iznku
v.kq dk vk;ru 22-4 yhVj gksrk gSA djrk gS rks bls milgla;kstdrk dgrs gSaA
TT nkc yxkdj ;k rki ?kVkdj fdlh xSl dks nzfor fd;k tk TT milgla;kstdrk ls fufeZr cU/ dks milgla;ksth cU/ dgrs
ldrk gSA gSaA
TT vkoksxknzksa osQ fu;ekuqlkj] leku rki vkSj nkc ij lHkh xSlksa TT veksfu;k (NH3) vkSj lYÝ;wfjd vEy (H2SO4)
osQ leku vk;ruksa esa v.kqvksa dh la[;k leku gksrh gSA milgla;ksth ;kSfxd gSA
TT NTP ij fdlh Bksl osQ 22-4 yhVj vk;ru esa 6.022×1023 TT tc ,d ijek.kq ls nwljs ijek.kq esa bysDVªkWuksa dk LFkkukarj.k
v.kq gksrs gSaA gksrk gS rks bls oS|qr la;kstdrk dgrs gSaA
TT 0°C (273 K) rFkk 1 ok;qe.Myh; (760 feeh) nkc dks TT oS|qr la;kstdrk ls fufeZr ca/ osQ oS|qr la;ksth ca/ dgrs gSaA
lkekU; rki ,oa nkc (NTP) dgrs gSaA TT lksfM;e DyksjkbM (NaCl) esa oS|qr la;kstdrk ik;h tkrh
TT nkc yxkdj ;k rki ?kVkdj fdlh xSl dks nzfor fd;k tk gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ Na ls bysDVªkWu ;qXe Cl dh vksj LFkkukarfjr
ldrk gSA gks tkrk gSA
TT ozQkafrd rki og vf/dre rki gS] ftlosQ Åij fdlh xSl TT ,dy ca/ < f}ca/ < f=kca/] ca/u ÅtkZ dk ozQe gSA
dk nkc c<+kdj nzfor ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA TT ,dy ca/ > f}ca/ > f=kca/] ca/ nwjh dk ozQe gSA
TT ,dy ca/ < f}ca/ < f=kca/] ca/ksa dh fozQ;k'khyrk dk ozQe
la;kstdrk (Valency)
gSA
TT fdlh Hkh v.kq esa mifLFkr dksbZ ijek.kq ftrus Hkh ca/ cukrk
gS] mudh la[;k dks ml rRo dh la;kstdrk dgrs gSaA vkWDlhdj.k ,oa vip;u
TT ijek.kqvksa }kjk lk>k fd;s x;s bysDVªkWuksa dh la[;k dks mldh (Oxidation and Reduction)
la;kstdrk dgrs gSaA TT fdlh vfHkfozQ;k esa inkFkZ dh vkWDlhtu la[;k esa o`f¼ gksrh
TT gkbMªkstu (H), Dyksjhu (Cl), czksehu (Br) vkSj vk;ksMhu gS rks bls vkWDlhdj.k dgrs gSaA
(I) osQ ijek.kq ,d bysDVªkWu lk>k djrs gSa] blhfy, lHkh dh TT fdlh ijek.kq ;k vk;u }kjk ,d ;k vf/d bysDVªkWu dk R;kx
la;kstdrk 1 gksrh gSA vkWDlhdj.k dgykrk gSA
TT ftu rRoksa osQ ijek.kq ,d bysDVªkWu lk>k djrs gSa] og ,dy TT og vfHkfozQ;k ftlesa fdlh rRo dh vkWDlhdj.k la[;k
ca/ cukrs gSa vkSj budks ,dla;ksth rRo dgk tkrk gSA c<+rh gS vkWDlhdj.k dgykrh gSA
TT vkWDlhtu (O), lYiQj (S), eSXuhf'k;e (Mg), oSQfY'k;e TT fdlh vfHkfozQ;k esa inkFkZ dh vkWDlhtu la[;k esa deh gksrh
(Ca), ftad (Zn), ysM (Pb) vkfn dh la;kstdrk 2 gksrh gS rks bls vip;u dgrs gSaA
gSA TT fdlh vfHkfozQ;k esa inkFkZ dh gkbMªkstu la[;k esa o`f¼ gksrh
TT ftu rRoksa osQ ijek.kq nks bysDVªkWu lk>k djrs gSa] og f}ca/ gS rks bls vip;u dgrs gSaA
cukrs gSa vkSj budks f}la;ksth rRo dgk tkrk gSA TT fdlh ijek.kq] vk;u ;k v.kq }kjk ,d ;k vf/d bysDVªkWu
TT ukbVªkstu (N), iQkWLiQksjl (P), ,sY;qfefu;e (Al) vkfn dh xzg.k djuk vip;u dgykrk gSA
la;kstdrk 3 gksrh gSA TT og vfHkfozQ;k ftlesa fdlh rRo dh vkWDlhdj.k la[;k ?kVrh
TT ftu rRoksa osQ ijek.kq 3 bysDVªkWu lk>k djrs gSa] og f=kcU/ gS vip;u dgykrh gSA
cukrs gSa vkSj budks f=kla;ksth rRo dgk tkrk gSA TT vip;u dks vodj.k Hkh dgrs gSaA
TT dkcZu (C), flfydkWu vkfn dh la;kstdrk 4 gksrh gSA TT og inkFkZ tks nwljs inkFkZ tks nwljs inkFkZ dh vkWDlhdj.k
TT ftu rRoksa osQ ijek.kq 4 bysDVªkWu lk>k djrs gSa] og prqFkZ la[;k c<+k nsrk gS vkWDlhdkjd dgykrk gSA
cU/ cukrs gSa vkSj budks prqFkZ&la;ksth rRo dgk tkrk gSA TT vfHkfozQ;k esa ftl inkFkZ dk vip;u gksrk gS] vkWDlhdkjd
TT dkWij (Cu), vk;ju (Fe), ejdjh (Hg) vkfn ifjorhZ dgykrk gSA
la;kstdrk,¡ (,d ls vf/d la;kstdrk,¡) iznf'kZr djrs gSaA TT iksVSf'k;e ijeSaxusV (KMnO4)
TT la;kstdrk rhu izdkj dh gksrh gS&lgla;kstdrk] TT iksVSf'k;e MkbozQksesV (K2Cr2O7)
milgla;kstdrk vkSj oS|qr la;kstdrkA
198
TT ukbfVªd vEy (HNO3) TT esaMyhiQ dh vkorZ lkj.kh esa leLFkkfudksa dh fLFkfr Li"V
TT gSykstu (CL2, Br2, I2) ugha FkhA
TT gkbMªkstu ijkWDlkbM (H2O2) vkfn izeq[k vkWDlhdkjd gSA TT esaMyhiQ dh vkorZ lkj.kh esa gkbMªkstu dk LFkku fuf'pr
TT og inkFkZ tks nwljs inkFkZ dh vkWDlhdj.k la[;k ?kVk nsrk gS] ugha FkkA
vipk;d dgykrk gSA TT 8osa oxZ esa rhu rRoksa dks ,d lkFk lewfgr djuk Hkh esaMyhiQ
TT vfHkfozQ;k esa ftl inkFkZ dk vkWDlhdj.k gksrk gS] vipk;d dh vkorZ lkj.kh dk nks"k gSA
dgykrk gSA TT nqyZHk e`nk rRoksa dks ,d lkFk oxZ III A esa j[kuk esaMyhiQ
TT lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM (SO2), dh vkorZ lkj.kh dk nks"k gSA
TT iksVSf'k;e vk;ksMkbM (Kl), TT /krq ,oa v/krq rRoksa osQ chp Li"V foHkktu u gksuk esaMyhiQ
TT gkbMªkstu lYiQkbM (H2S), dh vkorZ lkj.kh dk nks"k gSA
TT LVSul DyksjkbM (SnCl2) vkfn izeq[k vipk;d gSA TT 1913 bZ- esa ekslys us rRoksa osQ vè;;u osQ vk/kj ij ,d
fu;e fn;k ftls vk/qfud vkorZ fu;e dgrs gSaA
rRo vkWDlhdj.k la[;k
TT vk/qfud vkorZ fu;e osQ vuqlkj rRoksa osQ xq.k muosQ
vkWDlhtu –1 (H2O2 esa)
ijek.kq ozQekad osQ vkorhZ iQyu gSaA
gkbMªkstu +1 (v/krqvksa osQ lkFk) TT vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh esa 18 oxZ rFkk 7 vkorZ gksrs gSaA
vkWDlhtu –2 (Ýyksjhu osQ lkFk ;k H2O2 esa TT vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh esa gkbMªkstu dks igys LFkku ij j[kk
nksuksa dks NksM+dj) x;k gS D;ksafd bldh ijek.kq la[;k U;wure gSA
gkbMªkstu –1 (cksjkWu vkSj /krqvksa osQ lkFk) TT vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh esa igys oxZ esa {kkjh; /krqvksa dks j[kk
lksfM;e +1 x;k gS tSls yhfFk;e] lksfM;e] iksVSf'k;e vkfnA
iksVSf'k;e +1 TT vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh osQ vafre oxZ (18ok¡ oxZ) esa
eSXuhf'k;e +2 vfozQ; xSlksa dks j[kk x;k gSA
TT vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh osQ ck;sa Hkkx esa /krqvksa dks j[kk x;k
oSQfY'k;e +2
gS (gkbMªkstu viokn gS)A
LVªkaf'k;e +2
TT gkbMªkstu ,d v/krq gS ijarq bldh ijek.kq la[;k lcls de
Ýyksfju –1 gksus osQ dkj.k bls vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh osQ igys oxZ rFkk
mnklhu v.kq 0 igys vkorZ esa j[kk x;k gSA
TT vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh osQ nk;sa Hkkx esa mi/krqvksa rFkk
rRoksa dk vkorhZ oxhZdj.k v/krqvksa dks j[kk x;k gSA
(Periodic Classification of Elements) TT vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh esa izR;sd vkorZ dk izFke lnL; {kkj
TT egku jf'k;u oSKkfud Mh-vkbZ- esaMyhiQ us fofHkUu rRoksa rFkk /krq vkSj vafre lnL; dksbZ vfozQ; xSl gS (osQoy igys
muosQ ;kSfxdksa osQ rqyukRed vè;;u osQ vk/kj ij ,d fu;e vkorZ dk igyk lnL; ,d v/krq gkbMªkstu gS tks viokn
fn;k ftls esaMyhiQ dk vkorZ fu;e dgrs gSaA gS)A
TT esaMyhiQ osQ vkorZ fu;ekuqlkj rRoksa osQ HkkSfrd ,oa jklk;fud TT vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh esa oxZ la[;k la;ksth bysDVªkWu dh
xq.k muosQ ijek.kq Hkkjksa osQ vkorZ iQyu gksrs gSaA la[;k dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
TT esaMyhiQ }kjk fufeZr vkorZ lkj.kh esa 9 oxZ rFkk 7 vkorZ gSaA TT vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh esa nks vkorks± dks vyx ls lkj.kh
TT esaMyhiQ dh vkorZ lkj.kh rRoksa osQ jklk;fud xq.k/eks± ij osQ uhps j[kk x;k gS] ftlesa ySaFksukbM vkSj ,fDVukbM osQ
vk/kfjr gSA pkSng&pkSng rRoksa dks j[kk x;k gSA
TT esaMyhiQ us leku xq.k/eks± okys rRoksa dks ,d lkFk LFkku TT vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh osQ fdlh vkorZ esa ck;ha vksj ls nk;ha
fn;kA vksj ls tkus ij fo|qr ½.kkRedrk vkSj bysDVªkWu cU/qrk esa
TT esaMyhiQ dh vkorZ lkj.kh esa vKkr rRoksa osQ fy, fjDr o`f¼ gksrh gSA
LFkku NksM+s x;sA TT vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh osQ fdlh oxZ esa uhps tkus ij /krqvksa
TT esaMyhiQ dh vkorZ lkj.kh esa] foxr O;oLFkk dks ijofrZr dh fozQ;k'khyrk esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
fd;s fcuk gh vfozQ; xSlksa dk irk yxus ij bUgsa vyx lewg TT vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh osQ fdlh oxZ esa uhps tkus ij
esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA v/krqvksa dh fozQ;k'khyrk esa deh gksrh gSA
199
gkbMªkstu ,oa mlosQ ;kSfxd kjk nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

TT ty dh LFkk;h dBksjrk oSQfY'k;e vkSj eSXuhf'k;e osQ
(Hydrogen and Its Compounds)
DyksjkbM] lYisQV rFkk ukbVªsV osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA
TT gkbMªkstu dh [kkst gsujh oSQosfMal us lu~ 1766 esa dh vkSj
TT /kou lksM+k fof/ (lksfM;e dkcksZusV osQ mipkj ls) osQ
bls gkbMªkstu uke ,aVksuh ysokWbtj us fn;kA
}kjk ty dh LFkk;h dBksjrk dks nwj fd;k tkrk gSA
TT gkbMªkstu dk ijek.kq ozQekad ,d gS D;ksafd blosQ ukfHkd
TT ijE;qfVV fof/ (ft;ksykbV fof/ ;k vk;u fofue; fof/)
esa osQoy ,d izksVkWu ik;k tkrk gSA
osQ }kjk ty dh LFkk;h dBksjrk dks nwj fd;k tkrk gSA
TT gkbMªkstu vosQyk ,slk rRo gS tks fcuk U;wVªkWu osQ ik;k
TT oSQyxkWu fof/ }kjk ty dh LFkkbZ dBksjrk dks nwj fd;k
tkrk gSA
tkrk gSA
TT czãk.M osQ laiw.kZ nzO;eku dk yxHkx 70% gkbMªkstu gSA
TT la'ysf"kr jsftu fof/ }kjk ty dh LFkk;h dBksjrk dks nwj
TT i`Foh osQ ok;qe.My esa gkbMªkstu 0.15% ek=kk (nzO;eku osQ fd;k tkrk gSA
vuqlkj) ik;k tkrk gSA TT Cyw vkbl okVj eqDr rFkk ciZQ dk lcls 'kq¼ :i gksrk gSA
TT i`Foh dh lrg ij vfrcgqyrk osQ ozQe esa gkbMªkstu rhljs TT Cyw vkbl xzhuyS.M esa ik;h tkrh gS rFkk bldk mi;ksx
LFkku ij gSA fOgLdh cukus esa fdlk tkrk gSA
TT gkbMªkstu osQ rhu leLFkkfud izksfV;e] M;wVsfj;e vkSj TT gkbMªkstu dk vU; ;kSfxd gkbMªkstu ijkWDlkbM (H2O2) gS]
VªkbfV;e gSA ftldh [kkst lu~ 1818 esa FkksukMZ us dh FkhA
TT M;wVsfj;e dks Hkkjh gkbMªkstu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA TT H2O2 ,d jaxghu] vfr gYdk uhyk nzo gSA
TT VªkbfV;e jsfM;ks,fDVo leLFkkfud gS rFkk b mRltZd gSA TT H2O2 dks vkWDlhtu ;qDr ty Hkh dgrs gSaA
TT gkbMªkstu ,d ok"i'khy vkSj Toyu'khy izo`Qfr dh xSl gSA TT nSfud thou esa H2O2 dk mi;ksx gYosQ dhVuk'kd rFkk ckyksa
blh dkj.k xqCckjs Hkjus osQ fy, gkbMªkstu dk iz;ksx izfrcaf/r osQ fojatu osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
gSA TT H2O2 dk mi;ksx nw/ vkSj okbu osQ ijh{k.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
TT gkbMªkstu dk mi;ksx jkWosQV b±/u esa fd;k tkrk gSA TT H2O2 dk mi;ksx jkWosQV rFkk iuMqCch esa b±/u osQ :i esa
TT gkbMªkstu dk lcls egRoiw.kZ ;kSfxd ty (H2O) gSA fd;k tkrk gSSA
TT gkbMªkstu dk mi;ksx b±/uksa lsyksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
vEy] {kkj ,oa yo.k (Acid, Base and Salt)
TT i`Foh dh lrg ij yxHkx 71 izfr'kr ty gS] ftldk 97
TT vEy Lokn esa [kV~Vs gksrs gSa vkSj foLFkkiu'khy gkbMªkstu
izfr'kr leqnzksa esa gSA
j[krs gSaA
TT i`Foh dk osQoy 3% ty gh ihus ;ksX; gSA
TT vEy dk tyh; foy;u uhys fyVel dks yky dj nsrk gSA
TT lHkh lthoksa dk ,d cM+k Hkkx ty ls fufeZr gSA
TT ,lhfVd vEy (CH3COOH) izko`Qfrd :i ls fljosQ esa
TT ekuo 'kjhj esa yXkHkx 65 izfr'kr rFkk oqQN ikS/ksa esa yxHkx
ik;k tkrk gSA
95 izfr'kr ty gksrk gSA
TT ,lhfVd vEy dk mi;ksx fljdk fuekZ.k] [kk| inkFkks± osQ
TT o"kkZ ty dk 'kq¼re :i gSA
izlaLd.k vkSj foyk;d osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
TT 'kq¼ voLFkk esa ty mnklhu gksrk gS rFkk bldk pH eku
TT flfVªd vEy izko`Qfrd :i ls larjs vkSj uhacw esa ik;k tkrk
7 gksrk gSA
gSA
TT ty i`Foh ij Bksl] nzo rFkk xSl rhuksa voLFkkvksa esa ik;k
TT flfVªd vEy dk mi;ksx [kk| inkFkks± rFkk nokvksa esa fd;k
tkrk gSA
tkrk gSA
TT ty dks loZ foyk;d dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd vusdkusd inkFkZ
TT /krqvksa dh liQkbZ esa Hkh flfVªd vEy dk mi;ksx fd;k
blesa ?kqy tkrs gSaA
tkrk gSA
TT og ty tks lkcqu osQ lkFk ljyrk ls >kx cukrk gS] e`nq
TT VkVZfjd vEy izko`Qfrd :i ls beyh] vaxwj o dPps vke
ty dgykrk gSA
esa gksrk gSA
TT og ty tks lkcqu osQ lkFk ljyrk ls >kx ugha cukrk gS]
TT VkVZfjd vEy [kk| inkFkks± esa izfr vkWDlhdkjd osQ :i
dBksj ty dgykrk gSA
esa feyk;k tkrk gSA
TT ty dh dBksjrk nks izdkj dh gksrh gS] vLFkk;h dBksjrk
TT vkWDlSfyd vEy izko`Qfrd :i ls VekVj rFkk ikyd esa ik;k
vkSj LFkk;h dBksjrkA
tkrk gSA
TT ty dh vLFkk;h dBksjrk oSQfY'k;e vkSj eSXuhf'k;e osQ
TT vkWDlSfyd vEy dk mi;ksx iQksVksxzkiQh rFkk diM+ksa dh
ckbdkcksZusVksa osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA
j¡xkbZ] NikbZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA
TT ty dh vLFkk;h dBksjrk dks mckydj rFkk DykoZQ fof/ }
200
TT ySfDVd vEy izko`Qfrd :i ls ngh rFkk [kV~Vs nw/ esa ik;k Hkh dgrs gsaA
tkrk gSA TT iksVSf'k;e ukbVªsV (KNO3) dk mi;ksx foLiQksVd cukus
TT iQkfeZd vEy yky phaVh vkSj fcPNw osQ Mad esa ik;k tkrk gSA rFkk moZjd osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
TT gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy dk mi;ksx moZjdksa iz;ksx'kkyk o peM+k TT iksVk'k ,ye ;k fiQVdjh dk mi;ksx dhVk.kquk'kd rFkk ty
m|ksxksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA dks 'kq¼ djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
TT lYÝ;wfjd vEy dk mi;ksx isVªksfy;e osQ 'kks/u] lapkyd TT ftIle (CaSO4.2H2O) dk mi;ksx VwVh gfM~M;ksa dks
cSVfj;ksa] viektZd m|ksx vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA tksM+us] moZjd osQ fuekZ.k rFkk IykLVj vkWiQ isfjl (CaSO4.
TT lkUnz HCl rFkk lkUnz HNO3 dks 3 : 1 osQ vuqikr esa feykus 1/2 H2O) cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
ij vEyjkt curk gSA
TT vEyjkt dk mi;ksx lksuk o IysfVue dks lkiQ djus esa fd;k
dkcZu ,oa mlosQ ;kSfxd
tkrk gSA TT dkcZu ,d v/krq gSA
TT {kkj Lokn esa dM+os gksrs gSa vkSj vEy ls fozQ;k dj yo.k TT dkcZu dk ijek.kq ozQekad 6 gSA
,oa ty cukrs gSaA TT ghjk vkSj xzsiQkbV nksuksa dkcZu osQ vi:i gSaA
TT {kkj yky fyVel dks uhyk] esfFky vkWjsat dks ihyk rFkk TT ghjk lalkj dk lcls dBksj inkFkZ gSA
fiQukWÝFkyhu dks xqykch dj nsrs gSaA TT ghjk rki ,oa fo|qr dk oqQpkyd gksrk gSA
TT lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM] oSQfY'k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM] iksVSf'k;e TT 'kq¼ voLFkk esa ghjk pednkj ,oa ikjn'khZ gksrk gSA
gkbMªkWDlkbM] eSXuhf'k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM vkfn izeq[k {kkj gSaA TT v'kqf¼;k¡ gksus ij ghjk uhyk] yky vkSj gjk Hkh gksrk gSA
TT lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM (NaOH) dk mi;ksx lkcqu cukus] pH LosQy (pH Scale)
isVªksfy;e 'kks/u] /krqvksa ls xzhl gVkus rFkk dkxt cukus esa TT fdlh inkFkZ dh vEyh;rk vkSj {kkjh; dh eki dks pH ewY;
fd;k tkrk gSA dgrs gSaA
TT oSQfY'k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM [(Ca(OH)2] dk mi;ksx pwuk TT fdlh foy;u esa gkbMªkstu vk;u dh lkUnzrk ftruh vf/d
iksrus] ty dh dBksjrk nwj djus rFkk Cyhfpax ikmMj cukus gksxh mldk pH eku mruk gh de gksxkA
esa fd;k tkrk gSA TT vEyh; foy;u dk pH eku lnSo 7 ls de gksxkA
TT eSXuhf'k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM [Mg(OH)2] dk mi;ksx isV dh TT {kkjh; foy;u dk pH eku lnSo 7 ls vf/d gksxkA
vEyh;rk nwj djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA TT mnklhu foy;u dk pH eku 7 gksrk gSA
TT oSQfY'k;e vkWDlkbM rFkk eSXuhf';e vkWDlkbM] {kkjh; izo`Qfr TT moZjdksa osQ vf/d mi;ksx ls e`nk vEyh; gks tkrh gS tks
osQ vkWDlkbM gSaA ikS/ksa dh o`f¼ osQ fy, mfpr ugha gSA
TT oSQfY'k;e vkWDlkbM (CaO) dk mi;ksx fojatd pw.kZ osQ TT ekuo 'kjhj 7.0 ls 7.8 pH ijkl osQ eè; dk;Z djrk gSA
fuekZ.k rFkk 'kq"d dkjd osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA TT eq¡g esa pH eku 5-5 ls de gksus ij nk¡rksa dk {k; vkjaHk
TT eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM (MgO) dk mi;ksx vfXulg b±Vksa osQ gks tkrk gSA
fuekZ.k rFkk ck;yjksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA TT nk¡rksa dk busey oSQfY'k;e iQkWLisQV ls cuk gksrk gS tks pH
TT vEy rFkk {kkj dh vfHkfozQ;k ls yo.k ,oa ty izkIr gksrk gSA ewY; de gksus ij la{kkfjr gksus yxrk gSA
TT lksfM;e DyksjkbM] lksfM;e dkcksZusV] lksfM;e ckbdkcksZusV]
iksVSf'k;e ukbVªsV] iksVk'k ,ye rFkk ftIle izeq[k yo.k gSaA foy;u (Types of Solution)
TT lksfM;e DyksjkbM (Nacl) dks lk/kj.k ued ;k pV~Vkuh TT foy;u nks ;k nks ls vf/d inkFkks± dk lEkakxh feJ.k gSA
ued Hkh dgrs gSaA TT foy;u esa fu;r eki ij foys; vkSj foyk;d dh ek=kkvksa esa
TT lksfM;e DyksjkbM dk mi;ksx HkksT; inkFkks± osQ ifjj{k.k rFkk ,d fu;r lhek rd ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
[kkus osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
foy;u dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Solution)
TT lksfM;e dkcksZusV (Na2CO3.10H2O) dk mi;ksx ty
TT xSl esa xSl dk foy;u % ok;q ,oa xSlksa dk feJ.kA
dh LFkkbZ dBksjrk nwj djus] lkcqu rFkk dk¡p m|ksx esa fd;k
tkrk gSA TT xSl esa nzo dk foy;u % ckny] oqQgjk rFkk CO2 vkSj
NH3 vkfn xSlksa dk tyh; foy;uA
TT lksfM;e dkcksZusV dk mi;ksx diM+s /ksus esa fd;k tkrk gS]
TT xSl esa Bksl dk foy;u% ok;q esa vk;ksMhu dk feJ.k vkfnA
blfy, bls /kou lksMk ;k /ksus dk lksMk Hkh dgrs gSaA
TT lksfM;e ckbdkcksZusV (NaHCO3) dk mi;ksx isV dh TT nzo esa xSl dk foy;u% ty esa CO2 dk foy;u vkfnA
TT nzo esa nzo dk foy;u% ty esa ,YdksgkWy dk foy;u vkfnA
vEyh;rk nwj djus vkSj vfXu'kked ;a=kksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
TT nzo esa Bksl dk foy;u% ty esa phuh] ikjs esa ysM vkfn
TT lksfM;e ckbdkcksZusV dks [kkus dk lksMk ;k csafoaQx lksMk
dk foy;uA
201
TT Bksl esa xSl dk foy;u% iSysfM;e esa gkbMªkstu dk foy;uA izdk'k dk ekxZ pedrk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] ftls fV.My
TT Bksl esa nzo dk foy;u% ikjs dk lksfM;e osQ lkFk veyxeA izHkko dgrs gSa
TT Bksl esa Bksl esa foy;u% lksus esa dkWij dk foy;uA TT dksykbM d.kksa dh yxkrkj Vs<+h&es<+h xfr djuk czkmuh xfr
TT vEyh; foy;uksa esa H+ vk;u] OH– vk;uksa dh rqyuk esa dgykrk gSA
vf/d gksrs gSaA TT czkmuh xfr dk fl¼kar jkWcVZ czkmu us izLrqr fd;k FkkA
TT mnklhu foy;uksa esa OH– vk;u] H+ vk;uksa dh rqyuk esa TT nks vfeJ.kh; nzoksa dks fefJr djus osQ fy, fgyk;k tkrk gS
vf/d gksrs gSaA rks ik;l izkIr gksrk gSA
TT mnklhu foy;uksa esa H+ vk;uksa rFkk OH– vk;uksa dh lkUnzrk,¡ TT ik;l dks LFkk;h djus osQ fy, ik;lhdeZd feyk;k tkrk gSA
leku gksrh gSaA TT izksVhu] xksan vkfn izko`Qfrd ,oa ,YdksgkWy] lkcqu vkfn izeq[k
foy;u osQ izdkj (Types of Solution)
o`Qf=ke ik;lhdeZd gSA
TT vf/dka'k nokb;ksa dh izo`Qfr dksykWbM gksrh gSA
TT og foy;u ftlesa fuf'pr rki ,oa nkc ij vkSj vf/d
TT flYoj lkWy vk¡[k osQ yks'ku osQ :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
foys; dk foy; ugha gks ldrk gS] larÌr foy;u dgykrk gSA
TT flYoj vk;ksMkbM dks cknyksa ij Lizs djosQ o`Qf=ke cjlkr
TT ;g foy;u ftlesa fuf'pr rki ,oa nkc ij vkSj vf/d foys;
djk;h tkrh gSA
dk foy; fd;k tk ldrk gS] vlarÌr foy;u dgykrk gSA
TT vkblozQhe cukrs le; ftysfVu feyk;k tkrk gS] ftlls
TT og foy;u ftlesa foys; dh ek=kk foy;u dh {kerk ls
dksykWbM dks fLFkjrk feyrh gS vkSj fozQLVyhdj.k :d
vf/d ?kqyh gksrh gS] vfr larÌr foy;u dgykrk gSA
tkrk gSA
TT dksykWbM foy;u ,d fo"kekaxh feJ.k gS ftlesa foys; cgqr
TT fdlh nqcZy vEy rFkk mlosQ la;qXeh {kkjd vFkok fdlh
gh lw{e voLFkk esa mifLFkr jgrk gSA
nqcZy {kkjd ,oa mlosQ la;qXeh vEy osQ tyh; foy;u dks
TT nzojkxh ;k nzoLusgh dksykWbM foyk;d dks Lusg djus okys
ciQj foy;u dgrs gSaA
dksykWbM gS vkSj izk;% LFkk;h gksrs gSaA
TT 'khjs osQ fd.ou }kjk ,YdksgkWy osQ mRiknu esa ciQj foy;u
TT LVkWpZ] jcM+] ftysfVu] xksan vkfn esa ls fdlh Hkh inkFkZ dks
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mfpr foyk;d esa feykus ij nzojkxh dksykWbM ljyrk ls
TT jklk;fud vfHkfozQ;kvksa dh xfr dk vè;;u djus esa rFkk
izkIr gks tkrs gSaA
pH eku dks fLFkj djus esa ciQj foy;u dk mi;ksx fd;k
TT v?kqyu'khy yo.kksa osQ dksykWbM foy;u nzo fo;ksxh dksykbM
tkrk gSA
dgykrs gSaA
TT peM+k idkus rFkk dkxt vkfn osQ fuekZ.k esa pH eku dks
TT izdk'k dks dksykWbM lkWy ls xqtkjus ij dksykWbMh d.k izdk'k
fLFkj djus osQ fy, ciQj foy;u dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
dks iSQykrs gSa rFkk izdk'k dh fn'kk osQ yacor~ ns[kus ij
tho foKku
TT foKku dh og 'kk[kk ftlosQ varxZr tho/kfj;ksa dk vè;;u ouLifr foKku (Botany) fofHkUu izdkj osQ ikniksa ,oa
fd;k tkrk gS] tho foKku dgykrk gSA muosQ fozQ;kdykiksa dk vè;;u
TT ySekoZQ (Lamarck) ,oa Vªsfousjl (Treviranus) uked
,ihdYpj (Apiculture) e/qeD[kh ikyu dk vè;;u
oSKkfudksa us loZizFke 1802 bZ- esa tho foKku 'kCn dk iz;ksx
foVhdYpj (Viticulture) vaxwj mRiknu
fd;k FkkA
TT vjLrq dks tho foKku dk tud (Father of Biology) lsfjdYpj (Sericulture) dPps js'ke dk vè;;u
,oa tarq foKku dk tud (Father of Zoology) dgrs gSaA vkfuZFkksykWth (Ornithology) if{k;ksa dk vè;;u
TT fFk;ksiszQLVl dks ouLifr foKku dk tud (Father of ,aVkseksykWth (Entomology) dhVksa dk oSKkfud vè;;u
Botany) dgk tkrk gSA filhdYpj (Pisciculture) eRL; ikyu
TT vjLrq us (384-322 BC) loZizFke ikS/ksa ,oa tarqvksa osQ iksesykWth (Pomology) iQyksa dh o`Qf"k
fofHkUu i{kksa osQ fo"k; esa vius fopkj izLrqr fd;sA vksysjhdYpj (Olericulture) lfCt;ksa dh o`Qf"k
tho foKku dh 'kk[kk,¡ ,UFkksykWth (Anthology) iwQyksa dk vè;;u
(Branches of Biology) vkWUdksykWth (Oncology) oSaQlj o lacaf/r V~;wej dk
vè;;u
tarq foKku (Zoology) fofHkUu izdkj osQ thfor ,oa
gkVhZdYpj (Horticulture) m|ku foKku
e`r tarqvksa dk vè;;u
202
bDF;ksykWth (Icthyology) eNfy;ksa dk vè;;u TT thonzO; ,d rjy] xk<+k] jaxghu] ikjHkklh] ylylk] otu;qDr
inkFkZ gSA blosQ fcuk thou vlaHko gSA blesa yxHkx 75-
ekbdksykWth (Mycology) dodksa dk vè;;u
85% ty] 10-20% izksVhu] 2% dkcksZgkbMªsV ik;k tkrk gSA
iSMksykWth (Pedology) e`nk] e`nk fuekZ.k] e`nk osQ
TT thonzO; nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa&(1) dksf'kdk nzO; (Cytoplasm)
vè;;u
(2) osaQnzd nzO; (Nucleoplasm)A
efeZdksykWth phafV;ksa dk vè;;u TT dksf'kdknzO; dksf'kdk esa osQUnz ,oa f>Yyh osQ chp jgrk gSA
(Myrmecology)
TT osQUnzd nzO; dksf'kdk esa osQUnzd (Nucleus) osQ vanj jgrk
VªkseSVksykWth ?kko dk vè;;u gSA
(Traumatology)
TT jkWcVZ gqd us 1665 bZ- esa loZizFke dksf'kdk dh [kkst dh FkhA
iQkbdksykWth (Phycology) 'kSokyksa dk vè;;u TT izR;sd tho/kjh dh lajpukRed ,oa fozQ;kRed bdkbZ dks
TT dkyZ fyfu;l dks vk/qfud oxhZdj.k dk firk dgk tkrk gSA dksf'kdk (Cell) dgrs gSaA
TT tho/kfj;ksa dk ik¡p txr esa oxhZdj.k fOgVsdj (Whittaker) TT Y;wosugkWd us loZizFke thfor rFkk eqDr dksf'kdk dh [kkst
}kjk lu~ 1969 esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA dh FkhA
TT tho/kfj;ksa dks ik¡p txr oxhZdj.k eksusjk] izksfVLVk] ikni] TT 'kqrqjeqxZ osQ v.Ms (Ostrich Egg) dh dksf'kdk lcls cM+h
dod] tarq esa foHkkftr fd;k x;kA dksf'kdk gSA
TT eksusjk (Monera) esa lHkh izksoSQfj;ksfVd tho (tSls& TT raf=kdk ra=k lcls yach dksf'kdk gSA
thok.kq] lk;ukscSDVhfj;k rFkk cSDVhfj;k) lfEefyr fd, tkrs TT LieZ dksf'kdk lcls NksVh dksf'kdk gSA
gSaA TT 'oku rFkk 'ykbMsu us lu~ 1838&1839 esa dksf'kdk fl¼kar
TT izksfVLVk (Protista) esa ,d dksf'kdh; tho (tSls tyh;] dk izfriknu fd;kA
;woSQfj;ksfVd tho] ikni ,oa tarq osQ chp ;wXyhuk blh txr TT dksf'kdk osQ vè;;u dks lkbVksykWth (Cytology) dgk tkrk
esa lfEefyr fd, x;s gSaA gSA
TT ikni (Plantae) esa lHkh jaxhu] cgqdksf'kdh;] izdk'k TT dksf'kdk osQ nks izdkj & (1) izksoSQfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk
la'ys"k.kh tho lfEefyr gSa_ tSls & 'kSoky] ek¡l] iq"ih; rFkk (Prokaryotic Cell) rFkk (2) ;woSQfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk
viq"ih; chth; ikS/sA (Eukaryotic Cell) gksrs gSaA
TT tarq (Animal) esa lHkh ;woSQfj;ksfVd cgqdksf'kdh; tarqHkksxh TT izksoSQfj;ksfVd dksf'kdkvska esa osQUnzd (Nucleus) vfodflr
miHkksDrk tho lfEefyr gSa_ tSls & o`Qfe] flrkjk eNyh] (Incipient) gksrk gSA fgLVksu izksVhu vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA
i{kh] Lru/kjh tho] ljhlì bR;kfnA TT ekbdksIykTek] thok.kq rFkk uhy&gfjr 'kSoky dh dksf'kdk,¡
TT dod esa ;woSQfj;ksfVd rFkk ijiksf"kr tho/kjh lfEefyr gSaA izkoSQfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk,¡ gksrh gSaA
bldh dksf'kdk fHkfÙk dkbfVu uked tfVy 'koZQjk dh cuh TT ;woSQfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk esa osQUnzd (Nucleus) lqfodflr
gksrh gSA (Well Developed) gksrk gSA mnkgj.k & ozQkseSfVu dk
oqQN tho/kfj;ksa osQ oSKkfud uke fuekZ.k] DNA o fgLVksu izksVhu osQ la;qDr gksus ls gksrk gSA
TT euq"; (Man) : Homo sapiens fo'ks"krk izksoSQfj;ksfVd ;woSQfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk
TT vke (Mango) : Mangifera indica dksf'kdk
TT puk (Gram) : Cicer arietinum DNA ,dy lw=k osQ :i iw.kZ fodflr ,oa nksgjs
TT esa<+d (Frog) : Rana tigrina esa lw=k osQ :i esa
TT eD[kh (House fly) : Musca domestica jkbckslkse 70s izdkj osQ gksrs 80s izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA
TT /ku (Rice) : Oryza sativa gSaA
TT xsgw¡ (Wheat) : Triticum aestivum xkYthdkW; vuqifLFkr gksrs gSaA mifLFkr gksrs gSaA
TT oqQÙkk (Dog) : Canis familiaries osQUnzd f>Yyh vuqifLFkr gksrh gSA mifLFkr gksrh gSA
dksf'kdk foKku (Cytology) ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA mifLFkr gksrk gSA
TT tho foKku dh og 'kk[kk ftlosQ varxZr dksf'kdk dh lajpuk osQfUnzdk vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA mifLFkr gksrk gSA
,oa fozQ;kdykiksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS] dksf'kdk foKku lsfUVª;ksy vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA mifLFkr gksrk gSA
dgykrk gSA izdk'k FkkbykdkWbM esa gksrk DyksjksIykLV esa gksrk gSA
TT iqjfoaQts (Purkenje) }kjk lu~ 1839 esa thonzO; la'ys"k.k gSA
(Protoplasm) dk ukedj.k fd;k x;kA
203
dksf'kdk fHkfÙk izksVhu] dkcksZgkbMªsV lsY;wykst (Cellulose) TT dksf'kdknzO; esa ikbZ tkus okyh piVh] ufydk ln`'k jpuk,¡
dh cuh gksrh gSA dh cuh gksrh gSA var% iznzO;h tkfydk (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
dgykrh gS tks dksf'kdk esa vr% f>fYydk ra=k cukrh gSA
dksf'kdk v¼Zlw=kh izdkj dk v¼Zlw=kh ;k lelw=kh
TT ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gS&
foHkktu gksrk gSA izdkj dk gksrk gSA
1. fpduh var%iznzO;h tkfydk esa jkbckslkse vuqifLFkr
TT ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k] ykblkslkse] jkbckslkse] dksf'kdk&fHkfÙk]
gksus osQ dkj.k budh lrg fpduh gksrh gSA ;g
xkYthdkW;] rkjddk;] dksf'kdk f>Yyh] yod] varîznO;h fyfiM rFkk LVhjkWbM la'ys"k.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
tkfydk osQUnzd vkfn dksf'kdk osQ eq[; Hkkx gSaA fuHkkrh gSA
TT ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k dk eq[; dk;Z dksf'kdh; 'olu fozQ;k dks
2. [kqjnjh vr% iznzO;h tkfydk jkbckslkse dh mifLFkfr
laikfnr djuk gSA
osQ dkj.k budh lrg [kqjnjh gksrh gSA
TT ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k esa ok;q dh mifLFkfr esa Hkkstu dk fo[k.Mu
gksrk gS vkSj tks ÅtkZ eqDr gksrh gS og ATP osQ :i esa TT jkbckslkse dh mifLFkfr osQ dkj.k ;g izksVhu la'ys"k.k o
lafpr jgrh gS blfy, ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k dks dksf'kdk dk 'kfDr Ïko.k esa lfozQ; Hkkx ysrh gSA
osQUnz (Power House of the Cell) dgk tkrk gSA TT osQUnzd (Nucleus) dksf'kdk dk lcls izeq[k vax gSA ;g
TT ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k ;woSQfj;ksfVd dksf'kdkvksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA dksf'kdk osQ izca/d osQ leku dk;Z djrk gSA
TT ykblkslkse (Lysosome) dks ^vkRegR;k dh FkSyh* TT jkWcVZ czkmu uked oSKkfud us osQUnzd dh [kkst 1831 esa dhA
(Suicidal bag) dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;s dHkh&dHkh viuh TT xq.klw=k (Chromosome) DNA, {kkjh; fgLVksu izksVhu dk
gh dksf'kdk dk ikpu dj dksf'kdk dks u"V dj nsrs gSaA cuk gksrk gSA
TT jkbckslkse izksVhu o jkbcksU;wfDyd ,flM (RNA) ls cuh TT euq"; ,dfyaxh izk.kh gS] ftldh xq.klw=kksa (Chromosomes)
jpuk,¡ gksrh gSa] ftu ij dksbZ vkoj.k ugha ik;k tkrk gSA dh oqQy la[;k 23 tksM+h (46) ikbZ tkrh gSaA
TT jkbckslkse izksVhu la'ys"k.k esa lgk;d gksrs gSa blhfy, bUgsa TT DNA (DeoxyRibonucleic Acid) vf/dka'k ek=kk esa
îzksVhu dh iSQDVªh* (Factory of Protein) dgk tkrk gSA osQUnzd (Nucleus) esa gksrk gSA
TT dksf'kdk fHkfÙk lsY;wykst (Cellulose) dh cuh gksrh gSA ;g TT DNA dh oqQN ek=kk osQUnzd osQ vfrfjDr ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k
osQoy ikni dksf'kdkvksa esa ik;h tkrh gSA (Mitochondria) rFkk DyksjksIykLV (Chloroplast) esa
TT ;g dksf'kdk dks fuf'pr vkdkj ,oa vko`Qfr iznku djrh gSA ik;h tkrh gSA
TT xkWYthdk; dk eq[; dk;Z laosf"Vr (Packaging), laxzg.k TT DNA ,d vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ gS tks ekrk&firk osQ xq.kksa ;k
(Storage), Ïko.k (Secretion) djuk gSA xkWYthdk; dks y{k.kksa dks larkuksa esa igq¡pkus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
ikS/ksa esa fMDV;kslkse dgk tkrk gSA TT blesa MhvkWDlhjkbcksl 'koZQjk gksrh gSA
TT xkWYthdk; dks ge dksf'kdk osQ v.kqvksa dk ;krk;kr izca/d TT blesa csl ,sMhuhu] Xokuhu] Fkkbehu rFkk lkbVkslhu gksrs gSaA
Hkh dgrs gSaA TT DNA f}oqQ.Mfyr lajpuk gSA
TT xkWYthdk; dk izeq[k fuekZ.k LFky XykbdksizksVhu o TT RNA (Ribo Nucleic Acid) osQUnzd ,oa dksf'kdknzO; nksuksa
XykdksfyfiM gSA esa ik;k tkrk gSA
TT rkjddk; (Centrosome) osQoy tarq dksf'kdk esa ik;k TT blesa jkbcksl 'koZQjk gksrh gSA
tkrk gSA TT blesa csl Fkkbehu dh txg ;wjsfly (Uracil) gksrk gSA
TT dksf'kdk f>Yyh fyfiM (Lipid) dh cuh gksrh gSA ;s fyfiM TT ;g izksVhu la'ys"k.k dk dk;Z djrk gSA
iQkLiQksfXyljkWbM osQ cus gksrs gSaA TT RNA ,dy oqQ.Mfyr lajpuk gSA
TT dksf'kdk f>Yyh esa izksVhu o dkcksZgkbMªsV ik;k tkrk gSA TT 1855 bZ- esa loZizFke fojpkÅ us dksf'kdk foHkktu dks ns[kkA
TT yod (Plastid) osQoy ikni dksf'kdkvksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA dksf'kdk foHkktu osQ rhu izdkj gksrs gSa&
TT yod rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSa & (1) gfjryod (Chloroplast) 1. lelw=kh foHkktu (Mitosis) % dksf'kdkvksa osQ xq.ku
(2) vo.khZ yod (Leucoplast) (3) o.khZ yod o`f¼] ejEer vkfn osQ fy, gksrk gSA
(Chromoplast)A 2. vlw=kh foHkktu (Amitosis) % vfodflr dksf'kdk
TT gfjryod gjs jax dk gksrk gS D;ksafd blesa i.kZgfjr esa gksrk gSA
(Chlorophyll) ik;k tkrk gSA 3. v¼Zlw=kh foHkktu (Meiosis) % iztuu vaxksa dh
TT gfjryod dks ikni dksf'kdk dh jlksbZ Hkh dgrs gSaA dksf'kdkvksa esa gksrk gSA
TT o.khZ yod ikS/ksa esa ik, tkus okys fofHkUu jaxksa osQ fy, TT cq<+kis osQ fy, Ageing Gene ftEesnkj gksrk gSA
mÙkjnk;h gSa_ tSls dPps VekVj idus ij yky gks tkrs gSa
D;ksafd gfjryod o.khZ yodksa esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSaA
204
Ropk (Skin) pH eku 7-5&8-0 gksrk gSA

TT Ropk esa feySfuu o.kZd (Melanin Pigment) mifLFkr TT euq"; esa yxHkx 1-5&2 yhVj vka=k jl izfrfnu Ïkfor gksrk
jgrk gS] tks bls lkekU; jax iznku djrk gSA gSA
TT feySfuu dh vuqifLFkfr esa Ropk lisQn fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] bls TT vka=k jl esa mifLFr ,atkbe ysDVst] lqozsQt] ekYVst] bjsfIlu
jatdghurk (Albinism) dgk tkrk gSA gSaA
¾¾ ekYVst % ekYVkst dks Xywdkst esa ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA
¾¾ ysDVst % ySDVkst dks Xywdkst ,oa XySDVkst esa ifjofrZr
ekuo 'kjhj osQ ra=k
(System of Human Body) dj nsrk gSA
¾¾ lqoszQt % lqozQkst dks Xywdkst ,oa izQDVkst esa ifjofrZr
dj nsrk gSA
ekuo ikpu ra=k ¾¾ bjsfIlu % izksVhu ,oa isIVksu dks vehuks vEy esa ifjofrZr
(Human Digestive System) djrk gSA
TT euq"; esa Hkkstu dk ikpu eq[kxqgk ls izkjaHk gksrk gS vkSj ;g TT vXu;k'k; esa rhu izdkj osQ ,atkbe gksrs gSa&
NksVh vkar rd tkjh jgrk gSA 1. fVªfIlu (Trypsin) % ;g izksVhu ,oa isIVksu dks
TT ykj esa ^Vk;fyu* uked ,atkbe ik;k tkrk gS tks Hkkstu esa ikWyhisIVkbM~l rFkk vehuks vEy esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
mifLFkr e.M (Starch) dks ekYVksl esa rksM+ nsrk gSA 2. ,ekbyst (Amylase) % eaM (Starch) dks
TT ykj esa mifLFkr ykblkstkbe (Lysozyme) uked ,atkbe ?kqyu'khy 'koZQjk esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
Hkkstu esa mifLFkr gkfudkjd thok.kqvksa dks u"V dj nsrk gSA 3. ykbist (Lipase) % ;g beYlhiQkbM olkvksa dks
TT vkek'k; esa mifLFkr ^tBj xzafFk;k¡* tBj jl dk Ïko.k djrh fXyljhu rFkk iSQVh ,flM esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
gSa tks vEyh; vkSj gYosQ ihys jax dk gksrk gSA
TT jsfuu nw/ esa mifLFkr oSQlhukstu izksVhu dks oSQlhu esa cny ;o`Qr (Liver)
nsrk gSA TT ;o`Qr (Liver) ekuo 'kjhj dh lcls cM+h xzafFk gSA
TT vkek'k; izksVhu ikpu dk izeq[k LFkku gksrk gSA TT ;o`Qr }kjk gh fiÙk jl Ïkfor gksrk gSA vk¡r esa mifLFkr
TT fiÙk jl (Blue Juice) xk<+s gjs ihys jax dk {kkjh; nzo ,atkbe dh fozQ;k dks fiÙk rhoz dj nsrk gSA
gksrk gSA TT ;o`Qr }kjk fgiSfju uked izksVhu dk mRiknu gksrk gS tks 'kjhj
TT ;g Hkkstu osQ ekè;e dks {kkjh; dj nsrk gS] ftlls vXU;k'k;h osQ vanj jDr dks teus ls jksdrk gSA
jl fozQ;k dj losQA TT ;o`Qr }kjk iQkbfczukstu uked izksVhu dk mRiknu gksrk gS tks
TT fiÙk jl ;o`Qr }kjk Ïkfor gksrk gS tks fiÙkk'k; esa lafpr jDr dk FkDdk cuus esa enn djrk gSA
jgrk gSA TT NksVh vk¡r rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gksrh gS&
TT ;g Hkkstu esa vk, gkfudkjd thok.kqvksa dks u"V djrk gS vkSj (a) xzg.kh (Duodenum), (b) vxz{kqnzkar (Jejunum) rFkk
olkvksa dk beYlhdj.k djrk gSA {kqnzkar (Ileum) A
TT ;g foVkfeu K ,oa olkvksa esa ?kqys vU; foVkfeuksa osQ TT cM+h vk¡r rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gksrh gS&
vo'kks"k.k esa lgk;d gksrk gSA (a) lhde (Caecum), (b) o`gnzkar (Colon) rFkk eyk'k;
TT bldk pH eku 7-8&8-6 gksrk gSA (Rectum) A
vXu;k'k; (Pancreatic) TT ekuo 'kjhj esa ikpu (digestion) dk vf/dka'k Hkkx NksVh
vk¡r esa gksrk gSA
TT vXu;k'k; ekuo 'kjhj dh nwljh lcls cM+h xzafFk gSA
TT ,atkbe izksVhu gksrs gSa tks ck;ksmRizsjd dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
TT blls vXu;k'k;h jl fudyrk gSA vXu;k'k; jl gYdk {kkjh;
TT fVªfIlu] Vk;fyu rFkk isfIlu ikpd ,atkbe gSaA
gksrk gS] ftldk pH eku 7-5&8-3 gksrk gS tks vXu;k'k;h
TT euq"; esa pkj izdkj osQ nk¡r ik;s tkrs gSa & (1) o`QUrd
dksf'kdkvksa }kjk Ïkfor gksrk gSA
(Incisor), (2) jnud (Canine) (3) vxzpo.kZd
TT bls iw.kZ ikpd jl (Complete Digestive Juice) dgk
(Premolar), po.kZd (Molar).
tkrk gS D;ksafd blesa dkcksZgkbMªsV] olk] izksVhu vkfn dks ipkus
TT o`QUrd lcls vkxs osQ nk¡r gSa tks Hkkstu dks dkVus dk dk;Z
osQ fy, ,atkbe gksrs gSaA
djrk gSA
TT blesa ,ekbyst] fVªfIlu] dkbeksfVªfIlu] dkcksZDlhizksfIVMst]
TT jnud uqdhys nk¡r gSa tks Hkkstu dks iQkM+us dk dk;Z djrk gSA
ykbist vkfn ,atkbe ik, tkrs gSaA
TT vxzpo.kZd rFkk po.kZd nk¡r Hkkstu dks ihlus dk dk;Z djrs
TT vka=k jl gYosQ ihys jax dk gYdk {kkjh; nzo gksrk gSA bldk
gSaA
205
TT buSey ekuo 'kjhj dk dBksjre Hkkx gSA TT IykTek jDr dk rjy Hkkx gS tks jDr dk 55% Hkkx cukrk gSA
TT 20 nk¡r euq";ksa osQ thou esa nks ckj fudyrs gSaA o;Ld euq";ksa TT IykTek esa 90-92% ty] IykTek izksVhu] vdkcZfud inkFkZ]
esa 32 nk¡r gksrs gSaA dkcZfud inkFkZ] gkeksZUl] ,atkbEl] xSlsa] iks"kd inkFkZ ik;s
tkrs gSaA
'olu ra=k (Respiratory System) TT jDr IykTek dk ijklj.k nkc fu;af=kr djrh gSaA
TT 'olu ,d egRoiw.kZ izfozQ;k gS] ftlesa ÅtkZ dk mRiknu TT jDr dk FkDdk FkzksfEcu rFkk iQkbfczukstu izksVhu osQ dkj.k
gksrk gSA curk gSA
TT vanj yh xbZ ok;q esa ukbVªkstu 78.09%, vkWDlhtu 21% TT jDr df.kdk,¡@dksf'kdk;sa rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSa&
rFkk dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM 0.03% gSA (a) yky jDr df.kdk;sa (R.B.C. or Erythrocytes)
TT ckgj fudkyh xbZ ok;q esa ukbVªkstu 78.09%, vWDlhtu 17% (b) 'osr jDr df.kdk,¡ (W.B.C. or Lucocytes)
rFkk dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM 4% gSA
(c) jDr IysVysV~l (Thrombocytes or Blood
TT xSlksa dk ifjogu (O2 ,oa CO2) isQiQM+s ls 'kjhj dks
Platelets)
dksf'kdkvksa rd igq¡puk rFkk isQiQM+s rd okil vkus dh
TT AIDS ok;jl T-fyEiQkslkbV~l dks u"V dj nsrk gS] ftlls
fozQ;k osQ }kjk gksrk gSA
'kjhj dh jksx izfrjks/d {kerk de gks tkrh gSA 'kjhj jksxksa dk
TT vkWDlhtu dk ifjogu #f/j esa ik;s tkus okys gheksXyksfcu
eqdkcyk ugha dj ikrk gSA
osQ }kjk gksrk gSA
TT RBC dk fuekZ.k vfLFk eTtk (Bone Marrow) esa gksrk gSA
TT xSlksa dk fofue; isQiQM+ksa osQ vanj gksrk gSA
TT RBC dk fouk'k (u"V) Iyhgk (Spleen) esa gksrk gSA
TT tks 'olu vkWDlhtu dh vuqifLFkfr esa gksrk gS] mls vukWDlh
TT jDr dksf'kdkvksa (WBC, RBC) osQ cuus dh fozQ;k dks
'olu dgrs gSaA
gheksiksbfll dgrs gSaA
TT vLFkek] 'oluh 'kksFk] U;weksfu;k] okr LiQhfr ;k ,EiQkbflek
TT RBC dk thou dky 120 fnu dk gksrk gSA
O;kolkf;d 'olu jksx 'olu ls lacaf/r fodkj gSaA
TT jDr esa vkWDlhtu dk ifjogu ^gheksXyksfcu* }kjk fd;k tkrk
TT tSls&tSls ge Å¡pkbZ ij tkrs gSa vkWDlhtu dh deh gks tkrh
gSA
gS] ftls gkbiksfDl;k dgk tkrk gSA
TT jDr esa RBC dh la[;k vR;f/d c<+ tkrh gS rks mls
ifjlapj.k ra=k (Circulatory System) ikWyhflFksfe;k (Polycyathemia) dgk tkrk gSA
TT fofy;e gkosZ (William Harvey) us 1628 bZ- esa jDr TT flfdy lsy ,uhfe;k (Sickle Cell Anemia), FkSyslhfe;k
ifjlapj.k dh [kkst dh FkhA (Thalassemia), jDr ls lacaf/r chekjh gSA
TT #f/j ifjlapj.k osQ pkj Hkkx gSa&1- ân; (Heart) 2- / TT o;Ldksa osQ jDr esa 15 xzke@100 feeh gheksXyksfcu ik;h
3
efu;k¡ (Arteries) 3- f'kjk,¡ (Veins) vkSj #f/j (Blood)A tkrh gSA 12 xzke ls de gks tkus ij ;g fLFkfr jDrkYirk
TT ân; dh is'kh; lajpuk gS tks osQUnzh; iafiax vax dh rjg (Anaemia) dgykrh gSA
dk;Z djrk gSA TT WBC ('osr jDr df.kdk,¡) jDr dksf'kdkvksa esa lcls cM+h
TT euq"; dk ân; pkj dks"Bdksa esa foHkkftr jgrk gS& gksrh gSA
1. nk;k¡ vkfyan (Right Auricle), 2. ck;k¡ vkfyan (Left TT WBC dk thoudky 12&20 fnu dk gksrk gSA
Auricle), 3. ck;k¡ fuy; (Left Ventricle) 4. nk;k¡ TT WBC osQ nks izdkj gksrs gSa&1- df.kdke; (Granulocytes)
fuy; (right Ventricle)A 2- vdf.kdke; (Agranulocytes) gSA
TT nk;sa vkfyan (right Auricle) ,oa nk;sa afuy; (Right TT U;wVªksfiQYl thok.kq Hk{k.k fuekZ.k esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA
Ventricle) osQ chp f=koyuh dikV (Tricuspid Valve) TT lcls NksVh WBC fyEiQkslkbV~l gS tks thok.kqHk{kh ugha
gksrk gSA gksrh gSA
TT ck;sa vkfyan (Left auricle) ,oa ck;sa fuy; (Left TT euq"; dk vkSlr jDr pki 120/80 mmhg gksrk gSA
Ventricle) osQ chp f}oyh dikV (Bicuspid Valve) TT o;Ld euq"; esa 5&6 yhVj jDr gksrk gSA
gksrk gSA TT jDr nkc dk ekid ;a=k fLiQXekseSuksehVj gSA
TT jDr dk ekè;e gYdk {kkjh; gksrk gSA bldk pH 7.4 gksrk TT RH iSQDVj dh [kkst ySaMLVhuj ,oa ohuj }kjk jhll canj
gSA esa dh xbZA
TT lksfM;e ckbdkcksZusV osQ }kjk jDr dk pH fu;af=kr gksrk gSA TT ,d LoLFk euq"; osQ ân; dh /M+du ,d feuV esa yxHkx
TT jDr IykTek (Plasma) vkSj #f/j dksf'kdk,¡ (Blood 72 ckj /M+drh gSA
Cells) ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA TT #f/j esa 'osr jDr df.kdkvksa dh ek=kk vf/d gksus ls
Y;wosQfe;k vFkkZr~ oSaQlj gks tkrk gSA
206
mRltZu ra=k (Excretory System) TT gkbiksFkSysel (Hypothalamus) dk dk;Z rki dk fu;a=k.k]

TT ftl izfozQ;k osQ }kjk ukbVªkstuh] vif'k"V inkFkZ 'kjhj ls I;kj] ?k`.kk] Hkw[k] I;kl] xqLlk] ilhuk] [kq'kh] vkfn blh osQ
ckgj fudyrs gSa] mls mRltZu (Excretion) dgrs gSaA tSls& fu;a=k.k ls gSA
;wfj;k] veksfu;k] ;wfjd vEy vkfnA TT FkSysel (Thalamus) dk dk;Z B.Mk] xje] nnZ vkfn dks
TT o`Dd (Kidney), Ropk] isQiQM+s] ;o`Qr euq"; esa fuEu mRlthZ igpkuuk gSA
vax gSaA TT lsjhcsye (Cerebellum) 'kjhj dk larqyu cukus dk dk;Z
TT usizQkWu (Nephrons) o`Dd dh fozQ;kRed bdkbZ djrk gS_ tSls f'kfFkyu (Relaxation), oaQdkyh ekalisf'k;ksa
(Functional Unit of Kidney) gSA dk laoqQpu (Contraction) vkfnA
TT euq"; osQ 'kjhj esa jDr dh 'kqf¼dj.k dh izfozQ;k Mk;fyfll TT esMqyk vkWCykUxsVk (Medulla Oblongata) osQ }kjk ân;
(Dialysis) dgykrh gSA dk /M+duk] vkgkjuky dh ozQekoqaQpu xfr] 'olu] ikpu
TT ;wjksozQkse (Urochrome) o.kZd dh mifLFkfr osQ dkj.k ew=k vkfn ij fu;a=k.k djuk gSA
dk jax gYdk ihyk gksrk gSA TT dksek] buflisQykbfVl] xsfuUtkbfVl] fexhZ] lsfjczy ikWYlh]
TT ;wjksozQkse gheksXyksfcu osQ fo[k.Mu ls curk gSA fljnnZ vkfn efLr"d ls lacaf/r jksx gSaA
TT ew=k vEyh; gksrk gS] ftldk pH eku 6 gksr gSA ekuo oaQdky (Human Skeleton)
TT oSQfY'k;e vkWDlysV (Calcium Oxalate) ls o`Dd
TT gfM~M;ksa osQ vè;;u dks vkWfLV;ksykWth (Oesteology)
(Kidney) esa iFkjh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
dgk tkrk gSA
TT ilhus dk Ïko.k Ropk esa ik;h tkus okyh rSyh; ,oa Losn
TT vfLFk (Bones) ,d thfor Ård gS tks oaQdky ra=k osQ
xzafFk;ksa osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA
eq[; Hkkx dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
TT ;wfj;k jDr ls vfrlw{e fuLianu (Ultrafiltration) fozQ;k
TT o;Ld euq"; esa 206 gfM~M;k¡ ik;h tkrh gSaA
}kjk i`Fkd gksrk gSA
TT euq"; dh [kksiM+h esa 29 gfM~M;k¡ gksrh gSa] ftuesa ls 8 efLr"d
TT Mk;fyfll fozQ;k o`Dd ls lacaf/r gSA bldk mi;ksx ml
osQ pkjksa vksj dk efLr"d [kksy vFkkZr~ diky (Cranium)
le; fd;k tkrk gS tc nksuksa o`Dd viuk dk;Z djuk can
cukrh gSA 'ks"k 6 eè; d.kks± esa d.kZ vfLFk;k¡ gksrh gSaAS 'ks"k 14
dj nsrs gSaA Mk;fyfll fozQ;k osQ varxZr ?kqyu'khy inkFkZ
gfM~M;k¡ psgjs dk oaQdky cukrh gSaA
dk v¼ZikjxE; f>Yyh }kjk vkj&ikj gksuk foj.k fl¼kar osQ
TT d'ks#d n.M (Vertebral Column) euq"; osQ pyus&fiQjus
vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gSA
vkfn esa enn djrk gSA
raf=kdk ra=k (Nervous System) TT d'ks#d n.M esa ,d&nwljs ls tqM+h 26 (f'k'kqvksa esa 33)
TT ekuo 'kjhj esa lHkh vaxksa osQ dk;ks± dk fu;a=k.k] lapkyu NksVh&NksVh gfM~M;k¡ gksrh gSa] ftUgsa d'ks:dk,¡ (Vertebrae)
raf=kdk ra=k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA dgk tkrk gSA
TT raf=kdk ra=k (Nervous System) osQ vè;;u dks raf=kdk TT gfM~M;ksa ls Luk;qvksa (Ligament) }kjk tqM+h gksrh gSaA
foKku vFkok U;wjksykWth (Neurology) dgk tkrk gSA TT ekalisf'k;k¡ vfLFk;ksa ls Vs.Mu (Tendon) }kjk tqM+h gksrh gSaA
TT osQUnzh; raf=kdk ra=k (Central Nervous System), ifj/h; TT tk¡?k dh gM~Mh] iQhej 'kjhj dh lcls cM+h gM~Mh gksrh gSA
raf=kdk ra=k (Peripheral Nervous System), Lok;Ùk TT dku dh gM~Mh] LVsiht (Stapes) 'kjhj dh lcls NksVh
raf=kdk ra=k (Autonomous Nervous System), raf=kdk gM~Mh gksrh gSA
ra=k osQ rhu eq[; Hkkx gSaA TT oSQfYl;e (Calcium) ,oa eSXuhf'k;e yo.k osQ dkj.k
TT osQUnzh; raf=kdk ra=k dk U;wjkWUl ls laca/ gksrk gSA vfLFk;k¡ etcwr gksrh gSaA
TT efLr"d (Brain) vkSj es:jTtw (Spinal Cord) raf=kdk ra=k TT foVkfeu D ls vfLFk;ksa esa lkekU; o`f¼ gksrh gSA
osQ nks Hkkx gSaA TT foVkfeu D dh deh ls o;Ldksa esa vkfLV;kseysfl;k ,oa
TT euq"; osQ efLr"d dk Hkkx 1400 xzke gksrk gSA cPpksa esa fjosQV~l (Ricketes) ik;k tkrk gSA
TT U;wjkWu raf=kdk ra=k dh lajpukRed rFkk fozQ;kRed bdkbZ gksrh TT xfB;k] vkFkZjkbfVl] vfLFklqf"kjrk (Osteoporosis),
gSA vkFkksZIykLVh (Arthroplasty) ekuo oaQdky ls lacaf/r
TT lsfjcze (Cerebram) efLr"d dk lcls fodflr Hkkx gSA jksx gSaA
;g Kkuok.kh] cqf¼eÙkk] Le`fr] ,sfPNd xfrfof/;ksa] bPNk TT xfB;k 'kjhj dh vfLFk;ksa osQ tksM+ksa ls lacaf/r jksx gSA ;wfjd
'kfDr dk osQUnz gSA vEy (Uric Acid) osQ Lrj dk c<+ tkus osQ dkj.k xfB;k
jksx gksrk gSA
207
TT vkFkZjkbfVl (Arthritis) tksM+ (Joints) ls lacaf/r ,d vUr%Ïkoh ra=k (Endocrine System)

jksx gSA TT cfg%Ïoh xzafFk;k¡ (Exocrine Gland) ufydk ;qDr (Duct
TT vfLFklqf"kjrk (Osteoporosis) owQYgs osQ tksM+ dk izfrLFkkiu Glands) gksrh gSA blls ,atkbe (Enzyme) dk Ïko.k gksrk
gSA gSA tSls&nqX/ xzafFk] Losn xzafFk] vJq xzafFk] ykj xzafFk vkfnA
TT euq"; esa ilfy;ksa (Ribs) dh la[;k 12 tksM+h vFkkZr~ 24 TT vUr%Ïkoh xzafFk;k¡ (Endocrine Gland) ufydk foghu
gksrh gSA (ductless) xzafFk gksrh gSA blls gkeksZu dk Ïko.k gksrk
TT uk[kwu cká oaQdky osQ varxZr vkrk gS tksfd osQjSfVu osQ cus gSA tSls& ih;w"k xzafFk] voVqxzafFk (Thyroid Gland),
gksrs gSaA ijkvoVqxzafFk (Parathyroid Gland) vkfnA
TT euq"; osQ 'kjhj esa 6 rRo ik;s tkrs gSa&vkWDlhtu] dkcZu] TT ih;w"k xzafFk (Pituitary Gland) ekuo 'kjhj dh lcls NksVh
gkbMªkstu] ukbVªkstu] oSQfYl;e rFkk iQkLiQksjlA var%Ïkoh xzafFk gSA
TT oSQfYl;e] iQkWLiQksjl vkSj Ýyksjsu vfLFk ,oa nar fuekZ.k rFkk TT ih;w"k xzafFk ySafxd fodkl] O;fDr osQ o`f¼] cfg%Ïkoh xzafFk;ksa
bldh etcwrh osQ fy, vko';d gSA osQ Ïko.k dks LokLF; vkfn dks fu;af=kr djrh gSA bls êkLVj
euq"; osQ 'kjhj esa oqQy gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k 206 xzafFk* (Master Gland) dgrs gSaA
ckY;koLFkk esa oqQy gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k 300 TT lksesVksVªksfid gkWeksZu (STH), (o`f¼ gkeksZu) 'kjhj dh o`f¼]
jh<+ dh oqQy gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k (izkjaHk esa) 33 gfM~M;ksa dh o`f¼ djuk vkfn bl gkeksZu dk dk;Z gSA
flj dh oqQy gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k 29 TT lksesVkVªsfid gkWeksZu ;k o`f¼ gkWeksZu osQ vYiÏko.k ls cPpksa
diky 8 esa ckSukiu (Dwarfiom) vkSj o;Ldksa esa ^lkbe.M jksx* gks
tkrk gSA
d.kZ (dku) 3
TT ,ozQksesxkyh (Acromegaly) lksesVkVªksfid gkWeksZu }kjk o;Ldksa
jh<+ dh oqQy gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k (fodflr gksus ij) 26 esa gksrk gSA
isQfl;y (psgjk) 14 TT ,ozQksesxyh (Acromegaly) jksx esa O;fDr dh Vk¡xs rFkk gkFk
ilfy;ksa dh oqQy gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k 24 yacs gks tkrs gSa vkSj psgjk xksfjYyk dh rjg fn[kk;h nsrk gSA
TT Fkk;jkWbM izsjd gkWeksZu (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
d'ks#dn.M osQ Hkkx - THS) FkkW;jkW;M xzafFk dks gkWeksZu Ïkfor djus osQ fy, izsfjr
xnZu (Cervical Rigion) 7 d'ks#d djrk gSA
o{k (Thoracic Region) 12 d'ks#d TT ,MªhuksdkWfVdksVªWfid gkWeksZu (ACTH) ,Mªh dkWVSDl ls Ïkfor
gksus okys gkWeksZu dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
dfV (Lumber Region) 5 d'ks#d TT xksuSMksVªksfid gkWeksZu (GTH) ;g tuu vaxksa osQ dk;ks± dk
f=kd (Sacral Region) 5 d'ks#d fu;a=k.k djrk gSA
TT FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) vkSj LH
iqPN (Caudal Region) 4 d'ks:d
(Luteinizing Hormone) xksuSMksVªksfid gkWeksZu osQ nks
oqQN fo'ks"k LFkkuksa dh vfLFk;ksa osQ uke ,oa la[;k izdkj gSaA
TT FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) efgykvksa esa
LFkku vfLFk;ksa osQ uke la[;k v.Mk'k; esa iQkWfyfdy dh o`f¼ esa enn djrk gS vkSj iq#"kksa
d.kZ vfLFk;k¡ eSfY;l] bUdl] LVsiht 6 esa ;g gkWeksZu o`"k.kksa (Testis) esa 'kqozQk.kq fuekZ.k (Sperm
mifjckgq â;wejl 2 Peroduction) dks izsfjr djrk gSA
vxzckgq jsfM;ks vYuk 2 TT LH (Luteinizing Hormone) efgykvksa esa Y;qfV;ksVªkWfiu
dykbZ dkiZYl 16 (Lutetotropin) dgykrk gSA iq#"kksa esa ;g o`"k.k (Testis)
gFksyh esVkdkiZYl 10 osQ fodkl rFkk VsLVksLVsjksu (Testosteron) osQ Ïko.k dks
vaxqfy;k¡ iSQysUlst 28 izsfjr djrk gSA
TT izksySfDVu (Prolactin) gkWeksZu fL=k;ksa esa nqX/ xzafFk;ksa
tk¡?k iQhej 2
(Mammary Gland) ls nqX/ Ïko dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
fiaMyh Vhfc;k fiQcqyk 4 TT feySukslkbV izsjd gkWeksZu (Melanocyte Stimulating
?kqVuk iVsyk 2 Hormone) euq";ksa dh Ropk ij jax] fry o pdrs vkfn
V[kuk VklZy 14 cukus dks izsfjr djrk gSA
ryok esVkVklZYl 10
208
TT oklksizsflu osQ vYiÏko.k ls ew=k dh ek=kk c<+ tkrh gS] ftls dk fu/kZj.k] ekfld pozQ dk fu/kZj.k Hkh djrk gSA
^Mk;fcVht bfUlfiMl* (Diabetes Insipides) dgrs gSaA TT vYiQk dksf'kdk;sa (a cell) ^Xywdkxksu* (Glucagon) uked
blesa 'kjhj dk futZyhdj.k gks tkrk gSA gkWeksZu dk Ïko.k djrh gSA
TT vkWDlhVksflu (Oxytocin) dks ^nqX/ fu"dklu gkWeksZu* Hkh TT chVk dksf'kdk;sa (b cell) bUlqfyu (Insulin) uked gkWeksZu
dgrs gSa D;ksafd f'k'kq osQ tUe osQ ckn ;g fL=k;ksa dh nqX/ dk Ïko.k djrh gSA
xzafFk;ksa ls nqX/ osQ Ïko dks izsfjr djrh gSA TT e/qesg osQ jksfx;ksa dks bUlqfyu osQ batsD'ku yxk;s tkrs gSaA
TT vkWDlhVksflu gkWeksZu dk bUtsD'ku xk;] HkSalksa osQ Fkuksa ls nw/ TT balqfyu izFke izksVhu gS] balqfyu }kjk Xywdkst dks
mrkjus osQ fy, yxk;k tkrk gSA Xykbdkstu esa ifjofrZr djus dh izfozQ;k dks Xykbdkstsusfll
TT vkWDlhVksflu dks Birth Hormone (tUe gkWeksZu) Hkh dgk (Glycogenesis) dgrs gSaA
tkrk gSA
tSo fodkl (Organic Evolution)
TT FkkbjkWDlhu dk dk;Z 'kjhj dh o`f¼ rFkk fodkl djuk gSA
Fkk;jkWfDlu vk;ksMhu ;qDr gksrk gSA TT vuqekur% i`Foh dh mRifÙk 4-6 vjc o"kZ iwoZ gqbZA
TT fozQfVfuTe (Cretinism) jksx cPpksa esa FkkbjkWfDlu osQ TT ySekoZQ] MkfoZu] oSysl] Mh ozht vkfn us tSo fodkl osQ laca/
vYiÏko.k (Hyposecretion) ls mRiUu gksrk gSA blosQ esa viuh&viuh ifjdYiukvksa dks izLrqr fd;kA
dkj.k cPpksa dk ekufld ,oa 'kkjhfjd fodkl vo#¼ gks TT uhygfjr 'kSoky (Blue-Green Algae) i`Foh ij lcls
tkrk gSA iqjkuk tho gS tks vius Hkkstu dk fuekZ.k lw;Z osQ izdk'k ,oa
TT ?ksa?kk jksx (Goitre) Hkkstu esa vk;ksMhu dh deh ls mRiUu ty osQ iz;ksx ls djrk gSA
gksrk gSA blesa xnZu esa mifLFkr Fkk;jkbM xzafFk iwQy tkrh gSA TT pkYlZ MkfoZu (Charles Darwin) baXySaM osQ tSo fodklfon~
TT feDlksMhek o;Ldksa esa FkkjkWfDlu osQ vYiÏko ls osx mRiUu FksA MkfoZu osQ vuqlkj lHkh thoksa esa izpqj larkuksRifÙk dh
gksrk gSA blesa jksxh dk ân; Lianu rFk jDr pki de gks {kerk gksrh gSA
tkrk gSA TT 1809 bZ- esa ySekoZQ us viuh iqLrd ^fiQykWliQh tqyksthd*
TT iSjkFkk;jkWbM gkWeksZu jDr esa oSQfYl;e dh ek=kk c<+krk gS rFkk (Philosophic Zoologiqui) esa thoksa ,oa buosQ vaxksa esa
iQkWLisQV dh ek=kk dks de djrk gSA lrr~ cM+s jgus dh izko`Qfrd izo`fÙk dks izLrqr fd;kA
TT ^fVVsuh* (Tetany) jksx iSjkFkk;jkWbM gkWeksZu osQ vYiÏko.k TT ^Mkbukslksj* (Dinosaurs) fo'kkydk; ljhlì (Reptiles)
(Hyposecretion) ls oaQdky isf'k;ksa esas iSQyko dh {kerk Fks tks eè;thoh ;k eslkstksbd egkdk; (Mesozoic Era)
de gks tkrh gSA esa FksA
TT vkWfLV;ksiksjksfll (Osteoporosis) iSjkjk jksx esa iSjkFkk;jkWbM TT mRifjorZuokn dk fl¼kar áwxks Mh ozht (Hugo de-vries)
gkWeksZu osQ vYiÏko.k (Hyposecretion) ls gfM~M;ksa esa }kjk izfrikfnr fd;k x;kA
oSQfYl;e dh deh gksus ls gfM~M;k¡ xyus yxrh gSaA TT fodklokn dk fl¼kar pkYlZ MkfoZu us izLrqr fd;kA
TT efgykvksa esa ^,UMªkstUl* osQ vfrÏko ls iq#"kksfpr y{k.kksa vkuqoaf'kdh
(Hkkjh vkokt] nk<+h ew¡Ns c<+uk) dk izdV gksuk fofjfyTe TT lthoksa osQ os y{k.k tks ih<+h&nj&ih<+h lapkfjr gksrs gSa]
(Virelism) dgykrk gSA
vkuqoaf'kd y{k.k dgykrs gSaA
TT iq#"kksa esa ^,LVªkstUl* osQ vfrÏko ls efgykvksa tSls y{k.k TT 1822&1884 esa vkuqoaf'kdrk osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh loZizFke
(rh[kh vkokt] nqX/ xzafFk;ksa dk fodkl vkfn) dk izdV gksuk vkfLVª;k osQ fuolh xzsxj tkWu esaMy us nhA
xkbusdksekfLV;k (Gynecomastia) dgykrk gSA TT xzsxj tkWu esaMy dks vkuqoaf'kd foKku dk tud dgs gSaA
TT ^,Mªhusfyu* dks vkikrdkyhu gkWeksZu (Emergency TT ozQksekslkse }kjk thoksa esa vkuqoaf'kd y{k.k larku esa ys tk,
Hormone) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk dk;Z 'olu xfr
tkrs gSaA
c<+kus] ikpu nj c<+kus jksaxVs [kM+s dj nsus] vk¡[k dh iqrfy;k¡ TT vkuqoaf'kdh laca/h iz;ksx osQ fy, esaMy us eVj osQ ikS/s dk
iSQyus vkfnA blfy, bls ^yM+ks ;k mM+ks* (Fight or Flight pquko fd;k FkkA
Hormone) gkWeksZu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
TT esaMy osQ vkuqoaf'kdrk dk fl¼kar ySafxd tuu ij
TT fifu;y xzafFk (Pineal Gland) vxz efLr"d osQ Åijh Hkkx vk/kfjr gSA
esa jgrk gSA bls rhljh vk¡[k dk vo'ks"k Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA TT ckjcjk eSfDyVkWd us Îyoeku thu* (Jumping Gene) osQ
TT eSykVksfuu (Melatonin) gkWeksZu Ropk dh ^feySuksiQkslZ* fl¼kar dk izfriknu fd;kA
(Melanophores) ij dk;Z djosQ Ropk dk jax gYdk
TT 'kjhj esa vkuqoaf'kdrk dh bdkbZ dks thu dgrs gSaA
cukrk gSA
TT fifu;y xzafFk 'kjhj esa lksus] tkxus dk pozQ] 'kjhj osQ rkiozQe
209
la?k bdkbuksMesZVk bl la?k osQ lHkh tarq leqnzh gksrk gSA

izk.kh foKku (Zoology) (Echinoder raf=kdk ra=k esa efLr"d fodflr ugha gksrk
mata) gSA
tarq txr dk oxhZdj.k
izpyu Hkkstu&xzg.k djus gsrq uky ikn gksrs
la?k izksVkstksvk budk 'kjhj osQoy ,ddksf'kdh; gksrk gSA gSa tks laosnh vax dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
(Protozoa) buosQ thonzO; esa ,d ;k vusd osQUnzd ik;s
mnkgj.k & tsyhfiQ'k] 'kSyfiQ'k] ozsQfiQ'k]
tkrs gSaA lHkh tSfod fozQ;k,¡ (Hkkstu] ikpu]
flYoj fiQ'k] oSQVy fiQ'k] LVkj fiQ'k] gsx
'olu] mRltZu] tuu) ,ddksf'kdh; 'kjhj
fiQ'k] jstj fiQ'k] fczfVy LVkj vkfnA
osQ vanj gksrh gSA izksVkstksvk ,.Vhvehck
fgLVksfyfVdk dk laozQe.k euq"; esa 30&40 la?k eksyLdk 'kjhj rhu Hkkxksa esa fodYi gksrk gS & flj]
(Mollusca) varjkax rFkk iknA
o"kks± osQ fy, cuk jgrk gSA
la?k iksfjisQjk ;s cgqdksf'kdh; tarq gS] ijarq dksf'kdk,¡ buesa 'olu fxYl ;k fVuhfM;k }kjk gksrk
(Porifera) fu;fer Årdksa dk fuekZ.k ugha djrs gSaA gSA
'kjhj ij vla[; fNnz (Ostia) ik;s tkrs mRltZu o`Ddksa }kjk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k&?kksa?kk]
gSaA 'kjhj esa ,d xqgk ik;h tkrh gS] ftls lhih vkfnA
Liat xqgk dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k & lkbdu] eRL; oxZ ;s lHkh vlerkih tarq gSA buesa 'olu
Liat vkfnA (Pisces) fozQ;k osQ fy, Dykse (Gills) ik;s tkrs gSa
la?k lhys.VªsVk ;s tyh; f}Lrjh; gksrs gSaA eq[k osQ pkjksa tks ty esa foyhu vkWDlhtu dk mi;ksx
(Colenterata) vksj oqQN /kxs dh rjg dh lajpuk,¡ ik;h djrs gSaA oqQN eNfy;ksa esa oaQdky mikfLFk
tkrh gSaA mnkgj.k & gkbMªk] tsyhfiQ'k] lh (Cartilage) dk cuk gksrk gS] ;kuh muesa
,uhesuA gfM~M;k¡ ugha gksrh gSaA
la?k rhu Lrjh; 'kjhj ijarq nsgxqgk ugha gksrhA ,EiQhfc;k oxZ ;s lHkh izk.kh mHk;pj gksrs gSaA
(amphibia) ;s vlerkih gksrs gSaA
IySVhgsfYeUFkhl oaQdky 'olu vax] ifjogu vax vkfn ugha
(Platyhel- gksrh gSA mnkgj.k % Iysusfj;k] fyoj] iQywd] 'olu Dykseksa] Ropk ,oa isQiQM+ksa }kjk gksrk
minthes) iQhrko`Qfe gSA ân; rhu os'eh gksrs gSa&nks vkafyn o
la?k ,sLosQfYeUFkht yacs] csyukdkj] v[kf.Mr o`QfeA ,dfyaxh ,d fuy; gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k & esa<dA
(Aschel- gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k % xksyo`Qfe] tSls & ljhlì oxZ okLrfod LFkyh; d'ks#dh tarq gSA ;s
minthes) ,LosQfjl] FkzsMoeZ] oqpsfj;kA (Reptiles) vlerkih tarq gSA buosQ vaMs oSQfYl;e
la?k ,susfyMk 'kjhj yack] iryk] f}ik'oZ [k.Mksa esa dkcksZusV dh cuh dop ls <¡osQ jgrs gSaA
(Annelida) foHkkftrA ân; lkekU;r% f=kd{kh; gksrk gS] ysfdu
vkgkjuky iw.kZr% fodflr gksrk gSA] exjePN dk ân; pkj d{kh; gksrk gSA
,dfyaxh] mHk;fyaxh nksuksa izdkj osQA isQiQM+ksa }kjk 'olu gksrk gSA oaQdky iw.kZr
vfLFkj gksrk gSA mnkgj.k & fNidyh]
'olu izk;% Ropk osQ }kjk oqQN tarqvksa esa
lk¡i] ?kfM+;ky] dNqvk vkfnA fgyksMekZ
Dykse osQ }kjk gksrk gSA
fo'o dh ,dek=k tgjhyh fNidyh gSA
la?k vkFkzksZiksMk ;g izk;% ,dfyaxh gksrs gSa ,oa fu"kspu 'kjhj
leqnzh lk¡i ftls gkbMªksfiQ'k dgrs gSa]
(Arthropoda) osQ vanj gksrk gSA
lalkj dk lcls tgjhyk lk¡i gSA escqbZ;k
budh nsgxqgk ghekslhy dgykrh gSA fcy cukus okyh fNidyh gksrh gS] bldk
'kjhj rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gksrk gS] flj] izpfyr uke fLoaQt gSA lk¡iksa dh nzo xzafFk;k¡
o{k] mnjA mnkgj.k & frypV~Vk] >haxk Lru/kfj;ksa dh olk@rsy xzafFk;ksa osQ ln`'k
eNyh] osQdM+k] [kVey] eD[kh] ePNj] gksrh gSaA
e/qeD[kh] fVM~Mh vkfnA
dhVksa esa Ng ikn o pkj ia[k gksrs gSaA
dkWdjksp osQ ân; esa 13 d{k gksrs gSaA
210
i{kh oxZ (Aves) ;s lerkih gksrs gSa rFkk budk 'olu vax [kkt ,osQjl LosQcht
isQiQM+s gSaA ân; pkj Hkkxksa esa c¡Vk gksrk gSA xatkiu Vhfu;k osQ osQfifVl
ew=kk'k; vuqifLFkr jgrk gSA vkfozQ;ksIVsfjDl nkn VªkbdksiQk;VkWu ys:dksle
tqjSfld ;qx dk loZ iqjkru i{kh gS tks
TT dod rFkk 'kSoky nksuksa ls feydj ykbosQu (Lichen) curk
if{k;ksa rFkk ljhlì osQ chp ;kstd dM+h
gSA
FkkA isaxqbu fpfM+;k v.VkoZQfVdk esa ik;h
TT dod rFkk 'kSokyksa dk laca/ ijLij lgthoh (Symbiotic)
tkrh gSA Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k fpfM+;k?kj &
vyhiqj (dksydkrk) ,oa fo'o dk lcls tSlk gksrk gSA
TT ykbosQu (Lichen) ok;q iznw"k.k osQ laosQrd gksrs gSaA tgk¡ ok;q
cM+k fpfM+;k?kj ozwQtj us'kuy ikoZQ nf{k.k
vizQhdk esa gSA iznw"k.k vf/d gksrk gS_ ogk¡ ykbosQu ugha mxrs gSaA
TT ykbosQu SO2 dk loksZÙke lwpd gSA
Lruh oxZ Ropk ij Losn xzafFk;k¡ ;k rsy xzafFk;k¡ ik;h
(Mammalia) TT ykbosQu e`nk fuekZ.k dh izfozQ;k esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
tkrh gSaA buosQ yky #f/jk.kqvksa esa osQUnzd
TT ijesfy;k lsDlfVfyl dk mi;ksx fexhZ dh nok cukus esa
ugha gksrk gSA blesa nk¡r thou esa nks ckj
fudyrs gSa blfy, bUgsa f}ckjnUrh dgrs gSaA fd;k tkrk gSA
TT ykbosQu dk iz;ksx [kk| inkFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA
oxZ Lru/kjh rhu ;wFkhfj;k& iw.kZ fodflr f'k'kqvksa dks tUe
TT ykscsfj;k] bjosfu;k] jsesfuyk vkfn ykbosQu dk mi;ksx b=k
mioxks± esa c¡Vk gS nsrs gSa_ tSls euq";A esVkFkhfj;k vifjiDo
cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
cPpksa dks tUe nsrs gSa tks eklwZfi;yr uked
FkSyh fodflr gksus rd jgrk gSA mnkgj.k thok.kq (Bacteria)
& oaQxk#A izksVksFkhfj;k vaMs nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k TT ,.Vksuhoku Y;wosugkWd us thok.kq (Bacteria) dh [kkst dhA
& ,fdMuk] IysfV;lA TT thok.kq uke ,gjsucxZ (Ehrenberg) us 1829 esa fn;kA
TT jscht dk Vhdk rFkk nw/ osQ ik'pqjkbts'ku dh [kkst yqbZ
ouLifr foKku (Botany) ik'pj us dhA
TT isM+] ikS/ksa rFkk muosQ fozQ;kdykiksa osQ vè;;u dks ouLifr TT NM+kdkj ;k cSflyl] xksykdkj ;k dksdl] dksek vkdkj
foKku dgrs gSaA thok.kqvksa osQ izdkj gSaA
TT ouLifr txr dk oxhZdj.k foYgse vkbDysj us 1883 bZ- esa TT ok;qe.My dh N2 dk fLFkjhdj.k ,sukchuk (Anabaena)
fd;k gSA rFkk ukWuLVkWd (Nostoc) uked lk;ukscSDVhfj;k osQ }kjk
TT viq"iksn~fHkn ikS/ksa (Cryptogamus) esa iq"i rFkk cht ugha gksrk gSA
gksrs gSaA TT jkbtksfc;e thok.kq ySX;wfeuslh (eVj oqQy) osQ ikS/s dh tM+ksa
TT FkSyksiQkbVk (Thalophyta) oxZ dk ikS/k tM+] ruk ,oa iÙkh esa jgrh gS vkSj ok;qe.Myh; N2 dk fLFkjhdj.k djrh gSA
esa foHkDr ugha gksrk gSA ;g ouLifr txr dk lcls cM+k TT feV~Vh esa fuokl djus okyh cSDVhfj;k ,stksVkscSDVj
lewg gSA laogu Ård vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA mnkgj.k & dod] (Azotobacter) ,oa ,tksLikbfjye (Azospirillum) rFkk
'kSoky vkfnA DyksLVªhfM;e (Clostridum) gSA ;g feV~Vh osQ d.kksa osQ
TT 'kSoky (Algae) osQ vè;;u dks iQkbdksykWth (Phycology) chp fLFkr ok;q osQ ukbVªkstu dk fLFkjhdj.k djrh gSA
dgrs gSaA TT czk;ksiQkbVk esa tkbye ,oa Ýyks,e dk iw.kZr% vHkko gksrk gSA
TT 'kSoky i.kZgfjr ;qDr] laogu Ård jfgr] vk:iks"kh gksrs gSaA TT czk;ksiQkbVk leqnk; osQ ikS/s e`nk vijnu dks jksdus esa lgk;rk
TT dod i.kZgfjr jfgr] laosQUnzh;] laogu Årdjfgr FkSyksiQkbVk djrs gSaA
gSA mnkgj.k & e'k#eA TT LisQxue ekWl dk iz;ksx b±/u vkSj ,sfUVlsfIVd osQ :i esa Hkh
TT ikS/ksa esa jLV (Rust) vkSj LeV (Smut) jksx dod osQ fd;k tkrk gSA
}kjk gksrk gSA TT VsfjMksiQkbVk (Teridophyta) ikS/s dk 'kjhj tM+] ruk] 'kk[kk
TT ljlksa dk lisQn jLV] xsgw¡ dk fdV~Vw jksx] xUus dk yky ,oa ifÙk;ksa esa foHksfnr jgrk gSA ruk lk/kj.k jkbtkse osQ :i
vi{k;] ew¡xiQyh dk fVDdk jksx vkfn dod osQ }kjk gksus esa jgrk gSA
okys jksx gSaA TT ikS/s chtk.kq tud gksrs gSa vkSj tuu dh fozQ;k chtk.kq osQ
jksx dod }kjk gksrh gSA
TT iq"iksnfHkn~ (Phanerogamus) lewg osQ ikS/s iw.kZ fodflr
nek ,LiftZyl Ý;wfexsV~l
gksrs gSaA bl lewg osQ lHkh ikS/ksa esa iwQy] iQy rFkk cht
,FkyhV iwQV Vhfu;k isfMl gksrs gSaA
211
TT uXuchth (Gymnosperm) ewlyk tM+sa iw.kZ fodflr gksrh jkstslh (Rosaceae) lsc] cknke] LVªkWcsjh] uk'kikrh
gSaA ijkx.k dh fozQ;k ok;q }kjk gksrh gSA
TT Vsfuu peM+k cukus rFkk L;kgh cukus osQ dke esa vkrk gSA ewlyk tM+ksa dk :ikarj.k
TT jsftu oqQN 'kaoqQ ikS/ksa ls fudkyk tkrk gS] ftldk iz;ksx oqQy dk uke izeq[k ikS/ksa dk uke
okfuZ'k] ikWfy'k] isaV vkfn cukus esa gksrk gSA
'kaoqQ vkdkj (Conical) xktj
TT vko`rchth (Angiosperm) osQ ikS/ksa esa cht iQy osQ vanj
gksrk gSA buosQ ikS/ksa esa tM+ iÙkh] iwQy] iQy ,oa cht lHkh oqQEHkh :i (Napiform) 'kyte] pqdUnj
iw.kZ fodflr gksrs gSaA roqZQ:ih (Fusiform) ewyh
TT ikni vkdkfjdh (Plant Morphology) % tM+] ruk]
iÙkh] iq"i] ty vkfn osQ :iksa rFkk xq.kksa osQ vè;;u dks ikni ruksa dk :ikarj.k
vkdkfjdh dgrs gSaA Hkwfexr rus mnkgj.k
TT tM+ (Root) ikS/ksa dk vojksgh Hkkx gS] tks ewykaoqQj ls
dUn (Tuber) vkyw
fodflr gksrk gSA
TT tM+ nks izdkj dh gksrh gS&1- ewlyk tM+ (Tap Root)
?kudUn (Corm) oUMk] osQlj
2- viLFkkfud tM+ (Adventitious Root)A 'kYdoaQn (Bulb) I;kt
TT ruk (Stem) ikS/s dk og Hkkx gS tks izdk'k dh vksj o`f¼ izoaQn (Rhizome) gYnh] vnjd
djrk gSA
TT izkaoqQj ls fodflr gksrk gS vkSj izjksg ra=k cukrk gSA oqQN iQy ,oa mlosQ [kkus ;ksX; Hkkx
TT iÙkh (Leaf) izdk'k la'ys"k.k fozQ;k }kjk Hkkstu cukrh gSA iQy [kkus ;ksX; Hkkx
TT iq"i (Flower) ikS/s dk tuu vax gSA cká iq"i esa nyiqat
lsc iq"iklu
(Calyx), nyiqat (Corolla), iqeax (Androecium) vkSj
uk'kikrh iq"iklu
tk;kax (Gynoecium) ik;s tkrs gSaA
TT iqeax esa ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d iqaosQlj (Stamens) gksrs gSaA vke eè;] iQyfHkfÙk
iaqosQlj esa ijkxd.k ik;s tkrs gSaA ve#n iQyfHkfÙk] chtk.Mklu
TT tk;kax esa v.Mk'k; (Ovary), ofrZdk (Style), ofrZozQkx vaxwj iQyfHkfÙk] chtk.Mklu
(Stigma) ik;s tkrs gSaA iihrk eè; iQyfHkfÙk
TT ijkx.k (Pollination) ijkxdks"k (Anther) fudydj
ukfj;y Hkzw.kiks"k
ofrZdkxz ij ijkxd.kksa osQ igq¡pus dh fozQ;k dks dgrs gSaA
VekVj iQyfHkfÙk o chtk.Mklu
TT vfu"ksdiQyu (Parthenocarpy) oqQN ikS/ksa esa fcuk fu"kspu
gq, Hkh v.Mk'k; ls iQy cu tkrk gSA tSls osQyk] iihrk] osQyk eè; ,oa vUr% fHkfÙk
ukjaxh] vaxwj ,oa vuUukl vkfnA ukjaxh twlh gs;j
oqQy dk uke izeq[k ikS/ksa dk uke ew¡xiQyh chti=k ,oa Hkzw.k
fyfy,lh (Liliaceae) yglqu] I;kt xsgw¡ Hkzw.kiks"k ,oa Hkzw.k
ikYeh (Palmae) lqikjh] rkM+] ukfj;y] [ktwj puk chti=k ,oa Hkzw.k
xzsfeuh (Gramineae) xsgw¡] eDdk] ck¡l] xUuk] pkoy] yhph ,fjy
Tokj] cktjk] tkS] tbZ vkfnA dVgy ifjnyiqat o cht
ozwQlhisQjh (Cruciferae) ewyh] 'kyte] ljlksa dktw iq"ioÙr] chti=k
ekyoslh (Malvaceae) dikl] fHk.Mh] xqM+gy vuUukl ifjnyiqat
ysX;wfeuslh (Leguminosae) ccwy] NqbZeqbZ] xqyj] v'kksd 'kgrwr jlhys ifjnyiqat
dEiksftVh (Compositae) lwjteq[kh] Hkqaxjkt] xsank] oqQlqe]
Mgsfy;k vkfnA ikni Ård (Plant Tissue)
lksysuslh (Solanaceae) vkyw] fepZ] cSaxu] VekVj] TT Ård (Tissue) leku mRifÙk] lajpuk ,oa dk;ks± okyh
/rwjk dksf'kdkvksa dks dgrs gSaA
oqQoqQjfcVslh rjcwt] [kjcwtk] fV.Mk TT tkbye laoguh Ård gSA bldk dk;Z ;kaf=kd n`<+rk iznku
(Cucurbetaceae) djuk vkSj [kfut yo.kksa dk laogu djuk gSA
212
TT ikS/s dh vk;q dh x.kuk tkbye Ård osQ okf"kZd oy; dks djrk gSA
fxudj gh dh tkrh gSA TT ftcjsfyUl dod ls fudkys tkrs gSaA
TT Ýyks,e ,d laoguh Ård gSA bldk eq[; dk;Z ifÙk;ksa }kjk TT ,fFkfyhu (Ethylene) ,dek=k ,slk gkWeksZu gS tks xSlh; :i
cuk;s x;s Hkkstu dks ikS/s osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa igq¡pkuk gSA esa ik;k tkrk gSA
TT ,fFkyhu iQyksa dks idkus esa o eknk iq"iksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼
izdk'k la'ys"k.k (Photosynthesis) djrk gS ;k iq"iksa] iQyksa o ifÙk;ksa osQ >M+us dks izsfjr djrk
TT ikS/ksa esa ty] izdk'k] i.kZgfjr rFkk dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dh gSA
mifLFkfr esa dkcksZgkbMªsV osQ fuekZ.k dks izdk'k la'ys"k.k dgrs TT ,fClfld ,flM o`f¼jks/d gkWeksZu gSA ;g chtksa dks lq"kqIrkoLFk
gSaA esa j[krk gSA
TT LFkyh; ikS/s ok;qe.My ls dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ysrs gSa tcfd TT ;g ifÙk;ksa osQ >M+us esa eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS] tks iq"iu esa
tyh; ikS/s ty esa ?kqyh gqbZ dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ysrs gSaA ck/d gksrk gSA
TT iÙkh dh dksf'kdkvksa esa ty ijklj.k (Osmosis) }kjk ,oa TT ÝyksfjtsUl (Florigens) ,d izdkj dk MkbdkcksZfDlfyd
CO2 ok;qe.My ls folj.k (Diffusion) }kjk tkrk gSA vEy gSA bldk fuekZ.k ?kk;y dksf'kdk esa gksrk gS ftlls ikS/s
TT ifÙk;ksa esa gjs jax dk o.kZd DyksjksfiQy gksrk gSA osQ t[e Hkj tkrs gSaA
TT DyksjksfiQy osQ osQUnz esa eSXuhf'k;e dk ,d ijek.kq gksrk gSA
TT DyksjksfiQy izdk'k esa cSaxuh] uhyk rFkk yky jax dks xzg.k ikni jksx (Plant Diseases)
djrk gSA TT ^jax ifjorZu* gfjekghurk ,d fo"kk.kqtfur jksx gSA bl jksx esa
TT izdk'k la'ys"k.k dh nj yky jax esa lcls vf/d ,oa cSaxuh iwjh iÙkh dk jax ihyk] lisQn ;k ekStsd iSVuZ dk gks tkrk gSA
jax esa lcls de gksrh gSA TT iksVSVks ekstsd jksx iksVSVks okbjl-Y ls gksrk gSA ifÙk;ksa esa
TT izdk'k la'ys"k.k dh fozQ;k ,d mip;u (Oxidation) fpÙkdcjkiu rFkk ckSukiu osQ y{k.k iznf'kZr gksrs gSaA
vip;u (Reduction) dh vfHkfozQ;k gksrh gSA TT rackowQ jksx esa ifÙk;k¡ floqQM+ tkrh gSaA ifÙk;ksa dk DyksjksfiQy
TT izdk'k la'ys"k.k fozQ;k DyksjksfiQy osQ xzsuk (Grana) Hkkx esa u"V gks tkrk gSA bl jksx dk dkjd VkscSdks ekStsd ok;jl gSA
laiUu gksrh gSA bls Hill fozQ;k Hkh dgrs gSaA TT cadh VkWi vkWiQ cukuk (Bunchy Top pf Banana) jksx
TT izdk'k jklk;fud fozQ;k esa ty dk vi?kVu gksdj gkbMªkstu cukuk ok;jl-I }kjk gksrk gSA bl jksx esa ikS/s ckSus rFkk lHkh
vk;u rFkk bysDVªkWu curk gSA bl izfozQ;k osQ var esa ÅtkZ ifÙk;k¡ f'k[kk ij xqykcor~ ,df=kr gks tkrh gSaA
osQ :i esa ATP o NADPH fudyrk gS] tks jklk;fud
izdk'kghu izfrfozQ;k lapkfyr djus esa enn djrk gSA
thok.kqtfur jksx (Bacterial Disease)
TT jklk;fud izdk'kghu izfrfozQ;k DyksjksfiQy osQ LVªksek esa gksrh TT lkbVªl oSaQdj (Citrus Canker) jksx dk dkjd tsUFkkseksul
gSA blesa CO2 dk vip; gksdj 'koZQjk ,oa LVkpZ curk gSA lhVh uked thok.kq gSA uhacw dh ifÙk;ksa] 'kk[kk,¡] iQy lHkh
bl jksx ls izHkkfor gksrs gSaA
ikni gkWeksZu (Plant Hormones) TT /ku dk vaxekjh jksx tSUFkkseksukl vksjkbth uked thok.kq ls
ikS/ksa esa fuEu izdkj osQ gkWeksZu ik;s tkrs gSaA gksrk gSA blesa ifÙk;ksa esa nksuksa lrgksa ij ihyk gjk LikWV fn[kkbZ
TT vkWfDlu gkeksZu nqcZy dkcZfud gkeksZUl dk lewg gS tks nsrk gSA
ikS/ksa esa dksf'kdk foHkktu] dksf'kdk dh o`f¼ vkfn dks izsfjr T T CySd vkeZ vkWiQ dkWVu jksx dk dkjd tSUFkkeksul uked
djrk gSA thok.kq gSA bl jksx esa iÙkh ij NksVh&lh tyknZz lajpuk gks
TT vkWfDlu gkWeksZu dk fuekZ.k dfydk,¡ (Buds), ifÙk;k¡ tkrh gSA
(Leaves), tM+ ls 'kh"kZ (root Apex) vkfn esa gksrk gSA T T vkyw dk 'kSfFky jksx fjax jksx osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl
TT vkWfDlu (Auxin) dksf'kdk osQ foo/Zu] tM+ fuekZ.k] vxzh; jksx dk dkj.k L;wMkseksukl lksysusfl;sje uked thok.kq gSA
izHkkfor iQy fuekZ.k] [kjirokj uk'kh dk dk;Z djrk gSA T T xsgw¡ dk VwUMw jksx dk dkjd dksjhucSDVhfj;e fVªfVdh uked
TT lkbVksdkbfuu (Cytokinins) dh [kkst feyj us 1955 bZ- esa thok.kq rFkk ,utkbuk fVªfVdh uked useSVksM gSA djuky caV
dh FkhA dh xsgw¡ dh ,d chekjh gSA
TT lkbVksdkbfuu RNA ,oa izksVhu cukus esa lgk;d gSA jksx@y{k.k rRo dh deh ls
TT lkbVksdkbfuu dk iz;ksx ckSus ikS/ksa dks yack djus osQ fy, vke ,oa cSaxu esa fyfVy yhiQ tLrk
fd;k tkrk gSA uhacw esa MkbZcSd rk¡ck
TT ftcjsfyUl (Gibberellins) chtksa dh izlqfIr Hkax dj mudks
uhacw esa fyfVy yhiQ rk¡ck
vaoqQfjr gksus osQ fy, izsfjr djrk gSA
iwQy xksHkh esa czkmfuax cksjksu
TT ;g ckSusa ikS/ksa dks yack dj nsrk gS vkSj iwQy cukus esa enn
213
eVj esa ek'kZ jksx eSaxuht dksdks nsus okyk ikS/k fFk;ksczksek osQdÅdks] blesa
yhph esa iÙkh tyuk iksVSf'k;e fFk;ksczksehu o oSQiQhu gksrh gSA
/ku esa [kSjk jksx tLrk lcls gYdk dk"B okyk ikS/k gkMZ&fofp;k ckbusdk
vkyw dk CySd gV jksx HkaMkj.k esa O2 dh deh lcls cM+k cht dksdks Mh eSj
vk¡oys esa fuozQksfll cksjksu lcls NksVk uXuchth ikni tsfe;k fixfe;k
'kyte esa okVj dksj eSaxuht thfor thok'e lkbdl
xktj esa dksVj LikWV oSQfYl;e lcls cM+h iÙkh okyk ikS/k foDVksfj;k ,ektksfudk ;g
eDdk esa White Bud tLrk tyh; vko`rchth gS tks Hkkjr
pqdUnj esa gV jkWV cksjksu esa Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA
lcls T;knk xq.klw=k okyk ikS/k vkWft;ksXyksle ftlosQ
ouLifr 'kkL=k ls lacaf/r oqQN vU; fMIykW;M dksf'kdk esa 1266
egRoiw.kZ rF; xq.klw=k gksrs gSaA
TT ,tksyk uked tyh; iQuZ dks tSo moZjd osQ :i esa iz;qDr
ikfjfLFkfrdh (Ecology)
fd;k tkrk gSA
TT tho/kfj;ksa vkSj muosQ okrkoj.k osQ ikjLifjd laca/ksa osQ
TT ykSax] iwQy dh dyh ls izkIr gksrh gSA
TT gsjksbu viQhe iksLrk ls izkIr gksrh gSA
vè;;u dks ikfjfLFkfrdh foKku dgrs gSaA
TT 2, 4-D [kjirokjuk'kh gSA TT HkkSxksfyd {ks=k esa fuokl djus okyh fofHkUu lef"V;ksa dks
TT oqQuSu fludksuk ikni dh Nky ls izkIr gksrk gSA tSfod leqnk; (Biotic Community) dgrs gSaA
TT iÙkksa osQ yky] ukjaxh vkSj ihyk jax oSQjksfVukWbM osQ dkj.k TT fofHkUu thoksa vkSj okrkoj.k dh feyh&tqyh bdkbZ dks
gksrk gSA ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k (Ecosystem) dgrs gSaA lokZf/d LFkk;h
TT fo'o dk lcls vf/d rsth ls c<+us okyk ty ikni ty ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k egklkxj gSA
gk;flFk gSA TT ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k 'kCn dk iz;ksx loZizFke ,-th- VkUlys uked
TT okf.kfT;d ewY; okyk dkoZQ DosoZQl lqosj ls izkIr gksrk gSA oSKkfud us fd;k FkkA
rF; [kkus ;ksX; Hkkx TT ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k esa rRoksa osQ pozQ.k dks tSo Hkw&jklk;fud
pozQ dgrs gSaA
lcls cM+k vko`rchth o`{k ;wosQfyIVl
TT tSfod ?kVd dks mRiknd] miHkksDrk] vi?kVd esa foHkkftr
lalkj esa lcls cM+k o`{k fldks;k ;g ,d uXuchth gSA
fd;k x;k gSA
lcls NksVk iq"i oqfYiQ;k
TT mRiknd viuk Hkkstu Lo;a cukrs gSa_ tSls & gjs ikS/sA
lcls NksVk ijthoh vko`rchth vkjlh;ksFkksfc;e] ;g ,d f} TT miHkksDrk mRikndrk }kjk cuk;s x;s HkksT; inkFkks± dk miHkksx
chi=kh gSA djrs gSaA
lcls cM+k uj ;qXe lkbdl] ;g ,d uXuchth TT vi?kVd e`r mRiknd ,oa miHkksDrkvksa dk vi?kVu dj mUgsa
ikni gSA HkkSfrd rRoksa esa ifjofrZr dj nsrs gSaA
lcls cM+k chtk.M lkbdl TT vtSfod ?kVd gSa & dkcZfud inkFkZ] vdkcZfud inkFkZ]
lcls NksVk xq.klw=k 'kSoky esa tyok;oh; dkjd tSls vknzZrk] e`nk] [kfut rRo] ty]
lcls cM+k xq.klw=k Vªkbfy;e esa izdk'k] rki] ok;qA
lcls cM+k iq"i jSÝysf'k;k vksjyksYMkbZ iznw"k.k (Pollution)
lcls de xq.klw=k okyk ikni gsYIyksiksl xzsflfyl TT ok;q] ty] Hkwfe osQ HkkSfrd] jklk;fud ;k tSfod xq.kksa esa gksus
viQhe nsus okyk ikS/k iksih (isikoj lksesfuisQje) okys ifjorZu dks iznw"k.k dgrs gSaA
blesa ekWfiZQu gksrh gSA TT ok;q iznw"k.k esa dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM efLr"d dks] ,LcsLVl
lcls NksVk VsfjMksiQkbVk ,tksyk] ;g ,d tyh; ikni /wy isQiQM+ksa dks] lhlk] mnj dks] ikjk jDr dh /kjkvksa dks
gSA izHkkfor djrk gSA
dkWiQh nsus okyk ikS/k dksfiQ;k] vjsfcdk] blesa TT vEy o"kkZ lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM] lYiQj VªkbvkWDlkbM] ukbVªkstu
oSQiQhu gksrk gSA vkWDlkbM osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA
TT ok;q iznw"k.k ls gksus okyk jksx okrLiQhfr (Emphysema) gS
214
tks isQiQM+ksa dks izHkkfor djrk gSA th-ch-iar fgeky; i;kZoj.k ,oa fodkl vYeksM+k
TT isjksDlh,sflVy ukbVªsV ,d xkS.k iznw"kd gSA laLFkku
TT 3 fnlacj] 1984 esa Hkksiky dh ;wfu;u dkckZbM iSQDVªh esa
Hkkjrh; ou vuqla/ku ,oa f'k{k.k ifj"kn nsgjknwu
feFkkby vkblkslk;ukbM osQ dkj.k nq?kZVuk gqbZ FkhA
TT fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol 5 twu dks euk;k trkk gSA
TT fu{kkyd Hwkfexr ty izokg osQ lkFk uhps dh vksj cgus okys
TT izFke fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol 1973 esa euk;k x;k FkkA
iznw"kd gSA
TT ikjk;qDr ty ihus ls feukekrk jksx gks tkrk gSA iks"kd inkFkZ (Nutrients)
TT ,LcsLVl osQ js'kksa ls ;qDr ty osQ lsou djus ls v,scsLVksfll TT iks"kd inkFkZ os inkFkZ gSa] tks thoksa esa fofHkUu izdkj osQ tSfod
uked tkuysok jksx gks tkrk gSA dk;ks± osQ lapkyu ,oa laiknu osQ fy, vko';d gksrs gSaA
TT okrkoj.k esa pkjksa vksj iSQyh vfufPNr èofu dks èofu iznw"k.k TT iks"kd inkFkZ pkj izdkj osQ gksrs gSa&ÅtkZ mRiknd] Åikip;h
dgrs gSaA fu;a=kd] o`f¼ rFkk fuekZ.k inkFkZ] vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ
TT èofu iznw"k.k dk Ïksr Å¡ph vkokt ;k 'kksj gS pkgs og fdlh TT tks iks"kd inkFkZ ÅtkZ mRiUu djrs gSa] ÅtkZ mRiknd dgykrs
Hkh izdkj mRiUu gqvk gSA gSaA tSls& olk ,oa dkcksZgkbMªsVA
TT Hkwfe dk foo`Qr :i e`nk iznw"k.k dgykrk gSA TT tks iks"kd inkFkZ 'kjhj dh fofHkUu mikip;h fozQ;kvksa dk
TT vEyh; o"kkZ] [kkuksa ls izkIr ty] moZjdksa o dhVuk'kd jlk;u fu;a=k.k djrs gSa] mikip;h fu;a=kd dgykrs gSaA
dk vR;f/d iz;ksx owQM+k&djdV] vkS|ksfxd vif'k"V vkfn TT tks iks"kd inkFkZ 'kjhj dh o`f¼ ,oa 'kjhj dh VwV&iwQV dh
e`nk iznw"k.k osQ Ïksr gSaA ejEer dk dk;Z djrs gSa&tSls izksVhuA
TT ukfHkdh; iznw"k.k jsfM;ks,fDVo fdj.kksa ls mRiUu gksrk gSA TT vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ os iks"kd inkFkZ gSa tks vkuqoaf'kd xq.kksa dks
TT fpfdRlk esa mi;ksx gksus okyh fdj.kksa ls izkIr iznw"k.kA ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h esa ys tkrs gSaA tSls& [kfut yo.k]
TT ijek.kq HkfV~V;ksa esa iz;qDr gksus okys b±/u ls mRiUu iznw"k.kA ty] foVkfeu] olk] izksVhu] dkcksZgkbMªsV ,oa U;wfDyd ,flMA
TT lw;Z dh ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa ls mRiUu iznw"k.kA
i;kZoj.k foKku rFkk izca/u vuqla/ku izf'k{k.k osQUnz izksVhu (Protein)
,oa izf'k{k.k osQUnz TT izksVhu 'kkjhfjd o`f¼ osQ fy, vko';d gSA ;s dksf'kdkvksa]
i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQUnz vgenkckn thonzO; ,oa Årdksa osQ fuekZ.k esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA
TT êSjkLel* (Marasmus) vkSj Dokf'k;ksjdj
lhihvkj i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQUnz psUubZ
(Kwashiorker) izksVhu dh deh ls gksus okys jksx gSaA
[kuu i;kZoj.k osQUnz /uckn
TT eSjkLel jksx esa isf'k;ksa (Muscles) rFkk olk Årdksa dk {k;
ikfjfLFkfrdh foKku osQUnz caxyq# gks tkrk gSA blls cPps vf/d izHkkkfor gksrs gSaA jksxh detksj
lyhe vyh i{kh foKku o lkaLo`Qfrd foKku dks;acVwj rFkk nqcys&irys gks tkrs gSaA Ropk ij >qfjZ;k¡ iM+ tkrh gSaA
osQUnz cky >M+us yxrs gSa rFkk vk¡[ksa Hkhrj /¡l tkrh gSaA
iznw"kd izHkko TT Dokf'k;ksjdj jksx ls Hkkstu esa izksVhu dh deh gks tkrh gSA
jDr osQ IykTek esa izksVhu dh deh gks tkrhA y{k.k gkFk&iSj
dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM yhoj vkSj fdMuh dh {kfr
iwQyuk] Ropk dk lw[kdj iiM+hnkj gks tkuk] ;o`Qr (Liver)
ukbVªkstu osQ vkWDlkbM oSaQlj
dk {k; gks tkuk rFkk Ropk esa (Pigment) dh deh gksus ij
/wy d.k 'okl laca/h jksx lisQn nkx fn[kkbZ nsukA
lhlk osQUnzh; uoZl flLVe nq"izHkkfor
dkcksZgkbMªsV (Carbohydrates)
i;kZoj.k laLFkku izf'k{k.k osQUnz TT dkcZu] gkbMªkstu vkSj vkWDlhtu osQ vuqikr ls cus dkcZfud
osQUnzh; iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ ubZ fnYyh inkFkZ dkcksZgkbMsV dgykrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; izk.kh foKku losZ{k.k dksydkrk TT 'kjhj esa 50-70% ÅtkZ dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ dkcksZgkbMªsV
Hkkjrh; ouLifr losZ{k.k dksydkrk osQ }kjk gksrh gSA
osQUnzh; fpfM+;k?kj izkf/dj.k ubZ fnYyh TT eksukslSosQjkbM] MkbZlSosQjkbM] ikWyhlSosQjkbMl dkcksZgkbMªsV~l osQ
ou mRikndrk osQUnz jk¡ph rhu izdkj gSaA
TT dkcksZgkbMªsV dh ljy voLFkk dks eksukslSosQjkbMl dgrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; ou izca/u laLFkku Hkksiky
tSls& Xywdkst] Vªkbvkst vkfnA
ou vkuqoaf'kdh rFkk o`{k iztuu laLFkku dks;acVwj
TT leku ;k fHkUu eksukslSosQjkbMl osQ nks v.kqvksa osQ la;kstu
215
ls ,d MkblSosQjkbMl curk gSA tSls&ekYVkst] lqozQkst ,oa TT olk dk la'ys"k.k 'kjhj esa ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k esa gksrk gSA
ySDVkstA TT olk osQ eq[; dk;ks± esa 'kjhj dks ÅtkZ iznku djuk] Ropk osQ
TT eksukslSosQjkbMl osQ dbZ v.kqvksa osQ feyus ls yach Ükà[kyk dks uhps tek gksdj 'kjhj osQ rki dks ckgj ugha fudyus nsrk]
ikWyh&lSosQjkbMl dgrs gSaA [kk| inkFkks± esa Lokn mRiUu djuk] 'kjhj osQ fofHkUu vaxksa dks
Xywdkst + XySDVkst ® ySDVkst pksVksa ls cpkukA
Xywdkst + Xywdkst ® ekYVkst TT olk vEy nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa&
Xywdkst + izqQDVkst ® lqozQkst 1. larÌr olk 2. vlarÌr olk
TT dkcksZgkbMªsV osQ izeq[k dk;ks± esa 'kjhj esa Hkkstu lap; dk
TT vlaÌr olk eNyh osQ rsy rFkk ouLifr osQ rsyksa esa feyrs gSaA
dk;Z djuk] foVkfeu C dk fuekZ.k djuk] U;wfDyd vEyksa
TT larÌr olk osQoy ukfj;y dk rsy rFkk rkM+ osQ rsy esa
dk fuekZ.k djuk] tarqvksa osQ cká oaQdky dk fuekZ.k djuk
bR;kfnA feyrk gSA
TT xsgw¡] eDdk] cktjk] vkyw] 'kdjoaQn] 'kyte] dkcksZgkbMªsV osQ TT ,d o;Ld O;fDr esa 20-30% ÅtkZ olk ls izkIr gksuh
Ïksr gSaA pkfg,A
olk (Fats) foVkfeu

TT olk fXyljkWy ,oa olh; vEy dk ,d ,LVj gksrh gSA TT foVkfeUl ,d izdkj dk dkcZfud ;kSfxd gSA buls dksbZ
TT olk 20°C rki ij Bksl voLFkk esa gksrs gSaA ;fn os bl rki oSQyksjh izkIr ugha gksrhA
ij nzo voLFkk esa gks rks bls rsy dgrs gSaA TT foVkfeUl 'kjhj osQ mikip; (Metabolism) esa jklk;fud
TT olk esa dkcZu] gkbMªkstu ,oa vkWDlhtu fofHkUu ek=kkvksa esa izfrfozQ;kvksa osQ fu;eu osQ fy, vR;Ur vko';d gSA
ik, tkrs gSaA TT iaQd us 1912 bZ- esa foVkfeUl dh [kkst dhA
foVkfeUl dh deh ls gksus okys jksx ,oa mlosQ Ïksr
foVkfeUl jklk;fud uke deh ls gksus okyk jksx Ïksr
foVkfeu A jsfVukWy jrkSa/h] laozQe.k dk [krjk] nw/] vaMk] iuhj] gjh lkx] lCth] eNyh] ;o`Qr
thjksIFkSyfe;k rsy] xktj
foVkfeu B1 Fkk;ehu csjh&csjh ew¡xiQyh] fry] lw[kh fepZ] fcuk /qyh nky]
;o`Qr] vaMk ,oa lfCt;k¡
foVkfeu B2 jkbcksÝysfou Ropk dk iQVuk] vk¡[kksa dk yky [kehj] dysth] ekal] gjh lfCt;k¡] nw/
gksuk] ftg~ok dk iQVuk
foVkfeu B3 fu;kWflu isykxzk (Ropk nkn) ;k 4-D flaMkse ekal] ew¡xiQyh] vkyw] VekVj] iÙkh okyh lfCt;k¡
foVkfeu B5 isUVksFksfud vEy cky lisQn gksuk] eancqf¼ gksuk ekal] nw/] ew¡xiQyh] xUuk] VekVj
foVkfeu B6 ikbjhMkWfDlu ,uhfe;k] Ropk jksx ;o`Qr] ekal] vukt
foVkfeu B7 ck;ksVhu ydok] 'kjhj esa nnZ] ckyksa dk fxjuk ekal] vaMk] ;o`Qr] nw/
foVkfeu B9 iQkWfyd vEy ,uhfe;k] isfp'k jksx ;o`Qr] lfCt;k¡] v.Mk] lse] nky
foVkfeu B12 lk;uksdksckyfeu ,uhfe;k] ikaMqjksx nw/] eNyh] vaMk] ekal
foVkfeu C ,LdkWfcZd ,flM LdohZ] elw<+s dk iwQyuk uhacw] larjk] ukjaxh] VekVj] [kV~Vs inkFkZ] fepZ]
vaoqQfjr vukt] eNyh] ;o`Qr rsy] nw/] v.Ms
foVkfeu D oSQfYlisQjkWy fjosQV~l (cPpksa esa) vkWfLV;kseysfl;k eNyh ;qDr rsy] nw/] v.Ms
(o;Ld esa)
foVkfeu E VksdksisQjkWy tuu 'kfDr dk de gksuk iÙkh okyh lfCt;k¡] nw/] eD[ku] vaoqQfjr xsgw¡]
ouLifr rsy
foVkfeu K fiQyksfDouksu jDr dk FkDdk u cuuk VekVj] gjh lfCt;k¡] vk¡rksa esa Hkh mRiUu gksrh gSA
216
ekuo jksx
thok.kq (Bacteria) osQ }kjk gksus okyk jksx
chekjh izHkkfo vax thok.kq osQ uke y{k.k
fVVusl raf=kdk ra=k DykWLVªhfM;e VsVsuh rst cq[kkj] 'kjhj esa ,saBu] tcM+k can gsuk
gStk vk¡r fofczvks dkWysjh yxkrkj nLr
Vk;iQk;M vk¡r lkYeksusyk VkbiQh rst cq[kkj] flj nn
{k; jksx isQiQM+k ekbdkscSDVfj;e V;wcj oqQyksfll ckj&ckj [kk¡lh osQ lkFk diQ] jDr fudyuk
fMIFkhfj;k 'okluyh dksjhuh cSDVhfj;e fMIFkhfj;k lk¡l ysus esa dfBukbZ ,oa ne ?kqVuk
Iysx isQiQM+k] dkj.k nksuksa iSj osQ chp ik'pqjsyk isfLVl cgqr rst cq[kkj] 'kjhj ij fxfYV;k¡
fliQfyl f'k'u VSiksuek iSfyMe f'k'u esa ?kko
xksuksfj;k ew=k ekxZ ukblsfj;k xksuksfj;kbZ ew=k ekxZ esa lwtu
fueksfu;k isQiQM+k fMIyksdksdl U;seksuh rst cq[kkj] isQiQM+ksa esa lwtu
oqQ"B jksx raf=kdk ra=k Ropk ekbdkscSDVhfj;e ysizh 'kjhj ij pdrs] raf=kdk,¡ izHkkfor
ijthoh (Protozoa) }kjk gksus okyk jksx
jksx izHkkfor jksx ijthoh okgd ePNj y{k.k
eysfj;k frYyh ,oa RBC IykTeksfM;e eknk&,suksisQyht BaM osQ lkFk cq[kkj
ik;fj;k elw<+s ,UVh vehck ftfUlosfyl elw<+ksa ls jDr dk fudyuk
dkyktkj vfLFk eTtk yh'keSfu;k Mksuksokuh ckyw eD[kh rst cq[kkj
isfpl vk¡r ,UVh&vehck fgLVksfydk 'ys"ek ,oa [kwu osQ lkFk nLr
lksus dh chekjh efLr"d fVªiukslksek lh&lh eD[kh cgqr uhan osQ lkFk cq[kkj
fo"kk.kq (Virus) osQ }kjk gksus okyh chekjh
chekjh izHkkfor vax thok.kq osQ uke y{k.k
,M~l izfrj{kk iz.kkyh HIV jksx izfrjks/d {kerk dk u"V gksuk
gihZt Ropk gihZl Ropk esa lwtu gks tkrh gSA
[kljk laiw.kZ 'kjhj eksfoZyh ok;jl 'kjhj esa yky nkuk
iksfy;ks xyk] jh<+] ukM+h laLFkku iksfy;ks Toj] cnu esa nnZ] jh<+ dh gM~Mh vk¡r dh
dksf'kdk,¡ u"V gks tkrh gSA
pspd laiw.kZ 'kjhj oSfjvksyk ok;jl rst cq[kkj] 'kjhj ij yky&yky nkusa
,UÝyw,atk laiw.kZ 'kjhj feDlks ok;jl xy'kksFk] Nhad] cSpsuh
xy'kksFk iSjkFkkbjkWbM xzafFk Toj osQ lkFk eq¡g [kksyus esa dfBukbZ
NksVh ekrk laiw.kZ 'kjhj oSfjlsyk ok;jl gYdk cq[kkj] 'kjhj dh fifÙkdk,¡
Vªsdksek vk¡[k vk¡[k yky gksuk] vk¡[k esa nnZ
fgiSVkbfVl ;oQr is'kkc ihyk] vk¡[k ,oa Ropk ihyh gks tkrh gS
jscht raf=kdk ra=k jSCMks okjk;jl ikuh ls Mj yxuk (gkbMªksiQksfc;k)
esfuutkbfVl efLr"d rst cq[kkj
Msaxw cq[kkj laiw.kZ 'kjhj [kkldj flj] vk¡[k ,oa tksM+ vjcks ok;jl vk¡[kksa] isf'k;ksa] flj rFkk tksM+ksa esa nnZ
TT foVkfeUl nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa&(1) ty esa ?kqyu'khy TT foVkfeu B12 esa dksckYV ik;k tkrk gSA
foVkfeUl (2) olk esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeUlA TT foVkfeu A us=k] Ropk] gM~Mh ,oa gekjs 'kjhj dh izfrj{kk
TT foVkfeUl B ,oa C ty esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeUl gSa tcfd iz.kkyh dks etcwrh iznku djrk gSA
foVkfeUl A, D, E, K olk esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeUl gSaA TT lw;Z osQ izdk'k esa mifLFkr ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa }kjk Ropk osQ
217
dksysLVsjkWy }kjk foVkfeu D dk la'ys"k.k gksrk gSA dksjksuk ok;jl

TT foVkfeu K thok.kqvksa }kjk gekjs dksyu esa la'ysf"kr gksrk gS TT dksjksuk ok;jl ,d 'RNA Virus' gS tks mRifjofrZr
rFkk ogk¡ ls mldk vo'kks"k.k Hkh gksrk gSA (Mutate) vkSj iquZ la;ksftr (Recombine) gksdj u,
ty (Water) miHksnksa (Strains) dks mRiUu djus esa l{ke gSA
TT 'kjhj osQ Hkkj dk 65-75% Hkkx ty gSA T T ;g igyh ckj phu osQ gqcsbZ izkar osQ oqgku 'kgj esa ik;k x;kA
TT ty 'kjhj osQ rki dks Losnu (ilhuk) rFkk ok"iu }kjk TT bldh lajpuk eqoqQV (Crown) ;k lkSj dksjksuk (Solar
fu;af=kr djrk gSA Corona) tSlh lajpuk fn[kk;h tkrh gSA
TT ty 'kjhj osQ vif'k"V inkFkks± osQ mRltZu dk egRoiw.kZ TT dksjksuk ok;jl ls iSQyus okys laozQe.k esa [kk¡lh ;k cgrh
ekè;e gSA ukd tSls gYosQ 'olu y{k.k (respiratory symptoms)
TT tSo jklk;fud vfHkfozQ;k,¡ 'kjhj esa tyh; ekè;e ls laiUu mRiUu gksrs gSaA
gksrh gSaA TT xaHkhj ekeyksa esa dksjksuk ok;jl ls Sever Accute
Respiractory Syndrome (SARS) vkSj Middle East
U;wfDyd ,flM (Nucleic Acid) Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) gks ldrk gSA
TT U;wfDyd vEy gekjh dksf'kdkvksa esa vEy ek=kk esa DNA o TT xaHkhj ekeyksa esa laozQe.k ls fueksfu;k] SARS xqnsZ dh
RNA osQ :i esa ik;s tkrs gSaA foiQyrk vkSj ;gk¡ rd dh e`R;q Hkh gks ldrh gSA
TT ;s dkcZu] gkbMªkstu] ukbVªkstu] vkWDlhtu o iQkWLiQksjl ls cus TT Hkkjr esa COVID-19 dks jksdus osQ fy, nks VhosQ gSaA
U;wfDy;ksVkbM osQ cgqyd gSaA TT Hkkjr esa osQUnzh; MªXl LVSaMMZ oaQVªksy vkWxsZukbts'ku (CDSCO)
TT U;wfDyd vEy osQ dk;Z vkuqoaf'kdh xq.kksa dks ,d ih<+h ls }kjk vkikrdkyhu mi;ksx osQ fy, vf/o`Qr fd, x, nks VhosQ
nwljh ih<+h esa igq¡pkuk gSA 77 dksohf'kYM (lhje baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ bf.M;k }kjk fufeZr
TT ,atkbe dk fuekZ.k ,oa izksVhu la'ys"k.k dk fu;a=k.k djuk Hkh ,LVkstsusdk dk Vhdk)
U;wfDyd ,flM }kjk gksrk gSA 77 dksoSDlhu (Hkkjr ck;ksVsd fyfeVsM }kjk fufeZr) gSA
TT ;s ozQksesfVu tky osQ fuekZ.k esa Hkh lgk;d gSaA TT 'Pfizer' ,oa ' Lrwifud&V vU; VhosQ gSaA
[kfut yo.k (Minerals) TT Pfizer vesfjdk iQkekZ oaQiuh }kjk fufeZr Vhdk gSA
TT [kfut yo.k 'kjhj dks mikip;h fozQ;kvksa dks fu;af=kr djrs TT Sputnic #l }kjk fufeZr Vhdk gSA
gSaA euq"; bls Hkkstu osQ :i esa xzg.k djrs gSaA TT thdk cq[kkj] ftls thdk jksx osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gS thdk
TT xHkZorh fL=k;ksa esa izk;% oSQfYl;e vkSj vk;ju dh deh gks ok;jl osQ dkj.k mRiUu gksrk gSA thdk cq[kkj ,Mht ePNj
tkrh gSA osQ dkVus ls iSQyrk gSA
TT 'kjhj esa 15 ls vf/d [kfut yo.k vyx&vyx :iksa esa T T [kwu p<+kus] 'kkjhfjd laca/ cukus ls blosQ iSQyus dh laHkkouk
ik;s tkrs gSaA gksrh gSA
TT 'kjhj osQ oqQy otu dk 4 ls 5% gksrs gSaA T T y{k.k&cq[kkj] yky vk¡[ksa] fljnnZ] yky pdrsa] tksM+ksa esa nnZ
vkfnA
[kfut eq[; Ïksr
TT vfrlkj (Diarhoea) % ;g jksx ?kjsyw eD[kh }kjk izlkfjr
lksfM;e lk/kj.k ued] eNyh] ekal] v.Ms] nw/
gksrk gSA bl jksx dk dkj.k ,sLosQfjl yqEchdkWbMht uked
iksVSf'k;e yXkHkx lHkh [kk| inkFkks± esa gksrk gSA vr% ijthoh izksVkstksvk (fuesVksM) gSA
oSQfYl;e nw/] iuhj] vaMs] puk] gjh lfCt;k¡] vUu] TT vk¡r esa ?kko gks tkrk gSA izksVhu ipkus okyk ,atkbe fVªfIlu
eNyh u"V gks tkrk gSA
iQkWLiQksjl nw/] iuhj] gjh iÙksnkkj lfCt;k¡] cktjk] TT iQkbysfj;k (Filaria) % bldk lapj.k D;wysdl ePNjksa osQ
fxjh] tbZ] vkyw rFkk xqnsZ dkVus ls gksrk gSA ;g jksx iQkbysfj;k cSUozQksiQVkbZ uked o`Qfe
vk;ksMhu eNyh] leqnzh [kjirokj] gjh iÙksnkj ls gksrk gSA bldks gkFkhik¡o (Elephantiasis) Hkh dgrs gSaA
lfCt;k¡] vk;ksMhu ued
iaQiw¡Qn (Fungus) }kjk gksus okyh chekjh
eSXuhf'k;e lfCt;k¡
TT nek (Asthma) % ;g ,d laozQked jksx gS tks ,sLiftZyl
tLrk ;o`Qr ,oa eNfy;k¡
Ý;wfexsVl uked dod osQ }kjk iSQyrk gSA
rk¡ck ekal] eNyh] ;o`Qr ,oa vukt TT nkn (Reingworm) % ;g ,d laozQked jksx gS tks
dksckYV ekal] eNyh ,oa ty VªkbdksiQk;Vku ys:dksle uked dod osQ }kjk iSQyrk gSA
TT [kkt (Scabies) % ;g jksx ,osQjl LosQcht uked dod
218
ls gksrk gSA blls Ropk esa [kqtyh ,oa lisQn nkx iM+ tkrs gSaA TT Msaxw Toj eknk ,Mhl ,ftfIV ePNj osQ dkVus ls iSQyrk gSA
TT ,FkyhV iqQV (Athelete's foot) % ;g jksx Vhfu;k isfMl Msaxw Toj osQ dkj.k ekuo 'kjhj esa IysVysV~l dh deh gks
uked dod ls gksrk gSA ;g Ropk osQ iQVus&dVus vkSj eksVs tkrh gSA
gksus ls gksrk gSA TT orZeku esa AIDS osQ mipkj osQ fy, ,ftMksFkkbehfMu (AZI)
TT xatkiu (Baldness) % ;g fVfu;k osQfifVl uked dod vkS"kf/ dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA
ls gksrk gSA blesa flj osQ cky fxj tkrs gSaA TT oSaQlj jksx osQ mipkj osQ fy, dheksFksjsih nh tkrh gSA
TT dklhZuksekl] lkdksZekl] Y;wdhfe;l] fyEiQksekl oSaQlj osQ
euq";ksa esa gksus okys vkuqoaf'kd jksx pkj izdkj gSaA
TT o.kk±/rk (Colourblindness) esa jksxh dks yky ,oa gjk jax
igpkuus dh {kerk ugha gksrh gSA blesa yky jax gjk fn[kkbZ izeq[k osQUnzh; LokLF; dk;ZozQe
iM+rk gSA jk"Vªh; vk;ksMhu fodkj fu;a=k.k dk;ZozQe 1962
TT bl jksx ls eq[; :i ls iq#"k izHkkfor gksrk gSA bl jksx dh jk"Vªh; n`f"Vghurk fu;a=k.k dk;ZozQe 1976
okgd fL=k;k¡ gksrh gSaA oUns ekrje ;kstuk 2004
TT gheksiQhfy;k (Hemophilia) jksx esa O;fDr osQ pksV yxus jk"Vªh; oSaQlj fu;a=k.k dk;ZozQe 1975&76
ij vk/k ?k.Vk ls 24 ?kaVs rd jDr dk FkDdk (Blood jk"Vªh; ekufld LokLF; dk;ZozQe 1982
Clotting) ugha curk gSA
lefUor jksx fuxjkuh ifj;kstuk 1997&98
TT ;g jksx fczVsu dh egkjkuh foDVksfj;k ls izkjaHk gqvkA
TT MkmUl flUMkse (Down's Syndrome) % bl jksx esa jksxh iYl iksfy;ks dk;ZozQe 1997&98
dh thHk eksVh] vk¡[ksa Vs<+h rFkk vfu;fer 'kkjhfjd <k¡pk jk"Vªh; risfnd fu;a=k.k dk;ZozQe 1997
tkrk gSA iztuu ,oa cky LokLF; dk;ZozQe 1997&98
TT VuZj flUMkse (Turner's Syndrome) % blesa 'kjhj jk"Vªh; ,M~l fu;a=k.k dk;ZozQe 1992
vYifodflr] dn NksVk ,oa o{k piVk] tuukax izk;% tuuh lqj{kk ;kstuk 2004
vfodflr gksrk gS ftlls os ck¡> (Sterile) gksrh gSA TT 1952 bZ- esa tksul lkYd us iksfy;ks oSDlhu dh Fkh rFkk
TT fexhZ (Epilepsy) % bls viLekj jksx dgrs gSaA bl jksx esa 1962 bZ- esa vYoVZ lkfcu us vksjy iksfy;ks oSDlhu dk
tc jksx gksrk gS rks eq¡g ls >kx vkSj ey is'kkc Hkh fudyrk fodkl fd;kA
gSA TT NksVh vkar dk O;kl 2-5 lseh rFkk yackbZ 7 ehVj gksrh gSA
TT lhtksizQhfu;k (Schizophrenia) % ;g ekufld jksx gS tks TT euq"; esa fyax&fu/kZj.k iq#"k osQ ozQksekslkse ij fuHkZj gksrk gS
izk;% ;qok oxZ esa gksrk gSA ,sls jksxh vyxko esa ghu] vkylh] u fd fL=k;ksa osQ ozQksekslkse ijA
vkos'kghu gksrs gSaA fo|qr vk{ksi fpfdRlk blesa dkiQh lgk;d TT euq"; esa lcls n`<+ (etcwr nk¡r) rRo buSey (oSQfYl;e
gSA iQkLisQV) gksrk gSA
TT lhtksfizQfu;k esa jksxh dYiukvksa dks gh lR; le>us yxrk gS TT 'kjhj osQ Hkhrj jDr ifjlapj.k (Blood circulation) esa
okLrfodrk dks ughaA yxHkx 23 lsd.M dk le; yxrk gSA
TT i{kk?kkr ;k ydok (Paralysis), ,ythZ (Allergy), fpfdRlk laca/h vkfo"dkj
fMIyksfi;k (Diplopia), oSaQlj (Cancer), DyhusisQYVj vkfo"dkj vkfo"dkjd
flUMªkse (Klinefelter's syndrome) vkfn vkuqoaf'kd jksx foVkfeu iaQd
gSaA
foVkfeu ^ch* eSoqQye
TT fpduxqfu;k % fpduxqfu;k ok;jl ls gksrk gSA ;g eknk
,fMl ePNj] ,Mht ,ftIVh ePNj osQ dkVus ls iSQyrk gSA ,aVhtu ySMLVhuj
TT ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immune Solvent Assay) gksE;ksiSFkh gSuheSu
;g HIV ok;jl dh tk¡p djus dh ,d iz.kkyh gSA foVkfeu ^Mh* gkWifdUl
TT osLVuZ CykWLV VsLV % ;g HIV laozQe.k dh [kkl tk¡p gS LVªSIVksekbflu ckWDleSu
tks O;fDr osQ ikWftfVo gksus ij crkrk gS fd O;fDr HIV izFke ij[kuyh f'k'kq ,MoMlZ ,oa LVsIVks
ls xzLr gSA vkj-,u-,- tsEl okVlu rFkk vkFkZj
TT HIV p24 ,aVhtu ,pvkbZoh dh Li"V tk¡p djrk gSA blls Mh-,u-,- tsEl okVlu rFkk fozQd
jksx dh rhozrk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
pspd dk Vhdk ,MoMZ tsuj
TT fo"kk.kq ls laozQfer 'kjhj dh dksf'kdk,¡ bUVjisQjkWu uked
tfEiax thu fl¼kar ckjcjk eSfDyUVkWd
izksVhu cukrh gSA
219
foVkfeu ^,* eSoqQye bysDVªks dkfMZ;ksxzkiQ ân; laca/h vlkekU;rkvksa dk irk yxkus
foVkfeu ^lh* gksYdV osQ fy,A
Vh-ch- cSDVhfj;k jkWcVZ dksp bysDVªksbUlsiSQyksxzkiQ efLr"d dh foo`Qfr;ksa dk irk yxkukA
isfuflyhu vysDtsaMj Ýysfeax vkVks ,ukykbtj Xywdkst] ;wfj;k] dksysLVªky vkfn dh
balqfyu csfVax tk¡pA
iqujkorZu fl¼kar vusZLV gSosQy ,e-vkj-vkbZ- eSXusfVd jstksusUl besftax (MRI
jschtjks/h Vhdk yqbZ ik'pj }kjk laiw.kZ 'kjhj esa vlkekU; foo`Qfr dk
iw.kZr% lgh irk yxk;k tkrk gSA)
ch-lh-th- vycVZ dkyesV
ân; izR;kjksi.k fozQf'p;u cukZMZ egRoiw.kZ tkudkfj;k¡
fyax gkWeksZu LVsukp lcls cM+k thfor i{kh 'krqjeqxZ
eysfj;k ijthoh o fpfdRlk jksukYM jkWl lcls cM+k dfi xksfjYyk
DyksjksiQkWeZ gSfjlu rFkk flEilu vaMiztud Lruh ,fdMuk rFkk Md- fcYysj
isfp'k rFkk Iysx dh fpfdRlk fiQVktkVkst IySfVil
DNA la'ys"k.k dkWuZcxZ lcls NksVk Lruh pexknM+
ân; dk izFke izfrLFkkiu fozQf'p;u cukZMZ lcls cM+k LFkyh Lruh vizQhdh gkFkh
ysizkWlh osflyl dk vkfo"dkj gsUlsu lcls O;Lr ekuo vax ân;
bysDVªks dkfMZ;ksxzkiQ foyse ,aFkkosu lcls rst nkSM+us okyk tarq phrk
lcls cM+k thfor ljhlì VVZy (dNqvk) leqnzh
izeq[k fpfdRlk midj.k
lcls rst mM+us okyk i{kh dVhiqat i{kh (Likbu&VsYM)
islesdj bldk iz;ksx ân; xfr de gks tkus ij
mls lkekU; voLFkk esa ykus gsrq fd;k lcls NksVk i{kh gfeax i{kh
tkrk gSA lcls cM+k vaMk 'kqrqjeqxZ
dEI;wVsM VkseksxzkiQh laiw.kZ 'kjhj esa fdlh vlkekU; ;k foo`Qfr lcls cM+k rFkk Hkkjh Lruh uhyh Ogsy
LoSQu dk irk yxkus gsrq bldk iz;ksx fd;k lcls Å¡pk Lruh ftjkiQ (vizQhdk)
tkrk gSA lcls cM+k liZ ikbFku
ijh{kksi;ksxh iz'u
1. ,d midj.k] tks ifjiFk esa /kjk dh mifLFkfr dk irk (d),d fuEu ÅtkZ ijek.kq osQ ukfHkd ij tc mPp ÅtkZ
yxk ldrk gS] mls -------------- osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA U;wVªkWuksa dh ckSNkj dh tkrh gS] rks mls gYosQ ukfHkdksa
(SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(a) vksMksehVj (b) LihMksehVj 3. èofu rjaxsa ftudh vko`fÙk ------------------- gV~Zt ls de gksrh
(c) ,ehVj (d) gkbxzksehVj gS] mUgsa voJO; rjaxsa dgk tkrk gSA
2. ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu osQ lanHkZ esa lgh dFku dh igpku djsaA (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a)
5 (b) 15
(a) ,d fuEu&ÅtkZ ijek.kq osQ ukfHkd ij] tc mPp ÅtkZ (c)
10 (d) 20
U;wVªkWuksa dh ckSNkj dh tkrh gS] rks mls Hkkjh ukfHkdksa 4. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl midj.k dk mi;ksx gok ;k xSl
esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA dh vknzZrk dks ekius osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS\
(b) mPp&ÅtkZ bysDVªkWuksa vkSj fuEu ÅtkZ U;wVªkuksa dk ,d (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
lkFk vkuk ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu dgykrk gSA (a) ok;qosxekih (b) gkbMªksehVj
(c) ,d Hkkjh ijek.kq osQ ukfHkd ij] tc fuEu ÅtkZ (c) rstekih (d) vknzZrkekih
U;wVªkuksa dh ckSNkj dh tkrh gS] rks mls gYosQ ukfHkdksa 5. ifjiFk esa fo|qr /kjk dks ------------ }kjk ekik tkrk gSA
esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
220
(a)
vksMksehVj (b) ,ehVj (a)
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] gkbMªkstu
(c)
foHkoekih (d) oksYVehVj (b)
vkWDlhtu] gkbMªkstu
6. fo|qr foHkokarj dk SI ek=kd D;k gS\ (c)
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] vkWDlhtu
(SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (d)
gkbMªkstu] vkWDlhtu
(a) okV (b) ,fEi;j 15. rsy dk ouLifr esa :ikarj.k D;k dgykrk gS\
(c) oksYV (d) twy (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
7. HkwoaQi osQ nkSjku oaQiu dks ekius osQ fy, fdl ;a=k dk (a) gkbMªkstuhdj.k (b) ik'pqjhdj.k
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\ (c) laj{k.k (d) lekaxhdj.k
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift II) 16. Bksl dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dks lkekU;r% -------- dgk tkrk
(a) fjDVj ekiozQe (b) ejoSQyh ekid gSA (SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(c) flLeksxzkiQ (d) gkbxzksehVj (a) Hkkjh ty (b) 'kq"d ciZQ
8. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk vartZfur cyksa dk ,d mnkgj.k (c) Vscy 'kqxj (d) ,fLifju
gS\ (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) 17. ,sls rRo dh igpku djsa] tks rhljs vkorZ ls lacaf/r ugha
(a) leqnz dh ygjsa (b) fgeun gS\ (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) ioZrksa dk fuekZ.k (d) iou (a) czksehu (b) iQkLiQksjl
9. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk HkkSfrd ek=kk vkSj eki dh bdkbZ (c) flfydkWu (d) vkxZu
dh xyr tksM+h gS\ 18. g~;wel] ,d xgjs jax dk vfozQLVyh; inkFkZ gSA ;g fdl
(SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) izfozQ;k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i curk gS\
(a)ÅtkZ & twy (b) vko`fÙk & gV~Zt (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
(c)nkc & U;wVu (d) 'kfDr & okV (a) fu{kkyu (b) fo[kaMu
10. 'kfDr] ÅtkZ dk lokZf/d n`'; :i] ftls izk;% vk/qfud (c) [kfutu (d) g~;welhHkou
lH;rk esa izxfr ls igpkuk tkrk gS] lkekU;r% mls D;k 19. izksikbu dk jklk;fud lw=k D;k gS\
dgk tkrk gS\ (SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (a) C3H4 (b) C4H5
(a)dks;yk (b) fctyh (c) C3H5 (d) C4H4
(c)rsy (d) thok'e b±/u 20. ySaFksukbM~l fdrus rRoksa dh ,d Ükà[kyk gS\
11. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl fu;e osQ vuqlkj] fo|qr /kjk }kjk (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
mRiUu Å"ek pkyd osQ izfrjks/] /kjk osQ oxZ vkSj blosQ (a) 10 (b) 18
izokfgr gksus osQ le; osQ lekuqikrh gksrh gS\ (c) 15 (d) 12
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) 21. --------------- flfydkWu MkbvkWDlkbM dk lkekU; uke gSA
(a)
twy dk fu;e (b) gqd dk fu;e (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(c)
iSQjkMs dk fu;e (d) owQykWEc dk fu;e (a)
vk'kehr pwuk (b) lisQn fofVªvksy
12. ;hLV vkSj gkbMªkstu isjksDlkbM ------------ cukrs gSaA (c)
DokV~Zt (d) IykLVj vkWiQ isfjl
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) 22. fdlh dks'k esa Hkjs tk ldus okys bysDVªkWuksa dh vf/dre
(a) vkWDlhtu eksuksvkWDlkbM la[;k ---------------- }kjk fu:fir dh tkrh gS] tgk¡ n dks'kksa
(b) vkWDlhtu dh la[;k gSA
(c) dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(d) dkcZu (a) 2n 2
(b) 2n3
13. ------------ vkorZ lkj.kh ij 17osa lewg esa fLFkr gS\ (c) 3n2 (d) 3n3
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) 23. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh /krq Å"ek dh lcls vPNh
(a) vfozQ; xSl (b) cksjksu pkyd gS\ (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) dkYdkstu (d) gSykstu (a) lksfM;e (b) xksYM
14. og jklk;fud vfHkfozQ;k ftlesa ------------- dk tksM+ ;k --- (c) vk;ju (d) flYoj
----------- dk fu"dklu gks vip;u dgk tkrk gSA 24. dkWij DyksjkbM osQ lkFk ysM dh vfHkfozQ;k ls dkSu ls
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift II) mRikn fufeZr gksrs gSa\
221
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift III) (d)oSQfY'k;e lYisQV gsehgkbMªsV

(a)ysM DyksjkbM vkSj dkWij 32. okf'kax lksMk dk jklk;fud lw=k --------------- gSA
(b)ysM vkWDlkbM vkSj dkWij (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(c)ysM vkWDlkbM vkSj dkWij gkbMªkWDlkbM (a) Na2SO4 (b) Ca(OH)2
(d)dkWij vkWDlkbM vkSj ysM DyksjkbM (c) Na2CO3.10H2O (d) NaHCO3
25. fuEu esa ls ,d ,sls rRo dh igpku djsa] tks v/Z&/krq 33. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk rRo vius xq.kksa esa {kkj /krqvksa
ugha gS\ (SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift II) osQ lkFk&lkFk gSykstu dh rjg O;ogkj djrk gS\
(a) vklsZfud (b) lhft;e (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift III)
(c) flfydkWu (d) tesZfu;e (a)ghfy;e (b) fyfFk;e
26. vucq>k pwuk oSQls fufeZr gksrk gS\ (c)fu;kWu (d) gkbMªkstu
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift I) 34. ukbVªkstu dk ijek.kq nzO;eku fdruk gS\
(a) oSQfY'k;e vkWDlkbM vkSj ty osQ nksgjs vi?kVu }kjk (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
(b) oSQfY'k;e vkWDlkbM vkSj oSQfY'k;e dkcksZusV osQ (a)18 (b) 14
foLFkkiu }kjk (c)12 (d) 16
(c) oSQfY'k;e dkcksZusV vkSj oSQfY'k;e gkbMªkDlkbM osQ 35. {kkjd yky fyVel i=k dks ------------ dj nsrk gSA
vi?kVu }kjk (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(d) rkiu ij oSQfY'k;e dkcksZusV osQ oSQfY'k;e vkWDlkbM (a) cSaxuh (b) xqykch
vkSj dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM esa vi?kVu }kjk (c) uhyk (d) ihyk
27. fn, x, dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk lgh gS\ 36. pwuk&iRFkj] [kfM+;k ,oa laxejej ----------- osQ fofo/ :i
I. vEy yky fyVel dks uhyk dj nsrk gSA gSaA (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
II. vEy Lokn esa dM+os gksrs gSaA (a) oSQfY'k;e iQkWLisQV
(SSC GD, 7 Feb., 2023, Shift I) (b) oSQfY'k;e vkWDlkbM
(a)
u rks I u gh II (b) osQoy I (c) oSQfY'k;e gkbMªksvkWDlkbM
(c)
osQoy II (d) I rFkk II nksuksa (d) oSQfY'k;e dkcksZusV
28. laxejej dk jklk;fud lw=k -------------- gSA 37. tc lksfM;e lYisQV csfj;e DyksjkbM osQ lkFk vfHkfozQ;k
(SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) djrk gS] rks dkSu&lk miksRikn curk gS\
(a) Ca(OH)2 (b) CaCO3 (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c) CO2 (d) CaO (a) lksfM;e DyksjkbM (b) csfj;e gkbMªkWDlkbM
29. izko`Qfrd xSl osQ Toyu ij dkSu&lh xSl eqDr gksrh gS\ (c) csfj;e vkWDlkbM (d) lksfM;e vkWDlkbM
(SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift III) 38. nw/ vkSj isQl ozQhe ----------- osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
(a) dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM (b) vkstksu (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(c) gkbMªkstu (d) gkbMªkstu lYiQkbM (a),sjkslksy (b) beY'ku
30. lisQn flYoj DyksjkbM lw;Z osQ izdk'k esa xzs D;ksa gks tkrk (c)lksy (d) iQkse
gS\ (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) 39. lkSj lsy cukus esa iz;qDr rRo dh igpku djsaA
(a) vkWDlhtu dh mifLFkfr esa flYoj esa tax yxus osQ (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
dkj.k (a) flfydkWu (b) dk¡lk
(b) jsMkWDl vfHkfozQ;k osQ dkj.k (c) VaxLVu (d) eSaxuht
(c) flYoj DyksjkbM dk izdk'k }kjk flYoj vkSj Dyksjhu 40. ------------- dk mi;ksx moZjd] flaFksfVd iQkbcj] IykfLVd]
esa vi?kVu osQ dkj.k fpidus okys inkFkZ] isaV vkSj MkbZ cukus osQ fy, fd;k
(d) flYoj DyksjkbM osQ flYoj vkWDlkbM esa foLFkkiu osQ tkrk gSA (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
dkj.k (a) lYÝ;wfjd ,flM (b) {kkj
31. IykLVj vkWiQ isfjl dk jklk;fud uke D;k gS\ (c) lksMk ,s'k (d) ukbfVªd ,flM
(SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift II) 41. fuEufyf[kr esa ls v;Ld&/krq dh dkSu&lh tksM+h xyr
(a) oSQfY'k;e gkbiksDyksjkbM gS\ (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(b) oSQfY'k;e dkcksZusV (a) xSfyuk & lhlk (b) cksukZbV & dkWij
(c) oSQfY'k;e vkWDlkbM (c) flusckj & fuosQy (d) eSXusVkbV & yksgk
222
42. ftu [kk| inkFkks± esa LVkpZ gksrk gS] os ------------- osQ laioZQ (c)8 (d) 6
esa vkus ij uhys&dkys jax osQ gks tkrs gSaA 52. M;wjkyqfeu ,Y;qfefu;e vkSj -------------- ls cuk feJ/krq gSA
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(a)
yo.k (b) yky fyVel (a) ftad (b) rk¡ck
(c)
vk;ksMhu (d) uhys fyVel (c) fVu (d) fudy
43. ysM ukbVªsV dks xeZ djus ij dkSu&lh nks xSlsa feyrh gSa\ 53. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl /krq esa lokZf/d fo|qr laokgdrk
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift III) gksrh gS\ (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a) dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM vkSj vkWDlhtu (a) lksuk (b) pk¡nh
(b) ukbVªkstu MkbvkWDlkbM vkSj vkWDlhtu (c) fyfFk;e (d) IySfVue
(c) vkWDlhtu vkSj ukbVªkstu vkWDlkbM 54. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl rjy dk i`"B ruko lcls vf/d
(d) gkbMªkstu vkSj ukbVªkstu MkbvkWDlkbM gksrk gS\ (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
44. Fe + CuSO4 ® FeSO4 + Cu (a) ,Fksu (b) esFksukWy

;g ------------- vfHkfozQ;k dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA (c) ,FksukWy (d) ty
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift II) 55. ty dk fo|qr vi?kVu --------- dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
(a) viksip;u (b) fu"izHkkohdj.k (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(c) foLFkkiu (d) izfrorhZ (a) f}foLFkkiu vfHkfozQ;k (b) fo;kstu vfHkfozQ;k
45. C2H5OH ------------------- dk jklk;fud lw=k gSA (c) foLFkkiu vfHkfozQ;k (d) la;kstu vfHkfozQ;k
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift II) 56. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl rRo dh ijek.kq la[;k 12 gS\
(a)
bFksukWy (b) ehFksu (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(c)
C;wVsu (d) izksihu (a) O (b) He
46. ftIle dks -------------- ij xeZ djus ij ;g ty osQ v.kqvksa (c) Mg (d) Ca
dk R;kx dj oSQfYl;e lYisQV v/ZgkbMªsV curk gSA 57. bLikr osQ fuekZ.k dh izfozQ;k esa vafre pj.k D;k gS\
(a) 173 K (b) 215 K (a) fix vk;ju dk mRiknu
(c) 115 K (d) 373 K (b) bLikr dks vkdkj nsuk
47. vkoksxzknks dh la[;k 6.022 × ------------- gSA (c) rjy bLikr dk mRiknu
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (d) CykLV iQusZl esa pwuk iRFkj] dksd vkSj yksgs dks xeZ
(a) 10 25
(b) 1023 djuk
(c) 1022 (d) 1024 58. ----------- ,FksukWbd ,flM dk jklk;fud lw=k gSA
48. gSykstu osQ ckáre dks'k esa bysDVªkWuksa dh la[;k fdruh (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
gksrh gS\ (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (a) CH2COOH (b) CH3COOH
(a) ik¡p (b) ,d (c) CH3OH (d) CH2OH
(c) nks (d) lkr 59. ml rRo dh igpku dhft, tks mi/krq ugha gSA
49. vk/qfud vkorZ lkj.kh esa fdrus rRo gSa\ (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (a) VsY;wfj;e (b) tesZfu;e
(a)118 (b) 106 (c) iksyksfu;e (d) tsukWu
(c)102 (d) 124 60. tc esaMyhiQ us viuk dke 'kq: fd;k] rks fdrus rRo Kkr
50. fdlh foyfxr ijek.kq osQ ukfHkd osQ osaQnz vkSj ckáre Fks\ (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
dks'k osQ chp dh nwjh dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\ (a) 73 (b) 53
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (c) 63 (d) 93
(a) leLFkkfud (b) ijek.kq dk vkdkj 61. ml vEy dh igpku dhft, tks ftad dks ftad lYisQV
(c) bysDVªkWu (d) ijek.kq nzO;eku esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
51. dkcZu dh ijek.kq la[;k D;k gS\ (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I) (a) lYÝ;wfjd vEy (b) ,lhfVd vEy
(a) 7 (b) 9 (c) ukbfVªd vEy (d) gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy
223
62. ,YdhUl osQ lkekU; lw=k dks igpkfu,A 72. IykTek f>Yyh osQ vanj -------------- ,d rjy inkFkZ gSA
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (SSC GD, 6 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(a) CnH4n (b) CnH3n (a) ozQkseSfVu (b) dksf'kdk nzO;
(c) CnH2n (d) CnH6n (c) osaQnzd (d) ekbVksdkWfMª;u
63. csfoaQx lksMk dk jklk;fud uke D;k gS\ 73. dksf'kdh; ÅtkZ gLrkarj.k iz.kkfy;ksa dk izeq[k ?kVd D;k
(SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift III) gS\ (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(a)
oSQfY'k;e lYisQV gsehgkbMªsV (a) iQkLiQksjl (b) esFksu
(b)
lksfM;e dkcksZusV (c) dkcZu (d) vkWDlhtu
(c)
oSQfY'k;e lYisQV 74. dksf'kdknzO; esa jkbckslkse] ekbVksdkWfUMª;k vkSj xkYthdkW;
(d)
lksfM;e gkbMªkstu dkcksZusV tSls -------------- gksrs gSaA
64. uhyk FkksFkk dk jklk;fud uke D;k gS\ (SSC GD, 2 Feb., 2023, Shift I)
(SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift II) (a) vax (b) dks'k
(a) lYÝ;wfjd ,flM (b) dkWij lYisQV (c) dksf'kdkax (d) Ård
(c) lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM (d) ftad lYisQV 75. ikS/ksa esa Lora=k :i ls laxfBr laokgd ufy;ksa osQ :i esa
65. fuEufyf[kr esa ls D;k osaQnzd esa ekStwn ugha gksrk gS\ fdrus iFk fufeZr gksrs gSa\
(SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift IV)
(a)fjfDrdk (a) pkj (b) ik¡p
(b)fMvkWDlhjkbcksU;wfDyd vEy (c) ,d (d) nks
(c)osaQfnzdk 76. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk thok.kq laozQe.k dk ,d y{k.k
(d)thu gS\ (SSC GD, 1 Feb., 2023, Shift II)
66. dksf'kdk] fdlh tho dk ------------- thfor Hkkx gksrk gSA (a) ân; jks/ (b) izSQDpj
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift III) (c) cq[kkj (d) fny dk nkSjk
(a)lcls ckjhd (b) lcls NksVk 77. fd'kksjkoLFkk esa 'kkjhfjd Nfo foo`Qfr ls tqM+s fodkj dk
(c)lcls iryk (d) lcls yack uke crk,¡aA
67. ukfj;y osQ js'ks;qDr fNyosQ ------------- mrd osQ cus gksrs gSaA (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(SSC GD, 13 Feb., 2023, Shift II) (a) lhtksizsQfu;k (b) fMizs'ku
(a) tkbye (b) iSjsUdkbek (c) vYtkbej jksx (d) ,uksjsfDl;k uoksZlk
(c) LDysjsUdkbek (d) dkWysUdkbek 78. ikni dksf'kdk esa] ---------------- izkFkfed :i ls vaxd gSa
68. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl oSKkfud dks Hkkjr esa gfjr ozQkafr ftlesa LVkpZ] rsy rFkk izksVhu tSls inkFkZ lafpr gksrs gSaA
osQ tud osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS\ (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift I) (a) ozQkseksIykLV (b) jl/kfu;k¡
(a) lyhe vyh (b) ih lh egkyuksfcl (c) Y;wdksIykLV (d) ekbVksdkWfUMª;k
(c) ,e-,l- LokehukFku (d) es?kukn lkgk
79. tc jkWcVZ gqd us ,d lk/kj.k vko/Zd midj.k osQ uhps
69. Hkkjr esa ^gfjr ozQkafr* dh 'kq:vkr eq[; :i ls ------------ dkWoZQ osQ VqdM+ksa dk ns[kk rks mUgksaus dkSu&lk 'kCn x<+k Fkk\
esa gqbZ FkhA (SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift III) (SSC GD, 31 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a) 1980's (b) 1950's (a) LVky (b) tsy
(c) 1960's (d) 1970's (c) dksf'kdk (d) b±V
70. fo'o esa gfjr ozQkafr dk tud fdls dgk tkrk gS\ 80. gfjr ozQkafr dk eq[; mn~ns'; -------------- FkkA
(a) vkj-osQ-oh- jko (b) ,e- ,l- LokehukFku
(a) vf/d mit nsus okyh [kk| iQlyksa osQ mRiknu esa
(c) ukWeZu cksjykWx (d) jktk o`Q".k
o`f¼ djuk
71. miHkksDrk iks"kd rRoksa osQ ------------- osQ lkFk csgrj xq.koÙkk (b) nw/ dk mRiknu de djuk
okys [kk| inkFkks± dh vis{kk djrs gSaA (c) Hkwfe osQ oqQy {ks=kiQy esa o`f¼ djuk
(d) Dyksjks Ýyksjks jlk;u dh [kir dks de djuk
(a) feykoV (b) lanw"k.k
(c) izfr/kj.k (d) cfg"dj.k
224
81. lk;dl vkSj ikbul fdl izdkj osQ ikS/s gSa\ 91. -------------- }kjk 4 fdyks oSQyksjh ÅtkZ feyrh gSA
(a) ftEuksLieZ (b) ,aft;ksLieZ (a)
4 xzke olk (b) ,d xzke 'koZQjk
(c) VsfjMksiQkbVk (d) FkSyksiQkbVk (c)
4 xzke izksVhu (d) ,d xzke izksVhu
82. ------------ dkcksZgkbMªsV] izksVhu vkSj olk osQ iw.kZ ikpu dk 92. vk;ju dh deh ls D;k gksrk gS\
LFky gSA (SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift III) (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(a) {kqnzka=k (b) ;o`Qr (a)FkkbjkWbM (b) gkbiksoSQfY'k;fe;k
(c) xzfldk (d) c`gnk=k (c),uhfe;k (d) Dokf'kvksjdksj
83. ekbVksdkWfUMª;k --------------- f>Yyh dh cuh gksrh gSA 93. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/ku
(SSC GD, 30 Jan., 2023, Shift I) ifj"kn }kjk lq>k, x, ik¡p ewyHkwr [kk| lewgksa esa ls ,d
(a)
5 (b) 4 ugha gSA (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(c)
3 (d) 2 (a) nw/ vkSj ekal mRiknu (b) nkysa vkSj iQfy;k¡
84. fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.kksa esa] izkFkfed ekalkgkjh dkSu gS\ (c) dkcksZgkbMªsV vkSj izksVhu (d) olk vkSj 'koZQjk
?kkl & fVM~Mk & esa<d & lk¡i & ckt 94. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu eksyLdk osQ varxZr vkrk gS\
(SSC GD, 27 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a) ckt (b) fVM~Mk (a) fLVax&js (b) vkWDVksil
(c) ?kkl (d) esa<d (c) VVZy (d) eLdk
85. --------------- dksf'kdk dk vif'k"V fuiVkus okyk ra=k gSA 95. Lrjhdj.k esa iztkfr;ksa dk forj.k oSQls fd;k tkrk gS\
(a) ekbVksdkWfUMª;k (b) ykblkslkse (a) fod.kZr% (b) {kSfrt
(c) jl/kfu;k¡ (d) jkbckslkse (c) osaQnzho`Qr (d) ÅèoZr%
86. ifÙk;ksa dh dksf'kdkvksa esa vki yod dgk¡ ik,¡xs\ 96. fo'o esa gfjr ozQkafr osQ tud dkSu gSa\
(SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift II) (SSC GD, 17 Jan., 2023, Shift II)
(a) dksf'kdk fHkfÙk (b) dksf'kdk nzO; (a) ,Me fLeFk (b) ukWeZu cksjykWx
(c) dksf'kdk f>Yyh (d) osaQnzd (c) oqQfj;u (d) tokgj yky usg:
87. fuEufyf[kr pkj esa ls rhu Lruik;h osQ mnkgj.k gSa vkSj 97. IykfLVM~l ftuesa ----------------- jatd DyksjksfiQy gksrk gS]
bl izdkj ,d lewg cukrs gSaA dkSu bl lewg ls lacaf/r DyksjksIykLV dgykrs gSaA
ugha gS\ (SSC GD, 25 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (SSC GD, 16 Jan., 2023, Shift I)
(a) isaxqbu (b) IySfVil (a)jaxghu (b) ihys
(c) Ýykbax iQkWDl (d) oaQxk: (c)Hkwjs (d) gjs
88. osaQnzd f>Yyh }kjk osaQnzd dks ----------- ls vyx fd;k tkrk 98. dksf'kdk dh vkRe?kkrh FkSfy;k¡ fdls dgk tkrk gS\
gSA (SSC GD, 23 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (SSC GD, 13 Jan., 2023, Shift IV)
(a) thu (b) dksf'kdk (a)ykblkslkse (b) isjkWDlhlkse
(c) dksf'kdk nzO; (d) fjfDrdk (c)XykbvkWDlhlkse (d) rkjdosaQnz
89. gfjr ozQkafr osQ nkSjku] fdlkuksa us ------------- dk mi;ksx 99. iQkLV iwQM izk;% olk vkSj -------------- ls Hkjiwj gksrs gSaA
djosQ iQlyksa dh [ksrh dh tkrh gSA
(a) iks"kd rRoksa (b) oSQfY'k;e
(c) vk;ju (d) viwfjr oSQyksjh
(a) f}chti=kh chtksa
(b) fuEu mit okyh fdLeksa osQ chtksa 100. fdl foVkfeu dks Fkk;feu osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS\
(c) vf/d mit okyh fdLeksa osQ chtksa
(a)
foVkfeu B3 (b) foVkfeu B1
(d) ,dchti=kh chtksa
(c)
foVkfeu B2 (d) foVkfeu B12
90. ,d ls vf/d dksf'kdkvksa ls cus thoksa dks vki D;k dgrs
101. foVkfeu C ,d ---------------- gSA
gSa\ (SSC GD, 24 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) (SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift III)
(a) ifjdksf'kdh; (b) cgqdksf'kdh; (a) ,aVhok;jl (b) ,aVhvkWfDlMsaV
(c) midksf'kdh; (d) ,ddksf'kdh; (c) ,aVhtu (d) ,aVhck;ksfVd
225
102. dksf'kdk & vkdkj dk fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk ;qXe (c) DyksLMªhfM;e cksVqfyue
lgh gS\ (d) ySDVkscflyl ,flMksfiQyl
I. yky jDr dksf'kdk,¡ & xksykdkj 112. vkS|ksfxd laLFkkvksa esa Hkkj mBkus osQ fy, ftl gkbMªksfyd
II. is'kh dksf'kdk & roqZQ:ih tSd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] og HkkSfrdh osQ fdl fu;e
(SSC GD, 11 Jan., 2023, Shift IV) ij vk/kfjr gS\ (SSC GD, 2-3-2019, Shift-I)
(a) osQoy I (b) I rFkk II nksuksa (a) vkfoZQfeMht fl¼kar (b) [ksy fl¼kar
(c) u rks I vkSj u gh II (d) osQoy II (c) ikLdy dk fu;e (d) U;wVu dk fu;e
103. dksf'kdk dk ÅtkZx`g fdls dgk tkrk gS\ 113. ------------- osQ dkj.k [kljk dh chekjh gksrh gSA
(SSC GD, 9 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) (SSC GD, 2-3-2019, Shift-I)
(a) U;wfDy;l (b) ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k (a) ok;jl (b) dod
(c) jkbckslkse (d) ykblkslkse (c) cSDVhfj;k (d) vehuk
114. bFksukWy mRiknu fdl izfozQ;k }kjk fd;k tkrk gS\
(SSC GD, 2-3-2019, Shift-I)
104. eNyh esa ekStwn jkbcksÝyksfou dks ----------------- osQ :i esa
(a) yo.khdj.k (b) vuqekiu
tkuk tkrk gSA (SSC GD, 01-03-2019, Shift-I)
(c) fd.ou (d) la;kstu
(a) foVkfeu K (b) foVkfeu C
115. ikjaifjd rkinhIr cYc esa fiQykesaV fdl /krq dk cuk
(c) foVkfeu B2 (d) foVkfeu B12
gksrk gS\ (SSC GD, 2-3-2019, Shift-I)
105. Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa ik, tkus okys ^,tkfMjsDVk bafMdk*
(a) yksgk (b) rk¡ck
fdl lnkcgkj isM+ dk okuLifrd uke gS\
(c) VaxLVu (d) IySfVue
116. fuEu esa ls dkSu /kuh izk.kh dk mnkgj.k gS\
(a)
xqM+gy (b) uhe (SSC GD, 4-3-2019, Shift-II)
(c)
djh dk isM+ (d) nsonkj dk isM+ (a) oaQxk: (b) dNqvk
106. fn, x;s fodYiksa esa dkSu&lh chekjh lqvj ls iSQyrh gS\ (c) tsczk (d) fl;kj
(SSC GD, 1-3-2019, Shift-I) 117. ml midj.k dk uke crkb;s tks pkyd esa laHkkfor varj
(a)
thod (b) Iysx cuk;s j[kus esa enn djrk gSA
(c)
gStk (d) Lokbu Ýyw (SSC GD, 4-3-2019, Shift-II)
107. eNyh osQ lewg dks D;k dgrs gSa\ (a) 'kfDr ukius dk ;a=k (b) ;qfM;ehVj
(SSC GD, 1-3-2019, Shift-II) (c) oSQfyij (d) cSVjh
(a)LVSUMMZ (b) lsuk
118. xfr dk dkSu lk fu;e dgrk gS fd tc ,d inkFkZ nwljs
(c)cl (d) 'kkWy (Shoal)
inkFkZ ij tksj yxkrk gS rks nwljk inkFkZ rqjar igys ij okil
108. vaMs dh tnhZ (ihyk Hkkx) esa dkSu lk 90% ls vf/d cy yxkrk gS\ (SSC GD, 4-3-2019, Shift-II)
foVkfeu gksrk gS\ (SSC GD, 1-3-2019, Shift-I) (a) U;wVu dk xfr dk rhljk fu;eA
(a) foVkfeu B12 (b) foVkfeu K (b) LVhiQu dk fu;eA
(c) foVkfeu C (d) foVkfeu A (c) owQyke dk fu;eA
109. lh&lkW HkkSfrdh osQ fdl fl¼kar dk ,d mnkgj.k gS\ (d) U;wVu dh xfr dk rhljk fu;eA
(SSC GD, 1-3-2019, Shift-II)
119. vksjy iksfy;ks oSDlhu dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k Fkk\
(a)
cy (b) fo|qr (SSC GD, 4-3-2019, Shift-II)
(c)
fo|qr /kjk (d) le; (a)
tksgku lkWYd (b) tkWu uS'k
110. fuEu esa dkSu lh Nwr dh chekjh gS\ (c)
yqbZ ik'pj (d) vYcVZ lkfcu
(SSC GD, 1-3-2019, Shift-II) 120. Mhty ------------ dk mnkgj.k gSA
(a){k; (b) nek (SSC GD, 4-3-2019, Shift-II)
(c)LVªksd (d) e/qesg (a)la?kuu (b) ok"ihdj.k
111. gekjh vk¡rksa esa ik;k tkus okyk cSDVhfj;k dkSu&lk gS tks (c)vo{ksi.k (d) fuLrj.k
gesa [kkuk ipkus esa enn djrk gS\ 121. oscj fdldh bdkbZ gS\
(SSC GD, 2-3-2019, Shift-I) (SSC GD, 3-3-2019, Shift-I)
(a) LVsfiQyksdksdl vkWfj;l (a) pqacdh; izHkko ?kuRo (b) fo|qr pkydRo
(b) oSaQiM ykscSDVj tstuh (c) /kfjrk (d) pqacdh; izokg
226
122. fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk ,d rk¡cs dk v;Ld [kfut gS\ 132. ml bdkbZ dk uke crkb, ftlesa b±/u dk m"eh;
(SSC GD, 3-3-2019, Shift-I) (oSQykfjfiQd) eku O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
(a)
xysuk (b) flusckj (SSC GD, 3-3-2019, Shift-III)
(c)
pkYdkslkbV (d) osQflVjkbV (a)fdykstwy@fdxzk (b) oSQUMsyk
123. ,flVksukbfVªy dk lw=k D;k gS\ (c)fdyksxzke (d) osQfYou
(SSC GD, 3-3-2019, ShiftI) 133. lhesal fdldh bdkbZ gS\
(a) C2N2 (b) CH2CHCN (SSC GD, 5-3-2019, Shift-I)
(c) CH3CN (d) CH3OCN (a) pqacdh; izokg ?kuRo (b) fo|qr pkydRo
124. tcM+k fdldk Hkkx gS\ (c) pqacdh; izokg (d) /kfjrk
(SSC GD, 3-3-2019, Shift-I) 134. DyksjksiQkWeZ dk lw=k D;k gS\
(a) ck¡g (b) [kksiM+h (SSC GD, 5-3-2019, Shift-I)
(c) gkFk (d) Jksf.kpozQ (a) CCI4 (b) CHCl3
125. fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk xfr dk ,d lgh lehdj.k gS\ (c) CH3Cl (d) CF2Cl2
(SSC GD, 3-3-2019, Shift-I) 135. fVfc;k fdldk Hkkx gS\
(a) 2s = (V – U)t (b) 2s = 2ut + at2 (SSC GD, 5-3-2019, Shift-I)
(c) U = V + at2 (d) V2 + u2 = 2as (a) gkFk (b) [kksiM+h
126. M nzO;eku vkSj R f=kT;k okys ,d Bksl xksys dk blosQ (c) ck¡g (d) iSj
osaQnz ls xqtjus okys v{k ij tM+Rok?kw.kZ fdruk gksxk\ 136. lkSj lsy dk fuekZ.k djus osQ fy, fdl rRo dk mi;ksx
(SSC GD, 3-3-2019, Shift-II) fd;k tkrk gS\ (6-3-2019, Shift-II)
(a) 2MR/5 (b) 2MR2/5 (a) flfydkWu (b) lksfM;e
(c) 5MR2/2 (d) 5MR/2 (c) flYoj (d) lYiQj
127. vkorZ lkj.kh osQ NBos vkorZ vkSj lewg IVA esa dkSu lk 137. lwjt dh jks'kuh osQ LisDVªe dks izkIr djus osQ fy, fizTe
rRo j[kk x;k gS\ (SSC GD, 3-3-2019, Shift-II) dk mi;ksx djus okyk igyk O;fDr dkSu Fkk\
(a) ysM (ozQekad 82 ij) (SSC GD, 6-3-2019, Shift-II)
(b) csfj;e (ozQekad 58 ij) (a) tsEl DyoZQ eSDlcsy
(c) Vsyksfj;e (ozQekad 52 ij) (b) vkbtSd U;wVu
(d) LVªksfV;e (ozQekad 38 ij) (c) gSUl fozQf'p;u vksLVsaM
128. dkSu lh feJ /krq esa ysM vkSj fVu gksrs gSa\ (d) vYcVZ vkbaLVhu
(SSC GD, 3-3-2019, Shift-II) 138. nkarksa dh lM+u 'kq: gks tkrh gS] tc gekjs eqag dk pH
(a) teZu flYoj (b) xu esVy gksrk gS& (SSC GD, 6-3-2019, Shift-II)
(c) csy esVy (d) lksYMj (a) 5-5 ls de (b) 6-5 ls vf/d
129. dkSu&lh ekalis'kh duiVh dh gM~Mh dks tcM+s ls tksM+rh (c) 7-5 ls de (d) 5-5 ls vf/d
gS\ (SSC GD, 3-3-2019, Shift-II) 139. dkSu&lh xSl lw;Z dh ijkcSaxuh fofdj.kksa ls i`Foh dh lrg
(a) eslsVj (b) MsYVkW;M dh j{kk djrh gS\ (SSC GD, 6-3-2019, Shift-II)
(c) lksfy;l (d) isdVksjsfyl estj (a) ukbVªkstu (b) vkstksu
130. VsLyk fdldh bdkbZ gS\ (c) dkcZu&MkbvkDlkbM (d) vkWDlhtu
(SSC GD, 3-3-2019, Shift-III) 140. xSYouhdj.k dh izfozQ;k esa yksgs ij D;k tek fd;k tkrk
(a) fo|qr (b) pqacdh; gS\ (SSC GD, 6-3-2019, Shift-II)
(c) pqacdh; izokg ?kuRo (d) /kfjrk (a) tLrk (b) rkack
131. dkSu lh xzafFk vU; var%lzkoh xzafFk;ksa osQ dk;Z dks izHkkfor (c) fVu (d) ,Y;wfefu;e
djrh gS\ (SSC GD, 3-3-2019, Shift-III) 141. rkacs osQ crZu ij gok osQ laioZQ esa vkus ij gjs jax dk ysi
(a) vf/o`Dd fdldk feJ.k gS\ (SSC GD, 7-3-2019, Shift-II)
(b) ihfu;y (a) dkWij dkcksZusV vkSj dkWij gkbMªkWDlkbM
(c) ih;w"k xzafFk (fiV;wVjh) (b) dkWij lYisQV vkSj dkWij dkcksZusV
(d) xyxzafFk (Fkk;jkW;M) (c) dkWij ukbVªsV vkSj dkWij gkbMªkWDlkbM
227
(d)dkWij ukbVªsV 152. Msaxw osQ le; jDrÏko IysVysV~l dh la[;k fdldh deh
142. gekjs ikpu ra=k osQ fdl Hkkx esa olk dk ikpu gksrk gS\ osQ dkj.k de gksrh gS\
(SSC GD, 7-3-2019, Shift-II) (SSC GD, 8-3-2019, Shift-II)
(a) vXuk'k; (b) NksVh vkar (a) yky #f/j df.kdkvksa (b) IysVysV~l
(c) isV (d) cM+h vkar (c) 'osr #f/j df.kdkvksa (d) IykTek
143. ck;ksxSl la;a=k osQ fdl fgLls esa vkWDlhtu dh vuqifLFkfr 153. ikyd esa izko`Qfrd mRikn osQ :i esa -------------- ,flM dk
esa izfrfozQ;k,¡ gksrh gSa\ vlkekU; :i ls mPp izfr'kr gksrk gSA
(SSC GD, 7-3-2019, Shift-II) (SSC GD, 8-3-2019, Shift-II)
(a) xSl vkMVysV (b) xSl Vsad (a) VkjVfjd vEy (b) lkbfVªd vEy
(c) ?kksy (d) ikpd d{k (c) nqX/ vEy (d) vkDtsfyd vEy
144. dkSu&lk vEy vk/kfjr laosQrd ?kj ij rS;kj fd;k tk 154. v.Ms dks fljosQ osQ foy;u esa 20&24 ?kaVs rd j[kus ij
ldrk gS\ (SSC GD, 7-3-2019, Shift-III) D;k gksxk\ (SSC GD, 8-3-2019, Shift-II)
(a) fiQuksyiQkFksfyu (b) fyVel (a) vaMs dk vkoj.k ?kqy tk;sxkA
(c) feFkkby (d) pqadnj dk jl (b) vaMs dk vkoj.k VwV tk;sxkA
145. jDr dk dkSu&lk ?kVd jDr osQ FkDosQ cuus esa enn djrk (c) vaMs dk vkoj.k floqQM tk;sxkA
gS\ (SSC GD, 7-3-2019, Shift-III) (d) vaMs dk vkoj.k dk vkdkj c<+ tk;sxkA
(a) /efu;k¡ (b) ylhdk 155. xkW;Vj (x.Mekyk) dh chekjh gS\
(c) IysVysV~l (d) f'kjk,¡ (SSC GD, 8-3-2019, Shift-III)
146. fuEu esa dkSu&ls ouLifr txr osQ mHk;pj dgykrs gSa\ (a) Fkk;jkbM xzafFk (b) vf/o`Dd xzaFkh
(SSC GD, 7-3-2019, Shift-III) (c) vXU;k'k; (d) ftxj
(a) vko`rchth (b) FkSyksiQkbVk 156. ok;q dh vi;kZIr ek=kk esa thok'e b±/uksa osQ ngu osQ
(c) ftEuksLieZ (d) czk;ksiQkbVk iQyLo:i dkSu&lh xSl fufeZr gksrh gS\
147. pqacdh; {ks=k js[kk,a [khpusa osQ fy, fdl midj.k dk (SSC GD, 8-3-2019, Shift-III)
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\ (a) C;w V s u (b) ehFksu
(SSC GD, 7-3-2019, Shift-III) (c) dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM (d) dkcZu eksuks vkWDlkbM
(a) ,ehVj (b) fo|qrekih 157. lkSj lsy fdl izdkj dk;Z djrk gS\
(c) oksYVehVj (d) oaQikl (SSC GD, 8-3-2019, Shift-III)
148. fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk izdk'k osQ izdh.kZu dk mnkgj.k ugha (a) ;g jklk;fud ÅtkZ dks m"eh; ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr
gS\ (SSC GD, 8-3-2019, Shift-I) djrk gSA
(a) vkdk'k dk uhyk jax (b) ;g fo|qr ÅtkZ dks izdk'k ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
(b) lw;ks±n; vkSj lw;kZLr osQ le; lw;Z dk yky gksuk (c) ;g lkSj ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
(c) xgjs leqnz esa ty dk jax (d) ;g jklk;fud ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk
(d) rkjksa dk fVefVekuk gSA
149. fuEu esa ls fdlesa pkj d{kh; ân; ik;k tkrk gS\ 158. tBj vEy ------------- }kjk isV esa lzfor gksrs gSaA
(SSC GD, 8-3-2019, Shift-I) (SSC GD, 8-3-2019, Shift-II)
(a) es<d (b) exjePN (a)ikf'oZd dksf'kdkvksa
(c) eNyh (d) fxjfxV (b)vEyh; dksf'kdkvksa
(c)xSfLVªu lzkoh xzafFk;k¡
150. tc vEy ty osQ lkFk vfHkfozQ;k djrk gS] rks mRiUu gksrh
(d)isfIVd dksf'kdkvksa
gS\ (SSC GD, 8-3-2019, Shift-I)
(a) ukbVªkstu (b) vkWDlhtu 159. euq"; esa vkerkSj ij xq.klw=kksa osQ tksM+ksa dh la[;k gksrh gS&
(SSC GD, 8-3-2019, Shift-III)
(c) ghfy;e (d) gkbMªkstu
(a)20 (b) 23
151. ukscsy iqjLdkj fuEu esa fdl {ks=k esa ugha fn;k tkrk\
(c)10 (d) 21
(a) tho foKku (b) HkkSfrd foKku 160. ikfjfLFkfrdh osQ fuekZ.k esa 'kkfey gksrs gSa&
(c) jlk;u foKku (d) lkfgR;
228
(a)osQoy HkkSfrd dkjd (a)

fdlh Hkh izdkj fuEuho`Qr ugha fd, tk ldrsA
(b)osQoy thfor tho (b)
jklk;fud izfozQ;k ls fuEuho`Qr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
(c)thfor tho ,oa HkkSfrd dkjd (c)
tSfod izfozQ;k ls fuEuho`Qr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
(d)osQoy dhV iraxs (d)
HkkSfrd izfozQ;k ls fuEuho`Qr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
161. lHkh ltho thoksa dks fOgVsdj (1969) }kjk izLrkfor 170. Lokn esa dM+os [kk| inkFkks± dh izo`Qfr ------------ gksrh gSA
iz.kkyh osQ rgr ------------- lewgksa esa oxhZo`Qr fd;k tkrk gSA (SSC GD, 11-3-2019, Shift-I)
(SSC GD, 8-3-2019, Shift-III) (a) {kkjh; (b) {kkjdh;
(a)
rhu (b) lkr (c) vEyh; (d) mnklhu
(c)
,d (d) ik¡p 171. ikS/ksa esa izdk'k la'ys"k.k] izdk'k ÅtkZ dks ----------- ÅtkZ esa
162. vEyh; ,oa {kkjh; rRoksa osQ fu/kZj.k osQ fy, ge fyVel ifjofrZr djrk gS\
i=k vFkok -------------- dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA (SSC GD, 11-3-2019, Shift-III)
(SSC GD, 8-3-2019, Shift-II) (a) FkeZy (b) HkkSfrd
(a)
yo.k (b) 'koZQjk (c) xfrt (d) jklk;fud
(c)
lksMk (d) gYnh 172. jksx iSnk djus okys lw{ethoksa dks u"V djus vkSj nw/ dh
163. iztuu esa vUrfuZfgr fHkUurk ySafxd iztuu vkSj ----------- oS/rk dks c<+kus osQ fy, fdl izfozQ;k dk mi;ksx fd;k
dh foiQyrk osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA tkrk gS\ (SSC GD, 11-3-2019, Shift-III)
(SSC GD, 9-3-2019, Shift-II) (a) la{ksiu (b) ok"ihdj.k
(a) DNA osQ dkWih osQ dkj.k (c) ik'pqjhdj.k (d) gkbMªkstuhdj.k
(b) DNA xq.ku 173. fdlh lisQn diM+s esa yxk djh dk nkx lkcqu yxkus ij
(c) DNA feyku yky&Hkwjs jax esa cny tkrk gS] D;ksafd lkcqu dh izo`Qfr
(d) DNA foHkktu gksrh gS% (SSC GD, 11-3-2019, Shift-III)
164. LFkyh; ikfjfLFkfrdh; esa gjs isM+ ikS/s lw;Z osQ izdk'k dh (a) {kkjh; (b) vEyh;
ÅtkZ dk yxHkx xzg.k djrs gSa\ (c) {kkjdh; (d) mnklhu
(SSC GD, 9-3-2019, Shift-II) 174. ge ftu oLrqvksa dk mi;ksx ;k miHkksx djrs gSa --------- dks
(a) 4% (b) 2% NksM+dj lHkh i`Foh ij miyC/ lalk/uksa ls izkIr fd;s tkrs
(c) 3% (d) 1% gSa& (SSC GD, 11-3-2019, Shift-II)
165. ge fo|qr pkyd esa fo|qr /kjk dh rqyuk ----------- ls dj (a) ?k"kZ.k (b) ty ls izkIr ÅtkZ
ldrs gSaA (SSC GD, 9-3-2019, Shift-II) (c) lw;Z ls izkIr ÅtkZ (d) iou ls izkIr ÅtkZ
(a) baVj&flVh jsy ;k=kk (b) unh esa ty /kjkvksa 175. fo|qr ifjiFk esa foHkokUrj ekius osQ fy, iz;qDr ekid
(c) ,d 'kgj esa cl ;k=kk (d) lM+d ij py jgs yksxksa dgykrk gS& (SSC GD, 11-3-2019, Shift-II)
166. ,d ;a=k ftldk mi;ksx ifjiFk esa fo|qr /kjk dks ekius (a) tkbjksLdksi (b) FkekZehVj
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS ------------- dgykrk gSA (c) vkseehVj (d) oksYVehVj
(SSC GD, 11-3-2019, Shift-I) 176. ekuo fyax xq.klw=k cPps dk fyax fu/kZj.k djrs gSa] tgka
(a)
tkbjksLdksi (b) vkseehVj XX ifj.kke gS& (SSC GD, 11-3-2019, Shift-II)
(c)
FkekZehVj (d) ,ehVj (a) yM+dk
167. Lokn esa [kV~Vs [kk| inkFkks± dh izo`Qfr ----------- gksrh gSA (b) yM+dh
(SSC GD, 11-3-2019, Shift-I) (c) VªkaltsaMj
(a) {kkjdh; (b) {kkjh; (d) yM+dh ;k yM+dk gks ldrk gSA
(c) mnklhu (d) vEyh; 177. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu vkstksu ijr dks u"V djrk gS\
168. oSQVsus'ku dk xq.k fdlesa lcls vf/d vklkuh ls izcy (SSC GD, 11-3-2019, Shift-II)
gksrk gS\ (SSC GD, 11-3-2019, Shift-I) (a)dkcZu (b) Dyksjhu
(a) flfydkWu (b) xa/d (c)xa/d (d) fdfydkWu
(c) dkcZu (d) ukbVªkstu 178. ifÙk;ksa esa ekStwn gjk jax fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\
169. tSo fuEuhdj.kh; ekus tkus okys inkFkZ& (SSC GD, 11-2-2019, Shift-I)
(SSC GD, 11-3-2019, Shift-I) (a) DyksjksfiQy (b) fVL;w
229
(c)
tkbye (d) Ýyks,e 188. fuEu esa ls dkSu ikuh osQ lkFk izfrfozQ;k djrk gS\
179. fuEu esa ls dkSu lk var%lzkoh ra=k dk fgLlk ugha gS\ (SSC GD, 12-2-2019, Shift-I)
(SSC GD, 11-2-2019, Shift-I) (a) pkanh (b) oSQfYl;e
(a) ykj xzafFk (b) ,Mªhuy xzafFk (c) lhlk (d) rkack
(c) Fkkbel xzafFk (d) ihfu;y xzafFk 189. iÙkh dh fupyh lrg ij fLFkr NksVs fNnzksa dks D;k dgrs
180. DNA dk iw.kZ :i D;k gS\ gSa\ (SSC GD, 12-2-2019, Shift-I)
(SSC GD, 11-2-2019, Shift-I) (a) jkse (b) flfy;k
(a) MhvkWDlhU;wfDyd ,flM (c) ja/z (d) izLiqQVu
(b) MhvkWDlhjkbcks U;wfDyd ,flM 190. ml izfozQ;k dks D;k dgk tkrk gS ftlosQ }kjk vuqokaf'kd
(c) MhvkWDlhjkbcksU;wVªy ,flM :i ls leku O;fDr mRikfnr fd, tk ldrs gSa\
(d) MsYVkU;wfDyd ,flM (SSC GD, 12-2-2019, Shift-I)
181. ued dk jlk;fud uke D;k gS\ (a) iztuu (b) izdk'k la'ys"k.k
(SSC GD, 11-2-2019, Shift-I) (c) LoSQfuax (d) Dyksfuax
(a) lksfM;e dkcksZusV
191. dkSu&lk ew=k iz.kkyh dk fgLlk ugha gS\
(b) gkbMªkstu DyksjkbM
(SSC GD, 12-2-2019, Shift-I)
(c) lksfM;e gkbMªkstu dkcksZusV
(a) ew=k ekxZ (b) ew=kk'k;
(d) lksfM;e DyksjkbM
(c) ew=kokfguh (d) czkadkbZ
182. lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM dk mi;ksx ------------ osQ fy, ugha 192. euq";] ouLifr vkSj tho&tarq] eRL;] i'kq/u vkfn
fd;k tkrk gS (SSC GD, 11-2-2019, Shift-III) thoeaMy ls izkIr lalk/u] ftuesa thou gksrk gS] os D;k
(a) /krqvksa dh fpdukbZ gVkus
dgykrs gSa\ (SSC GD, 12-2-2019, Shift-I)
(b) vpkj ijjf{kr djus
(a) tSo lalk/u (b) uohdj.kh; lalk/u
(c) v[kckj cukus
(c) vtSfod lalk/u (d) laHkkfor lalk/u
(d) lkcqu cukus
193. Lo.kZ dk vk.kfod lw=k D;k gS\
183. fuEu esa ls dkSu ifjlapj.k iz.kkyh dk fgLlk ugha gS\ (SSC GD, 12-2-2019, Shift-I)
(SSC GD, 11-2-2019, Shift-III) (a) Ag (b) Al
(a)
/efu;ka (b) foYyh (c) Au (d) Cl
(c)
f'kjk,a (d) dksf'kdk,a
194. fuEu esa ls dkSu&lh fefJr /krq ugha gS\
184. Ag ,d egaxh] ueZ] lisQn vkSj pednkj /krq gS] ftls (SSC GD, 12-2-2019, Shift-I)
vkerkSj ij --------------- osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA (a) ihry (b) Vkadk
(SSC GD, 11-2-2019, Shift-III) (c) dkalk (d) pkanh
(a) pkanh (b) ikjk
195. --------------- euq";ksa esa vkWDlhtu ifjogu osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h
(c) ,Y;qehfu;e (d) fudy
gS\ (SSC GD, 12-2-2019, Shift-III)
185. --------- ekuo 'kjhj dh lcls NksVh gM~Mh gSA (a) ylhdk (b) gheksXyksfcu
(c) cyxe (d) esysfuu
(a)
oqQguh dh gM~Mh (b) dku dh gM~Mh (LVsiht)
(c)
izdksf"Bdk (d) dykbZ dh gM~Mh 196. efLr"d ------------------- ra=k dk ,d fgLlk gSA
186. tc fdMuh lgh rjhosQ ls dke djuk can dj nsrh gS] (SSC GD, 12-2-2019, Shift-III)
vif'k"V mRiknksa vkSj [kwu ls vfrfjDr nzo dks fudkyus (a)
raf=kdk (b) ikpd
dh izfozQ;k dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\ (c)
ifjlapj.k (d) var%lzkoh
(SSC GD, 12-2-2019, Shift-I) 197. gfjr ozQkafr esa fdls 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gS\
(a)fuLianu (b) 'kqf¼dj.k (SSC GD, 12-2-2019, Shift-III)
(c)Mk;fyfll (d) ifjlapj.k (a) xkao dh lM+dksa osQ lq/kj dks
187. fo"kk.kqvksa osQ vè;;u dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\ (b) chtksa dh vf/d mit nsus okyh fdLeksa dks
(SSC GD, 12-2-2019, Shift-I) (c) flapkbZ dh vPNh rjg ls fodflr iz.kkyh osQ mi;ksx
(a) okbjksykWth (b) isbMksykWth dks
(c) ck;ksykWth (d) iSFkksykWth (d) [ksrh esa mUur rduhd osQ mi;ksx dks
230
198. --------------- dks ^dksf'kdk dk ikWoj gkml* dgk tkrk gSA (c)DyksLVªhfM;e (d) ,tksVkscSDVj
(SSC GD, 12-2-2019, Shift-III) 206. fo'o izoklh i{kh fnol gj o"kZ euk;k tkrk gS\
(a) ukfHkd (b) dksf'kdk f>Yyh (SSC GD, 06 Dec 2021)
(c) ekbVksdkWfUMª;k (d) xkWYth fudk; (a) ebZ vkSj vDVwcj osQ igys jfookj dks
199. gkbijesVªksfi;k osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dFku (b) vizSy vkSj uoacj osQ nwljs 'kfuokj dks
xyr gS\ (SSC GD, 13-2-2019, Shift-II) (c) vizSy vkSj uoacj osQ igys jfookj dks
(a) bls nwj&n`f"V Hkh dgk tkrk gSA (d) ebZ vkSj vDVwcj osQ nwljs 'kfuokj dks
(b) ;g blfy, Hkh mRiUu gks ldrh gS D;ksafd vka[kksa osQ 207. olk Ård] ekuo 'kjhj esa ik;k tkus okyk fdl izdkj dk
ysal dh iQksdl yackbZ cgqr yach gksrh gSA Ård gS\ (SSC GD, 06 Dec 2021)
(c) izHkkfor O;fDr vkl&ikl dh oLrqvksa dks Bhd ls ugha (a) midyk (epithelial) (b) is'kh; (muscular)
ns[k ldrk gSA (c) raf=kdk (nervous) (d) la;ksth (connective)
(d) us=k xksyd (vknZ&ckWy) esa o`f¼ nks"k osQ dkj.k esa ls 208. -------------- dk oa'k uke (genus name) oqQoqQjfcVk
,d gSA (Cucurbita) gSA (SSC GD, 09 Dec 2021)
200. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh xSj vko';d tho izfozQ;k (a) dn~nw (b) vkyw
gS\ (SSC GD, 13-2-2019, Shit-II) (c) cSaxu (d) VekVj
(a) iks"k.k (b) lapj.k 209. VªkbfXyljkbM~l] ,d izdkj osQ--------- gksrs gSA
(c) mRltZu (d) iztuu (SSC GD, 08 Dec 2021)
201. ekuo 'kjhj dh Ropk dh oká ijr osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr (a) foVkfeu (b) olk
esa ls fdl 'kCn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\ (c) dkcksZgkbMªsV (d) izksVhu
(SSC GD, 03 Dec 2021) 210. fuEUkfyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk tkuoj] fcy esa ugha jgrk gS\
(a)
ySfjaDl (Larynx) (SSC GD, 08 Dec 2021)
(b)
DokMfjlsIl (Quadriceps) (a)dNqvk (b) oqMpd
(c)
,fiMfeZl (Epidermis) (c)[kjxks'k (d) /kuhew'k
(d)
fdjsfVu (Keratin) 211. fodklokn dk fl¼kar (Theory of Evolution)
202. fuEu esa ls dkSu&lh ,d ty tfur chekjh gS\ fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlus fn;k Fkk\
(SSC GD, 03 Dec 2021) (SSC GD, 08 Dec 2021)
(a)U;weksfu;k (b) lkekU; tqdke (a)
Xkzsxj tkWu esaMy (b) pkYlZ jkWcVZ MkfoZu
(c)gStk (d) d.Bekyk (eEIl) (c)
vYcVZ vkbaLVhu (d) esjh D;wjh
212. ân; osQ ,d pØ (,d dkfMZ;d lk;dy) esa eNyh osQ
203. jkbcksÝyksfou dk nwljk uke D;k gS\
ân; ls jDr fdruh ckj xqtjrk gS\
(SSC GD, 03 Dec 2021)
(SSC GD, 08 Dec 2021)
(a)foVkfeu C (b) foVkfeu A
(a) ,d ckj (b) pkj ckj
(c)foVkfeu D (d) foVkfeu B2
(c) rhu ckj (d) nks ckj
204. tc okrkoj.k osQ dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM es o`f¼ gks tkrh gS]
213. ikS/ksa osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa osQ OkSKkfud vè;;u dks
rks blosQ dkj.k------- gksrh@gksrk gSA ------ dgk tkrk gSA (SSC GD, 09 Dec 2021)
(SSC GD, 06 Dec 2021)
(a) Ckzk;ksiQkbVk foKku (bryology)
(a)ok;q nkc
(b) Tkarq foKku (zoology)
(b)o"kkZ
(c) ouLifr foKku (botany)
(c)Xykscy okfeZax (HkweaMyh; rkiu)
(d) tSo izkS|kSfxdh (biotechnology)
(d)laj{k.k
214. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl xSl dks xzhugkml xSl osQ :Ik esa
205. fuEUkfyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk cSDVhfj;k (thok.kq)] ok;qeaMyh;
ugha tkuk tkrk gS\ (SSC GD, 09 Dec 2021)
ukbVªkstu dks fiQDl djus esa lgk;rk djrk gS\
(a) dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM (b) esFksu
(SSC GD, 06 Dec 2021)
(c) vkWDlhtu (d) ty ok"i
(a) vtkslfifjye (b) jkbtksfc;e
231
mRrjekyk
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (d) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (a) 50. (b)
51. (d) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (d) 60. (c)
61. (a) 62. (c) 63. (d) 64. (b) 65. (a) 66. (b) 67. (c) 68. (c) 69. (c) 70. (c)
71. (c) 72. (b) 73. (a) 74. (c) 75. (d) 76. (c) 77. (d) 78. (c) 79. (c) 80. (a)
81. (a) 82. (a) 83. (d) 84. (d) 85. (b) 86. (b) 87. (a) 88. (c) 89. (c) 90. (b)
91. (d) 92. (c) 93. (c) 94. (b) 95. (d) 96. (b) 97. (d) 98. (a) 99. (d) 100. (b)
101. (b) 102. (b) 103. (b) 104. (c) 105. (b) 106. (d) 107. (d) 108. (a) 109. (a) 110. (a)
111. (d) 112. (c) 113. (a) 114. (c) 115. (c) 116. (a) 117. (d) 118. (d) 119. (d) 120. (c)
121. (d) 122. (c) 123. (c) 124. (b) 125. (b) 126. (b) 127. (a) 128. (d) 129. (a) 130. (c)
131. (c) 132. (a) 133. (b) 134. (b) 135. (d) 136. (a) 137. (b) 138. (a) 139. (b) 140. (a)
141. (a) 142. (b) 143. (d) 144. (d) 145. (c) 146. (d) 147. (d) 148. (d) 149. (b) 150. (d)
151. (a) 152. (d) 153. (d) 154. (a) 155. (a) 156. (d) 157. (c) 158. (c) 159. (b) 160. (c)
161. (d) 162. (d) 163. (a) 164. (d) 165. (b) 166. (d) 167. (d) 168. (c) 169. (c) 170. (b)
171. (d) 172. (c) 173. (c) 174. (c) 175. (d) 176. (b) 177. (b) 178. (a) 179. (a) 180. (b)
181. (d) 182. (b) 183. (b) 184. (a) 185. (b) 186. (c) 187. (a) 188. (b) 189. (c) 190. (d)
191. (d) 192. (a) 193. (c) 194. (d) 195. (b) 196. (a) 197. (a) 198. (c) 199. (d) 200. (b)
201. (c) 202. (c) 203. (d) 204. (c) 205. (b) 206 (d) 207. (d) 208. (a) 209. (b) 210. (a)
211. (b) 212. (a) 213. (c) 214. (c)
232

Rojgar Coaching Center: Vafdr HKKVH LJ

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Rojgar Coaching Center: Vafdr HKKVH LJ

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Rojgar Coaching Center

r ystj Vkbi lsfVax%

cqM+kg] FkksM+k Ne] ?kqa?kVhA

vy;qrq] pkax yks] oqQyqRlsuA rfeyukMq

jkT; & rfeyukMq fcLlkuks jkexksiky

viZ.kk lrhlu osQ fy, ^Jhtu (Sarjan) LowQy dh LFkkiuk dhA

eksfguh vV~Ve~ TT in~e Hkw"k.k (1991)

cq¼kfnR; eq[kthZ TT rkfgj vokMZ (bZjku 1992)

ia- eqosQ'k 'kekZ larwj

TT NB iwtk @ Chhath Puja

TT Mqaxjh isQfLVoy egkjk"Vª

TT cSlk[kh (13 April 1699] [kkylk iaFk) mÙkj izns'k

TT 'kd nkok flyEece

2. vklqjk TT mn~ns'; % bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns'; dkS'ky fodkl vkSj vU;

iz/kuea=kh eqnzk ;kstuk iz/kuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk xzkeh.k

iz/kuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk 'kgjh xzkeksn; ls Hkkjr mn;

ih&,e vk'kk vVy Hkw&ty ;kstuk

vk;q"eku Hkkjr (fo'o dh gsYFk osQ;j dh lcls cM+h LokfeRo ;kstuk

vkRefuHkZj Hkkjr ;kstuk NIPUN Hkkjr dk;ZozQe

Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; m|ku fte dkcsZV jk"Vªh; m|ku mÙkjk[kaM 1936

TT eUukj dh •kM+h] rfeyukMq

fo'o iqLrd fnol 23 vizSy varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr fnol 21 flracj

fo'o Vhdkdj.k lIrkg fjax LosQfVax] eqDosQckth

m#Xos iqQVckWy n flfDdeh Lukbij ckbpqax HkwfV;k

Hkkfouk csu iVsy Vscy Vsful jfo oqQekj nfg;k oqQ'rh

d:.k paMksd dkj jsflax bejku [kku ikfdLrku % , ilZuy fgLVªh

vksyafid èot esa fd;k x;kA

Hkkjr dh izeq[k >hysa isfj;kj >hy osQjy

[kqikZrky mÙkjk[kaM foDVksfj;k >hy osQU;k] ;qxk.Mk rFkk ratkfu;k

Hkkjr ds izeq[k Xysf'k;j fo'o ds izeq[k vuqla/kku dsanz

4- mÙkj izns'k 5- fcgkj 6- if'pe caxky NH -16&(iqjkuk uke % dydRrk&psUubZ

Hkkjr ds izeq[k iqy

izeq[k xqIrpj laLFkk,¡ valk ( ANSA ) bVyh

dkyh ozQkafr isVªksfy;e izkWMD'ku ls Hkkjrh; /kkfeZd] lkekftd

U;wure fyaxkuqikr (jkT;) uxjh; tula[;k

lokZf/d lk{kjrk okyk osQUnz'kkflr izns'k osQUnz'kkflr izns'k

(b) dykeaMye dY;kf.koqQV~Vh vEek (a)

(a) yn~nk[k (b) paMhx<+ (a)rfeyukMq (b) osQjy

çeq[k osn osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

ex/ jkT; dk mn; ekS;Z lkezkT;

TT 1906 bZñ esa eqfLye yhx dh LFkkiuk ^^lyheqYykg rFkk

ØkfUr osQ çeq[k osQUæ Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk r`rh; pj.k

dkaxzsl dk ykgkSj vf/os'ku iwuk le>kSrk (iwuk iSDV)

(SSC GD, 8 Feb., 2023, Shift IV) (c)

(c);keh (d) vè;k; (a) 1942 (b) 1940

vkWLVªsfy;k TTbl egk}hi dh loksZPp pksVh foUlu uSfliQ (eSfliQ) gSA

feaMukvksa xrZ & ç'kkUr egklkxj D;wjksfl;k dh ty/kjk vaVkdZfVdk dh ty/kjk

ghjk :l cksRlkokuk Mksoj tylfU/ bafXy'k pSuy ,oa mÙkjh lkxj

fo'o osQ çeq[k vkS|ksfxd uxj czwusbZ canjlsjh MkWyj

U;wthyS.M osfyaXVu MkWyj TT

Jhuxj >sye unh usjks xst & 0-610 ehVj

cuk, tkrs gSaA oqQN çeq[k jk"Vªh; jktekxZ

TT psUubZ ,d o`Qf=ke cUnjxkg gSA ;g Hkkjr dk lcls çkphu ijkfEcoqQye osQjy

jkuhxat if'pe caxky dks;yk dksykj] gV~Vh dukZVd lksuk

TT lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&155 ds vuqlkj jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr fo/kulHkk

gSA uhfr cukukA

jktHkk"kk foÙkh; vkikrdky (vuqPNsn&360)

cuk fn;kA TT 104ok¡ lafo/ku la'kks/u (2020) % yksdlHkk vkSj jkT;lHkk

(a) dukMkbZ ekWMy (b) tkiku ekWMy (c) 7 (d) 5

(b) fdlh Hkh iz'kklfud vf/dkjh dh xfjek osQ fy, (a)

TT vFkZ'kkL=k % ;g ekuo dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dk vè;;u i;ZVu vkfnA

igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1951&56) pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1969&74)

uhfr vk;ksx vVy Hkw&ty ;kstuk 25 fnlacj] 2019