Lecture 7

ARCH 2815

Art Appreciation
PART A শিল্প রসাস্বাদন / শিল্প সমাদর

Joarder HAFIZ Ullah | Assistant Professor, DUET

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 We shall learn Toady about

• Impressionism 1870-1900

• Post-Impressionism 1886-1905

• Expressionism 1890-1939

• Art Nouveau 1895- 1915

• FAUVISM 1905-1908

• Cubism 1905- 1939

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Monet’s 1873 painting, Impression, Sunrise.
This famous painting, Impression, Sunrise,
was created from a scene in the port of Le Havre. Monet
depicts a mist, which provides a hazy background to the piece
set in the French harbor. The orange and yellow hues contrast
brilliantly with the dark vessels, where little, if any detail is
immediately visible to the audience. It is a striking and candid
work that shows the smaller boats in the foreground almost
being propelled along by the movement of the water.
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Impressionism 1870-1900
• The Impressionist era is one of the most significant of the 19th century.
• Impressionism saw a revolution in the style, technique, and intention of
painting. Throwing out the traditional painting playbook, Impressionist
painters tried to capture the rawness of the world around them.
• The Impressionist style has loose brushwork, a lack of transition
colors, and a sense of impermanence.
• Impressionist artists sought to portray the world through a lens of
personal experience that reflected our inner world too.
• The desire to capture the natural world in its exact form is a
fundamental part of the Impressionist movement.
• Impressionism describes a style of painting developed in France during
the mid-to-late 19th century; characterizations of the style include
small, visible brushstrokes that offer the bare impression of form,
unblended color and an emphasis on the accurate depiction of natural
light.
• the practice of painting out of doors and spontaneously 'on the spot'
rather than in a studio from sketches. Main impressionist subjects were
landscapes and scenes of everyday life
• Impressionism is a form in art in which the artist attempts to convey
what they see.
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Edgar Degas, The Dance Class Pierre Auguste Renoir, Dance at Bougival. On of 12 Monet canvasses of Gare Saint-Lazare

Famous Artists of Impressionism

Camille Pissarro, The
Boulevard Édouard Manet,
Montmartre at Night, Claude Monet,
1897 Edgar Degas,
Pierre-Auguste Renoir,
Camille Pissarro
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WATER LILIES by Claude Monet . 1890s – 1920s
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Manet's Music in the Tuileries
Characteristics of Impressionism
• Thick short strokes of bright color.
• These strokes were taken to get a quick impression of the essence
of the subject.
• Impressionism did not focus on the intricate details of an image
• Color is not mixed.
• It is laid against another color which thus creates a vibrant overall
look.
• The mixing of the colors is supposed to take place when the
viewer looks at the painting
• No use of Black – There is no black used in impressionism.
• Grays and dark colors are obtained by mixing contrasting colors
together.
• The painters tended to blend the colors right on the canvas by
mixing in wet colors. Because Impressionists took painting
outdoors, they began to realize the importance of natural light in
their paintings and played up the emphasis of light.
• Quick, loose brush strokes.
• Bright paintings.
• Painting Outside
• Relative color , color is not mixed.
• Clearer picture from further away.
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 Post-Impressionism 1886-1905
• It was an art movement that took place in the late
19th century, and which spilled over into the dawn
of the 20th century in France.
• The term “post-Impressionism” was coined by an
art critic called Roger Fry,
• It emerged as a response to the limitations of
Impressionism.
• Post-Impressionists took the liberty of adding their
unique imaginations to their paintings, which was
a revolutionary act in the context of conventional
art which sought to provide an accurate reflection
of the world as it is visually perceived.
• Instead a depiction of the world as it is, artists of
post-Impressionism allowed their artwork to
Starry night reflect the world as it was seen by themselves.
1887 Vincent vanGogh

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 Famous Artists of Post-
Impressionism

Paul Cézanne,
Paul Gauguin,
Vincent van Gogh
Georges Seurat.
Henri de Toulouse Lautrec
Henri Rousseau

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande

Jatte (1884 – 1886) by Georges Seurat

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The Painter of is a portrait of Vincent van Gogh by Paul
Gauguin in December 1888.
Characteristics of Post Impressionism
• Symbolic and highly personal meanings were particularly important to Post-
Impressionists such as Paul Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh. Rejecting interest
in depicting the observed world, they instead looked to their memories and
emotions in order to connect with the viewer on a deeper level.
• Structure, order, and the optical effects of color dominated the aesthetic vision
of Post-Impressionists like Paul Cézanne, Georges Seurat, and Paul Signac.
Rather than merely represent their surroundings, they relied upon the
interrelations of color and shape to describe the world around them.
• Despite the various individualized styles, most Post-Impressionists focused on
abstract form and pattern in the application of paint to the surface of the
canvas. Their early leanings toward abstraction paved the way for the radical
modernist exploration of abstraction that took place in the early twentieth
century.
• Critics grouped the various styles within Post-Impressionism into two general,
opposing stylistic trends - on one side was the structured, or geometric style
that was the precursor to Cubism, while on the other side was the expressive,
or non-geometric art that led to Abstract Expressionism.
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 • The Post-Impressionists often exhibited together, but unlike the
Impressionists, who began as a close-knit, convivial group, they
painted mainly alone.
• Cézanne painted in isolation at Aix-en Provence in southern
France;
• Paul Gauguin, who in 1891 took up residence in Tahiti, and of van
Gogh, who painted in the countryside at Arles.
• Both Gauguin and van Gogh rejected the indifferent objectivity of
Impressionism in favor of a more personal, spiritual expression.
• After exhibiting with the Impressionists in 1886, Gauguin
renounced- the abominable error of naturalism.
• After this Gauguin sought a simpler truth and purer aesthetic in
art; turning away from the sophisticated, urban art-world of Paris,
he instead looked for inspiration in rural communities with more
traditional values. Copying the pure, flat color, heavy outline, and
decorative quality of medieval stained glass and manuscript
illumination, he explored the expressive potential of pure color
and line, using exotic and sensuous color harmonies to create
Self-Portrait with a Straw Hat
1887 Vincent vanGogh poetic images of the Tahitians among whom he would eventually
(Dutch, 1853–1890) Oil on canvas live.
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 Post-Impressionism Characteristics

Post-Impressionism characteristics can differ because the artists who originated the
techniques involved with Post-Impressionism did not work together. Still, there are
a few defining characteristics that make up the art form. All forms of Post-
Impressionist painting have three characteristics in common:
•subjectivity
•real-life subject matter
•manipulation of color or geometric design

Subjective Nature
One of the biggest changes Post-Impressionism made to Impressionism is
intention. While Impressionist painters attempted to represent the world as it
appeared to them, Post-Impressionists added the interpretation and reflection of
the artist into the painting. The subjectivity of Post-Impressionist art is what sets it
apart from the other art forms of the 19th-century.
Real-Life Subject Matter
Post-Impressionism is like Impressionism as it relates to subject matter. Both art
styles aim to represent the real world in one way or another. Every Post-
Impressionist painting uses real-life subject matter, meaning images seen by the
eyes of the painter. Where Post-Impressionism varies is in its mode of real-world
representation. The artists involved with Post-Impressionism do not simply portray
Café Terrace at Night is an 1888 oil painting by
the Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh.
the world as if taking a photograph, they add interpretation and emotion to the
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scene or figure via color, shape, and form.
 Impressionism vs. Post-Impressionist Paintings

• The implication of this was that there was a movement toward a

greater degree of self-expression in terms of the subject matter that
was portrayed in post-Impressionist paintings. Artists belonging to
this movement combined sights they remembered from their personal
experience, images they had seen in art or imagined from literature as
well as elements of their creativity and innovation. This was a distinct
deviation from the Impressionist desire to capture scenes as they are
rather than as they are perceived or interpreted by the artist on a
spiritual or emotional level.

• As its name implies, post-Impressionism took place in the wake of

Impressionism. Impressionism is the name given to the dreamy,
colorful scenes painted by the likes of Claude Monet, Edgar Degas,
Berthe Morisot, and Auguste Renoir, who used each brushstroke to
capture the changing light in the scenes they witnessed.

• This technique was their blessing, as well as their curse according to

the artists that came after them, and they were later critiqued by up-
and-coming artists based on their preoccupation with the “way” they
painted rather than “what” they painted.
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 Expressionism 1890-1939

• Expressionism is the art of the emotive, the art of tension

provoked by consciousness of the forces which surround
modern humankind.
• The inevitability of world war, the rise of industrialization, the
new power of capitalism - all these things weighed on men's
minds at the beginning of the century. This is the tendency of
an artist to distort reality for an emotional effect; it is a
subjective art form.
• Expressionist artists have sought to express the meaning of
emotional experience rather than physical reality.
• Expressionism is exhibited in many art forms, including
painting, literature, theatre, film, architecture and music.
• The term often implies emotional angst. In a general sense,
painters such as Matthias Grünewald and El Greco can be
called expressionist, though in practice, the term is applied
mainly to 20th century works, especially in Germany. Early
twentieth century northern European art (1905-25).

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Key dates: 1905-1920
Key regions: Germany, Austria, France
Key words: self, psyche, body, sexuality, nature, spirit,
emotions, mysticism, distortion of reality, exaggeration,
heightened use of colour
Key artists: Vincent van Gogh, Henri Matisse, Edvard
Munch, Egon Schiele, Oskar Kokoschka, Wassily
Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

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 Art Nouveau 1895- 1915
• Art Nouveau style was popular from 1890 to 1910 throughout
Europe and the United States. The design movement is
characterized by organic lines, intricate patterns, diverse use
of materials, and earthy colors. Ironically, modern industry
allowed the materials used to be molded into natural forms

• Art Nouveau style is inspired by the natural world,

characterized by sinuous, sculptural, organic shapes, arches,
curving lines, and sensual ornamentation. Common motifs
include stylized versions of leaves, flowers, vines, insects,
animals, and other natural elements.

• The distinguishing ornamental characteristic of Art Nouveau

The kiss 1907, by Gustav Klimt
is its undulating asymmetrical line, often taking the form of
flower stalks and buds, vine tendrils, insect wings, and other
delicate and sinuous natural objects; the line may be elegant
and graceful or infused with a powerfully rhythmic and
whiplike force.

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 Building façade by Antonio Gaudi

Key period: 1880-1910

Key regions: Western Europe, United States
Key words: organic forms, natural world, sinuous lines, curves, Gesamtkunstwerk, design, architecture
Key artists: Gustav Klimt, Aubrey Beardsley, Louis Comfort Tiffany, Antoni Gaudí, Henri de Toulouse-
Lautrec, Alphonse Mucha, Henry van de Velde, Eugene Grasset, Jan Toorop, Victor Horta
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 FAUVISM 1905-1908
• Fauvism is the style of les Fauves (French for "the wild beasts"), a
group of early 20th-century modern artists whose works emphasized
painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic
values retained by Impressionism. While Fauvism as a style began
around 1904 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as such lasted
only a few years, 1905–1908, and had three exhibitions.The leaders of
the movement were André Derain and Henri Matisse.
• The Fauve painters were the first to break with Impressionism as well as
with older, traditional methods of perception. Their spontaneous, often
subjective response to nature was expressed in bold, undisguised
brushstrokes and high-keyed, vibrant colors directly from the tube.
• They painted in a spontaneous manner, wild brushwork and strident
bold colors. Fauvism was accepted as a new art movement in 1905, after
the fading of Post-Impressionism. Fauvism officially began with an art
exhibition called the Salon d Automne. The artists gathered here to
exhibit their newest works. This art was emphasized painterly (having
qualities unique to the art of painting) qualities and strong colour over Henri Matisse. Woman with a Hat, 1905. San Francisco
the representational values retained by Impressionism. Fauvism as a Museum of Modern Art
style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as
such lasted only three years, 1905–1907, and ARCH
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three exhibitions. 16
 André Derain:
Waterloo Bridge
1906,oil on
canvas80.5 x 101 cm

Fishing Boats, Collioure, 1905

André Derain (French, 1880–1954) Still Life with
Oil on canvas Vegetables,
1905–6
Henri Matisse
(French,
1869–1954)
Oil on canvas

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 Cubism 1905- 1939
• Highly influential visual arts style of the 20th century that was
created principally by the painters Pablo Picasso between 1907
and 1914. The Cubist style emphasized the flat, two-dimensional
surface of the picture plane, rejecting the traditional techniques of
perspective, foreshortening,modeling and refuting time-honored
theories of art as the imitation of nature.
• In cubist artworks, objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-
assembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects
from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude
of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context.
• Often the surfaces intersect at seemingly random angles, removing
a coherent sense of depth. The background and object planes
interpenetrate one another to create the shallow ambiguous space.
• There are two distinct phases of the Cubist style: Analytical
Cubism (pre 1912) and Synthetic Cubism (post 1912). Cubism
influenced many other styles of modern art
including Expressionism, Futurism, Orphism, Vorticism,
Suprematism, Constructivism and De Stijl. Other notable artists
Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles
d’Avignon,1907 associated with Cubism were Juan Gris, Fernand Leger, Robert
Delaunay, Albert Gleizes, Jean Metzinger, Louis Marcoussis and
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 Types of Cubism
• The early phase, generally considered to
run from 1908–12 is called analytical
cubism and the second is called synthetic
cubism.
• It is termed analytical cubism because of
its structured dissection of the subject,
viewpoint-by-viewpoint, resulting in a
fragmentary image of multiple viewpoints
and overlapping planes.

Picasso, "Three
Women". 1908 year
PABLO PICASSO (1881-1973)
'Ambroise Vollard', 1915 (oil on canvas

Representing Artists:
• Pablo Picasso
• Georges Braque
• Fernand Leger
• Juan Gris
• Marcel Duchamp
• Albert Gleizes ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 19
• Jean Metzinger.
Pablo Picasso / GUERNICA

Characteristics of Cubism:

• The application of multiple perspectives,

• The use of geometric shapes,
• A monochromatic color palette
• Flattened picture plane.
• the simplification of arts
• The refusal of the single viewpoint of art
• Use multiple points of view of binocular vision.
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 THANK YOU
For Your Participation

https://artincontext.org/art-periods/

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