AEE Lab Manual 1

SHRI SHANKARACHARYA INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL
MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR
LAB MANUAL
Department of Civil Engineering
Programme B.Tech
Semester 7th Sem
Practical Subject Code D018722(018)
Subject Name Advanced Environmental Engg. Lab
INSTITUTE VISION
To be a premier technical institute in the country that imparts innovation-driven education to nurture value-
based competent future professionals.
INSTITUTE MISSION
The institute will focus on producing competent future professionals by:
 Partnering and collaborating with industry and government in producing new knowledge and addressing
socially relevant problems.
 Creating infrastructure and good practices that foster innovation-based education.
 Providing experiences that lead students becoming good engineers.

DEPARTMENT VISION
To be a pioneer in the field of civil engineering and contribute constructively towards regional and national
development
DEPARTMENT MISSION
1. To create and sustain an academic environment that will equip students with valuebased engineering
knowledge with broad sets of skills
2. To mold the students with the inquisitive attitude that will enable them to apply innovative, creative & ethical
thinking
3. To develop competent professionals and entrepreneurs to take the responsibilities and challenges for the
betterment of society.
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO1: Graduates can build up technical & research skills to study Civil Engineering problems and be able to
effectively apply in practice & deliver innovative solutions.
PEO2: Graduates will be capable of working effectively and ethically in a professional environment for
sustainable development.
PEO3: Graduates will successfully achieve jobs in government and private sector and also develop leadership
skill and emerge as an entrepreneur.
Program Outcomes (POs)
PO1 Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an

Engineering Knowledge engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems

PO2
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences,
Problem Analysis
and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or
Design & Development of processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health
Solutions and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments,
Investigations of Complex analysis, and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
Problems conclusions.
Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT
PO5
tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
Modern Tool Usage
understanding of the limitations.
Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety,
PO6
legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
Engineer and Society
engineering practice.
PO7
Understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental
Environment and
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and the need for sustainable development.
Sustainability
PO8 Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
Ethics of the engineering practice.
PO9 Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in
Individual and Team Work multidisciplinary settings.
Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
PO10 community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective
Communication reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
PO11 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management principles
Project Management and and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects
Finance and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and
Life-long Learning life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
SHRI SHANKARACHARYA INSTITUTE
OF PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY

RAIPUR. CHHATTISGARH, INDIA. | APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI.| AFFILIATED TO CSVTU, BHILAI.
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. ………………………………………….………………………

Roll No ………………………………. of seventh semester Civil Engineering has completed
the term work satisfactory in Advanced Environmental Engineering Lab Code: D018722
(018) for the academic session Oct 2022 to January 2023 as prescribed in the curriculum.
Place : SSIPMT, Raipur

Date : ……………………...
Enrollment no : ……………………...
University Roll no : ………………………
Professor In charge Head of the Department

SSIPMT, Raipur
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

List of Practicals & Record of Progressive Assessment
Date of Date of
S.No Name of Experiment
performance submission
1 To determine the Fluoride content in the given

Sewage/Industrial waste water sample.
2 To determine the quantity of Iron present in the given

3 To find out Nitrate nitrogen present in the given

4 To determine Total Phosphates present in the given

5 To determine MPN of coliforms of the given

6 Microbiological examination of Sewage/Industrial waste

water sample.
7 Study and Report Making on Dairy W/W.
8 Study and Report Making on Sugar Industry W/W.
9 Monitoring of Respirable Particulate Matter.
10 Monitoring of Gases and Particulates in Ambient Air (SOx ,

NOx)
11 Study of air samples for metals (Using AA spectrometer).
Remarks & Final grade out of 10
Signature of Prof In Charge

DO's
1. Consult your lab instructor before performing practical.
2. Handle the equipments carefully,
3. Perform practical carefully and complete it on the same day.
4. Switch off the mains after performing practical.
5. Always complete your work with in the given schedule.
6. Inform any damage of lab property to the concerned faculty immediately as soon as noticed. If such
an occurrence is not reported, the responsibility should lie with a person as decided by the authority.
DON'Ts
1. Do not disturb the setting of the instruments in the lab.
2. Do not interfere in other batch performance.
3. Don't temper with instruments.
4. Do not waste materials.
5. Don't disturb the dial gauge and proving ring calibration unnecessarily.
6. Do not leave the lab with materials scattered.
7. Don't twist the electric cable during practical in lab.

Experiment No.1
Aim: To determine the fluoride content in a sewage or industrial wastewater sample.
Materials and Equipment:

1. Sewage/Industrial wastewater sample
2. Ion-selective fluoride electrode
3. Fluoride ion standard solutions (for calibration)
4. pH meter
5. Buffer solutions (pH 5 and pH 7)
6. Titration setup
7. Deionized water
8. Burettes and pipettes
9. Conical flasks
10. Stirring apparatus
11. Safety equipment (gloves, lab coat, goggles)
Procedure:
1. Calibration:
 Prepare a series of standard fluoride solutions with known concentrations (e.g., 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10
ppm, etc.).
 Use the fluoride ion electrode to measure the potential of each standard solution. Create a
calibration curve by plotting potential vs. concentration.
2. Sample Preparation:
 Collect a representative sample of the sewage or industrial wastewater. Filter if necessary to
remove solid Particles.
 Adjust the pH of the sample using buffer solutions to the desired range for fluoride ion
determination. Fluoride electrodes often work best in a slightly acidic environment (pH 5-7).
3. Measurement:
 Place the prepared sample in a clean conical flask.
 Insert the fluoride ion electrode into the sample. Allow it to stabilize.
 Record the potential reading from the electrode.
4. Calibration Check:
 Periodically check the calibration of the electrode by measuring a standard fluoride solution and
comparing the reading with the expected value. Recalibrate if necessary.
5. Data Analysis:
 Use the calibration curve to convert the potential reading of the sample into fluoride ion
concentration.
6. Quality Control:
 Run replicate measurements on the sample to ensure precision and accuracy.
 If possible, compare your results with an independent method or another laboratory.
7. Reporting:
 Report the fluoride concentration in the sample in units of ppm or mg/L.
 Provide information on the quality of the measurement, any limitations, and the methods used.

Notes and Considerations:
1. Safety First: Always follow safety protocols when handling chemicals and laboratory equipment. Wear
appropriate protective gear.
2. Instrument Handling: Handle the fluoride ion electrode carefully, as it is a sensitive instrument. Follow
the manufacturer's instructions for maintenance and storage.
3. pH Adjustment: The pH of the sample is crucial for accurate fluoride ion measurement. Ensure that the
pH is within the specified range for your electrode.
4. Calibration: Regularly calibrate the electrode using standard solutions to maintain accuracy.
5. Interference: Be aware of potential interfering ions in the sample. Some ions may affect the selectivity of
the fluoride electrode.

Experiment No. 2
Aim: To determine the quantity of iron in a sewage or industrial wastewater sample, you can use a colorimetric
method.

2. 1,10-phenanthroline solution
3. Buffer solution (pH 4-7)
4. Standard iron solution (known concentration)
5. Deionized water
6. Volumetric flask
7. Spectrophotometer or colorimeter
8. Pipettes and burettes
9. Conical flasks
11. Safety equipment (gloves, lab coat, goggles).
Procedure:
 Collect a representative sample of the sewage or industrial wastewater. Filter if necessary to remove
solid particles.
 If the sample contains particulate matter, it may need digestion using appropriate digestion methods
before analysis.
2. Standard Solution Preparation:
 Prepare a series of standard iron solutions with known concentrations using the standard iron
solution.
3. Reagent Preparation:
 Prepare the 1,10-phenanthroline solution and the buffer solution according to the instructions
provided.
4. Calibration:
 Use the standard iron solutions to create a calibration curve. Measure the absorbance of each standard
solution at a specific wavelength using the spectrophotometer or colorimeter.
5. Sample Analysis:
 Add an aliquot of the wastewater sample to a conical flask.
 Add the buffer solution to maintain the pH in the desired range for iron determination.
 Add the 1,10-phenanthroline solution to the flask. The formation of a reddish-orange complex
indicates the presence of iron.
6. Color Development:
 Allow the solution to stand for a specific time to allow the color to develop fully.
7. Measurement:
 Measure the absorbance of the sample solution at the same wavelength used for the calibration curve.
8. Quantification:
 Use the calibration curve to determine the concentration of iron in the sample based on its
absorbance.
9. Quality Control:
10. Reporting:
 Report the concentration of iron in the sample in units of ppm or mg/L.

2. Instrument Calibration: Regularly calibrate the spectrophotometer or colorimeter using blank solutions and
standard solutions.
3. Interference: Be aware of potential interference from other ions in the sample. Adjustments or corrections may
be necessary.
4. Wavelength: Choose a wavelength for measurement where the absorbance of the iron complex is maximized.
5. Sample Matrix: The composition of the wastewater sample may affect the method's accuracy. If possible,
validate the method using spiked samples.

Experiment No. 3
Aim: To determine the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in a sewage or industrial wastewater sample.

2. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
3. Cadmium granules or powder
4. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution
5. N-1-Naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NED) solution
6. Sodium chloride (NaCl) solution
7. Standard nitrate solution (known concentration)
8. Volumetric flask
11. Conical flasks
Procedure:
 Collect a representative sample of the sewage or industrial wastewater. If the sample contains
particulate matter, filter it out.
2. Cadmium Reduction:
 In a conical flask, add a known volume of the sample and a small amount of cadmium granules or
powder.
 Add a few milliliters of concentrated sulfuric acid to the flask. The cadmium will reduce nitrate to
nitrite.
 Allow the reaction to proceed, and then neutralize the excess acid with sodium hydroxide solution.
3. Naphthylethylenediamine (NED) Reaction:
 Add a solution of NED to the flask. This will form a red-violet complex with nitrite.
5. Measurement:
 Measure the absorbance of the sample solution at a specific wavelength using the spectrophotometer
or colorimeter.
6. Calibration:
 Prepare a series of standard nitrate solutions with known concentrations.
 Follow the same procedure (steps 2-5) for the standard solutions to create a calibration curve.
7. Quantification:
 Use the calibration curve to determine the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in the sample based on its
absorbance.
8. Quality Control:
9. Reporting:
 Report the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in the sample in units of ppm or mg/L.

2. Wavelength: Choose a wavelength for measurement where the absorbance of the nitrite complex is maximized.
be necessary.

Experiment No. 4
Aim: To determine the concentration of total phosphates in a sewage or industrial wastewater sample.

2. Ammonium molybdate solution
3. Ascorbic acid solution
4. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
5. Potassium antimonyl tartrate solution (optional, for enhancement)
6. Standard phosphate solution (known concentration)
7. Volumetric flask
10. Conical flasks
Procedure:
 Collect a representative sample of the sewage or industrial wastewater. If the sample contains particulate
matter, filter it out.
2. Digestion (if necessary):
 If the sample contains organic phosphorus compounds, digest it with sulfuric acid. This step is often
needed to convert organic phosphorus to inorganic phosphorus.
 For digestion, add concentrated sulfuric acid to the sample, and heat until fumes of sulfur trioxide are no
longer evolved.
3. Color Formation:
 In a conical flask, add a known volume of the sample.
 Add ammonium molybdate solution to the sample. This forms a yellow complex with phosphate ions.
4. Ascorbic Acid Reduction:
 Add ascorbic acid solution to the flask. This reduces the complex to a blue-colored solution.
5. Optional Enhancement Step:
 Optionally, add potassium antimonyl tartrate solution to enhance color development. This step is used to
increase sensitivity.
7. Measurement:
 Measure the absorbance of the sample solution at a specific wavelength using the spectrophotometer or
colorimeter.
8. Calibration:
 Prepare a series of standard phosphate solutions with known concentrations.
 Follow the same procedure (steps 3-7) for the standard solutions to create a calibration curve.
9. Quantification:
 Use the calibration curve to determine the concentration of total phosphates in the sample based on its
absorbance.
10. Quality Control:
11. Reporting:
 Report the concentration of total phosphates in the sample in units of ppm or mg/L.

2. Wavelength: Choose a wavelength for measurement where the absorbance of the phosphate complex is
maximized.
be necessary.

Experiment No. 5
Aim: The Most Probable Number (MPN) method is commonly used to estimate the concentration of coliform
bacteria in a water sample.

2. Lauryl tryptose broth (LTB) tubes
3. Brilliant Green Lactose Bile (BGLB) broth tubes
4. EC (Escherichia coli) broth tubes
5. Durham tubes
6. Inoculating loop or sterile pipettes
7. Incubator
8. Water bath
9. GasPak system or equivalent for anaerobic conditions
10. Sterile dilution bottles
11. Sterile pipettes
12. Bunsen burner and flame source
Procedure:
1. Sample Dilution:
 Prepare a series of dilutions of the wastewater sample using sterile dilution bottles and a dilution blank.
Common dilutions include 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1000.
2. Inoculation:
 Inoculate each dilution into multiple tubes of each type of broth (LTB, BGLB, and EC) using aseptic
techniques.
 Add a Durham tube to each inoculated tube.
3. Incubation:
 Incubate the inoculated tubes at the appropriate temperature:
 LTB and BGLB at 35°C for 24-48 hours.
 EC broth at 44.5°C for 24 hours.
 Use a water bath for EC broth to maintain the higher temperature.
4. Observation:
 After incubation, observe the tubes for the presence or absence of gas production in the Durham tubes.
 Tubes showing gas production are considered positive for coliform growth.
5. MPN Calculation:
 Use the MPN table or statistical software to determine the MPN per 100 ml of the original sample based
on the number of positive tubes and the dilution factor.
6. Confirmation (if required):
 If necessary, confirm the presence of E. coli by subculturing from positive tubes onto E. coli selective
media (such as Eosin Methylene Blue agar) and performing biochemical tests.
7. Quality Control:
 Include positive and negative control tubes in each set of tests to ensure the reliability of the results.
8. Reporting:
 Report the MPN of coliforms per 100 ml of the sample.

1. Safety First: Follow safety protocols when working with potentially contaminated samples. Use appropriate
personal protective equipment.
2. Incubation Time: Incubation times may vary, and longer incubation can be used for confirmation of results.
3. Anaerobic Conditions: Coliforms can be facultative anaerobes, so the GasPak system or an equivalent may be
used for anaerobic conditions if desired.
4. Confirmation Tests: If required, conduct additional confirmation tests to ensure the accuracy of the results.

Experiment No. 6
Aim: Microbiological examination of sewage or industrial wastewater.

2. Sterile containers for sample collection
3. Sterile glassware (pipettes, Petri dishes, etc.)
4. Agar media for bacterial culture (e.g., nutrient agar, MacConkey agar)
5. Selective media for specific microorganisms (e.g., coliform agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar)
6. Culture tubes or plates
7. Incubator (set at appropriate temperatures for the growth of different microorganisms)
8. Microscope
9. Staining reagents (Gram stain, acid-fast stain)
10. Water bath
11. Bunsen burner or incinerator
12. Sterile swabs or inoculating loops
Procedure:
1. Sample Collection:
 Collect a representative sample of the sewage or industrial wastewater in sterile containers.
 Handle the samples with care to prevent contamination.
2. Enumeration of Total Bacteria:
 Perform serial dilutions of the sample.
 Plate a known volume of each dilution on nutrient agar plates.
 Incubate the plates at the appropriate temperature for bacterial growth (commonly at 37°C for 24-48
hours).
 Count the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) and calculate the bacterial count.
3. Identification of Coliforms:
 Use selective media such as coliform agar for the isolation of coliform bacteria.
 Incubate the plates at 37°C for 24 hours.
 Count the number of typical coliform colonies (with characteristic appearance) and calculate the
coliform count.
4. Detection of Specific Pathogens:
 For the detection of specific pathogens like Salmonella or Shigella, use selective media appropriate
for their isolation.
 Incubate the plates under conditions suitable for the target pathogens.
 Perform biochemical tests or molecular methods for confirmation.
5. Enumeration of Fungi:
 Use Sabouraud agar or other fungal culture media.
 Incubate the plates at a lower temperature (usually around 25°C) for 48 to 72 hours.
 Identify fungal colonies based on morphology.
6. Viral Detection:
 Viruses are often more challenging to detect. Specialized techniques such as polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) or viral culture may be needed for viral detection.

7. Microscopic Examination:
 Examine a portion of the sample under the microscope.
 Perform Gram staining for bacterial morphology.
 Use additional staining techniques, like acid-fast staining, if necessary.
8. Quality Control:
 Include positive and negative control samples to ensure the reliability of the results.
9. Reporting:
 Report the results of the microbiological examination, including bacterial counts, identification of
specific pathogens, and any observed microscopic characteristics.

1. Safety First: Follow safety protocols when handling potentially contaminated samples. Use appropriate
personal protective equipment.
2. Temperature and Incubation Time: Different microorganisms have different temperature requirements and
incubation times. Ensure that the incubation conditions are appropriate for the target microorganisms.
3. Sterility: Maintain sterility throughout the process to avoid contamination.
4. Confirmation Tests: If necessary, conduct additional tests for the confirmation of specific microorganisms.

Experiment No. 7
Aim: A study and report on wastewater (W/W) from dairy.
Title: Comprehensive Study on Wastewater Management in Dairy Processing
Executive Summary:
Brief summary of key findings, methodologies used, and recommendations.
1. Introduction:
1.1 Background:
 Overview of the dairy industry and the importance of studying wastewater management.
 Brief on dairy processing activities leading to wastewater generation.
1.2 Objectives of the Study:
 Clearly state the objectives of the study.
2. Wastewater Generation:
2.1 Process Overview:

 Explanation of key processes in dairy processing leading to wastewater generation.
 Identification of major contributors to wastewater.
2.2 Quantification:
 Estimate the volume of wastewater generated per unit of dairy product produced.
 Identify seasonal variations and factors affecting wastewater quantity.
3. Wastewater Characteristics:
3.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics:

 Analysis of major pollutants present in dairy wastewater (e.g., Total Suspended Solids, Total
Dissolved Solids, pH, BOD, COD).
3.2 Biological Characteristics:
 Identification of microbial content and potential pathogens.
 Assessment of biological oxygen demand (BOD) to gauge organic load.
4. Environmental Impact:
4.1 Impact on Water Bodies:

 Evaluation of the impact of dairy wastewater on nearby rivers, lakes, or groundwater.
 Assessment of changes in water quality parameters downstream.
4.2 Soil and Agricultural Impact:
 Examination of the impact on soil quality in areas where wastewater is disposed of or used for
irrigation.
 Assessment of potential effects on crops and vegetation.
5. Wastewater Treatment Methods:
5.1 Current Practices:

 Overview of existing wastewater treatment methods employed by dairy industries.
 Efficiency and limitations of these methods.
5.2 Best Practices:
 Identification and examination of best practices in wastewater treatment within the dairy industry.
 Recommendations for optimizing existing treatment methods.
6. Regulatory Compliance:
6.1 Local and National Standards:

 Evaluation of the dairy industry's compliance with local and national wastewater discharge standards.
 Identification of areas needing improvement.
7. Case Studies:
7.1 Successful Implementation:

 Examination of case studies showcasing successful wastewater management practices in the dairy
industry.
8. Recommendations:
8.1 Technological Upgrades:

 Recommendations for adopting advanced treatment technologies.
 Suggestions for optimizing existing treatment methods.
8.2 Regulatory Compliance:
 Recommendations for ensuring compliance with environmental regulations.
9. Conclusion:
Summarize key findings and propose future directions for sustainable wastewater management in the dairy
industry.

Experiment No. 8
Aim: A comprehensive study and report on the wastewater (W/W) of the sugar industry.
Title: Comprehensive Study on Wastewater Management in the Sugar Industry
Executive Summary:
Brief summary of key findings, methodologies used, and recommendations.
1. Introduction:
1.1 Background:
 Overview of the sugar industry and its significance in the global economy.
 Brief on the sugar production process.
1.2 Objectives of the Study:
 Clearly state the objectives of the study.
2. Wastewater Generation:
2.1 Process Overview:

 Explanation of sugar production processes leading to wastewater generation.
 Identification of key stages contributing to wastewater.
2.2 Quantification:
 Estimation of the volume of wastewater generated per ton of sugar produced.
 Seasonal variations and factors affecting wastewater quantity.
3. Wastewater Composition:
3.1 Chemical Composition:

 Analysis of major pollutants present in sugar industry wastewater (e.g., BOD, COD, suspended solids,
nutrients).
3.2 Biological Composition:
 Identification of microbial content and potential pathogens.
 Impact on receiving water bodies.
4. Environmental Impact:
4.1 Impact on Water Bodies:

 Evaluation of the impact of sugar industry wastewater on nearby rivers, lakes, or groundwater.
 Assessment of changes in water quality parameters downstream.
4.2 Soil and Agricultural Impact:

 Examination of the impact on soil quality in areas where wastewater is disposed of or used for irrigation.
 Assessment of agricultural productivity in these areas.

5. Wastewater Treatment Methods:
5.1 Current Practices:

 Overview of the existing wastewater treatment methods employed by sugar industries.
 Efficiency and limitations of these methods.
5.2 Advanced Treatment Technologies:
 Exploration of advanced treatment technologies for sugar industry wastewater.
 Comparative analysis of costs and benefits.
6.1 National and International Standards:

 Evaluation of the sugar industry's compliance with local and international wastewater discharge
standards.
 Identification of areas needing improvement.
7. Case Studies:
7.1 Best Practices:

 Examination of case studies showcasing successful wastewater management practices in the sugar
industry.
8. Recommendations:
8.1 Technological Upgrades:

 Recommendations for adopting advanced treatment technologies.
 Suggestions for optimizing existing treatment methods.
8.2 Regulatory Compliance:
 Recommendations for ensuring compliance with environmental regulations.
9. Conclusion:
Summarize key findings and propose future directions for sustainable wastewater management in the sugar
industry.

Experiment No. 9
Aim: Monitoring respirable particulate matter (PM)
1. Objective:
 Evaluate the concentration of respirable particulate matter in the air.
2. Instrumentation:
 Utilize air quality monitoring instruments, such as: PM2.5 and PM10 Monitors:These instruments use
optical or gravimetric methods to measure particulate matter concentrations.
 High Volume Samplers:Useful for collecting particulate matter samples for subsequent laboratory
analysis.
3. Site Selection:
 Identify monitoring locations representative of different environments (urban, industrial, residential,
etc.).
 Ensure compliance with regulatory requirements regarding the number and placement of monitoring
stations.
4. Sampling Duration:
 Conduct continuous monitoring to capture diurnal and seasonal variations.
 Periodically collect 24-hour samples for in-depth analysis.
5. Data Collection:
 Record real-time data from PM monitors.
 Log meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, wind speed) to understand their influence on
PM levels.
6. Quality Control:
 Regularly calibrate monitoring instruments to maintain accuracy.
 Use certified reference materials for calibration and verification.
 Implement a quality assurance program to ensure reliable data.
7. Data Analysis:
 Analyze the collected data to identify patterns and trends.
 Calculate daily and annual average concentrations.
 Compare results with air quality standards and guidelines.
8. Reporting:
 Prepare a comprehensive report including:
 Overview of monitoring locations and duration.
 Summary of meteorological conditions during the monitoring period.
 Results of PM concentrations and comparison with regulatory standards.
 Health implications and potential sources of particulate matter.
 Recommendations for mitigation measures.

9. Public Awareness:
 Share monitoring results with the public through reports, websites, or other communication channels.
 Provide guidance on protective measures during high PM concentration periods.
10. Long-term Monitoring:

 Establish a continuous monitoring program to track trends over time.
 Use long-term data for policy development and to assess the effectiveness of pollution control measures.
11. Collaboration:
 Collaborate with environmental agencies, research institutions, and community organizations to enhance
the monitoring network and share insights.

 Ensure compliance with local and national air quality regulations.
 Provide data to regulatory bodies for assessment and potential enforcement actions.

Experiment No. 10
Aim: Monitoring gases and particulates, especially sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), in ambient
air.
1. Objective:
 Evaluate concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in ambient air to assess
compliance with air quality standards and identify potential health risks.
2. Instrumentation:
 Use specialized air quality monitoring instruments such as:
 Gas Analyzers: For continuous monitoring of SO₂ and NOx concentrations.
 Particulate Matter (PM) Monitors: Especially those capable of measuring fine particulate matter (PM2.5)
and coarse particulate matter (PM10).
3. Site Selection:
 Identify monitoring locations representative of different pollution sources (industrial areas, urban centers,
traffic zones).
 Ensure compliance with regulatory requirements regarding the number and placement of monitoring
stations.
4. Sampling Duration:
 Conduct continuous monitoring to capture diurnal and seasonal variations.
 Periodically collect 24-hour samples for in-depth analysis.
5. Monitoring Parameters:
Measure concentrations of:
 Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂): A gas produced by combustion of fossil fuels containing sulfur.
 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Gases comprising nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) generated
during combustion processes.
6. Data Collection:
 Record real-time data from gas analyzers and particulate matter monitors.
 Log meteorological parameters (temperature, wind speed, humidity) to understand their influence on gas
and particulate levels.
7. Quality Control:
 Regularly calibrate monitoring instruments to maintain accuracy.
 Use certified reference materials for calibration and verification.
 Implement a quality assurance program to ensure reliable data.
8. Data Analysis:
 Analyze the collected data to identify patterns and trends.
 Calculate daily and annual average concentrations.
 Compare results with air quality standards and guidelines.

9. Reporting:
 Overview of monitoring locations and duration.
 Summary of meteorological conditions during the monitoring period.
 Results of SO₂ and NOx concentrations and comparison with regulatory standards.
 Identification of pollution sources and potential health risks.
 Recommendations for pollution control measures.
10. Public Awareness:

 Share monitoring results with the public through reports, websites, or other communication channels.
 Provide guidance on protective measures during high pollutant concentration periods.
11. Long-term Monitoring:

 Establish a continuous monitoring program to track trends over time.
 Use long-term data for policy development and to assess the effectiveness of pollution control measures.
12. Collaboration:
 Collaborate with environmental agencies, research institutions, and community organizations to enhance
the monitoring network and share insights.


Experiment No. 11
Aim: The study of air samples for metals using an Atomic Absorption (AA) spectrometer.
1. Objective:
 Determine the concentrations of specific metals in air samples to assess air quality and potential
environmental impacts.
2. Instrumentation:
 Use an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer:
 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (FAAS) or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer
(GFAAS):** Depending on the sensitivity required for the analysis.
3. Sample Collection:
 Use high-volume air samplers to collect particulate matter on suitable filters.
 Collect gaseous samples using impingers or other appropriate collection methods.
 Ensure that the sampling equipment is made of inert materials to prevent contamination.
4. Preparation of Air Samples:

 For particulate matter:
- Digest the filters using appropriate acids to extract metals.
- Filter the solution if necessary.
 For gaseous samples:
- Absorb the gases in a suitable solvent.
- Filter the solution if necessary.
5. Calibration:
 Prepare calibration standards using certified reference materials for each metal of interest.
 Calibrate the AA spectrometer using the calibration standards to create a calibration curve.
6. Instrument Settings:
 Set the AA spectrometer parameters based on the metal being analyzed.
 Optimize flame or furnace conditions for each metal.
7. Analysis:
 Inject or aspirate the prepared sample solutions into the AA spectrometer.
 Measure the absorbance of the metal lines at the appropriate wavelength.
 Repeat the analysis for each metal in the sample.
8. Quality Control:
 Run quality control samples (blanks, duplicates, and standards) to ensure the accuracy and precision of
the analysis.
 Perform instrument checks and maintenance regularly.
9. Data Analysis:
 Calculate the concentration of each metal in the air samples based on the calibration curve.
 Summarize and organize the data for interpretation.
10. Reporting:
 Detailed methodology and sampling procedures.
 Calibration curve and instrument settings.
 Results of metal concentrations in the air samples.
 Comparison with relevant air quality standards or guidelines.
 Assessment of potential environmental impacts.
 Recommendations for mitigation measures if needed.
11. Interpretation:
 Analyze the results in the context of regional air quality and potential sources of metal emissions.
 Identify any trends or anomalies in the data.
12 Public Awareness:
 Share monitoring results with the public through reports or communication channels.
 Provide educational information about the significance of metal concentrations in the air.


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SHRI SHANKARACHARYA INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL

MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR

Department of Civil Engineering

 Creating infrastructure and good practices that foster innovation-based education.

 Providing experiences that lead students becoming good engineers.

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PO1 Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an

Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems

OF PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY

This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. ………………………………………….………………………

Place : SSIPMT, Raipur

Professor In charge Head of the Department

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

1 To determine the Fluoride content in the given

2 To determine the quantity of Iron present in the given

3 To find out Nitrate nitrogen present in the given

4 To determine Total Phosphates present in the given

5 To determine MPN of coliforms of the given

6 Microbiological examination of Sewage/Industrial waste

7 Study and Report Making on Dairy W/W.

8 Study and Report Making on Sugar Industry W/W.

9 Monitoring of Respirable Particulate Matter.

10 Monitoring of Gases and Particulates in Ambient Air (SOx ,

11 Study of air samples for metals (Using AA spectrometer).

Remarks & Final grade out of 10

Signature of Prof In Charge

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

Aim: To determine the fluoride content in a sewage or industrial wastewater sample.

Materials and Equipment:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

Materials and Equipment:

Notes and Considerations:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

Materials and Equipment:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

Materials and Equipment:

Notes and Considerations:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

Materials and Equipment:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

Aim: Microbiological examination of sewage or industrial wastewater.

Materials and Equipment:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

Notes and Considerations:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

Aim: A study and report on wastewater (W/W) from dairy.

Title: Comprehensive Study on Wastewater Management in Dairy Processing

2.1 Process Overview:

3.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics:

4.1 Impact on Water Bodies:

5. Wastewater Treatment Methods:

5.1 Current Practices:

6.1 Local and National Standards:

7.1 Successful Implementation:

8.1 Technological Upgrades:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SSIPMT, RAIPUR

Title: Comprehensive Study on Wastewater Management in the Sugar Industry

2.1 Process Overview:

3.1 Chemical Composition:

4.1 Impact on Water Bodies: