Proposed Traffic Light for Koko

PLC Programming Project

11/17/2023

KIRAMIN TENANGA
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TRAINEE
Table of Contents
Proposed Traffic Light for Kokopo City Crossing

Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………………………. 2

Background ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Requirements ………………………………………………………………………………………… 4

 Problem ………………………………………………………………………………. .4
 Opportunities ………………………………………………………………………………... 4
Solutions………………………………………………………………………………………………. .5
Proposal ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Vision and Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………. 6
Timeframe ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Timeframe Table ……………………………………………………………………………………. 8
Budget ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
Risks …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Designs ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Implications …………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
Authorization …………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………….12
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………12
Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………………………….13

 Appendix A …………………………………………………………………………………...13
 Appendix B ……………………………………………………………………………………14

Page 1 of 15
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Programmable logic controllers (PLC) Programming project of the Melanesia Training
Institute, Electrical Engineering Department identifies the steps to achieve the Traffic signal
crossing program objectives and goal to promote safe and efficient pedestrian and traffic
crossing in Kokopo city. The PLC traffic light system will improve safety, reduce delays and
improve efficiency of the people of ENBP.
Kokopo city being the fourth city in PNG has not implemented the use of traffic lights. Places
like Moresby considered its heavy traffic a one out of the provinces in PNG that have traffic light
systems.
Properly designed, operated and maintained traffic signals can:

• Provide smooth flow of traffic along streets and highways at defined speeds, reducing
congestion and enhancing safety.
• Effectively manage the traffic-handling capacity of intersections to improve mobility
through the use of appropriate (geometric design) layouts, control measures, regular
reviews and updates to operational parameters.
• Reduce vehicle stops and delays, reducing fuel consumption and improving air quality.
• Reduce the number and severity of traffic collisions and moving violations at traffic
signals.
This document will make mention the proposed plan and software program for traffic light
systems at the Kokopo market main crossing.

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BACKGROUND
Located approximately 120 Kilometers east of Rabaul, Kokopo township was formally the
District Headquarters for Kokopo. Until the administrative functions were relocated from Rabaul,
Kokopo was a rural township serving the vast agriculture plantation sectors and the district.
The Catholic Church also had a major influence in the social and economic sector in Kokopo
District before World War II and up until the present day. The church establishment at
Vunapope continues to contribute a lot in health care and education in the province and the
region. Most of educational institutions, particularly the Teachers colleges are concentrated in
and around Kokopo District.
After the devastation of the Rabaul by the volcano in 1994, the obvious choice for the alternative
government center was Kokopo because of two reasons; Firstly, it offers a safe location against
future threats from the volcano and secondly, Kokopo already had urban infrastructure to
accommodate people in case of emergencies.
Today Kokopo serves as both the Provincial Capital for East New Britain Province as well as the
Regional Capital for the New Guinea Islands Region with a population of 328,369 recorded in
2011.

INTRODUCTION
Programmable logic controllers are the major components in industrial automation and control
systems. The controlling nature of PLC ranges from simple push button switching to a single
motor to several complex control structures.
The PLC programming is an important task in designing and implementing control application
depending on customers need. A PLC program consists of a set of instructions either in textual
or graphical form, which represents the logic to be implemented for specific industrial real-time
applications.
The programming of traffic lights involves different components which will later be explained in
this document.
Research has shown that in effective traffic signal programs there is a strong connection
between doing what's most important in the context of limited resources and the extent to which
its activities are planned ahead to achieve specific objectives
This proposed document from MTI Electrical Engineering Department establishes a framework
for developing traffic signal designs based on knowledge transferred from a traffic signal
program. This guidance will help Engineering and technical personals from the provincial
government to strategically connect their activities related to traffic signal design, operations,
maintenance, and management with the goals and objectives of the provincial government.

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REQUIREMENTS
KOKOPO CITY PROBLEM
The department of Electrical Engineering of the Melanesia Training Institute have realized the
need to implement traffic light systems within the city. Due to the increase in population and
number of vehicles in Kokopo, the city lacks the proper infrastructure to guarantee the safety
and flow in movement of vehicles at our main crossings and four lanes.

KOKOPO CITY OPPORTUNITIES.

The following are Kokopo Urban LLG issues, which have created a decline in development,
which in turn has created an opportunity realized by MTI. The implementation of this project will
assist to address among others the following:
1. A lack of human resources and man power versus an increase in the country’s
population
2. Increase in the number of people moving in and out of the province.
3. Lack of engineers and technical people with Software programming knowledge
4. More people ignoring traffic rules within the city.
Based on the above factors and to address contributing government policies to the benefit of
PNG, MTI in addition to enrollment of students in all technical fields have considered:
i. Implementing the electrical engineering department projects into the building of traffic
light systems.
ii. Bringing better traffic services for the people of Kokopo city.
This is to contribute in addressing much needed technical human resources in the
transportation sector of PNG, to do this upgrading of traffic light systems.

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SOLUTION
The institution is now undergoing the PLC programming and control course to contribute to this.

 Purpose
1. The purpose of the crossing traffic lights systems is to provide safe crossing for
pedestrians and passing of traffic within the city.
2. Help decrease motor vehicle accidents in the city.

 Scope
1. 2x 3-Light System Traffic Lights on either side of the Kokopo crossing.
2. 2x Selector Switching system

 Approach/Methodology
To achieve this project, MTI requires the materials and man power to be ready before the
province moves into another year of challenges and before the population of the province
increases to the point that the city can no longer guarantee its citizens safety.
A methodology for the project has been put together for the different phases of the project and
also shows a brief timeline of the deliverables of the project. A more detailed timeline is found in
the Timeframe section of this document.

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PROPOSAL
Scope Definition
1. 2x3-light traffic light system on both sides of the crossing and
2. 2x selector switching system
The traffic light systems will comprise of:

 3 switches (2xManual Pushbuttons 1xAutomatic selector switch)

 8x (25x20 metal sheet)
 4x (60x25 Perspex)
 4x (60x25 metal sheet)
 8x (60x45 metal sheet)
 4x red LED bulbs
 4x amber LED bulbs
 4x green LED bulbs
Lessons learnt have provided an insight into designing a value for money, fit for purpose,
consistency in automation and robust traffic lights, in order to provide safe passage for the traffic
and pedestrians and to lower maintenance costs in the long term while withstanding the harsh
climatic conditions of its location given its function.

VISION AND OJECTIVES

VISION:
“To implement safety crossing for the traffic and pedestrians within the city”
OBJECTIVES
The goals of the MTI’s Traffic Light PLC program are consistent with the Kokopo Urban Public
roads and motor vehicle department goals of safety and health, stewardship and efficiency,
sustainability, livability and economy, system performance and organizational excellence. These
are achieved by accomplishing the objectives listed below:

• Field infrastructure reliability: ruggedized hardware and software with remote diagnostic
capability to aid with maintenance and troubleshooting.
• Signal timing that addresses congestion, to optimize mobility and reliability.
• Predictable and consistent signal operation best practices.
• Flexible signal timing plans to respond to changing traffic conditions.
• Clear and reliable communications (both to and from the field elements and between
agencies, staff and the public).
• Performance-based resource allocations.

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3.3 Timeframe
The timeframe to deliver this project is 3 Calendar months from inception to implementation
and finally handover of the infrastructure for use.
Initiation – Approximately 2 weeks (April 1st-April 15th)
i. Develop and Compile Project Proposal and Submit to Provincial Government
ii. Funding Approval for Project
Planning Phase - Approximately 3 weeks (April 15th-May 6th)
i. Project Scoping
ii. Engagement of Software Program and Design MTI Consultants
iii. Design and Software MTI Development
iv. Completion of Tender Documentation
Implementation Phase - Approximately 4 weeks (May 6th-June 3rd)
i. Engagement of MTI Contractors
ii. Construction and Engineering
iii. Commissioning
iv. Handover
Operational Phase - Approximately 3 weeks (June 3rd-June 24th)
i. Takeover
ii. Defects Liability Period
iii. Post Occupancy Evaluation (Optional)

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TIMEFRAME TABLE
Task Name
Initiatio Planning Operational
DURATION n Phase Implementation Phase Phase
Apr-
03 WEEK 1
Apr-
10 WEEK 2
Apr-
17 WEEK 3
Apr-
24 WEEK 4
May-
01 WEEK 5
May-
08 WEEK 6
May-
15 WEEK 7
May-
22 WEEK 8
May-
29 WEEK 9
Jun- WEEK
05 10
Jun- WEEK
12 11
Jun- WEEK
19 12

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RESOURCES
Generic figures of resources providing an idea of the level of resourcing required to finish the
project.

Type
Project Manager (Client
Representative
(In-House/Consultant)
Engineer/Software Designer/
(Design Team)
Project Consultants
Contractor (Software design
Construction Team)
Subcontractors such as Electrical
(Construction and wiring Team)
Project Resources
Quantity Notes
1 Team Project Manager-Client Representative
(In-house/Consultant)
1 Team Designer Draftsperson The Design
Team will consist of all required
specialist consultants for specialist
services such as electrical, software
designers, control instrumentation,
structural, etc.
1 each or as Consulting Electrical Engineer, Services
required Engineers, Mechanical Engineer,
software engineers and as required.
1 Team Head Contractor who will oversee the
construction, control, wiring and
completion of the Traffic Lights System
As required Subcontractors such as electrical,
joinery, as required.

3.5 BUDGET
3.5.1 PROJECT BUDGET
The All-in project Budget is estimated at PGK30,000. Below is the summary of the project costs.

Line Cost
Element K7,000

Software Programming K5,000

Structure K10,000

Wirings K5000

Controls and Signals K3,000

TOTAL K30,000

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RISKS
A risk as defined as any event which could take place in the future that will prevent the project
from producing the deliverables on time.
HEALTH
Research has shown that pedestrians and drivers are being exposed to very high levels of air
pollutants at traffic lights. Its well-known that road vehicles in particular emit polluting
nanoparticles which contribute to respiratory and heart diseases. For this project, having drivers
decelerate and stop at the lights, then revving up to move quickly when lights go green, peak
particle concentrations was found to be 29 times higher than that during free flowing traffic
conditions. The tail pipe of preceding road vehicles is generally a close source of air pollution.
SAFETY
With Kokopo a developing city, it will be a big change having traffic light systems installed and
because a lot of bus drivers and private vehicle drivers are impatient waiting at the crossing,
having traffic lights installed may also bring impatience to the drivers and can cause accidents.
So it is also risky in terms of safety.
ENVIROMENT
Emissions of carbon are the main causes of global warming and having traffic lights are the
main spot for vehicles emitting carbon monoxide. This is bad for the environment and also is a
risk to be considered before building traffic lights.

DESIGNS
Attached in the appendix section are the designs of the software program and structure of the
traffic lights.

Page 10 of 15
3.10 IMPLICATIONS
Implications of Not Undertaking the Project.

IMPLICATIONS if traffic
lights ae NOT built.

Increased road More reckless

traffic accidents drivers will be
breaking the
law by
neglecting
traffic rules.

ENBP Citizens
safety cannot be
guaranteed

4 AUTHORIZATION

DHERST: Project Sponsor Project Partner

___________________________ ___________________________

On behalf of the Project Sponsor On behalf of the Project Partner

Name: Name:

Position: Position:

Date: Date:

Page 11 of 15
CONCLUSION
In summary, the MTI Electrical Engineering department has seen the need for a better and safer
city for our citizens by compiling a documentation of the proposed traffic light project,
implementing traffic light systems in Kokopo will bring our city to the next level and it will
guarantee the safety of ENB citizens within the city. MTI aims to implement the knowledge of
PLC Software programming in helping the infrastructure development of Kokopo city.
Having traffic lights will make drivers and pedestrian more responsible citizens and more
cautious of traffic rules. Though there are some risks involved in this project, it still carries the
majority of advantages therefore this proposed project is being documented to be an asset in
the development process of our city Kokopo.

REFERENCES
 Traffic Signal Management Plans – An Objectives- and Performance-based Approach
for Improving the Design
 http://www.dot.ca.gov/hg%20/traffops/engineering/mutcd/
 Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Logistics 9 January 2020 | Version 1.0
 www.highwayindustry.com.cdn.ampproject.org
 www.studocu.com Traffic Light Document
 www.nzherald.co.nz Hidden Dangers at Traffic Lights
 www.sciencedirect.com Effects of Traffic Signal Coordination

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APPENDIX
APPENDIX A
Structural Design of Traffic Lights

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APPENDIX B
Traffic Light Software Program Design

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