Unit 1: Gathering

Discustion point
1. I was not surprised by that infographic because this is an era where
information technology is very developed and the use of the internet almost
covers the entire globe.
2. Compared to the past, social networks have changed shopping habits a lot
from buying at stores or markets, now most people choose to shop online
through electronic trading floors, it's not only save time but also receive many
incentives.
3. I find ads on social networks very useful, it makes a business's products more
accessible to buyers.
VOCABULARY

STT Word pronunciation meaning

1 anchor (n) /ˈæŋ.kər/ mỏ neo
anchor (v) /ˈæŋ.kər/ giữ chặt
Eg: We dropped anchor and stopped.
2 founder (n) /ˈfaʊn.dər/ người thành
lập
founder (v) /ˈfaʊn.dər/ bị chìm, bị
sạt lở
Eg: He is recognized as one of the founders of computer
technology.
3 transaction (n) /trænˈzæk.ʃən/ sự giao dịch,
công việc
kinh doanh
Eg: There was no financial transaction between us.
4 viable (a) /ˈvaɪ.ə.bəl/ khả thi
Eg: The company had to seek other ways to remain viable.
5 entrepreneurs (v) /ˌɒn.trə.prəˈnɜːr/ doanh nhân

Eg. He was one of the entrepreneurs of the 80s who made their
money in property.

6 venture capital (n) /ˈven.tʃə vốn mạo

ˌkæp.ɪ.təl/ hiểm
Eg. They'll need to raise $2 million in venture capital for the
startup to have any chance of succeeding.
7 start-up khởi nghiệp
 Eg. Many small businesses started up in the 1980s to cater to this
growing market.
8 equity (n) /ˈek.wɪ.ti/ công bằng, cổ
phần
Eg. He sold his equity in the company last year.
9 crowdfunding (n) /ˈkraʊd.fʌn.dɪŋ/ huy động vốn
từ cộng đồng
Eg. Crowdfunding provides locally sourced finance for renewable
energy projects around the country.
10 backer (n) /ˈbæk.ər/ người ủng hộ
Eg. We need financial backers for the project.
11 tangible (a) /ˈtæn.dʒə.bəl/ hữu hình
Eg. Other tangible benefits include an increase in salary and
shorter working hours.
12 philanthropic (a) /ˌfɪl. ənˈθrɒp.ɪk/ nhân từ, từ
thiện
Eg. He is known for his philanthropic work for children in Africa.
13 comprise (v) /kəmˈpraɪz/ bao gồm
Eg. The course comprises a class book, a practice book, and a CD.
14 advancement (n) /ədˈvɑːns.mənt/ sự thăng tiến
Eg. All she was interested in was the advancement of her own
career.
15 seek (v) /siːk/ tìm kiếm
Eg. Hundreds of people are seeking refuge in the US.
16 proven (a) /ˈpruː.vən/ chứng minh
provable (a) /ˈpruː.və.bəl/ có thể chứng
minh
provably (adv) /ˈpruː.və.bli/ có thể chứng
minh
Eg. People on trial are innocent until proven guilty.
17 element (n) /ˈel.ɪ.mənt/ yếu tố
elementary (a) cơ sở, sơ cấp
Eg. List the elements that make up a perfect dinner party.
18 repercussion (n) /ˌriː.pəˈkʌʃ.ən/ hậu quả
Eg. The repercussions of her comments could be serious.
19 occur (v) /əˈkɝː/ xảy ra
Eg. An accident involving over ten vehicles has occurred in the
east-bound lane
20 permit (v) /pɚˈmɪt/ cho phép
permit (n) Giấy phép
Eg. he law permits of no other interpretation.
21 determine (v) /dɪˈtɝː.mɪn/ xác định
Eg. Your health is determined in part by what you eat.
22 eradicate (v) /ɪˈræd.ɪ.keɪt/ trừ tiệt, nhổ
 rể
eradication (n) /ɪˌræd.ɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ sự trừ tiệt, sự
nhổ rể
Eg. The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate
corruption.
23 assert (v) /əˈsɝːt/ khẳng định
assertion (n) /əˈsɜː.ʃən/ quả quyết
assertive (a) /əˈsɜː.tɪv/ quả quyết
assertively (adv) /əˈsɜː.tɪv.li/ quả quyết
Eg. Make your request assertively, but not aggressively.
24 disconcerting (a) /ˌdɪs.kənˈsɜː.tɪŋ/ làm bối rối
disconcert (v) /ˌdɪs.kənˈsɜːt/ bối rối
disconcertingly (adv) /ˌdɪs.kənˈsɜː.tɪŋ.li/ 1 cách bối rối
Eg. He looked up and, rather disconcertingly, found the
professor's eyes fixed on him.
25 tie (v) /taɪ/ buộc, trói,
liên kết
tie (n) /taɪ/ sự kết nối, cà
vạt, dây giày,
cột tóc…..
Eg. I tie my hair back when it's hot.
26 nature (n) /ˈneɪ.tʃər/ thiện nhiên
Eg. Fishermen are always at the mercy of the forces of nature
27 acquaintance (n) /əˈkweɪn.təns/ người quen
Eg. I have absolutely no acquaintance with them.
28 narcissist (n) /ˈnɑː.sɪ.sɪst/ người tự ái
(tự khen
mình)
29 adolescent (n) /ˌæd.əˈles.ənt/ thanh thiếu
niên
adolescence (n) tuổi thiếu
niên
adolescent (a) thuộc hoặc
tiêu biểu thời
thiếu niên
Eg. I'm looking after six adolescents for a week.
30 empathy (n) /ˈem.pə.θi/ sự đồng cảm
empathic (a) đồng cảm
empathetically (adv) 1 cách đồng
cảm
Eg. She loves children and has a certain empathy with them.
31 aid (v) /eɪd/ giúp đỡ
aid (n) /eɪd/ giúp đỡ
Eg. His excuse for drinking brandy is that it's said to aid digestion.
 32 differentiate (v) /ˌdɪf.əˈren.ʃi.eɪt/ khác
different (a) /ˈdɪf.ər.ənt/ khác
difference (n) /ˈdɪf.ər.əns/ sự khác nhau
differently (adv) khác nhau
Eg. We look for features that differentiate the products.
33 perception (n) /pəˈsep.ʃən/ sự nhận thức
perceptive (a) /pəˈsep.tɪv/ sâu sắc, nhận
thức
perceptively (adv) /pəˈsep.tɪv.li/ có thể nhận
thức được
Eg. These photographs will affect people's perceptions of war.
34 evolve (v) /ɪˈvɒlv/ tiến hoá, làm
tiến triển
evolved (a) phát triển
Eg. Bacteria are evolving resistance to antibiotics.
35 resolve (v) /rɪˈzɒlv/ giải quyết

resolved (a) giải quyết

Eg. The couple resolved their differences.
36 modify (v) /ˈmɒd.ɪ.faɪ/ biến đổi, thay
đổi
modification (n) /ˌmɒd.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ sửa đổi
Eg. The proposals were unpopular and were only accepted in a
modified form
37 pursue (v) /pəˈsjuː/ theo đuổi,
truy nã
persuer (n) người theo
đuổi
Eg. He was killed by the driver of a stolen car who was being hotly
pursued by the police.
38 empirical (a) /ɪmˈpɪr.ɪ.kəl/ thực nghiệm

empiricism (n) /ɪmˈpɪr.ɪ.sɪ.zəm/chủ nghĩa

kinh nghiệm
empiricist (n) /ɪmˈpɪr.ɪ.sɪst/ người theo
chủ nghĩa
kinh nghiệm
empirically (adv) /ɪmˈpɪr.ɪ.kəl.i/ theo kinh
nghiệm
Eg. This theory needs to be backed up with solid empirical data

Before you watch

1-b 2-d 3-a 4c
Reading 1: The rise of crowdfunding
1. Sarah: Why is crowdfunding a more attractive way of getting investment
these days?
Thomas: Crowdfunding allows entrepreneurs to bypass venture capital
companies and reach a large number of potential investors online; However,
it's worth considering what level of investment you need.
2. Sarah: How sure can I be that I'll get that large amount of funding I want?
Thomas: Firstly, you need to be realistic about how much money people will
be willing to invest in your project. That suggests crowdfunding is more
appropriate for smaller projects than large companies, even if it's the latter that
get more attention in the media.
3. Sarah: What should users do to give their start-up the best chance of
achieving their targets?
Thomas: Successful campaigns were aided by videos explaining the product
and frequent updates, particularly in the early stages. In fact, for many
projects, a well-produced video pitch is a necessity.
4. Sarah: What else, other than a lack of video and updates, can result in a
failed campaign?
Thomas: spelling errors, asking for too much investment, and having too long
a deadline gave the perception that the project was low in quality and this
reduced the success rate.
5. Sarah: What type of reward should entrepreneurs offer potential investors?
Thomas: the most common type and generally offer the investor a copy of the
product they've backed or the opportunity to consume it; for example, to see
the film that was produced. Tiers give people the opportunity to decide how
much money to invest and what they'd like to receive in exchange. For
example, backers at higher tiers often receive limited editions of the product or
promotional merchandise.
6. Sarah: The Keep-it-all model is clearly more beneficial, but does it work for
all campaign types?
Thomas: With a Keep-it-all model, entrepreneurs keep any money invested,
even if the target investment isn't reached. All-or-nothing campaigns are
perceived as less risky as investors know that if the campaign doesn't achieve
its target, they get their money back.

A. vocabulary preview
1. entrepreneurs 5.crowdfunding
2. venture capital 6. backers
3. start-up 7. tangible
4. equity 8. philanthropic

C. Global reading
 1. c 4. a
2. f 5. e
3. b 6. d

D. Close reading
3.
1. geography 4. network
2. smaller 5. tires
3. early 6. riskier

E. Critical thinking
- Women are better at taking on fewer risks and finding the right amount of
investment to get them started.
- Women entrepreneurs are also more likely to be risk-tolerant because they are
less likely to be blinded by their desire for wealth.
- Women Entrepreneurs Are More Likely To Build A Relationship With
Crowdfunding Donors
- Women Entrepreneurs Have Better Networks Through Crowdfunding
Platforms
Study skills: Proof-reading
1.
Does it make sense? -> yes
Does reading aloud help you to answer this question more easily? -> yes
2.
1. Grammar errors: had (been created), was (raised)
2. Functuation errors: he found that (no comma), creater’s (jobs)
3. spelling errors: achieved, campaign
4. Words spelled correctly but incorrectly for the sentence context: sites, its

Reading 2: Are online “friends” a threat to development?

Chapter two comprised a discussion on how vital childhood friendships are for
a person's emotional development.
The impact of technology on the nature of friendship has been a much debated
topic since the rise of social networks. We spend more time online than ever
before. After all, if Facebook were a country, it would have the largest
population in the world (World Economic Forum, 2016).
Our youth are losing offline friends to online friends. In fact, there is plenty of
research showing that these criticisms are generally unfounded. There is
evidence that social media allows people to have a more diverse range of
friends. A study conducted by the Pew Internet and American Life Project
(2009) found that people seek knowledge and share knowledge with people
from various backgrounds online.
It is certainly true that our definition of friendship is evolving. An
acquaintance we saw twice a year is now a friend we chat with regularly
online. Yes, this bond is weaker than a real-life relationship, but it still reaps
many benefits. Therefore, adolescents do not seem to lose them in-person
friends.
Research is starting to show that this culture is negatively affecting not our
friendships, but our character. Professor Larry D. Rosen presents evidence that
social networking is turning us into narcissists. He says that young people who
overuse social networking sites can become vain, aggressive, and display anti-
social behavior in their offline lives. But perhaps an even more disturbing
repercussion is that one of our most basic emotions seems to be disappearing-
empathy.
young people determine who they communicate with, when, and how as social
networks allow them to tidy up and manage friendships. they eradicate
awkward conversation by simply clicking a button and unfriending that person
children who have expressed frustration at losing their parent's attention to a
mobile phone. One child highlighted the fact that their mother would once
stand and chat to other parents at the school gate, but now just stands and
spends that time in the virtual world. This is teaching children how not to
connect with others.
These changes in both our behavior and character are rather disconcerting, so
it is clear that we need to place our focus here when nurturing a child's
development. It is therefore parents should be encouraging our young people
to modify their online behavior so that they can develop the kinds of
friendships that are required to grow into well-adjusted and happy adults

A. Vocabulary preview
a. ties e. narcissists
b. nature f. adolescents
c. acquaintance g. anti-social
d. hyper-connected h. empathy

C. Global reading
2 statements describe the writer’s position on social networking
-> 2. There are advantages to having online friends
-> 4. Social networking is changingyoung people’s personalities

D. Close reading
1. b 3. a
2. d 4. c

E. Critical thinking
1. social networking is bad for our emotional health make increases the
incidence of anxiety, stress, depression, body image concerns, and loneliness in
teens and young adults
2.
- People becoming more and more addicted to social media is one of the
growing problems in today's world
- It can cause panic and cause severe troubles in society
- Addiction to social media can cut you out from the real world while you live in
the digital world
- Social media can also get you all hooked up and sometimes it can be really
hard to recognize your social media habits as problematic
3.
- Speak openly about social media use and let them know that they can talk to
you about anything. Show them that they will not be reprimanded for being
honest about their feelings or sharing details of their private lives.
- Remind your children that once photos, videos, and comments are posted
online it is almost impossible to completely erase them from the Internet. As
such, it is important to teach your children to be careful what they share about
themselves and others online.
Vocabulary development
1.
1. comprised 5. element 9. determine
2. advancements 6. repercussion 10. eradicate
3. seek 7. occurring 11. asserts
 4. proven 8. permit 12. disconcerting

2.
1. repercussion, disconcerting
2. permits to, distant
3. element, establish
4. are able to, seek, diverse
5. comprehend, gravỉy
3.
1. are changing -> are modifying
2. says-> asserts
3. showed -> demonstrated
5. keep -> sustain
6. aware -> perils
7. internet -> it
8. fail-> reduction
9. developing -> cultivating
Academic words
1.
a. differentiate b. perception c. evolve d. resolve
e. modify f. aid g. pursue h. empirical
2.
1. pursue 2. aids 3. resolve 4. empirical
5. differentiate 6. modify 7. perception 8. resolve

Critical thinking
1. Advancement in mobile technology and social networking websites mean we
spend more time online than ever before.
2. The biggest criticism leveled at social networking is that young people are
losing their offline friends to online friends... these criticisms are generally
unfounded.
3. The biggest criticism leveled at social networking is that young people are
losing their offline friends to online friends... these criticisms are generally
unfounded.
4. A study conducted by Michigan State University provide social benefits and
friendships provide social benefits and improve our psychological well-being.
5. Professor Larry D.Rosen, in his book iDisorder, presents evidence that social
networking is turning us into narcissists.
6. She has noticed that these devices permit us to have complete control over our
friendships Young people decide who they communicate with, when and how...
7. It appears that people are no longer comfortable being alone.
Writing model
A model
1. evaluate the impact of social media on the health of its users today
2.
1. The Pros of Social Networking
- Connect to Other People All Over the World
- Easy and Instant Communication
- Real-Time News and Information Discovery
- Great Opportunities for Business Owners
- General Fun and Enjoyment
2. The cons of Social Networking
- Information Overload and Overwhelm
- Privacy Issues
- Social Peer Pressure and Cyber Bullying
- Increased Feelings of Social Isolation
- Distraction and Procrastination
- Sedentary Lifestyle Habits and Sleep Disruption
Gramar
Concessive clauses and contrastive structures
- Although
Eg. She walked home by herself, although she knew that it was dangerous.
- Though
Eg. They're coming next week, though I don't know which day.
- Even thought
Eg. Even though our candidate lost, we gained a far bigger percentage of the
vote than before.
- Despite
Eg. I still enjoyed the week despite the weather.
- in spite of
Eg. In spite of his injury, Ricardo will play in Saturday’s game.
1.
1.d 2.c 3.e 4.a 5.f 6.b

Writing skill
1.
1. Evaluate the impact of social media on the health of its users today.
2. Justify the future use of social networking in education.
3. Outline the social and economic impacts of social media in the last decade.
4. Examine the impact of social media on society or on business and illustrate
with examples.
3.
1. describe 2. illustrate 3. discuss 4. examine
5. justify 6. evaluate 7. outline 8. analyze

Academic words review

1. pursue 2. differentiate 3. aid 4. empirical 5. perception
 Unit 2: Games
Discussion point
1.
Positive impact on children:
- Improved cognitive abilities
- Improved problrm-solving skills and logic
- Increased hand-to-eye coordination
- Great multi-tasking ability
- Enhanced prosocial behaviors
- More phýical activity with games that promote physical activity
2.
When gaming takes a students’s life and the line in crossed between intentional
and complusive use if can have serious consequences:
- lack of motivation and poor focus
- missed learning opportunities through skipping class
- Lower grades, affecting learning
- Mental health problrms including depression anxious and stress
- Lack of sleep
- Feeling of isolation and helplessness
New words
STT New word Pronunciation Meaning
1 aggression (n) /əˈɡreʃ.ən/ Hiếu chiến
aggressive (adj) /əˈɡres.ɪv/ Hung dữ
aggressively (adv) /əˈɡres.ɪv.li/ Tích cực
Eg. Some types of dog are bred for aggression.
2 analytical (adj) /ˌæn.əˈlɪt.ɪ.kəl/ Phân tích
analysable (adj) /ˈæn.əlˌaɪ.zə.bəl/ Có thể phân
tích được
analyse (v) /ˈæn.əl.aɪz/ Phân tích
Eg. We are trying to analyse what went wrong.
3 awareness (n) /əˈweə.nəs/ nhận thức
aware (a) /əˈweər/ nhận thức
 Eg. ublic awareness of the problem will make politicians take it
seriously.
4 consumption (n) /kənˈsʌmp.ʃən/ Sự tiêu thụ
consumptive (n)/(a) /kənˈsʌmp.tɪv/ Sự tiêu hao
Eg. As a nation, our consumption of junk food is horrifying.
5 deficit (n) ˈdef.ɪ.sɪt/ Thiếu hụt
deficient (a) /dɪˈfɪʃ.ənt/ Thiếu, không
đủ
deficiently (adv) /dɪˈfɪʃ.ənt.li/ Thiếu sót
Eg. The country is running a balance-of-trade deficit of $100
million
6 dominate (v) /ˈdɒm.ɪ.neɪt/ Thống trị/
điều khiển
domination (n) /ˌdɒm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ Sự thống trị
Eg. They work as a group - no one person is allowed to dominate.

7 embrace (v) /ɪmˈbreɪs/ Nắm bắt/

nắm lấy
embracingly (adv) /ɪmˈbreɪ.sɪŋ.li/ Ôm ấp
Eg. This was an opportunity that he would embrace.
8 feasible (a) /ˈfiː.zə.bəl/ Khả thi
feasibility (n) /ˌfiː.zəˈbɪl.ə.ti/ Khả thi
feasibly (adv) /ˈfiː.zə.bli/ Khả thi
Eg. With the extra resources, the project now seems feasible.
9 interaction (n) /ˌɪn.təˈræk.ʃən/ Sự tương tác
interact (v) /ˌɪn.təˈrækt/ Tương tác
interactive (a) /ˌɪn.təˈræk.tɪv/ Tương tác
interactively (adv) /ˌɪn.təˈræk.tɪv.li/ Tương tác
Eg. Language games are usually intended to encourage student
interaction.
10 isolation (n) /ˌaɪ.səlˈeɪ.ʃən/ Sự cách ly
isolationism (n) /ˌaɪ.səl Chủ nghĩa
ˈeɪ.ʃən.ɪ.zəm/ biệt lập
Eg. he prisoner had been kept in isolation for three days.
11 Norm (n) /nɔːm/ Định mức
Eg. Europe's varied cultural, political and ethical norms
12 peer (n) /pɪər/ Ngang nhau
Eg. he driver was peering into the distance trying to read the road
sign.
13 prolonged (a) /prəˈlɒŋd/ Kéo dài
prolongation (n) /ˌprəʊ.lɒŋˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ Sự kéo dài
Eg. Prolonged use of the drug is known to have harmful side-
effects.
14 sector (n) /ˈsek.tər/ Lĩnh vực
 Eg. In the financial sector, banks and insurance companies have
both lost a lot of money.
15 staggering (a) /ˈstæɡ.ər.ɪŋ/ Sửng sốt/ bất
ngờ
staggeringly (adv) /ˈstæɡ.ər.ɪŋ.li/ Sửng sốt
Eg. It costs a staggering $50,000 per week to keep the museum
open to the public.
16 subscription (n) /səbˈskrɪp.ʃən/ Dài hạn
Eg. I decided to take out a subscription to a magazine.
17 Account for (phr v) Chiếm
Eg. Students account for the vast majority of our customers.
18 exceed (v) /ɪkˈsiːd/ Vượt quá
exceedingly (adv) /ɪkˈsiː.dɪŋ.li/ Cực kỳ
Eg. he final cost should not exceed $5,000.
19 Flatten out (phr v) Trải ra, dàn
trải
Eg. If the housing market continues to flatten out or even decline,
we're in for some tough times.
20 negligibly (adv) /ˈneɡ.lɪ.dʒə.bli/ Không đáng
kể
negligible (a) /ˈneɡ.lɪ.dʒə.bəl/ Không đáng
kể
Eg. This effect was found to be negligibly small for the present
data.
21 Overwhelming (phr) Đại đa số
majority
Eg. The overwhelming majority of the group was college-age or
younger.
22 Significant (phr) Tỷ lệ lớn
proportion
Eg. The country has seven million hectares of forests- a significant
proportion
23 sizable (a) /ˈsaɪ.zə.bəl/ Khá lớn
sizably (adv) /ˈsaɪ.zə.bli/
Eg. Emanuel already has a sizable amount of money saved up for
college.
24 vastly (adv) /ˈvɑːst.li/ Bao la/ nhiều
Eg. they are vastly different
25 attribute (v) /ˈæt.rɪ.bjuːt/ Thuộc
tính/đặc điểm
Eg. Organizational ability is an essential attribute for a good
manager.
26 bulk (n) /bʌlk/ Số lượng lớn
Eg. She eased her large bulk out of the chair.
 27 constitute (v) /ˈkɒn.stɪ.tʃuːt/ Cấu tạo
constituent (n) /kənˈstɪtʃ.u.ənt/ 1 phần
Eg. This latest defeat constitutes a major setback for the
Democrats.
28 format (n) /ˈfɔː.mæt/ Định dạng
Eg. The meeting will have the usual format - introductory session
29 infer (v) /ɪnˈfɜːr/ Suy luận
Eg. He inferred that she was not interested in a relationship from
what she said in her letter.
30 intrinsic (a) /ɪnˈtrɪn.zɪk/ Bản chất
intrinsically (adv) /ɪnˈtrɪn.zɪ.kəl.i/ Bản chất
Eg. Maths is an intrinsic part of the school curriculum.
31 proportion (n) /prəˈpɔː.ʃən/ Tỷ lệ
proportional (a) /prəˈpɔː.ʃən.əl/ Tỷ lệ thuận
proportionally (adv) /prəˈpɔː.ʃən.əl.i/ Tỷ lệ
Eg. Unemployment is proportionally much higher in the north of
the country.
32 solely (adv) /ˈsəʊl.li/ Cô độc
sole (a) /səʊl/ Suy nhất
Eg. I bought it solely for that purpose.

Before you watch

1.d 2.c 3.a 4.b

While you watch

1.F 2.T 3.T 4.F

Reading 1: Instant satisfaction

Without doubt, the leading video sharing site in the world is YouTube. Sales
of physical singles and albums have dropped dramatically since the inception
of digital media services such as iTunes and Spotify.Today the bulk of music
is consumed digitally, although overall, the rate of digital downloads and
streamed music has started to flatten out. No industry exemplifies this change
more so than the music industry. A staggering 300 hours of video footage is
uploaded to YouTubeevery minute and 5 billion videos are watched daily-1
billion of which are accessed via a mobile platform. As evidenced in Figure
1.1, income from digital sales, in all formats, now constitutes in excess of 50%
of the market and has remained consistently higher than physical sales for the
past three years. While streaming has come to dominate several contemporary
industries, its origins can actually be traced back to the early 80s when the
 hacking community used it for file sharing. Over the following two decades,
the technology improved enough to facilitate the video sharing sites that have
transformed how we consume media today. In terms of popularity, YouTube
is second only to Google, and viewing figures far outstrip those of its direct
competitors. Digital TV Research-a London-based media research company-
forecasts that revenues from video streaming services will reach $32 billion in
2021, up from just under $2 billion in 2010. Without the vast improvements in
these fields, streaming as we know it simply would not be technologically
feasible.

A. Vocabulary preview
1.
1 Subscription
2 Dominate
3 Norm
4 Staggering
5 Embrace
6 Sector
7 Feasible
8 Consumption

B. Before you read

Positive:
 Technology has Improved the Healthcare Industry
 Technology Has Improved Education and Learning Process
 Influence of Technology on Transportation
 Technologies Changing Agriculture
 Technology is Revolutionizing the Energy Sector
Negative:
 Technological Advancements in the field of Industrialization is creating
Pollution
 Health problems caused by Technology
 Technology’s Influence on Climate Change
 Technology is architecting warfare
 Family relations badly affected
C. Global reading
1.b 2.f 3.d 4.a 5.c 6.e
D. Close reading
1.
1. exceeded 2. no 3. doubled 4. steady

2.
1. 20 2. 11.9 3. 12.6 4. 2.1 5. 11.9

E. Critical thinking
1. Online games are attractive to many people because they are very accessible.
This means that you can easily play them on your chosen console, smartphone
or desktop, and they are typically easy enough to understand and enjoy.
Another reason why online games are so popular is that there are so many
choices available. From fighting campaigns that you can challenge your friends
with online to simpler games that you can play on your smartphone to simply
pass the time, there’s something for every kind of gamer.
A lot of online smartphone games and website-based games are completely free
to play, which makes them even more appealing.
Many online games are designed to be suitable for all ability levels and include
modes that range from beginner to expert.
2.
Disadvatages of online gaming
- The major cost of online gaming comes from the charges of internet
connection. Some online games also require players to have online accounts
which is normally with a monthly fee. In-game purchases are also included
where a player can upgrade their elements by paying a sum of fee.
- When playing online games, there is always a risk of hacking. Players enter
their personal information in online gaming for various reasons.
- Playing online games for extended time period can also lead to addiction.
Some gamers are addicted to an extent that they have forgotten their daily
responsibilities.
- No matter how developed internet platform is, there are many people around
the world who tries to misuse internet users. Cyberbullying is one such way
through which these people will take advantage. It is popular tactic used to
distract gamers.
Study Skills
1.
1. likely to be biased as commissioned by a company with a finacial interest.
Showing the positives only, without study of the one role
2. Limited sample- one country, one company, one role
3. Could lead to inaccurate data because of the touchscreen. Not everybody
owns a smartphone, so there might not be a broad range of people surveyed.
2.
1. money is clearly the greatest motivator and therefore all companies should
pay higher salaries
2. The survey clearly shows the importance of eating a high-fiber diet for
breakfast
3. Clearly it is better for the environment to import New Zealand lamb than to
purchase local lamb

Reading 2: Gaming, society, and the individual

Summarise
From the first arcade games of the 70s and the console wars of the 90s, to the
current boom in massively multiplayer online gaming and virtual reality, video
games have permeated every aspect. of modern society. Although gaming
often has a negative impact on children, a body of research suggests we may
be a bit too quick to judge this. Perhaps most concerning is that gaming is
associated with increased levels of violent behavior, especially among
children and adolescents.

Przybylski and Mishkin found that it is in fact the amount of time spent
playing a game, not its content, that may have a detrimental effect on
behavior. Furthermore, according to Ferguson, many studies are purely
observational and do not correspond to real-world violence and therefore
cannot be proven. While the theory seems appealing, it fails to consider the
prominence of massively multiplayer online gaming. Instead of being socially
isolated, they can actually improve their real-world social skills.

found that children who regularly play video games actually have superior
social and intellectual skills than other children. Granic et al. concluded that
gaming encourages both cooperative behavior and social interaction. Although
 gamers certainly spend less time socializing, it is not proven that gaming is
socially isolating.

However, gaming has been shown to be beneficial for children with attention
deficit disorder. gamers act habitually, make better analytical decisions, and
can work faster and with higher levels of accuracy than non-gamers."
Although there is research showing that gaming can have a negative impact on
academic performance and physical health, it is a common belief that video
games lead to violent behavior and are physically isolating. society is simply
not supported by evidence.

A. Vocabulary preview
1.
1 peers
2 aggression
3 interaction
4 prolonged
5 Analytical
6 Awareness
7 Deficit
8 Isolution

B. Before you read

The main benefits of playing video games involve enhancing mental skills that
include:
1. Problem solving and logic – When a child plays a game such as The
Incredible Machine, Angry Birds or Cut The Rope, he trains his brain to
come up with creative ways to solve puzzles and other problems in short
bursts
2. Multitasking, simultaneous tracking of many shifting variables and
managing multiple objectives. In strategy games, for instance, while
developing a city, an unexpected surprise like an enemy might emerge.
This forces the player to be flexible and quickly change tactics.
3. Quick thinking, making fast analysis and decisions. Sometimes the player
does this almost every second of the game giving the brain a real workout.
According to researchers at the University of Rochester, led by Daphne
Bavelier, a cognitive scientist, games simulating stressful events such as
 those found in battle or action games could be a training tool for real-
world situations.
4. Developing reading and math skills – The young gamer reads to get
instructions, follow storylines of games, and get information from the
game texts. Also, using math skills is important to win in many games
that involves quantitative analysis like managing resources.
5. Mapping – The gamer use in-game maps or build maps on his head to
navigate around virtual worlds.
6. Memory – Playing first person shooter games such as Call of Duty and
Battlefield series enables the player to effectively judge what information
should be stored in his working memory and what can be discarded
considering the task at hand, according to a study published in the
Psychological Research
It is important to remember that video games are not inherently evil. Most of
the negative effects of video games arise from excessive use and addiction.
Here are ten negative effects of video games:
1. Dopamine addiction
2. Reduction in Motivation
3. Alexithymia and emotional suppression
4. Repetitive stress injuries and other health risks
5. Poor mental health
6. Relationship issues
7. Social disconnection
8. Exposure to toxic gaming environments
9. Poor academic or professional performance
10. Escapism and getting stuck in life
C. Global reading
a 3
b 4
c 5
d 1
e 2
f 6
D. Close reading
1 N
2 Y
3 Y
4 NG
5 Y
6 NG
7 N

E. Critical thinking
1. The effects of gaming can be both positive and negative, depending on
various factors such as the amount of time spent playing, the type of games
played, and individual characteristics.
Positive effects of gaming include:
Cognitive benefits: Certain types of games can improve problem-solving skills,
cognitive flexibility, hand-eye coordination, and spatial reasoning.
Social benefits: Multiplayer games can enhance social interaction, teamwork,
and communication skills. Online gaming communities provide opportunities
for networking and socializing with people from different backgrounds.
Stress relief and relaxation: Gaming can serve as a form of entertainment and
provide an escape from daily stresses. It can help individuals relax and unwind.
Educational benefits: Educational games can be used to reinforce learning in
various subjects, making education more engaging and interactive.

Negative effects of gaming include:

Addiction: Excessive gaming can lead to addiction, in which individuals become
preoccupied with gaming activities, neglecting other aspects of their life such as
school, work, or relationships.
Health problems: Sitting for long periods while gaming can lead to physical
health issues such as obesity, musculoskeletal problems, and eye strain.
Decreased academic/work performance: Spending excessive time on gaming can
lead to a decline in academic or work performance, as it may interfere with
study or job responsibilities.
Aggressive behavior: Some studies suggest a link between violent video games
and aggressive behavior, although the extent of this relationship is still debated
among researchers.
It's important to note that the impact of gaming varies from person to person,
and finding a balance between gaming and other activities is crucial to prevent
negative effects.
Vocabulary preview
1.
1 Exceed
2 Overwhelming majority
3 Negligibly
4 Sizable
5 Account for
6 Flatten out
7 Vastly
8 Significant proportion

2.
1 Vastly
2 Exceed
3 Account for
4 Negligibly
5 Significant proportion
6 Overwhelming majority
7 Sizable
8 Flatten out

Academic word
1.
A constitute
B Proportion
C Attribute
D Bulk
E Intrinsic
F Infer
G Format
H Solely
Critical thinking
1. No. The sample size too small. Also, the case study only looked at boys, but
the interpretation claims all children are affected.
2. No. It’s only 3% in one way. We also do not know the raw number, so it
could be quite a small number of actual crimes.
3. No. No evidence is presented in the data that this is a cause-and-effect
relationship. It could merely be a correclation. Others factors need to be
considered. We also do no know the sample size.

Writing modal
1. All sentences focus on combined changes apart from those focusing on the
single factor that changes the most online gaming
2. flatten out, increase, doubled, changed, accelerate
3. vastly. Marginally, proprotionally, roughly, negligibly

Grammar
1. Should sales, of e-books continue to stagnate, companies may stop investing
in them.
2. Should people continue to stream content on mobile devices, traditionally
broadcasted TV may become a thing of the past.
3. Were sales were to decline any further, investors might well lose faith in the
project
4. Should companies choose not to invest in mobile gaming, they may well see a
decline in revenue over the next decade.
5. Were E-readers easier to navigate, they would undoubtedly be more popular
among consumers
6. Were consumers don't adopt early, the product might fail in its first year
Writing skill
1.
1. Data showing the relavant proprotions of people uploading photos to FB,
Intargram, ect in comparision to sharing in other ways
2. Data comparing sales of physical and digital media in the game industry,
demographic
 3. A decline in sales of physical media to the young demographic
4. Mobile gaming correclated with an upswing in woman defining themselves
as games.

2.
1. Over 70% young people stated that video streaming was in their top three
most important media services compared to only 5% of 68+

2. The percentage of people streaming music steadily with age-from 40% at

26-31 to just 5% at 68+. Marketing should therefore target adolescent to
maintain or improve this user base.

3. Newspaper consumption is positively correlated with age-just 10% of 1-25-

year- olds to 90% at 68+. Should this trend continue, Pay TV could well
become obsolete.

4. Pay Tv subscription is positively correlated with age-rising from 55%

among 1-25- year-olds to 90% at 68+. Should this trend continue, Pay TV
could well become obsolete.

Review
1.
1 Resolved
2 Bulk
3 Constituted
4 Modify
5 Proportion
 UNIT 3: ENERGY
Discussion point:
1. The main sources of energy vary by country, relying on natural resources,
geographical location, and government policies. Common sources include:
- Fossil fuels: Coal, oil, and natural gas.
- Renewable energy: Solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass.
- Nuclear energy.
2. Energy production varies greatly from one country to another. Some countries
rely heavily on specific sources while others diversify their energy mix. The
energy produced can include a combination of fossil fuels, renewable energy,
nuclear power, or a mix of these sources.
3. The question of whether to continue using fossil fuels is a topic of active
debate globally. Some arguments in favor include their affordability, reliability,
and the existing infrastructure supporting their use. However, concerns about
climate change, air pollution, and the finite nature of fossil fuels have led many
to advocate for a transition towards cleaner and renewable energy sources. This
transition is driven by the desire to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
mitigate the negative impacts associated with fossil fuel consumption.
Ultimately, the decision on whether to continue using fossil fuels or to
accelerate the shift towards renewable energy sources depends on various
factors, including environmental, economic, and technological considerations.
Before you watch
1. go to the polls C
2. outdated E
3. referendum B
4. subject to D
5. vessel A

While you watch

1. whether to use nuclear power or renewable energy sources
2. nuclear power poses a significant safety risk
3. energy prices will rise if nuclear plants are closed

After you watch

1. If a referendum regarding a specific topic was held in a country, it would be
up to the citizens to individually decide how they would vote based on their own
beliefs, values, and analysis of the situation.
2. Whether decisions should be put in the hands of the people or the government
is a complex matter that varies depending on the context. In democratic
societies, the involvement of the people in decision-making processes is
generally seen as a fundamental principle. Balancing the need for public input
while also ensuring that decisions are based on expertise, extensive research,
and the overall well-being of society is a delicate task.
3. The transition towards cleaner and renewable energy sources involves
numerous challenges, and the exact reasons for delays can vary from country to
country. Some common factors that contribute to the prolonged adoption of
renewable energy sources include:
- Economic factors: The costs associated with developing and implementing
renewable energy technologies, such as solar or wind, have been gradually
decreasing but may still be perceived as more expensive in the short term.
- Infrastructure and technological limitations: Transitioning to renewable energy
often requires significant investments in infrastructure development, including
grid upgrades and storage solutions.
- Public awareness and acceptance: Widespread acceptance and understanding
of the environmental benefits and long-term sustainability of renewable energy
sources can play a crucial role in driving their adoption. New words
STT New words Prinunciation Meaning
1 additive (n) /ˈæd.ɪ.tɪv/ Phụ gia, thêm vào
Eg.
2 adverse (adj) /ˈæd.vɜːs/ Bất lợi
Eg. Her policies may have adverse effects on the economy.
3 Carbon - neutral ( Adj) /ˌkɑː.bən ˈnjuː.trəl/ Cacbon trung tính
Eg. Norway plans to become totally carbon-neutral by 2050.
4 Contaminate (v) /kənˈtæm.ɪ.neɪt/ Làm ô nhiễm
contaminant (n) /kənˈtæm.ɪ.nənt/ Chất gây ô nhiễm
contamination (n) /kənˌtæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ Sự ô nhiễm
Eg. The water supply is being tested for contamination
5 Cultivate (v) /ˈkʌl.tɪ.veɪt/ Cày cấy
Cultivation (n) /ˌkʌl.tɪˈveɪ.ʃən/ Canh tác
Eg. Most of the land there is too poor to cultivate.
6 drill (v) /drɪl/ Khoan
drill (n) Máy khoan
Eg. Drill three holes in the wall for the screws.
7 Excessive (adj) /ɪkˈsesiv/ Quá mức, thừa
excess (n) /ɪkˈses/ Quá mức, quá giới
hạn
excessively (adv) /ekˈses.ɪv.li/ Quá mức
Eg. She was polite but not excessively so
8 formation (n) /fɔːˈmeɪ.ʃən/ Sự hình thành
formative (adj) /ˈfɔː.mə.tɪv/ Hình thành
formatively (adv) /ˈfɔː.mə.tɪv.li/ 1 cách hình thành
Eg. The team was lined up in a punting formation
9 Horizontal (adj) /ˌhɒr.ɪˈzɒn.təl/ Nằm ngang
horizon (n) /həˈraɪ.zən/ Đường chân trời
Eg. Keep the patient horizontal with the feet slightly raised.
10 Inedible (a) /ɪˈned.ə.bəl/ Không ăn được
Eg. The dish was too spicy, and inedible as a result.
11 Minimize (v) /ˈmɪn.ɪ.maɪz/ Giảm thiểu
minimization (n) /ˌmɪn.ɪ.maɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ Giảm thiểu
Eg. We must minimize the risk of infection.
12 Mining pump (n) Bơm khai thác
Proponent (n) /prəˈpəʊ.nənt/ Người đền xuất
Eg. He is one of the leading proponents of capital punishment.
13 Pump (v) /pʌmp/ Bơm
Eg. The new wine is pumped into storage tanks.
14 Vertical (adj) /ˈvɜː.tɪ.kəl/ Thẳng đứng
vertical (n) Đường thẳng đứng
Eg. She looked over the cliff and found she was standing at the edge of a
vertical drop.
15 Dam (n) /dæm/ Con đập
Eg. The Aswan High Dam is on the River Nile in Egypt.
16 flow (n) /fləʊ/ Dòng chảy
flow (v) /fləʊ/ Chảy
Eg. the flow of traffic
17 Gear (n) /ɡɪər/ Bánh răng
Eg. When you start a car you need to be in first gear.
18 Generator (n) /ˈdʒen.ər.eɪ.tər/ Máy phát điện
generation (n) /ˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən/ Thế hệ
generate (v) /ˈdʒen.ə.reɪt/ Phát ra, tạo ra
Eg. The hospital's emergency generators are designed to cope with power cuts.
19 Kinetic energy (n) /kɪˌnet.ɪk ˈen.ə.dʒi/ Động năng
Eg. The energy of disturbances is primarily kinetic energy.
20 shaft (n) /ʃɑːft/ Trục
Eg. the propeller shaft of an aircraft
21 Transmission line (n) Đường dây truyền
tải
Eg. It must also be suitable for the transmission line along which it goes.
22 Turbine (n) /ˈtɜː.baɪn/ Tua bin
Eg. The situation is similar to that of the gas flow in a turbine.
23 Cite (v) /saɪt/ Trích dẫn
Eg. She cited three reasons why people get into debt.
24 Diminish (V) /dɪˈmɪn.ɪʃ/ Giảm bớt
Eg. These memories will not be diminished by time.
25 Dispose (v) /dɪˈspəʊz/ Vứt bỏ, đánh bại,
sắp xếp
Eg. She is always willing to dispose of investments that underperform.
26 Erosion (n) /ɪˈrəʊ.ʒən/ Xói mòn
Eg. We know that there will be other erosions.
27 Parallel (adj) /ˈpær.ə.lel/ Song song
Eg. Draw a pair of parallel lines.
28 Predominantly (adv) /prɪˈdɒm.ɪ.nənt.li/ Chiếm ưu thế
Eg. She is predominantly a dancer, but she also sings.
29 Restrict (v) /rɪˈstrɪkt/ Hạn chế
Eg. Having small children really restricts your social life.
30 Sustainable (adj) /səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl/ Bền vững
Eg. Solutions put in place now must be sustainable.

Reading 1: The oldest energy source

Since our ancestors discovered the controlled use of fire, biomass
has played a prominent role in global energy production and has
recently been heralded as the answer to our ever-diminishing fossil
fuel supply. Broadly speaking, biomass can be divided into four
distinct categories and agricultural products such as logs, sawdust,
and agricultural waste; solid waste (i.e., garbage); landfill gas (i.e.,
methane); and liquid fuels such as biodiesel and ethanol, which are
produced by extracting the sugars from crops such as wheat, corn,
sugar beets, and sugar cane. However, the adverse environmental
impact should not be underestimated. During the process of
photosynthesis, plants harness radiant energy from the sun in order
to convert water and carbon dioxide (CO₂) into oxygen and
carbohydrates. Biomass-typically wood chips or pellets-is burned in
a combustion chamber in place of coal to boil water. Methane gas
captured from the anaerobic digestion of animal waste or collected
from landfills can also be used as a fuel during the initial stages of
the process. 1 When tasked with listing renewable forms of energy,
people tend to mention solar, wind, or hydro. Few bring up
 geothermal, and fewer still raise the oldest renewable of all-biomass.
This produces high-pressure steam that is passed through a turbine,
causing it to rotate. This in turn powers a generator which creates
electricity. A transformer then increases the voltage of the electricity
before distributing it to homes and businesses.

A. Vocabulary preview
1.
1 Inedible
2 Carbon – neutral
3 Proponents
4 Renewable
5 Excessive
6 Cultivate
7 Minimize
8 Adverse

B. Before you read

C. Global reading
1 D
2 F
3 E
4 B
5 A
6 C

D. Close reading
1.
1 Biomass
2 Methane gas
3 High- pressure steam
4 Turbine
5 Generator
6 Electricity
7 Transformer
8 Voltage
2.
1 T
2 NG
3 T
4 T
5 F (pharagrap 5)

E. Critical thinking
1.
1.
Advantages of Biomass Energy Plants:
- Renewable Energy Source: Biomass such as crop residues, wood, and food
waste, makes it a renewable energy source.
- Building and operating biomass energy plants can create job opportunities
and stimulate local economies.
Disadvantages of Biomass Energy Plants:
- Environmental Impacts: Clearing land for biomass feedstock production or
sourcing unsustainable biomass can lead to habitat destruction or contribute to
deforestation.
- Air Pollution: Biomass combustion can release air pollutants that might have
negative effects on air quality and human health if not properly managed.

2.
The criteria a company proposing a new biomass power plant should typically
demonstrate before being allowed to build can include:
- The company should provide evidence of the feasibility and sustainability of
their proposed biomass power plant.
- An assessment should be conducted to evaluate the potential environmental
impacts of the plant. This might include evaluating air emissions, water usage,
waste management, and potential impacts on biodiversity.
- The company should demonstrate compliance with all relevant
environmental regulations, permits, and standards.
- The company should demonstrate transparent communication and
engagement with the community, addressing any concerns or potential
impacts.

Study skills
1.
1 Noticing or attending to information
 2 Short-term memory
3 Encoding
4 Remembering information

2.
1 Writing the words
2 Create a story about each word
3 Writing sentences with the words
4 Make an audio recording saying the word from memory

Reading 2: Fracking – the futere?

The Scottish government recently announced plans to generate 100% of its
electricity from renewables by 2020. In 2014, 99% of Costa Rica's electrical
energy was derived from renewable energy sources. 'Hydraulic fracturing, or
fracking, is a technique used to extract oil and natural gas from sedimentary
rock formations called shale. Tiny holes, or pores, in the rock allow it to
absorb large quantities of oil, water, and natural gas, which is trapped in place
by thicker rock above and below. To extract the resources, mining companies
drill a deep vertical well through the thick rock, directly into the reservoir. To
release the trapped resources, the rock must be split, or fractured, open. To
achieve this, deep vertical wells are drilled down to the level of the shale.
Millions of gallons of high-pressure fracking solution, a mixture of water,
sand, and chemical additives, is then pumped through the well into the
surrounding rock for an average of 72 hours. The depth of these wells varies,
but can extend as far as 2,000 meters into the ground. Although this is a
relatively simple process, most known reservoirs are nearing exhaustion and
companies are being forced to rely on increasingly complex mining techniques
such as fracking. Unlike reservoirs, the resources trapped in shale do not
gather in large pools that can be easily drained. Instead, they are spread across
tiny cracks in the rock. Once the desired depth has been reached, the drill
takes a 90-degree turn and continues horizontally, parallel to the layer of shale
rock. Small holes are then made along the horizontal section of the well,
exposing it to the rock. "This process may be very simple, but it is proving to
be as profitable as it is controversial and therein lies the dilemma.

A. Vocabulary preview
1.
1 Drill
2 Pump
 3 Additives
4 Horizontal
5 Contaminate
6 Mining
7 Formations
8 Vertical

C. Global reading
a How is shale gas extracted 3
b What claims do proponents make? 4
c How does fracking impact drinking water? 5
d Which countries currently lead the drive toward renewables? 1
e How aew waste products dealt with? 6
f What other detrimental effects is fracking kinked to? 7
g How is oil and natural gas traditionally extracted? 2
h Is tracking a viable alternative to renewables? 8

D. close reading
1.
1 Porous
2 well
3 Fissures
4 Leach
5 Magnitude

2.
1 T
2 NG
3 F
4 T
5 F
6 T

E. Critical thinking
1. I argue that it can contaminate groundwater and surface water due to the
chemicals used in the process. There have been instances of methane leaks
during extraction, which is a potent greenhouse gas. Fracking can also lead to
seismic activity and disrupt ecosystems. The environmental impact and potential
risks associated with fracking need to be carefully considered and regulated.
2. Addressing the influence of profits on environmental decisions requires a
combination of measures.
- Governments can enforce stricter environmental regulations such as
monitoring, and enforcement.
- Introducing financial incentives, such as tax breaks or subsidies, for
implementing environmentally friendly technologies.
- Promoting transparency in corporate reporting and requiring businesses to
disclose their environmental impacts can help hold them accountable for their
actions.
- Educating the public about the environmental consequences of profit-driven
decisions can generate public demand for greater environmental responsibility.
Vocabulary development
1.
dam G
flow A
Gears F
Generator B
Kinetic energy C
shaft D
Transmission lines H
Turbine E

2.
1 Dam
2 Shaft
3 Turbine
4 Kinetic energy/ flow
5 Gears
6 Generator
7 Transmisson lines

Academic words
1.
1. cite H
 2. diminish F
3. dispose C
4. erosion A
5. parallel D
6. predominantly B
7. restrict E
8. sustainable G

2.
1 sustainable
2 restricted
3 cited
4 predominantly
5 parallel
6 disminishing
7 Dispose
8 Erosion

Critical thinking
1.
1. No, the writer does not give a balanced view. They dismiss the concerns
about fracking as weak claims without providing any counterarguments or
acknowledging any potential negative impacts.

2. The writer refers to experts at the Kilnbrook.

3. The words "environmental lobbyists" and "limited scientific data" indicate

bias in their argument. By using the term "lobbyists," the writer implies that
the criticisms are driven by personal interests rather than genuine
environmental concerns. Additionally, the phrase "weak claims" suggests a
dismissive attitude towards the opposing arguments.

2.
1. 1. Someone might present a biased argument in situations where they have a personal stake
or agenda, such as a political debate, advocating for a specific interest group, or trying to
convince others of their own beliefs or opinions.
2.
3. 2. It is important to keep bias out of academic writing because the goal of academia is to
provide objective and evidence-based knowledge. Introducing bias can compromise the
integrity and reliability of the research, as well as hinder the reader's ability to critically
 analyze and form their own opinions based on the available evidence. Academic writing
should strive for impartiality and objectivity.

4. 3. To combat biased arguments, one can employ the following strategies:

5. - Recognize and be aware of one's own biases and actively strive to minimize their
influence.
6. - Engage in research and seek out multiple perspectives and sources of information to
ensure a comprehensive understanding.
7. - Evaluate the credibility and reliability of the sources used in an argument.
8. - Engage in critical thinking, questioning assumptions, analyzing evidence, and
challenging logical fallacies or faulty reasoning.
9. - Engage in respectful and evidence-based dialogue to counter biased arguments and
present an alternative viewpoint based on facts and evidence.
- Encourage open-mindedness and empathetic listening to foster a constructive exchange of
ideas.

Grammar
1. blows
2. converts the low-speech rotation
3. use the kinetic energy
4. generate the electrical energy
5. be transmitted
6. to mesure the speed
7. is transmitted
8. to rotate the turbin
9. are applied

Review
1. cite
2. parallel
3. restricted
4. infer
5. solely
 UNIT 4. RISK
Discussion point
1. In the infographic, it is difficult to determine the exact degree of risk each
person took as it depends on the context. However, from the information
given, it could be argued that the entrepreneur who quit their job and invested
their savings to start a business took the biggest risk. This decision involves
financial uncertainty, the potential loss of a stable income, and the
responsibility of building a successful venture from scratch.

2. Risk is extremely important in business because it can lead to innovation,

growth, and competitive advantage. Without taking risks, businesses tend to
stagnate and become outdated. Risk enables entrepreneurs to explore new
opportunities, adapt to changing market conditions, and differentiate
themselves from competitors. However, it is crucial to mitigate risks to avoid
catastrophic outcomes.

3. In their family life, people take risks by making personal commitments,

such as starting a family, getting married, or investing time and emotional
energy in nurturing relationships. These commitments involve uncertainty and
potential consequences.

New words
STT New words Pronunciation Meaning
1 addictive adj /əˈdɪk.tɪv/ Gây nghiện
Eg. Tobacco is highly addictive.
2 Bail out phrv Nhảy ra ngoài
Eg. The plane's engine failed and the pilot was forced to bail out.
3 Credit crunch n /ˈkred.ɪt ˌkrʌntʃ/ Khủng hoảng tín
dụng
Eg. apan experienced a major credit crunch in the late nineties.
4 disregard v /ˌdɪs.rɪˈɡɑːd/ Xem thường
Eg. He told us to disregard everything we'd learned so far and start again
5 File for phr Nội đơn xin phá
bankruptcy sản
Eg. The company filed for bankruptcy in July.
6 gene n /dʒiːn/ Gen
Eg. The scientists identified a defective gene.
7 Housing bubble n Bong bóng nhà đất
Eg. Housing bubbles have been one of the main reasons why people end up
losing their savings.
8 Peer pressure n /ˈpɪə ˌpreʃ.ər/ Áp lực đồng trang
lưa
Eg. There is tremendous peer pressure to wear fashionable clothes.
9 Personality trait n Đặc điểm tính cách
Eg. The five major personality traits are openness, conscientiousness,
extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism.
10 Recession n /rɪˈseʃ.ən/ Suy thoái
Eg. The country is sliding into the depths of recession.
11 regulator n /ˈreɡ.jə.leɪ.tər/ Bộ điều chỉnh
Eg. Federal regulators prepare to set stricter rules for cars and fuel.
12 Sound judgment N phr Phán quyết đúng
đắn
Eg.
13 Stimulate v /ˈstɪm.jə.leɪt/ Khuyến khích
Eg. The government plans to cut taxes in order to stimulate the economy.
14 susceptible adj /səˈsep.tə.bəl/ Dễ bị tổn thương
Eg. These plants are particularly susceptible to frost.
15 trigger v /ˈtrɪɡ.ər/ Gây nên, kích hoạt
Eg. Some people find that certain foods trigger their headaches.
16 acknowledge v /əkˈnɒl.ɪdʒ/ Thừa nhận
Eg. She acknowledged having been at fault.
17 concede v /kənˈsiːd/ Công nhận
Eg. The government has conceded (that) the new tax policy has been a
disaster.
18 conclude v /kənˈkluːd/ Kết luận
Eg. She concluded the speech by reminding us of our responsibility.
19 dispute v /dɪˈspjuːt/ Tranh luận
Eg. The unions are in dispute with management over pay.
20 endorse v /ɪnˈdɔːs/ Tán thành
Eg. The Council is expected to endorse the committee's recommendations.
21 predominantly adv /prɪˈdɒm.ɪ.nənt.li/ Chủ yếu, chính
Eg. She is predominantly a dancer, but she also sings.
22 Repeatedly adv /rɪˈpiː.tɪd.li/ Nhiều lần
Eg. He called repeatedly, begging her to come back.
23 allocation n /ˌæl.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/ Phân bổ
Eg. There needs to be more efficient allocation of financial resources.
24 deduction n /dɪˈdʌk.ʃən/ Suy luận
Eg. All we can do is make deductions from the available facts.
25 fund v /fʌnd/ Tài trợ, ủng hộ
Eg. The company has agreed to fund my trip to Australia.
26 inspect v /ɪnˈspekt/ Quan sát
Eg. After the accident both drivers got out and inspected their cars for damage.
27 offset v /ˌɒfˈset/ Bù lại
Eg. We offset all our long-haul flights
28 orientation n /ˌɔː.ri.enˈteɪ.ʃən/ Định hướng
Eg. We employ people without regard to their political orientation.
29 precede v /prɪˈsiːd/ Đứng trước
Eg. It would be helpful if you were to precede the report with an introduction.
30 transmit v /trænzˈmɪt/ Chuyển giao
Eg. Department stores use EDI to transmit orders to suppliers.
Nb,
Before you watch
1.a 2.d 3.e 4.b 5.c

While you watch

1. T 2. F 3.F 4.F 5.F

After you watch

1. The effectiveness of austerity as a way to tackle a struggling economy is a
topic of debate among economists. Some argue that cutting government
spending and reducing deficits can restore confidence in the economy and
attract investments. However, others believe that austerity measures,
especially when implemented during a recession, can further suppress
economic activity and hinder recovery.

There are various alternative approaches that could be successful in addressing

a struggling economy. One option is to prioritize investments in infrastructure,
education, and research and development, which can stimulate growth and
create jobs. Another approach could involve implementing targeted fiscal
policies such as tax cuts or subsidies to specific industries, with the aim of
boosting consumer spending and business activity. Additionally, economic
stimulus packages, both monetary and fiscal, can be utilized to inject money
into the economy and spur demand.

2 The economic performance of a country is influenced by a multitude of

factors, and it is difficult to pinpoint ultimate responsibility to a single entity.
However, typically the government, particularly the fiscal and monetary
authorities, play a crucial role in the economic performance of a country. They
are responsible for implementing policies and regulations that shape the
economic environment and influence factors such as inflation, fiscal
sustainability, and financial stability.

Nevertheless, the responsibility of economic performance extends beyond the

government to include businesses, individuals, and global economic
conditions. Businesses contribute to economic growth by creating jobs and
driving innovation, while individuals influence economic activity through
their consumption, saving, and investment decisions. Furthermore, global
economic factors such as trade relations, international financial markets, and
geopolitical events can significantly impact a country's economic
performance.

3. The impact of a difficult economic situation on the sense of community in

an affected country can differ depending on various factors. Economic
hardship can lead to increased solidarity and cooperation among individuals as
they come together to support each other through tough times. Communities
may band together to provide mutual aid, share resources, or create grassroots
initiatives aimed at addressing economic challenges.

However, a difficult economic situation can also lead to heightened social

tensions and divisions. Struggles over scarce resources or job opportunities
may create conflicts within communities, and individuals may become more
focused on self-preservation rather than collective well-being. In some cases,
economic hardship can lead to social unrest or political instability, further
complicating community dynamics.

Ultimately, the impact on the sense of community will depend on various

factors including the severity and duration of the economic situation, the
effectiveness of social safety nets and government policies, and the resilience
and cohesion of the affected population.

Reading 1: The credit crunch: Whose fault was it anyway?

The causes of the global economic downturn in 2008 have been much debated.
Blame is often apportioned to commercial banks due to the large number of
risky investments they had undertaken. However, this paper will argue that
central banks, regulators, and governments were also to blame. The bundled
subprime loans were now very much high-risk debts. In April, 2007, the first
subprime bank went bankrupt. However, once customers started defaulting on
their mortgages and banks began to withdraw mortgage products from the
market, the credit crunch started to take hold. The housing bubble, which had
gone unchecked by government and regulators for years, eventually burst in
2006. By September, the rate at which banks lend money to each other was at
its highest for almost 20 years. Commercial banks were clearly nervous about
their own credit and the credit of others. Such debts were considered to be low
risk by large banks as they were bundled together from different parts of the
country. These were the initial indicators that there was a potential credit
crunch. They struggled to afford the interest rate increase and began to default
on their mortgage repayments. This had a particular impact on the subprime
market where millions of people with few or no savings had been persuaded to
take out a mortgage. Customers are previously able to obtain mortgages no
longer could. The banks anticipated property markets rising and falling
differently across regions, so that falls and losses in one area would be offset
by rises and gains in another.

A vocabulary preview
1 Credit crunch
2 Default on your mortgage
3 Housing bubble
4 Regulator
5 File for bankruptcy
6 Bail them out
7 Recession
8 Stimulate econnomy

B Befor you watch

1. The impact of an increase or decrease in interest rates on homeowners,
savers, companies, and banks is as follows:
- An increase in interest rates may lead to higher mortgage rates, making it
more expensive for homeowners to borrow money for purchasing or
refinancing a home. It can also increase monthly mortgage payments, which
might strain homeowners' budgets
- An increase in interest rates generally benefits savers as they can earn higher
returns on their savings accounts, certificates of deposit (CDs), or other fixed-
income investments. This allows them to grow their savings and generate
more income.
- The impact of interest rate changes on companies can vary depending on
their business models and financial structure. Generally, an increase in interest
rates can raise borrowing costs for companies looking to expand, invest, or
finance operations. This can affect profitability, potentially leading to
decreased business activity and investment
- Interest rate changes affect the profitability of banks. When interest rates
rise, banks can charge higher interest rates on loans, potentially increasing
their profits. However, they may also face increased costs on deposits, which
can impact their margins.

2. The financial crisis in 2007/2008, commonly known as the Global Financial

Crisis (GFC), was triggered primarily by several factors:
- The crisis was fueled by a housing bubble, particularly in the United States,
where aggressive lending practices and a rise in subprime mortgages (high-
 risk loans) led to an unsustainable boom in housing prices.
- Banks and financial institutions packaged mortgages and other loans into
complex securities, which were then sold to investors.
- As housing prices began to decline, borrowers with subprime mortgages
faced increasing defaults and foreclosures, leading to substantial losses for
financial institutions holding these risky assets.
-The collapse of prominent financial institutions such as Lehman Brothers and
Bear Stearns, this caused a credit freeze as banks became unwilling to lend to
one another, resulting in financial market turmoil and a severe economic
downturn.
The effects of the crisis were wide-ranging and included:
- The crisis resulted in a deep recession in many countries, including the
United States, Europe, and other major economies. This led to a significant
increase in unemployment, reduced consumer spending, and a decline in
business activity.
- Many governments intervened to stabilize the financial system, providing
bailouts to large financial institutions to prevent their collapse. These
interventions, funded by taxpayers, aimed to restore confidence and prevent
further economic damage.
- The crisis spurred extensive regulatory reforms in the financial industry to
enhance oversight and reduce systemic risks. These included increased capital
requirements, stricter lending standards, and increased scrutiny of complex
financial instruments.
C. Global reading
a. A surprising bankruptcy despite government intervention 4
b. The effects of interesting rates on banks and property owners 2
c. Examples of proposed changes to the banking systerm 6
d. Institutions that the author believes helped to create the financial cricis 1
e. The impact of the financial cricis on a manufacuring industry 5
f. The first signs that banks were in trouble 3

D. close reading
F a. homeowners were unable to repay their mortgage debts
A b. a major global bank went bankrupt
E c. chysler filed for bankruptcy
B d. general motors entered bankruptcy
G e. The U.S government attempted to prevent a crisis by reducing interest
rates àn bailing out banks
C f. Banks lent money to people with little credit and then sold those debts
to large banks
D g. The government reduced interest rates again and tried to boost the
economy with hundreds of billions of dollars
 J h. Banks failed a stess test
I i. The government a announced bank reforms
H j. The OECD announced that there was a global recession

E. Critical thinking
1. to support the claim that central banks, regulators and governments are also
responsible for the financial crisis:
- regulators have failed to adequately supervise and regulate financial
institutions, allowing them to engage in risky activities without adequate
safeguards. They can cite examples of weak oversight or inadequate
enforcement of regulations.
- central banks, in pursuit of economic growth, have kept interest rates too low
for too long, leading to excessive lending and borrowing. This easy access to
credit encouraged financial institutions to take on more risk, contributing to
the crisis.
- government policies, such as promoting home ownership without adequate
protections, have contributed to the crisis.
- regulators and governments alike have failed to enforce transparency and
accountability in the financial industry.
2. Ordinary people face many risks with money every day, including:
- People are at risk of losing money if the value of their investments falls.
Market fluctuations and economic conditions may affect the returns on these
investments.
- Borrowing carries the potential risk of not being able to meet repayment
obligations, leading to financial stress and the risk of default.
- Not saving enough for emergencies or retirement

Study skills
1.
1. Name, date in parenthesis, book name, edition, place of publication: name
of publisher
2. you need to include the volume number and issue number of the journal as
well as the page numbers. Note that the title of the journal, not the name of the
article, is set in italíc.
3. you don’t include the place of publication but you include publication ame,
the web address and when you accessed the article

2.
- Arita-date that the article was written is missing
- Graham-author’s initial is missing
- Hamilton-publication name
- Leigh-edition/publisher name is missing
- Smith-volume/ issue number is missing
2. Reading: Risk-takers: Who are they?
Sensation-seeking is a personality trait that describes the desire to find
activities that bring us pleasure. Biological and psychological evidence
indicates that this is likely to be because of the way Jamie's brain processes
dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter-a chemicalthat transmits signals
between nerve cells (neurons). In their article in the Journal of Neuroscience
(2008), the researchers observed that people who are risk-takers have fewer
dopamine receptors than people who are not; mirroring the outcome found in
studies carried out with rats. However, some people, like Jamie, have a greater
orientation towards risk-taking than others. Jamie is a risk-taker; a 24-year-old
banker who spends his earnings on motorbikes and kite-surfing. This was then
followed by a brain scan using a technique called positron emission
tomography (PET) to analyze the number of dopamine receptors that the
participants had. Biologists appear to have discovered a physical reason for
risk-taking that explains the behavior of people like Jamie. Our nerve cells
have dopamine receptors which control the amount of dopamine that each cell
receives, but not all receptors may be active, when a person has few active
receptors to control the amount of dopamine that is received, a cell can
become flooded, triggering a feeling of euphoria. Researchers at Vanderbilt
University in Nashville and Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York
asked 34 men and women to complete a questionnaire about their risk-taking
to assess whether they seek new opportunities or are cautious in life. Risk is
something we face daily, whether it is deciding how a company should invest
to ensure its future or whether it is making the decision to take an umbrella to
work or not.

A. Vocabulary preview
1. disregard
2. personality trait
3. susceptible
4. sound judgment
5. peer pressure
6. trigger
7. addictive
8. gene
C. Global reading
1.
- age
- brain chemicals
- gender
- genetic factors
2.
Wittman (2012) suggests that age, gender, brain, and biology cause risk-taking
D. Close reading
1.
1. active
2. cautions
3. rats
4. addictive
5. pleasure
6. four

2.
1. F
2. T
3. F
4. NG
5. NG
6. F

E. critical thinking
1. It can be argued that young people tend to take more risks than older
people. This is mainly because of their adventurous nature, lack of life
experience, and desire to explore new boundaries. Young people often have a
sense of invincibility and are more willing to try new things without fully
considering the consequences. However, it is not fair to generalize this
behavior to all young people as risk-taking varies from individual to
individual.
2. In my country, parents, schools, and the government all play a role in
minimizing the risks young people take. Parents guide their children through
setting boundaries, monitoring their activities, and educating them about
 potential dangers. Schools incorporate safety education into their curriculum,
teaching students about risks and consequences. The government implements
policies and regulations to ensure the safety of young people, such as age
restrictions for certain activities or laws regarding drug and alcohol use. It is
their collective responsibility to minimize risks as young people are still
developing and may lack the necessary judgment to make informed decisions.
3. It is primarily the responsibility of parents and educators to teach children
how to calculate risk and make safer decisions. They can do this by providing
age-appropriate information about potential risks, explaining consequences,
and offering guidance on how to assess and evaluate different situations.
Schools can incorporate programs on risk management and critical thinking to
help students develop these skills. Additionally, society as a whole should
contribute by creating a culture that emphasizes the importance of responsible
decision-making and encourages open discussions about risks.
4. Personally, I assess risk in my life by considering the potential
consequences and weighing them against the benefits. I try to gather as much
information as possible, consider different perspectives, and critically analyze
the situation before making decisions. However, there is always room for
improvement. I should be more proactive in seeking out relevant information
and factors that may influence risk assessment. Additionally, being open to
different viewpoints and continuously evaluating my decisions can help
mitigate potential risks.

Vocabulary development
1.
1. endorses
2. examined
3. disagrees
4. predominantly
5. make
6. compare

2.
1. according to 2. observation 3. concluded 4. evidence
5. writing 6. recommended 7. further 8. advised

Academic words
a. deductive b. orientation c. precede d. fund
e. inspect f. allocation g. offset h. transmit
2.
1. allocate 2. transmitting 3. funding 4. deduce
5. offset 6. orientation 7. precede 8. inspections

Critical thinking
2.
1. Study at Vanderbilt University and Albert Einstein College of Medicine
2. Marvin Zuckerman's sensation-seeking scale
3. Zuckerman's twin study
4. National Institute of Mental Health, U.S., study
5. Columbia Business School research
6. Columbia Business School research

3.
1. The sample is fairly substantial. It involved brain scanning, which can be
considered objective. Similar studies and results were seen in rats.
2. It was carried out by a respected psychologist. It was based on research with
different types of people. Although not necessarily up-to-date, the scale is still
used today.
3. The research was conducted with two types of identical twins and compared
to research regarding other traits.
4. It was conducted by an official institution (U.S. National Institute of Mental
Health). The research was done fairly recently (2011)
5. and therefore has currency. It supports the topic and gives reasons as to why
people take risks. It is therefore relevant to the paper.

Writing model
a. Analyze
1. esssential 2. funds 3. calculated
4. primary 5. syllabus

B. Model
1. Sentence 1
2. They are points that support the main idea in sentence 1
3. In her article... Patricia Hughes argues strongly that...; To support her argument Hughes
provides evidence that...: Hughes ultimately concludes that...; It is varied.

Grammar
1.
1. Sentence a refers to the present (habit) and sentence b refers to the past
2. Sentence a refers to the present (in progress) and sentence b refers to the
past
3. Sentence a refers to the present (habit) and sentence b refers to the past
4. Sentence a is active and sentence b is passive; bot use present perfect
5. The time is emphasized in sentence a, i.e., now, immediately
2.
1. to be protecting 2. be given 3. to be learned 4. be needed
5. to be missing out 6. to have enjoyed 7. be nurtured 8. be provided
Writing skill
1.
- peer pressure and risk taking while driving
2.
- There is no reference in the first sentence to say whose theory it is
- It is not paraphrased sufficiently.
- There is no year or mention of who Dr. Bauman is.
- The second sentence provides little relevant information about the study. - -
The verb "says" is used in the final sentence when more academic verbs could
be used
3.
1. Dr. Philip Bauman (2017) asserts that "Peer pressure might be having an
impact on teenage drivers today."
2. Dr. Philip Bauman (2017) believes that teenagers may be influenced by their
peers when driving.
3. Dr. Philip Bauman (2017) suggests that teenagers may be influenced by their
peers when driving. In a study, young drivers drove through 40% more yellow
lights in a video game when they thought their friends were watching. Bauman
believes that these results provide one explanation as to why teenagers have
more accidents than adults
Review
1. sustainable 2. orientation 3. allocation
4. predominantly 5. transmit
 UNIT 5: SPRAWL
Discussion point
1. Cities have expanded at a faster rate than suburbs for several reasons:

- Cities tend to offer a concentration of job opportunities, industries, and

businesses, attracting people looking for employment.
- Cities often have better-developed infrastructure, amenities, and cultural
attractions, which can be appealing to individuals seeking diverse experiences
and services.
- Cities tend to have higher population densities, leading to greater demand for
housing and services, which drives their expansion.
- Cities usually have better public transportation systems, making commuting
easier and more convenient for many people compared to suburban areas.
2. Poverty in the suburbs can be a greater issue due to various factors:

- Suburbs have experienced demographic shifts over time, with an increasing

number of low-income individuals and families moving to these areas seeking
affordable housing outside city centers.
- Suburbs may lack the social services and infrastructure needed to support a
growing low-income population, including access to public transportation,
healthcare, and community support programs.
- Poverty in suburbs can be less visible than in urban areas, leading to less
attention and fewer resources allocated to address these issues.
3. The decrease in the number of jobs within a typical commuting distance in
both suburbs and cities could be attributed to several factors:

- Automation and technological advancements have led to changes in job

markets, with some jobs being replaced by technology or becoming obsolete.
- The rise of remote work options due to advancements in technology and the
COVID-19 pandemic has shifted the location of jobs, allowing people to work
from anywhere, reducing the necessity of physical proximity to workplaces.
- Jobs are increasingly outsourced or moved to different locations, including
overseas, impacting the availability of jobs within a specific commuting
distance.
- Changes in industries and economic restructuring have led to the decline of
certain sectors in specific areas, affecting job availability within commuting
distances.

Before you watch

1. hold sway A
2. initiative B
3. lurk E
4. regeneration D
5. slum C

While you watch

1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T

After you watch

1. Cities Expanding Faster Than Suburbs:

- Cities often serve as economic hubs, attracting businesses, industries, and job
opportunities. This concentration of economic activity fuels population growth
and city expansion.
- Cities tend to have more developed infrastructure, better access to amenities,
cultural attractions, and services, making them attractive places to live and
work.
- Higher population density in cities leads to increased demand for housing
and services, resulting in urban sprawl and expansion.
- Cities usually have better transportation systems, making commuting more
manageable and appealing for individuals seeking job opportunities.
2. Poverty as a Greater Issue in Suburbs:

- Suburbs have seen shifts in demographics, with an increasing number of

low-income individuals and families moving there for affordable housing or
other reasons.
- Suburban areas may lack the social services, infrastructure, and support
systems needed to address poverty adequately. This could include limited
access to public transportation, healthcare, and community resources.
- Poverty in suburbs can be less visible than in urban areas, resulting in fewer
resources and less attention being directed toward addressing these issues.
3. Decreasing Jobs within Commute Distance in Suburbs and Cities:

- Automation and technological progress have led to changes in the job

market, with some jobs becoming automated or obsolete, impacting job
availability.
- The rise of remote work options, accelerated by technological advancements
and the COVID-19 pandemic, has shifted the need for physical proximity to
workplaces, affecting the number of jobs within typical commuting distances.
- Jobs are increasingly being outsourced or relocated, affecting job availability
within specific regions or distances from residential areas.
- Changes in industries and economic restructuring can lead to the decline of
certain sectors in particular areas, impacting job availability within
commutable distances.

Reading 1: Rust belt dystopia

The Rust Belt is a region of the U.S. that stretches from the Great Lakes to the
upper Midwest States. The fallout of these changes reached far and wide in
Rust Belt communities as manufacturing was such an integral part of their
economies. Although once known for its booming industry, over the past three
decades the area has come to be characterized by economic decline,
population loss, and urban decay. This resulted in a decline in both population
and the economy which, in turn, produced a heavy reliance on social security
and a deficit in government spending. Regeneration initiatives Tourism
constitutes a major portion of most urban economies today, and the industry is
a top priority of elected officials" (Cowan, 2016), however, tourist attractions
must be managed carefully to ensure they are of benefit. These in turn
attracted employees, including many migrant workers from Eastern Europe.
Companies began to move manufacturing bases southwest, drawn by the
promise of cheaper labor and less unionization. Lee Ohanian (2014) also
believes that, as domestic companies had faced little to no competition, they
had had no incentive to expand productivity and were simply unable to
compete with their international counterparts. Automation forced thousands
out of work and free trade agreements curtailed demand as the subsequent
globalization and foreign monetary policies meant that coal and steel were
cheaper to import than to produce domestically.

A Vocabulary preview

1. automation 2. booming 3. restructure 4. coal

5. domestically 6. fallout 7. impacted 8. desired

B Before you read

1. the research paper might explore the economic decline, social challenges,
and urban decay experienced in the Rust Belt region of the United States.
It could discuss the historical industrial significance of the Rust Belt, the
factors contributing to its decline, and the resulting socioeconomic
consequences.
Analysis of specific cities within the Rust Belt (such as Detroit, Cleveland,
Pittsburgh) and how they have been impacted by deindustrialization, job
losses, population decline, and urban blight.
The paper might delve into the effects on communities, including issues
related to poverty, unemployment, deteriorating infrastructure, and the
struggles faced by residents.
Possible discussions on revitalization efforts, economic diversification, urban
renewal projects, and initiatives aimed at rejuvenating the Rust Belt cities.
2. Existing Knowledge on the Topic:

The Rust Belt refers to a region in the northeastern and midwestern United
States, historically known for its heavy industry, manufacturing, and steel
production.
Deindustrialization and shifts in the global economy led to the decline of these
industries in the late 20th century, resulting in significant job losses,
population decline, and urban decay.
Cities in the Rust Belt faced challenges like abandoned factories, high
unemployment rates, shrinking populations, poverty, and infrastructure
deterioration.
Various initiatives and revitalization efforts have been undertaken to address
these challenges, including urban redevelopment projects, investments in new
industries, and community revitalization programs.

Close reading
1 Transport links
2 Free trate
3 Pride
4 Tax payers
5 Vacant buiding
6 Regenerating

Critical thinking
1. In various countries, regions have experienced similar challenges akin to
those highlighted in the Rust Belt, characterized by deindustrialization,
economic decline, and social issues. Initiatives to address these challenges
often involve a combination of strategies:

- Governments and local authorities might focus on attracting new industries,

fostering innovation hubs, and encouraging entrepreneurship to diversify the
economy beyond traditional manufacturing sectors.

- Revitalization efforts often involve investment in infrastructure development,

including renovation of abandoned industrial sites, improving transportation
networks, and enhancing community facilities.

- Programs aimed at retraining workers, providing education in emerging

industries, and upskilling the workforce are crucial to adapt to changing job
markets and technological advancements.

- Initiatives focusing on urban renewal, such as repurposing vacant buildings

for new uses, creating mixed-use developments, and investing in affordable
housing, aim to revitalize urban areas affected by deindustrialization.

2. Smart Decline as a Strategy for Deindustrialization:

Effectiveness: Smart decline refers to a strategic approach involving managed

shrinkage and resource allocation in declining regions. It emphasizes the
redirection of resources, consolidation of services, and planned reduction in
infrastructure in response to shrinking populations or economic shifts. The
effectiveness of this strategy can vary:

Pros: It allows for a more efficient allocation of resources, focusing on areas

with potential for growth while managing the decline in others. It can promote
sustainability by reducing the strain on resources in shrinking areas and
redirecting investments to areas with more potential.

Cons: Implementing smart decline can face opposition due to concerns about
the reduction in services or infrastructure in affected communities. It may also
raise ethical considerations about the equitable distribution of resources and
the impact on residents who remain in declining areas.

Challenges: It could be challenging to ensure a fair and just implementation of

smart decline strategies without disadvantaging communities already facing
economic hardships. Moreover, predicting future economic trends and
population shifts accurately is complex, which might affect the strategy's
effectiveness.

Reading 2: Suburbs of the future

Developments aim to provide housing, offices, shops, and other facilities in
one area so that residents are no longer required to use their own vehicles to
get around and commuting hours are reduced. As a result, the cost of
maintaining infrastructure, including roads, could fall by up to 50% per capita
according to some. New developments are likely to provide apartments and
houses of varying sizes in the same area, which will allow single people,
couples, and families all to reside there. Sprawl is making way for density as
an approach to suburbanization. The suburbs tend to be inaccessible to those
who are unable to drive as public transportation is insufficient as a means of
traveling to the workplace. However, properties will need to be affordable, a
task which developers have struggled to accomplish in recent years. People on
lower incomes have regularly been priced out of the market, making
predictions in this area difficult. As suburban populations grow, so too does
suburban sprawl, leading to more and more people commuting into the city for
work, shopping, and entertainment. Homes no longer need to rely on
unsustainable energy to run -they can even be carbon-neutral, although this of
course depends on sun and wind levels in the area. As well as price,
construction companies must also consider the local geography before they
commence with the construction of buildings, to ensure they are as
ecologically sustainable as possible. However, it is not only buildings which
will contribute to this; transportation will too. Even if housing is affordable at
first, the longer-term impact may not be quite as desired. However, the future
looks different. Once first-time buyers sell their property on, the price-
determined by market forces-may be considerably higher than the original
purchase price.

A Vocabulary preview
1. ethnicities 2. reside 3. millennials 4. inaccessible
5. unsustainable 6. insufficient 7. bungalows 8. downsize

B Before you watch

1. Benefits and Issues of Living in Modern Suburbia:

Benefits:
-Suburbs often offer a quieter, more spacious environment compared to urban
areas, with lower crime rates and better schools, making them appealing for
families.
- Housing in suburbs can be more affordable than city centers, offering larger
homes and more green spaces at a lower cost.
- Suburbs often foster a sense of community, with neighborhood events, parks,
and recreational facilities, providing a more relaxed and family-oriented
lifestyle.
Issues:
- Suburban living often requires heavy reliance on cars for transportation,
leading to traffic congestion, pollution, and increased expenses related to
owning and maintaining vehicles.
- Suburbs may have limited access to public transportation, entertainment
options, and services compared to urban areas, requiring longer commutes for
work and activities.
- Suburban areas can sometimes lack diversity in terms of housing styles,
limited commercial variety, and a more spread-out, disconnected layout,
leading to urban sprawl and a lack of walkability.
2. Suburbs of the Future:
- Future suburbs might prioritize better public transportation options,
implementing transit-oriented development to reduce car dependency and
encourage walkability.
- There might be a shift towards mixed-use developments, combining
residential, commercial, and recreational spaces within closer proximity,
promoting a more vibrant community.
- The suburbs of the future could embrace smart technology, with
advancements in energy-efficient homes, smart infrastructure, and
connectivity to improve efficiency and sustainability.
- Future suburbs might focus more on environmental sustainability,
incorporating green spaces, renewable energy sources, and eco-friendly
practices to combat climate change and promote a healthier environment.
- Suburbs might evolve to offer a wider range of housing options, including
smaller, more affordable units, and multi-generational living spaces to
accommodate diverse demographics.

C. Global reading
 Types of housing
 Transportation
 Environment issue
 Community diversity
D Close reading
1. Matt Crawford (Sarah Kalensky: "... residents are no longer required to use
their own vehicles to get around and commuting hours are reduced." Matt
Crawford: "... they will be able to do this in the area where they live, meaning
less time spent in the car.")
2. Sarah Kalensky (Sarah Kalensky: "The area becomes middle-class, with
people from similar backgrounds and with similar income levels. Those on
lower incomes or from different backgrounds are excluded." Yoichi
Katayama: "Those millennials are likely to come from a range of
backgrounds." Matt Crawford: "Mixed housing, i.e., flats, houses and
bungalows in one area, allows people of all backgrounds to live together and
share community life.")
3. Sarah Kalensky and Marisa Tomes (Sarah Kalensky: "... properties will
need to be affordable, a task which developers have struggled to accomplish in
recent years. People on a lower income have regularly been priced out of the
market, making predictions in this area difficult." Marisa Tomes: "The
potential to supply a number of cheaper options for the younger generation
and other lower-income families is certainly there, but it is unclear if the
potential can be realized or not.")

4. Marisa Tomes (Yoichi Katayama: "By integrating energy-saving features

 into new buildings in new developments, it is possible for the area to have a
much less significant impact on the world around us." Marisa Tomes: "...
mixed-use developments have the opportunity to be friendlier to the
environment than we have ever before
5. Yoichi Katayama (Yoichi Katayama: "... increased density means increased
numbers of people and therefore vehicles, meaning the reduction in emissions
will be somewhat limited and emissions could arguably increase in that
particular area." Matt Crawford: "This is likely to lead to a reduction in both
congestion and emissions." Marisa Tomes: "... fewer people in the suburbs
will need to learn to drive which will keep cars off the road and help to
improve poor air quality.")

2.
1. density 2. private vehicles 3. road 4. backgrounds
5. affordable sustainable 7. local geography

E Critical thinking
1. Least Likely Predictions in Urban Development:

- Predictions expecting a complete overhaul of existing infrastructure within a

short time frame might be less likely due to the immense cost, time, and
complexities involved. Large-scale infrastructure changes often face
bureaucratic hurdles, funding constraints, and logistical challenges that can
delay or limit progress.

- Expecting universal adoption of futuristic technology in all aspects of urban

life might face barriers due to cost constraints, technological limitations, and
varying levels of acceptance within communities. Integrating advanced
technologies often requires time, investment, and adaptation periods.

- Predictions suggesting the sudden eradication of societal problems like

homelessness, inequality, or environmental degradation might be overly
optimistic. These issues are deeply rooted and complex, requiring
comprehensive, sustained efforts involving various stakeholders and systemic
changes, making quick fixes less probable
2. Key Development Issues and Solutions in Various Areas:

Development Issues:
-Inadequate roads, utilities, and public services can hinder growth and
accessibility.
- Lack of affordable housing options for a growing population.
- Unequal access to job opportunities and income disparities.
 - Pollution, inadequate waste management, and climate change effects.
Addressing Development Issues:
- Investing in infrastructure projects to improve roads, utilities, and public
services.
- Creating policies and programs to encourage affordable housing construction
or renovating existing properties.
- Offering incentives for businesses to establish in underserved areas,
providing job training, and supporting local entrepreneurship.
- Implementing regulations to reduce pollution, promote renewable energy,
and support sustainability initiatives

Vocabulary development
1.
1. move away Relocate
2. use up Exhaust
3. cut down Curtail
4. pull off Accomplish
5. write off Disregard
6. refer to Cite
7. get rid of Dispose of
8. going ahead Proceeding

2.
1. Curtailed 2. Relocate 3. Cited 4. Proceeding
5. Disregard 6. Exhaust 7. Accomplish 8. Dispose of

Academic words
1.
1. commence C
2. commission F
3. diversity A
4. implementation E
5. intergal H
6. labor D
7. panel B
8. somewhat G

2.
 1. panel 2. intergal 3. somewhat 4. diversity
5. commencing 6. implementation 7. labor 8. commission
Critical thinking
1.
1. Incomes steadily increased for many years. These increases allowed people to
afford longer commutes, either on public transportation or in private vehicles.
Relocations to suburban areas increased as a result.

2. Many experts believe that urban density is preferable to urban sprawl. Thus,
there is a need to address the implementation of such an approach. From here on
in, this paper will examine how density as an approach can be exploited to its
best effect.

3. Urban sprawl has been shown to be harmful to the environment. Research

shows that it increases traffic, creates more air and water pollution, and results
in a loss of wildlife. For these reasons, agricultural capacity must be protected
from the building of new developments.
4. Urban sprawl is a never-ending cycle, hence the need to break it by
considering alternative options. People move out of densely populated areas due
to a loss of green spaces, traffic congestion, and overpopulation. As Those
people move into the suburbs, research shows those areas too become more
densely populated and people leave to move into quieter, newer
5. Taxes are generally higher in urban areas than in the suburbs. A study of 30
people who moved to a suburban area showed that one benefit of moving was
the reduction in taxes. This demonstrates a significant need to address the high
taxes in cities in order to persuade residents to stay.
2.
1. False cause
2. begging the question
3. irrelevant conclusion
4. logical
5. hasty generalization

Grammar
1.
Financially and ecologically Money and resources
The creation and the maintenance
Road systems, utility supplies, and communication networks Abandoned and
underutilized
By expanding and improving
Create more modern areas...make more use of existing infrastructure
Without exhausting tax funds or damaging the environment
2.
1. live in a suburban one
2. than be far
3. and crowded places
4. and innovative
5. for its network of cycle lanes and its local parking
6. but also to convince them to walk around the area
3.
1. renovated
2. for its subsequent reduction of air pollution
3. its cost to the taxpayer
4. building mixed-use developments.
5. the same type
6. how they lived
Writing skill
1.
1-B 2. A 3. C

2.
1 After line 2: According to Alana Lei (2016) "these [roads] induce demand
which would otherwise not have existed."
2 Before the final line: In that study, Turner and Duranton (2009) found that
for example "if a city increased its road capacity by 10% between 1980 and
1990, then the amount of driving in that city went up by 10%... the two figures
[changed] at the same exact rate."
3. As Thomas Berberich (2014) indicates: "Developments appear at the end of
newly built highways which encourages [urban dwellers] to relocate out of the
city and into those developments.

Review
1. labor 2. somewhat 3. diversify 4. commence 5. deductive