南极长城站WHU VLF波探测系统波测量的第一批结果,JGR Space Physics - 2022 - Gu - First Results of the Wave Measurements by the WHU VLF Wave Detection System at the Chinese

RESEARCH ARTICLE First Results of the Wave Measurements by the WHU VLF
10.1029/2022JA030784
Wave Detection System at the Chinese Great Wall Station in
Key Points:
• A high-sensitivity Very Low
Antarctica
Frequency (VLF) wave detection Xudong Gu1 , Qingshan Wang1, Binbin Ni1,2 , Wei Xu1,2, Shiwei Wang1, Juan Yi1 ,
system with a dynamic range of
Ze-Jun Hu3 , Bin Li3 , Fang He3 , Xiang-Cai Chen3 , and Hong-Qiao Hu3
∼110 dB and timing accuracy of
∼100 ns has been designed 1
Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, 2Hubei Luojia
• This system has been recently
deployed by the Polar Research Laboratory, Wuhan, China, 3MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
Institute of China in Antarctica and
operated routinely for 3 months
• The VLF wave data collected by this Abstract A Very Low Frequency (VLF) wave detection system has been designed at Wuhan University
system can be widely used to monitor (WHU) and recently deployed by the Polar Research Institute of China at the Chinese Great Wall station
and study space weather events in the
polar region (GWS, 62.22°S, 58.96°W) in Antarctica. With a dynamic range of ∼110 dB and timing accuracy of ∼100 ns,
this detection system can provide observational data with a resolution that can facilitate space physics and
space weather studies. This paper presents the first results of the wave measurements by the WHU VLF wave
Correspondence to:
Z.-J. Hu and B. Li,
detection system at GWS to verify the performance of the system. With the routine operation for 3 months,
huzejun@pric.org.cn; the system can acquire the dynamic changes of the wave amplitudes and phases of various ground-based
libin@pric.org.cn VLF transmitter signals emitted in both North America and Europe. A preliminary analysis indicates that the
properties of the VLF transmitter signals observed at GWS during the X-class solar flare events are consistent
Citation: with previous studies. As the HWU-GWS path crosses the South Atlantic Anomaly region, the observations
Gu, X., Wang, Q., Ni, B., Xu, W., Wang, also imply a good connection in space and time between the VLF wave disturbances and the lower ionosphere
S., Yi, J., et al. (2022). First results of the
wave measurements by the WHU VLF
variation potentially caused by magnetospheric electron precipitation during the geomagnetic storm period. It
wave detection system at the Chinese is therefore well expected that the acquisition of VLF wave data at GWS, in combination with datasets from
Great Wall station in Antarctica. Journal other instruments, can be beneficial for space weather studies related to the radiation belt dynamics, terrestrial
of Geophysical Research: Space Physics,
127, e2022JA030784. https://doi.
lightning discharge, whistler wave propagation, and the lower ionosphere disturbance, etc., in the polar region.
org/10.1029/2022JA030784
Plain Language Summary Considering the good coverage and quiet electromagnetic environment,
Received 27 JUN 2022 Antarctica is an ideal place for plasma wave measurements. Various stations have been established in
Accepted 16 AUG 2022 Antarctica, of which Palmer station is particularly noteworthy and has historically provided valuable VLF data
for atmospheric, ionospheric, and magnetospheric studies. An Extremely Low Frequency/Very Low Frequency
(VLF) wave detection system has been designed by Wuhan University and recently set up at Great Wall station
(GWS) in Antarctica. This device can effectively record VLF signals with frequencies of 1–50 kHz, including
artificial transmitter signals and natural emissions. This paper gives the broadband spectrum of 1–50 kHz
signals in the north-south and east-west directions recorded at GWS for the first time. VLF signatures from
lightning discharges, environmental disturbances, and navy transmitters in North America and Europe can
be clearly identified. The overall trend of amplitude and phase of transmitter signals is consistent with the
X-ray fluxes measured by the Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite satellite. Based on the GWS
observations, it is expected to reveal some significant new phenomena reflected in VLF signals and further
study the distribution and propagation characteristics of VLF waves. These are of great significance for physical
research and application, especially in the unique geographical location of the South Pole.
1. Introduction
The Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) and VLF waves, with frequencies typically ranging from 300 Hz to
30 kHz, can be categorized as the naturally occurring waves and artificial emissions (e.g., Cohen et al., 2010;
Ni et al., 2022). Lightning discharges and man-made VLF transmitters are the two dominant sources of ELF/
VLF waves that repetitively reflect and propagate within the Earth-ionosphere Waveguide (EIWG) (e.g., Barr
et al., 2000; Silber & Price, 2016). With wavelengths of 10–1000 km, these waves are well bounded by the
terrestrial surface and the lower ionosphere, and can thus propagate thousands of kilometers with relatively
© 2022. American Geophysical Union. low attenuation (∼2 dB/Mm) (e.g., Davies, 1990; Sasmal, 2018). As such, the propagation of ELF/VLF waves
All Rights Reserved. is primarily influenced by the variation of the lower and upper boundaries of EIWG, especially a region that
GU ET AL. 1 of 11
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Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 10.1029/2022JA030784
becomes prominent during daytime conditions and disappears during nighttime conditions: the D-region iono-
sphere (60–100 km) (e.g., Hargreaves, 1995; Wait, 1957, 1961). Consequently, these waves have been widely
utilized for remotely sensing the D-region disturbances resulting from atmospheric, geomagnetic, and solar
activities (e.g., Pal et al., 2012; Šulić & Srećković, 2014; Wang et al., 2022), for example, cosmic gamma-ray
bursts (e.g., Grubor et al., 2008; Rodger et al., 2007), electron precipitation (e.g., Inan et al., 1999, 2007; Voss
et al., 1984, 1998), and earthquake (e.g., Chakrabarti et al., 2010; Hayakawa, 2007, 2010).
Ever since the early-stage ELF/VLF studies, dating back to the radio-recording time, it has been revealed that
the strength of longwave radio signals are closely correlated with solar activities (e.g., Austin & Wymore, 1928;
Bailey & Thomson, 1935). Given this relation, various receivers have been developed and distributed world-
wide in order to monitor the plasma waves in the ELF/VLF frequency band, and the most extensively stud-
ied waves are the whistler waves produced by terrestrial lightning discharges, a phenomenon known as Trimpi
events (e.g., Hayakawa & Tanaka, 1978; Helliwell, 1965; Helliwell et al., 1973). As a heritage of these studies, a
high-sensitivity VLF receiver, called Atmospheric Weather Electromagnetic System for Observation, Modeling,
and Education (AWESOME), was developed at Stanford University and deployed all over the continents for
VLF studies (Cohen et al., 2010; Scherrer et al., 2008). The AWESOME system can receive signals from both
natural and man-made sources with frequencies ranging from 300 Hz to 50 kHz, and has been recently expanded
to 0.5–450 kHz by Cohen et al. (2018). Based on the lightning sferics observed by the AWESOME receivers
in America and India, the D-region height and the electron density at the VLF reflection altitudes, as well as
the seasonal and diurnal variation of the D-region electron density, have been thoroughly investigated (Maurya
et al., 2012a, 2012b; Singh et al., 2011). Monitoring the navy transmitter signals also allows for in-depth analysis
of various space weather events in the ionosphere and/or magnetosphere (e.g., Inan et al., 1991), including the
early VLF events (NaitAmore et al., 2013; Salut et al., 2013), the propagation of ELF/VLF waves (Gołkowski
& Inan, 2008; Sasmal et al., 2015), the ionospheric response to solar flares (Šulić et al., 2016), solar eclipses
(Singh et al., 2011), and seismic activities (Chakrabarti et al., 2010). Distinctively different from the broadband
AWESOME system, some narrowband VLF receivers have been specifically designed to record the man-made
transmitter signals. The South America VLF Network (SAVENT) and the Antarctic-Arctic Radiation-belt
(Dynamic) Deposition-VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortium (ARRDDVARK) network are two representative
narrowband systems (Clilverd et al., 2009; Raulin et al., 2009). The SAVENT system was primarily developed in
Latin America (Brazil, Peru, and Argentina), while the ARRDDVARK network, consisting of various kinds of
narrowband VLF receivers, is mainly distributed in polar regions. Both systems have provided valuable VLF data
for ionospheric and magnetospheric studies, especially the nowcasting of solar flares (e.g., Clilverd et al., 2010;
Macotela et al., 2017) and the polar ionospheric anomaly driven by energetic electron precipitation (e.g., Clilverd
et al., 2020; Neal et al., 2015).
Due to its unique geographical location and electromagnetically quiet environment, Antarctica is ideal for
radio wave studies, as well as the underlying physical processes (Clilverd et al., 2010; He et al., 1987; Sasmal
et al., 2015). The energetic particles scattered by plasma waves can precipitate into the atmosphere along the
geomagnetic field lines and interact with the high-latitude ionosphere (e.g., Ni et al., 2017, 2019). Therefore,
the ELF/VLF signals recorded at Antarctic stations have been long used to infer the flux, size, and energy of
precipitation particles (Chevalier et al., 2007; Clilverd et al., 2012, 2015; Hendry et al., 2016). The propagation
path from navy transmitters in North America and Europe to Antarctica is mostly longer than eight thousand
kilometers, and thus particularly suitable for monitoring space weather events (Sasmal et al., 2014, 2017). For
example, the disturbance of ELF/VLF waves has been widely utilized to investigate solar flare impacts (Belcher
et al., 2021; George et al., 2019) and the geomagnetic storm effects (Peter et al., 2006; Spasojevíc & Inan, 2005).
Given these reasons, many ELF/VLF stations have been established over the past several decades in Antarctica,
including the Palmer, South Pole, Maitri, Halley, and Scott Base stations.
The Palmer station is especially noteworthy in that the data collected at this site have historically provided
insightful information related to radiation belt dynamics (e.g., Baker et al., 2004; Horne et al., 2005), gamma-ray
bursts (e.g., Fishman & Inan, 1988), terrestrial lightning discharge, and ionospheric changes (e.g., Gołkowski
et al., 2021; Inan et al., 2010). Nevertheless, observational data at Palmer station have not been provided in
recent years. To fill this gap, a VLF wave detection system has been carefully designed and calibrated by Wuhan
University (WHU) and has been recently deployed by the Polar Research Institute of China at Great Wall station
(GWS) in Antarctica. Located southwest and ∼370 km from Palmer station, this site complements and provides
GU ET AL. 2 of 11
new data for continuing VLF studies conducted using the Palmer station data.
This study represents the first attempt of a series of efforts aimed at better
understanding the plasma wave environment in the near-Earth space. In this
paper, we introduce the WHU ELF/VLF wave detection system and describe
its performance in Section 2. This receiver will be supported for long-term
continuous measurements. The observational data collected over the past
several months during several X-class solar flares and geomagnetic storms
are provided in Section 3, followed by conclusions in Section 4.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the Wuhan University (WU) Extremely Low

Frequency/Very Low Frequency wave detection system. 2. Instrument
2.1. WHU ELF/VLF Wave Detection System
As a set of equipment working in the passive receiving mode, how to over-

come the background noise and detect weak signals with high sensitivity
or Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is the main obstacle in the design of ELF/VLF wave detection system. For the
purpose of monitoring ELF/VLF waves from artificial and natural sources, a digital ELF/VLF wave detection
system with high sensitivity and automation has been independently developed by WHU. This device uses 16 bits
analog to digital converter (ADC) with a 250 kHz sampling rate (Chen et al., 2016), and can detect natural and
artificial ELF/VLF signals in the frequency range of 1–50 kHz.
The WHU ELF/VLF wave detection system is mainly comprised of magnetic loop antennas, a low-noise analog
front-end, a digital receiver, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, and a host computer, the schematic
diagram of which is shown in Figure 1. The isosceles right triangle loop antennas with an impedance of 1 Ω–1
mH are set up in the East-West (EW) and North-South (NS) directions to form an orthogonal double-channel
antenna system. The analog front-end mainly consists of a current-voltage converter, a low-noise amplifier, and
a filter module, which converts the current induced by the magnetic field component of the time-varying elec-
tromagnetic wave in the antenna into a voltage signal, filters the noise, and amplifies the effective signal. The
single-ended amplified signal is then driven by a dedicated audio signal driver circuit and converted into the
differential form, which is passed to the indoor digital receiver through a multi-core cable. The digital receiver
developed based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and Universal Serial Bus (USB), is composed of an
ADC module, a First Input First Output module, a USB interface, and a GPS timekeeping and synchronization
module. As controlled by FPGA, the analog signal is converted into a digital signal and then pushed into the host
computer through the USB interface. The Universal Time Coordinated, longitude and latitude, and high precision
1-Pulse-Per-Second (1 PPS) timing signals are all obtained by the GPS receiver. The 1 PPS signal is used to cali-
brate the internal crystal oscillator, achieving an accuracy of ∼100 ns for the system clock signal, which meets
the stability requirement of the system sampling. The detection system has a high dynamic range of ∼110 dB, and
thus the signal with a wide range of intensity variation can be sampled as completely as possible. With a dynamic
range sensitivity of ∼110 dB and time accuracy of ∼100 ns, the WHU ELF/VLF receiving system enables the
reception of artificial and natural VLF signals with resolutions that suffice most ionospheric and magnetospheric
studies (Chen et al., 2017; Gu, Chen, et al., 2022; Gu, Li, et al., 2021; Gu, Luo, et al., 2021; Gu, Peng, et al., 2022;
Wang et al., 2020; Yi et al., 2019, 2020; Zhou et al., 2020).
2.2. ELF/VLF Instrument at GWS
Supported by the Chinese Meridian Project II, an ELF/VLF wave detection system was set up at the GWS
(62.22°S, 58.96°W) in Antarctica, which is located at a sub-auroral latitude with the CGM coordinates at
(−48.40°Mlat, 11.85°Mlon) (He et al., 2016) and L-shell value about 2.32. In this system, the number of turns is
5 for the magnetic loop antenna, the size of the isosceles right triangle structure is 6 m high and 12 m base, and
the equivalent receiving area is 36 m 2, all of which lead to a normalized sensitivity 𝐴𝐴 of ∼1.12 × 10−13 𝑇𝑇 ⋅ Hz .
√
A VLF signal at 10 kHz can be obtained via the antennas mentioned above, with a minimum intensity down to
𝐴𝐴 ∼1.12𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓 . Figures 2a and 2b show the equipment layout and the receiving antenna at GWS, respectively. For
the outdoor part, the antenna is fixed by a non-metallic support rod together with two ground anchors, forming
an isosceles right triangle configuration. A sealed, waterproof, and dust-proof low-noise analog front end is
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Figure 2. Photos of the Extremely Low Frequency/Very Low Frequency receiving system at the Great Wall station in Antarctica, (a) Layout and (b) antenna structure.
assembled at the bottom of the support rod. The digital receiver and host computer are placed in the receiver room
near the antenna, and the GPS antenna is installed on the roof. Installation and commissioning of the equipment
were completed in the first quarter of 2022, followed by regular observation operations in late March. This system
represents, to date, the first VLF detection equipment developed by Chinese research institutions that is installed
in Antarctica for ELF/VLF observations.
3. Observation
3.1. Observational Data
The two-channel raw data is as large as 1 Mb/s as collected using a 250 k SPS over-sampling rate. The raw data
is digitally filtered and then divided into many discrete-time segments processed by Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) to obtain the signal spectrum. In this paper, after FFT processing of 2048 sampling points in each segment,
the frequency resolution is about 122 Hz and the time resolution is about
8.192 ms. Figure 3 shows the ELF/VLF broadband spectrum observed at
the GWS within the first 10 s after 18:00 UT on 30 March 2022. The overall
trend of (a) NS and (b) EW channel signals are similar, while the strength
of these signals exhibits a certain difference in the two directions, which is
due to the strong directivity of VLF signals. There are plenty of characteristic
signatures of ELF/VLF emissions in the frequencies of 1–50 kHz. The verti-
cal lines covering the frequency range of several to tens of kHz are caused
by nearby lightning discharges, which are the most powerful VLF sources in
nature on the Earth. The horizontal line-shaped signals, mainly between 10
and 30 kHz, originate from artificial VLF transmitters that are distributed
worldwide for global maritime navigation and communications. It is also
clear that there are fluctuating interference signals around 28 kHz, which are
likely related to nearby facilities.
After careful calibration of the observation data on 30 March 2022, most of

the transmitter signals with known frequency/location have been identified.
The location, frequency, and data quality of all VLF transmitters that can
be received at GWS are summarized in Table 1. Here, the signal quality is
Figure 3. The Very Low Frequency broadband spectrum observed in the (a)
labeled as either 0 or 1, while 1 represents good quality and 0 represents
North-South (NS) and (b) East-West (EW) direction at the Great Wall station
(GWS) on 30 March 2022. relatively poorer quality. Note that data labeled as 0 do not necessarily mean
GU ET AL. 4 of 11
Table 1 they cannot be used in VLF studies, but the corresponding SNR is relatively
Frequency, Location, and Quality of Very Low Frequency Transmitters That lower than those labeled as 1. The WHU ELF/VLF wave detection system at
can be Received at the Great Wall Station GWS can satisfactorily receive NAA, NLK, and NML signals from the conti-
Call name Frequency (Hz) Latitude (°) Longitude (°) Quality nental United States, NPM signals from Hawaii, ICV, FTA, HUW, GQD, and
DHO signals from Europe, and VTX signals from India of which the signals
VTX 18,200 08.387015 N 077.752762 E 0
from NPM. HWU, NAA, and NLK are of high quality and more suitable for
ICV 20,270 40.923127 N 009.731011 E 0 ionospheric studies.
FTA 20,900 48.544632 N 002.579429 E 0
Figure 4 shows the great circle paths between different navy transmitters
NPM 21,400 21.420166 N 158.151140 W 1
and GWS, as well as the regions that our VLF receiver can monitor. The
HWU 21,750 46.713129 N 001.245248 E 1
longitude and latitude pairs of the transmitters are given in Table 1. All the
GQD 22,100 54.731799 N 002.883033 W 0 transmitters are located in the Northern Hemisphere with longitudes between
DHO 23,400 53.078900 N 007.615000 E 0 160°W and 50°E, while the GWS is situated in Antarctica. GWS is a great
NAA 24,000 44.644936 N 067.281639 W 1 location to listen to these transmitters considering its excellent coverage, as
NLK 24,800 48.203487 N 121.916827 W 1 evidenced in Figure 4. The geomagnetic conjugate point of GWS is some-
where in the Atlantic ocean and close to the east coast of the United States,
NML 25,200 46.365990 N 098.335638 W 0
one of the regions with the highest lightning occurrence rate. Signals mostly
travel from ∼12,000 to ∼14,000 km from transmitters to GWS, which are
long-distance propagation paths and transmitter signals usually experience
significant attenuation before being recorded at GWS. Thus, receiving signals from the VLF transmitters at the
South Pole is relatively more difficult, requiring more sensitive detection equipment and a better electromagnetic
background.
At GWS, the run mode of the WHU ELF/VLF wave detection system to the transmitter signals is 1-s acquisi-
tion time and 9-s interval. The amplitude and phase of the transmitter signal can be derived by first narrowband
filtering and MSK demodulating each 1-s observation data. Furthermore, averaging the amplitudes and phases
during 1 s, the six data points of amplitude and phase for a transmitter signal at the given frequency are obtained
per minute. Figure 5 displays the VLF transmitter signals in the NS and EW direction received at GWS on 30
March 2022. The daily amplitude variation of VTX, ICV, FTA, NPM, HWU, GQD, DHO, NAA, NLK, and
NML transmitter signal is shown in panels (a) to the panel (j), respectively. When the received signal quality is
good, that is, when it has a good SNR, the amplitude of the signal is generally
greater than −50 dB, and the data points are more concentrated. It is clear
that NPM, HWU, NAA, and NLK signals are usually relatively better, while
other transmitter signals are not as stable. The signal quality of NPM, HWU,
and NLK in the EW channel is better than that of the NS channel, while the
NAA signal is the opposite. Some transmitters were shut down with a signifi-
cant decrease in amplitude that was roughly at the background intensity level.
For example, NPM was likely shut down after about 17:00 UT, as shown in
Figure 5d.
The amplitude of transmitter signals exhibits great variations over 24 hr, and
the day-night transition, sunrise, and sunset effects are prominent, as evident
in Figure 5. Comparatively, the transmitter signals with the propagation path
in the daytime are more stable and have less fluctuation than that in the night-
time. Several amplitude minima occur during sunrise and sunset times, but
the exact timing of these minima depends on the propagation path. As an
example, Figure 5d shows that six amplitude minima appear successively
during 10:00-17:00 UT. In this time period, the day and night alternated
along the NPM-GWS propagation path, and the ionospheric reflection height
changed rapidly, forming a transition region in the propagation waveguide.
When the VLF wave propagates in this region, wave mode conversion occurs,
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of locations of Very Low Frequency transmitter
and the Great Wall station (GWS), where the pink circle represents the GWS,
and all kinds of wave modes lead to the minimum amplitude points at the
the blue circle marks the transmitters with better signal quality, and the red receiving station due to the interference effect. For other propagation paths,
triangle marks those transmitters with relatively poorer signal quality. The when the signal quality is good, the sunrise and sunset effects can be obvi-
propagation path is the line between the transmitter and GWS. The blue dotted ously seen, but the time and quantity of the amplitude minima are different.
line is the auxiliary line centered on the GWS and separated by 2000 km.
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Since the transmitter-receiver paths are mostly from the northern to the
southern hemisphere and longer than 10,000 km, the received transmitter
signals are extremely sensitive to solar activities, for example, solar flares.
At 17:30-18:00UT, the signal amplitude in Figures 5b, 5c, 5e–5j first rose
and then fell, which would not occur during a quiet period of solar activity.
3.2. Space Weather Monitoring

3.2.1. Solar Flare
Solar flare parameters are obtained using the X-ray flux data provided by
XRS-B (0.1–0.8 nm) measurement on the Geostationary Operational Envi-
ronment Satellite 16 satellite, as obtained from the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) website (https://data.ngdc.noaa.gov/
platforms/solar-space-observing-satellites/goes/). Good quality data are
selected from our VLF measurements at GWS for further correlation analy-
sis. Figure 6a shows that the solar flare began at about 17:20:00 UT, peaked
at 17:42:12 UT, and returned to pre-flare condition at about 20:00:00 UT. The
maximum X-ray flux was approximately 1.39 ×𝐴𝐴10 −4 W∕m2, corresponding
to an X1.3 solar flare event. Figures 6b–6e show the amplitude and phase of
HWU, NAA, NLK, and NML transmitter signals during this flare event. The
variation trend of amplitude and phase of transmitter signals is consistent
with that of X-ray fluxes, indicating that the VLF signal is sensitive to solar
flares. During this flare, the amplitude changes of the four transmitter signals
were all greater than 5 dB, the largest change was close to 10 dB, and the
phase variation was 207, 258, 256, and 331 degrees, respectively. Of note,
these amplitude and phase changes are in general consistent with previously
reported VLF measurements during solar flare events. The difference was
mainly related to the frequency and propagation path of the signal. Based on
a deep understanding of the propagation characteristics of VLF fluctuations,
GWS observation data is expected to be used to analyze the relationship
between VLF station signals and solar flares in detail and then establish a
quantitative model for ground-based monitoring of solar flares.
3.2.2. Geomagnetic Storm
Geomagnetic storms are disturbances in the Earth's magnetosphere caused by

the interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetic field, and are
generally described using geomagnetic indices such as Dst and AE. Because
Figure 5. The Very Low Frequency transmitter signals received at the Great
Wall station on 30 March 2022, where the pink points represent signals of the very weak local geomagnetic field, the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
received by the North-South (NS) channel, and the blue points represent becomes a favorite entry point for high-energy particles in the magneto-
signals received by the East-West (EW) channel. sphere, with relatively high radiation fluxes near the Earth's surface. During
magnetic storms, particles in the SAA region precipitate into the atmosphere,
thereby affecting the electron density distribution in the lower ionosphere,
which is reflected in changes of VLF transmitter signals recorded by ground receivers. As shown in Figure 4, the
HWU-GWS propagation path crosses the SAA region and, thus, the GWS site is an excellent location for moni-
toring magnetic storms. Using the Dst indices from the OmniWeb (https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov) and X-ray
fluxes from NOAA, Figures 7a and 7c show the geomagnetic storms and solar flares occurred on 14–17 April
2022. A moderate geomagnetic storm occurs from14:00 UT on 14 April 2022 to 03:00 UT on 15 April 2022, with
the Dst indices, gradually decreasing to about −90 and then returning to the normal level. In contrast, the Dst on
16 April 2022 was approximately −20, indicating a quiet geomagnetic condition. In particular, during the period
from 20:15 to 24:00 UT (between the two vertical dotted lines in Figure 7), X-ray fluxes were at a low level during
these 2 days, and there were no obvious solar flare events. Figures 7b and 7d show the corresponding HWU signal
amplitude for the 2 days, respectively, and the difference between these 2 days is shown in Figure 7d. It is obvious
that, under the condition of a moderate geomagnetic storm without solar flares, the amplitude of the HWU signal
increases significantly, and the maximum amplitude reaches about 10 dB. The temporal evolution of transmitter
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Figure 6. Response of amplitude and phase of HWU, NAA, NLK, and NML transmitter signals to X-class solar flares on 30
10.1029/2022JA030784
March 2022, where the blue points are the signal amplitude and the orange points are the corresponding phases.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
GU ET AL.
Figure 7. The amplitude response of HWU transmitter signal to a moderate geomagnetic storm on 14 April 2022.
signals is closely correlated with the development of the magnetic storm. These data clearly show that magnetic
storms can cause the precipitation of energetic particles into the atmosphere, which further leads to disturbances
in the lower ionosphere through SAA, as well as transmitter VLF signals. Therefore, VLF signals received at
GWS are expected to be an essential means of monitoring geomagnetic storms and changes in the SAA region.
In addition to the above applications, the VLF instrument at GWS can also be used to monitor lightning activ-
ity, for example, the spatial distribution and occurrence rate of lightning discharge around the South Pole,
lightning-generated whistler waves and tweeks, and lightning-generated electron precipitation (Inan et al., 2010;
Voss et al., 1984). VLF signals can also be used with the wave propagation model to study the electron density
changes in the low ionosphere. Moreover, it facilitates the calibration of navigation and communication signals,
improving navigation accuracy and communication quality. The VLF wave detection system described in the
present paper represents one of those devices that fulfill the above-mentioned scientific needs.
GU ET AL. 8 of 11
4. Conclusions
In this paper, we describe the performance of the WHU ELF/VLF wave detection system, developed by WHU
and recently deployed by the Polar Research Institute of China in Antarctica. This system has been collecting data
for the past 3 months and recorded reliable data for solar flare studies. With a dynamic range of ∼110 dB and
timing accuracy of ∼100 ns, this VLF receiver represents, to date, one of the most reliable plasma wave detec-
tion systems that are currently operational in Antarctica. We also report measurements of amplitude and phase
changes of transmitter signals from North America and Europe. These measurements are found to be consistent
with previously reported solar flare studies. As the HWU-GWS path crosses the SAA region, the observations
also imply a good connection in space and time between the VLF wave disturbances and the lower ionosphere
variation potentially caused by magnetospheric electron precipitation during the geomagnetic storm period.
The GWS is located in Antarctic Peninsula and ∼370 km away from the Palmer station. The Palmer station has
provided invaluable VLF measurements for radiation belt and ionospheric studies. GWS happens to be close to
the Palmer station. Considering the good coverage and close geographic location of GWS, this site complements
and provides new data for the VLF studies of Palmer station. The collected data are potentially helpful for studies
related to lightning sferics, tweeks, and whistlers from the magnetosphere. The transmitter signals recorded at
this location can be well used not only for ionospheric inversion, but for near-space environmental change as
well. More importantly, VLF signals from navy transmitters in Europe, which propagate over the SAA, provide a
unique opportunity to monitor in real-time the radiation environment in this region. The GWS site will be main-
tained for long-term VLF measurements, and the overarching goal is to monitor space weather events and better
understand the plasma waves in the near-Earth space. This paper represents the first attempt of our research plan.
Data Availability Statement

The VLF observation data used in this paper at GWS can be obtained from https://doi.org/10.6084/
m9.figshare.20141039. The standard observation data is expected to be published online by the Chinese National
Space Science Data Center in 2023 (https://data.meridianproject.ac.cn/). The high-precision raw data is kept by
the Chinese National Polar Scientific Data Center (http://en.pric.org.cn), and the data manager is Bin Li (libin@
pric.org.cn). Xudong Gu (guxudong@whu.edu.cn) is the technical engineer for the WHU VLF instrument and
all data processing.
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南极长城站WHU VLF波探测系统波测量的第一批结果,JGR Space Physics - 2022 - Gu - First Results of the Wave Measurements by the WHU VLF Wave Detection System at the Chinese

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南极长城站WHU VLF波探测系统波测量的第一批结果,JGR Space Physics - 2022 - Gu - First Results of the Wave Measurements by the WHU VLF Wave Detection System at the Chinese

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RESEARCH ARTICLE First Results of the Wave Measurements by the WHU VLF

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the Wuhan University (WU) Extremely Low

As a set of equipment working in the passive receiving mode, how to over-

2.2. ELF/VLF Instrument at GWS

After careful calibration of the observation data on 30 March 2022, most of

3.2. Space Weather Monitoring

Geomagnetic storms are disturbances in the Earth's magnetosphere caused by

Data Availability Statement

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