Jamaella Jane E.
Dorato  Babylonian Civilization
BSENT 2-1
STS
Week #1
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT IN THE COURSE
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
WORLD
Ancient Times
 Sumerian Civilization
Southern most tip of ancient
Mesopotamia, fertile crescent, between the
Tigris & Euphrates river
Known for high degree of
cooperation & desire for great things
C O N T R I B U T I O N S:
o Cuneiform: writing system that
utililizes word pictures and triangular
symbols which are carved on clay
using wedge instruments and then left to
dry
o Uruk City: build by using
mud/clay from the river , mixed with
reeds producing sunbaked bricks, a
true engineering feat.
o The Great Ziggurat of Ur:
Lighthouse, build in the same manner
Uruk City was made, sun-baked bricks.
o Irrigation and Dikes: bring water
to farmlands and control the flooding
of the rivers.
o Plow : used to dig soil in a fast
manner
o Roads : made with sun-baked
bricks
o Sailboats : essential in
transportation and trading as well as in
fostering: culture, information and
technology.
o Wheel: not made for
transportation but for farm work and
food process.
 Emerged near Tigris and Euphrates
river
 Water is one of their basic needs
 River is the way to locate and
transport items from other places.
 One of the most powerful cities of the
ancient world under the rule of
Hammurabi
 Became a city of beautiful architecture
including the:
o Hanging Garden of Babylon,
o The Ishtar Gate,
o The Tower of Babel
 Egyptian Civilization
Located in North Africa, Engineering
feats of Egyptian
C O N T R I B U T I O N S:
o Papyrus: Cyperus Papyrus plant in
order to produce thin sheets to write
down things.
o Ink: Combining soot with different
chemicals to produce inks of different
colors.
o Heiroglyphics: system of writing
using symbol adapted from the early
writing system established in
mesopotamia.
o Cosmetics and Wigs: function was
both for health and aesthetics.
o Clepsydra: modern-day-clock,
utilizies the gravity that affect the flow
of water from one vessel to another
which lead to modern day clock.
 Greek Civilization
 First proponents of anatomic theory,
were the Greek Philosophers: Leucippus
and Democritus in the field of science
C O N T R I B U T I O N S:
o Pythagoras : was the first to realize
Pythagorean theorem
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 o Alarm Clock: invention according to
scientist resembles that egyptian’s clepsydra
but more complex and accurate.
o Watermill: used in agricultural
processes like milling of grains;
necessary form of food.
 Roman Civilization
 Considered to be the cradle of politics and
governance during the period.
C O N T R I B U T I O N S:
o News Papers
o Bound book/ Codex
o Roman Architecture
o Roman Numerals
 Chinese Civilization
 Oldest Civilization in Asia, known as
Middle Kingdom located in the far east of
Asia. Famous among other ancient civilization
because of its silk trade.
C O N T R I B U T I O N S:
o Silk Trade
o Tea Production
o Great Wall of China
o Gun Powder
 Medieval/Middle Ages
 Start of middle ages married by
massive invasions and migration, wars
were prevalent.
C O N T R I B U T I O N S:
o Printing Press: Johann Gutenberg, a
more reliable way of using cast type,
intended to address the need for publishing
books that would spread information.
o Microscope: Hans/Zaccharias
Jansen, develop proper medicine
for the illness, experts must understand the
sickness through investigation.
o Telescope: Johann Lippershey, to
see far and wide for them to navigate or
avoid danger.
o War Weapon: used in a close- range
hand-to-hand combat and for open, one of
the keys to gain victory during this time are
well crafted bows and spears
 Modern Times
 The booming world population, during
the 19th century onwards, demanded that
more goods be produced at a faster rate.
 Birth of various industries makes place.
 Face more complicated
problems.
C O N T R I B U T I O N S:
o Pasteurization: Louis Pasteur, process of
heating dairy products to kill the
harmful bacteria.
o Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell,
convert sounds, typically and most
efficiently the human voice, into
electronic signal transmitted via
cable.
o Calculator: Blaise Pascal: father of
Calculator, computing tools easy to
handle and can be used every day.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED
SOCIETY
 Revolution
 Derived from the Latin word revolutionem
meaning the turning point.
 Used often with celestial bodies
 Does not only talk about warbut its all about
reform, with Nicholar Copernicus
 Was a period in Europe that that traditional
thinking changed into raditional and logical
 The Intellectual revolution pertains to the
period of paradigm shifts or changes in the
scientific beliefs hat have been widely embraced
and accepted by the people (Hintay, 2018)
 Believed to be the start of Modern Science for
it has a lot of improvements in astronomy,
chemistry, biology, mathematics, and physics.
 Importance of Scientific Revolution
 Introduction of scientific methods, societies
and classification of these societies as an
independent bodies of knowledge.
 The three Revolutions that defined the society
IDEAS OF KNOWN INFORMATION CRADLE OF
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 INTELLECTUALS REVOLUTION
1. Copernican Revolution 1. Pictographs
2. Darwinian Revolution 2. Printing Press
3. Freudian Revolution 3. Information
4. Revolution
5. Digital Revolution
 Copernican Revolution
 It began the Scientific Revolution
 It radically changed the impression in
astronomy, science and so as religion.
 Pioneered by Nicholas Copernicus,
introduced the idea of heliocentric universe
 Moved the people to look for evidence to
prove things around them
 Theories about the origin of the earth was
changed from theological to empirical
 Influences conceptual changes in
Cosmology, religion, physiscs, and philosophy.
 Educational approaches are altered
 Power structures in the society changed.
 Brahe’s observation of the star
Cassiopeia: The change from the belief of
Geocentric to heliocentric happened through the
contributions of other important person
 Kepler stated that the planets move in
elliptical orbits and the sun at the center.
 Galileo Galilei developed telescope and
observed Venus
 Isaac Newton: Law of gravitation
 Heliocentric Universe
 Sun is the center of the solar system
 Changed man’s perception about the
world
 It was in contrast with geocentric theory
of the church
 Freudian Revolution
 Started with Sigmund Freud who founded
psychoanalysis
 Originated in 1900’s biology and physics
 People can be cured by making
unconscious to conscious
 society creates mechanisms to ensure
social control of human instincts.
 Psychoanalysis
 Described that brain can be segmented
into compartments.
 An observational method to study
EARLY SCIENCE human’s inner life mainly focuses on
1. Mesoamerican human sexuality and evil nature of man.
2. Middle East  It is a clinical method in psychopathology
3. Asian through a conversation by the patient and
4. African The psychoanalyst to relieve the patient from
repressed emotions and experiences.
 Theory of Personality
o Id is the essentially biological element.
o Ego is the essentially sociological element
o Superego as the dispenser of reward and
punishment
 Darwinian Revolution
Followed after Copernican Revolution
Started with Charles Darwin
Theorized the Origin of Species
Cancelled Divine Theory of origin
Evolution by means of natural selection
Charles Darwin is a British naturalist born in 1809.
He was known for his famous work “On the Origin of
Species.”. He changed the way the people of the world
viewed themselves through his amazing ideas on
evolution and natural selection.
 Information Revolution
Started with mass communication in 1439
Some scientists said it started 10,000 years ago
Started from the Sumerian pictographs
Invention of Gutenberg’s printing press
Use of typewriter and telegraph
 Digital Revolution
Started with a single silicone chip in 1960’s that can
process a lot of information in a short span of time
Creation of microchips changed information from
Stone Age
Mega-sized storage of information was being declined
into pocket form
Computers became smartphones and watches and
other portable devices
 Mesoamerican Civilizations
Important of historical information about the
Americas extending from Mexico till Columbia
Society flourished even before the Spanish
Colonization in the 15th and 16th century
 Maya
 One of the most complicated civilization around 300
and 900 A.D.
 Believed that the cosmos has impact to daily life
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  Prediction of Eclipses through Dresden Codex
 Produced rubber 3000 years before Goodyear
received his first patent
 Hydraulic systems were already impressive.
 Dresden Codex: observed the movement of Venus
and Predicts Solar eclipses
 Aztec
Originated in a nomadic tribe in Northern
Mexico
Developed intricate social, religion and
commercial organizations
Education was compulsory to children.
Steam baths used as medicine
Mathematical notation based by 20
Public Sanitation were produced to
prevent pollution
Medicine: invention of chinampa
 Inca
Flourished during 1400 and 1533 C.E.
Constructed a series of terraces
Stone works were impressive
Enhanced good civil and hydraulic
engineering
Food preservation
Skull surgeries were 80-90% successful
Used coca plant as anesthethics
 Asian
Science and Technology revolutionized in
India, China and Western Asian Countries
Rafts like weaving, printing, paper making,
binding, measuring devices, porcelain
manufacture and etc.
Experimental gardens were exposed and
acupuncture
Alchemy was used before chemistry, for
plastic surgery
 Middle East
Greeks influenced mathematics in the
region
Islamic Sciences were used to synthesize
Ideas
Libraries were built to keep multitude of
manuscripts.
Stone structures for astronomical
explorations
Egyptian manuscripts showed concepts of
fractions and multiplications and other
mathematical concepts
A S T R O N O M I C A L - I N V E N T I O N S:
o Egyptians discovered movements of
the sun, constellations and cycles of the
moon
o Developed a year long 365 and ¼ days
o Dogon Culture knew about some celestial
bodies.
o Metallurgy and Tools: Steam engines, metal
chisels, saws copper and iron tools and weapons
o Architecture and Engineering: Creation of
obelisks, pyramids and stone complexes
o Medicine: medicine through plants, done
vaccination, autopsy, limb traction and etc.
o Conducted cesarean section, dental fillings,
and performed surgeries.
o Navigation: created trade routes, creation of
variety of boats, carried various of trade goods
from other neighboring countries.
THE PHILIPPINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENDA
Early inhabitants of the archipelago has own culture and
traditions, own belief system, indigenous knowledge.
 Pre-Spanish:
o Planting Crops
o Raising animals
o Agriculture
o Medical plants
o Interpreting movement of heavenly bodies
 Technology is used by people:
o Building houses and irrigations
o Developing tools for planting, hunting,
cooking, fishing, war weapon,
transportation and musical instruments.
 Variety of ancient artifacts found across the
nation further demonstrated the importance of
the mental age.
 Indigenous or Folk Sciences: Influence of China,
Indonesia, Japan and other nearby countries
provided different opportunities for cultural
and technological exchange.
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 Spanish Era:
C O N T R I B U T I O N S:
o Brought their own culture and practices
o Establishing of schools for both girls and boys
o Medicine and advanced science
o Beginning of science and technology
o Galleon trade (Mexico & Philippines)
 Americans
 Have more influence in the development
of science and technology compared to the
Spaniards.
C O N T R I B U T I O N S:
o Public Educational system
o University of the Philippines
o Public Hospitals
o Mineral resources
o Transportation and communication
systems
o Sanitation
o Researches on control of tropical
diseases such as malaria, cholera and
tuberculosis
 World War II
 Destabilized the development of science
and technology
C O N T R I B U T I O N S:
o Destruction of public facilities
o Reparation Funds were used on
building institutions, highways, and
provision of technological training
and human resource development
 New Republic
Limited resources were used in improving
science technology capability
C O N T R I B U T I O N S:
o Use of ODA (Overseas Development
Affirmation)
o Human resource development on
producing more professionals.
 Influences in the Development of S&T In PH
INTERNAL
 Survival
 Culture
 Economic Activities
Development
of Science and
Technology in
the Philippines
EXTERNAL
 Foreign Colonizers
 Trades with Foreign
Countries
 International
Economic Demands
MAJOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND
PERSONALITIES IN S&T IN THE PH
 Government Policies on S&T
 Introduced and implemented programs,
projects, and policies to boost science and
technology
 Goal: “prepare the whole country and its
people to meet the demands of a
technologically driven world and capabilities
the people to live in a modern world-driven by
science
 In response to the ASEAN 2015 agenda, the
government, particularly the DOST, has sought
the expertise of the NRCP to consult various
sectors in the society to puity how the
philippines con prepare itecipe in the mecting
the ASEAN 2015 90016
o ASEAN 2015 will see integration of ASEAN
Communities political, economic and social
 The NRCP clustered the policies into Four:
1. SOCIAL SCIENCES, HUMANITIES, EDUCATION,
INTERNATIONAL POLICIES AND GOVERNANCE
o Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic
education without adding to the
curriculum
o Emphasizing teaching in the mother
tonque
o Developing school infrastructures and
providing for ICT broadband
o Local Food security
2. Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research,
Earth and Space Sciences and Mathematics
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 o Emphasizing degrees, license, and o Man power institutional and development
employment opportunities o ESEP
o Outright grants for peer monitoring
DEVELOPMENT OF S&T IN PH
o Review of RA 9184
o National Goals
o Harnessing science and technology as an
o International Treaty
independent mover of development
o Legal Frameworks
o Social meets, issues and problem
o S&T policies
 Famous Filipinos in the field of Science
3. Medical, Chemical And Pharmaceutical Sciences o Ramon Barba:
o Ensuring compliance of drug manufacturing Firms Tissue culture in the Philippine mangoes
with ASEAN harmonized standards by full o Josefino Comiso:
implementation of the FDA Observing characteristics of antartica by using
o Creating an educational council satellite images
o dedicated to standardization of o Jose Cruz jr.:
pharmaceutical services and core. Electrical Engineering
o Allocating 20% of the GDP to research o Lourdes Cruz:
o Legislating a law Sea Snail Venom
o Fabian Dayrit:
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture and Herbal Medicine
Forestry o Rafael Guerrero III:
o Protecting and conserving biodiversity by Tilapia Culture
full implementation of existing law o Enrique Ortea jr.:
o Use of biosafety and standard model by Meconium Drugs Testing
ASEAN countries promoting indigenous o Lilian Patena:
knowledge systems Plant Biotechnology
o Mari-Jo Ruiz:
OTHER PROGRAMS
o Providing Funds for basic research and Educator; graph theorist
o Gregory Tangonan:
patents related S&T
o Overseas Development Aid (ODA) Communications technology
o Providing scholarships for undergraduate  Scientific Research facilities in the PH
o UPLB: Agriculture, Forestry, Plant & Animal
and graduate studies of students in the field of
S&T Science, Veterinary Science
o Establishing more branches of Philippine o UP Visayas: Marine Sciences, Fisheries
Science High school system o UP Manila: Medical and Public Health
o Creating S&T parks o UP Diliman: National Science and Engineering
o Balik Scientist Program Complex
o Developing S&T parks in academic campuses  Development of S&T in the PH
o Establishment of National science complex
And National Engineering complex within UP
Diliman
o PAASE
o Establishment of national centers of excellence

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