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ENGLISH
1. Using the DICTIONARY
If you are unable to understand the
meaning of an unfamiliar word by using context
clues, then you should look up the word in a
dictionary.
1.1. Guide Words - The words listed in a
dictionary are listed in alphabetical order, letter
by letter. Pairs of guide words are usually
at the top of each set of facing page
1.2. Main/Word Entries - Main entries are the
words that are explained in a dictionary
1.3. Parts of Speech - The dictionary uses nine
abbreviations for the parts of speech.
1.4. Restrictive labels - Subject labels tell you
that a word has a special meaning when used in
a particular field
1.5. Spelling - Not knowing how to spell a word
can make it difficult to find in the dictionary, but
not impossible
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2. Using the THESAURUS
- The best place to look for synonyms and
antonyms is the thesaurus.
- The thesaurus comes in two forms:
Dictionary Form and Traditional Form.
3. Using the INTERNET
- The internet provides many different types of
information. Besides the dictionary and a
thesaurus, definitions of terms may also be
searched via the World Wide Web.
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Research
- Research is a process of systematic inquiry
that entails collection of data; documentation of
critical information; and analysis and
interpretation of that data/information, in
accordance with suitable methodologies set by
specific professional fields and academic
disciplines.
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Definition is a statement that explains and/or
describes the meaning of a word or a phrase in a
clear, complete, and exact manner.
1.1 Technical Definition - It describes and
explains the meaning of a word or phrase
based on the general references and other
field of study sources.
1.2 Operational Definition - It states and
explains the meaning of a word or phrase
based on specific context.
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Expanded definition goes deeper than a
simple dictionary definition, offering an
expanded analysis and illustration of a concept
that might be abstract, debatable, controversial,
unfamiliar, or frequently misunderstood.
A formal definition consists of three parts:
1. the term being defined,
2. the class it belongs to, and
3. its distinguishing characteristics.
Subject-Verb Agreement
1. If the subject is singular, the verb must be one" are singular and require a singular
singular. verb.
Example: She writes every day. Examples: Each of the participants was willing to be
recorded.
2. If the subject is plural, the verb must be
plural. Neither alternative hypotheses was accepted.

Example: They write every day. 9. Non-count nouns take a singular verb.

3. When the subject of the sentence is Examples: Education is the key to success.

composed of two or more nouns or pronouns Diabetes affects many people around the world.
connected by and, use a plural verb.
10. Some countable nouns in English such as
Example: The doctoral student and the committee members earnings, goods, odds, surroundings,
write every day.
proceeds, contents, and valuables only have a
4. When there is one subject and more than plural form and take a plural verb.
one verb, the verbs throughout the sentence Examples: The earnings for this quarter exceed
must agree with the subject. expectations.

Example: Interviews are one way to collect data and allow The proceeds from the sale go to support the homeless
researchers to gain in-depth understanding of participants. population in the city.

5. Intervening words like together with, in

addition to, along with, as well as, including
and similar constructions following the
subject do not affect the number of the
subject.
Example: The student, as well as the committee members,
is excited.

6. When two or more singular nouns or

pronouns are connected by "or" or "nor," use
a singular verb.
Example: The chairperson or the CEO approves the
proposal before proceeding.

7. When a compound subject contains both a

singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined
by "or" or "nor," the verb should agree with
the part of the subject that is closest to the
verb. This is also called the rule of proximity.
Examples: The student or the committee members write
every day.

The committee members or the student writes every day.

8. The words and phrases "each," "each

one," "either," "neither," "everyone,"
"everybody," "anyone," "anybody,"
"nobody," "somebody," "someone," and "no