FUTURE

There are 3 ways of expressing the future tense in English: with will, with be going to, or with the present continuous.

What is the difference?

WILL BE GOING TO PRESENT CONTINUOS SHALL

We use will for instant decisions, predictions
and promises:
‐ I’ll have the three chocolates cake.
‐ Rafa Nadal will win the open of Australia.
‐ I promise I’ll phone you every day
We use be going to or present continuous when we have We use shall for offers and suggestions:
already /ɔːlˈrɛdi/ decided to do something, that is, for
plans /ˈplænz/.  Shall I help you with this bag?
 When I finish school I’m going to work with my father.  Shall we marry next year?
 What are you doing tonight? I’m meeting /ˈmiːt/
some friends after class.

WILL BE GOING TO PRESENT CONTINUOS

Affirmative: Affirmative: Affirmative:
S + will (´ll) + verb + O S + am / is /are + going to + verb + O S + am / is /are + verb‐ing + O
I have a headache, I'll call my doctor. I’m going to work with my father. I’m working with my father on Sunday.

Negative: Negative: Negative:

S + will not (won’t) + verb + O. S + am / is /are not (isn’t /aren’t) + going to + verb + O. S + am / is /are not (isn’t /aren’t) + verb‐ing + O.
I have a headache, I won’t go to work. I’m not going to have dinner with my family tonight. I’m not having dinner with my family tonight.

Interrogative: Interrogative: Interrogative:

Will + S + verb + O? Am / Is / Are + S + going to + verb + O? Am / Is / Are + S + verb‐ing + O?
You are very pale; will you go to the doctor? Are you going to go to the party next weekend? Are you going to the party next weekend?
 PREPOSITION

AT ON IN BY ∅
 Hour + min:  Day:  Part of the day:  Time limit:  Next, last…:
 at 8 pm  on Monday  in the morning  I need it by tonight  Next week
 on my birthday  in the afternoon  Last night
 Holiday periods:
 on Christmas day  in the evening
 al Christmas ‐ This, every…:
 at night
 at Easter (Pascua) ‐ Day + morning / afternoon / • This week
 at the weekend evening /night:  Weeks: • every day
 on Saturday Night  in the 1st week of July
 Specific times of the day: ‐ Today, tomorrow,
 on Tuesday morning
 at sunrise (amanecer)  Months: yesterday.
 at midday (mediodía)  Dates:  in July
 at sunset (atardecer)  on the 20th of June  in July 1969
TIME

 at lunchtime  on February the 13th  Years:

 at dinnertime
 at breakfast time
 When is your birthday?  in 2014
On 2nd of November
 decades:
 in the sixties, in the
1790s
 Centuries:.
 in the 19th century
 Seasons:
 In winter, in summer,
in spring, in autumn
 AT ON IN BY
 Public/big transportation:  Private/small transport:  HOW?
TRANSPORTATION
 on bus  in car  by plane
 on plane  in taxi  by car
 on train  in boat*
 on boat*
 on bicycle
 on foot
 Addresses:
 At Rochester Street

 Specific point a reference

(dentro)
 at home (sobre)
 in the building
 at work  I’m on the sofa
 in the garden
 at James’s house  The picture is on the wall
 in the cinema
 at the university  The spider is on the ceiling
 in the box
 at cinema  on the ground floor
LOCATION

 at hospital  on the second floor

‐ Lines:
 on my way
 on the way to work
 on the equator
 On The right / on the left
(a la derecha/ a la izquierda).

‐ The media:
• on line
• on Facebook
 on the radio
• on TV
 PAST

PRESENT PERFECT PAST SIMPLE

When we don’t specify de time: For finished past action or stories:

 I have lost the keys.  I was at home and I needed to buy some bred. All
of a sudden…
With never and ever:
 Have you ever ridden a horse? No, I have never When we specify a time:
ridden a hose.  What time dis my brother pone?
 The arrived 20 min ago.
With yet (todavía) and already (ya):
 I’ve already seen this film twice. Can’t we watch
another one?
 My brother hasn’t finished your homework yet? ‘No,
no yet’
With for or since:
Present perfect:
We have been married for five years ago / We have been married since 2016. (siguen casados)
Past simple:
We were married for five years / We were married since 2016. (ya no están casados)
PRESENT PERFECT PAST SIMPLE
Affirmative: Affirmative:
S + have / has + verb‐ed + O S + verb‐ed + O
I have cooked vegetables. I worked for a bank.

Negative: Negative:
S + have / has not (haven’t / hasn’t) + verb‐ed + O. S + didn’t + verb + O.
I haven’t cooked vegetables. She didn’t study French at the university.

Interrogative: Interrogative:
Have / has + S + verb‐ed + O? did + S + verb + O?
Has he cooked vegetables? Where did you teach before you came here?
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
( ACTIVITY PROCESS) (RESULT)
We are interested in the activity, it doesn’t matter if the The important thing is that something has been
action is finished: finished :
 I have painted
 I have been painting. i will finish this afternoon.

Not for non‐action verbs:

 I have been knowing him since 2020  I have known him since 2020

When we ask with how long: When we ask with how much, how many, or many
 How long have you been reading that book? times:
 How much of that book have you read?

Affirmative: Affirmative:
S + have / has + been + verb‐ing + O S + have / has + verb‐ed + O
I have been cooking vegetables. I have cooked vegetables.

Negative: Negative:
S + have / has not (haven’t / hasn’t) + been verb‐ing + O. S + have / has not (haven’t / hasn’t) + verb‐ed + O.
I haven’t been cooking vegetables. I haven’t cooked vegetables.

Interrogative: Interrogative:
Have / has + S + been verb‐ing + O? Have / has + S + verb‐ed + O?
Has he been cooking vegetables? Has he cooked vegetables?

Non‐action verbs: agree (estar de acuerdo), be,

believe (creer), belong (pertenecer), depend, forget,
hate, hear, know, like, love, matter, mean, need,
prefer, realice.
 COMPARATIVE A > B SUPERLATIVE A >
Adj 1 Syl: Adj 1 Syl:
A is adj‐er than B A is the adj‐est
cheap ⇒ cheaper fast ⇒ faster hot ⇒ hotter thin ⇒ thinner cheap⇒ cheapest fast⇒ fastest hot⇒ hottest thin⇒ thinnest
large ⇒ larger long ⇒ longer cvc large⇒ largest long⇒ longest cvc
The London Underground is older than the subway in New york. It’s the longest bridge in the world (use in before places)

Adj 2 Syl –y: Adj 2 Syl –y:

A is adj‐ier than B A is the adj‐iest
lucky⇒ luckier early⇒ earier busy⇒ busier lucky⇒ luckiest early⇒ eariest busy⇒ busiest
easy⇒ easier pretty⇒ prettier easy⇒ easiest pretty⇒ prettiest
She is taller than me (or I’m) A is the easiest

Adj 2 Syl or more or adverb‐ly: Adj 2 Syl or more or adverb‐ly:

Adj 2 Syllable or more: Adj 2 Syllable or more:
A is more adj than B A is the most adj

This bag is more expensive than B This bag is the most expensive

Adverb‐ly: Adverb‐ly:
A verb more adv than B A verb the most adv

My father drives more quickly than me. My dad walks the most slowly in our family
Ball moves considerably more slowly on sand than on grass. Who dresses the most stylishly in your family?

Irregular adjetives

Adj/Adv ‐ comparative‐superlative  The little boy ran farther than his friends
good/well ‐ better ‐ the best  I’m sure you can do better
bad/badly ‐ worse ‐ the worst  He played the best of any player.
far ‐ farther/further ‐ the farthest/furthest  It’s the best beach in England.
 COMPARATIVE A < B
A is less adj than B
A is less old than B
A is less easy than B
A is less expensive than B
A is less bad than B
SUPERLATIVE A <
A is the least /li:st/ adj
A is the least old
A is the least easy
A is the least expensive
A is the least bad
A=B
A is as adj as B
A verb as noum as B verb
A is the same as B
They’re not as busy as us (we are)
I don’t have as many books as I used to
I don’t drink as much water as I had to
Her dress is the same as mine

ADJ VS ADV
 My grandpa is slow.  My grandpa walks slowly.
 My grandpa is good.  My grandpa drives well.
 My grandpa is bad.  My grandpa drives badly.

REFLEXIVE
Examples
POSSESIVE ADJ POSSESIVE PRONOM Examples PRONOUMS
my mine myself Alone = by myself
 Your book is new. The book is yours.
your yours yourself I’m alone = I’m by myself
 Her shirt is new. The shit is hers.
his his herself
 My car is red. The red car is mine.
her + noum hers himself
its ‐‐‐‐ itself
our Ours ourselves
your Yours yourselves
their theirs themselves
 THE
‐ Specific people, places, things:
 I go to the cinema.
 I go to the gym.
 I go to the station.
 I love the flowers in my garden.
 I bought it in the sales.
‐ When there’s only one things of something or
it’s clear:
 The moon goes round the Earth.
‐ With musical instruments:
 I play the guitar.
‐ With superlative:
 It’s the best beach in England
THE A/AN
‐ To talk about things in general (with plural and We use with singular countable nouns:
uncountable noums):
 Women /wimin/ talk more than men. ‐ When we say what sth is or what sb does:
 I love flowers.  It’s a nice house.
 Ly wife likes love stories, but I prefer the  I’m a teacher.
war films.
‐ The first time we mention a thing/person:
‐ After the verbs: go to, get to, start, finish,  I saw an old man with a dog.
leave, be in (the institution, not the building):
 I go to London. ‐ In exclamations with What….!:
 I go to Italy.  What an amazing dress!
 I go to bed.
‐ In expressions of frequency:
‐ With some noums, e.g home, work, school,  About three times a week.
church, after at/to/from:  We go the theatre about once a
 I go to school. month.
 I go to home.
 I’m from Valencia.
‐ With next/last +
weekend/month/year/Monday:
 See you next week
‐ With sports, meals, subjects:
 I have breakfast.
 I have studied maths.
 I play tennis.
 UNCOUNTABLE NOUMS A/AN
Drinks: coffee / tea / juice / beer
 I don’t like coffee very much.
 A cup of coffee, please
The following nouns are usually uncountable:
advise baggage behaviour bread chaos damage
consejos equipaje comportamiento pan caos daños
furniture information luck luggage news permission
muebles suerte equipaje noticias permiso
progress scenery traffic weather work travel
progresos paisaje tiempo
You can’t use a/an with these noums
advice: I need advice. furniture: A piece of furniture = un mueble.
A piece of advice = un consejo I have a few pieces of furniture.
She didn’t give me much advice.
luck: Good luck!
progress: They didn’t have much progress.
She has made progress.
news: A piece of news = una noticia. (a new)
bread: A piece of bread. An item of news = una noticia.
A loaf of bread = una barra de pan What is the good news? Good news is (that)…

COUNTABLE UNCONTABLE
I’m looking for a job I’m looking for work.
What a beautiful view! What beautiful scenery!
It’s a nice day today. It’s nice weather today.
We had a lot of bags and suitcases. We had a lot of baggage/luggage.
These chairs are mine This furniture is mine.
That’s a good suggestion. That’s good advice.

AFTER VERBS (VERB + PREP)
to apologize to sb for sth
to argue with sb about sth
to arrive in city
to arrive at place
to believe in sth/sb
to belong to sb
to worry about sth/sb
to choose between sth
to laugh at sth/sb
Don’t laugh at me!
to laugh with sb
to dream of/about sth
S + verb + prep + sth/sb.
DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS
disculparse con alguien por
algo
discutir con alguien sobre algo.
llegar a una ciudad
llegar a un lugar
creer en algo/alguien.
pertenecer a alguien
preocuparse por algo/alguien
elegir entre algo
reírse de algo/alguien
¡No te rías de mí!
reírse con alguien
soñar con algo
to look forward to sth ansiar; desear algo
to pay sth for sth pagar algo por algo
to remind sb of sth recordar a alguien algo
This song reminds me of ours honeymoon.
to spend money on sth gastar dinero en algo
to talk to sb about sth hablar con alguien de algo.
to ask sb for sth preguntar a alguien por algo
to interest in sth interesarse por algo
It depends on sth. depende de algo.
to afraid of sth/sb tener miedo de algo/alguien
to angry with sb estar enfadado con alguien
To forward sth to sb reenviar algo a alguien
‐ Who are you talking to?
‐ I’m talking to my son.
‐ What are you talking about?
‐ We are talking about sport.
 DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS
AFTER ADJECTIVES (TO BE + ADJ + PREP)
close to sth/sb cerca de algo/alguien pleased with sth/sb contento con algo
different from sth/sb diferente de algo/alguien kind to sb amable con alguien
excited about sth emocionado por algo pround of sth/sb orgulloso de algo/alguien
fed up with sth harto de algo rude to sb Grosero con alguien
fond of sth/sb encantado con algo/alguien worried about sth/sb Preocupado por algo/alguien
good at sth bueno en algo tired of sth/sb Cansado de algo/alguien
good for sb bueno para alguien afraid of sth/sb Asustado de algo/alguien
keen on sth aficionado a algo angry with sb about sth Enfadado con alguien por algo
married to sb casado con alguien famous for sth Famoso por algo

S + to be + adj + prep + sth/sb. S + to be + adj + prep + verb‐ing.

‐ What are you worried about? ‐ I’m very keep on swimming because it’s good for me and also very
‐ I’m worried about the exam. different from others spots.

‐ What are you afraid of? ‐ What (sport) are you good at?
‐ I’m afraid of spiders. ‐ I’m very good at cycling.

ADJECTIVES
DEPRESS
‐ed adjectives ‐ing adjectives
DEPRESSED DEPRESSING
Describe emotions Describes the thing, situation or person which causes an emotion
 What music do you listen to if you feel depressed?  What do you think is the most exciting sport to watch?
 What’s the most amazing (increíble) scenery you’ve ever seen?
 Have you ever disappointed by a birthday present?
 Which do you find more tiring (agotador), clothes shopping or food
 Are you frightened (tener miedo) of heights? shopping?
 What’s the most embarrassing thing that’s ever happened to you?
 Do you usually feel very tired in the morning?
 What’s the most boring film you’ve ever seen?
 Do you ever get frustrated by technology?
 MODAL VERBS
Must (specific obligation) Shall (suggestion)
Musn’t (prohibition) Will (future)
*Have to (general external obligation) Would or ‘d (conditional)
*Don’t have to (it isn’t necessary) =No hace falta Can (ability)
Should (suggestion or an opinion) = ought Could (polite request/suggestion)
Shouldn’t (suggestion or an opinion) May (possibility)
Might (possibility)
1) NO “TO” AFTER MODAL VER.
2) NO CONJUGATION.
3) MODAL VERB = AUX.
*exception
MUST (specific obligation) /ˈmʌst/
MUSTN’T (prohibition) /ˈmʌsənt/
It only exists in the present
 I must buy a new shirt; this one is too old now.
 I must speak to my phone company. My last bill was
 You mustn’t park here.
wrong.
 You mustn’t send text message when you are driving.
 Must I take my tablet out of my bag at Security?

HAVE TO (general external obligation)

It exists in all tenses.
 I have to wear a shirt and tie at work.
 My sister is a nurse, so some weeks she has to work
nights.
 When I was at school we had to wear a horrible uniform.
 Have you ever had to have an operation?
 I love not* having to get up early. *negacion del gerundio
DON’T HAVE TO (it isn’t necessary)
 You don’t have to drive; we can get the train.
 We don’t have to hurry; we have plenty of time.
 The exhibition was free, so I didn’t have to pay.
 She doesn’t have to wear dress.

SHOULD /ˈʃʊd/ SHOULDN’T /ˈʃʊdənt/

(suggestion or an opinion) (suggestion or an opinion)
 I don’t think we should wear boots inside their house.  You shouldn’t to walk on the grass. They’ve just planted
flowers there.
 ABILITY
CAN (poder) BE ABLE TO (ser capaz)
MODAL VERB:
1) NO “TO” AFTER MODAL VER.
NO MODAL VERB
2) NO CONJUGATION.
3) MODAL VERB = AUX.
Can only has a present form and past or conditional form We use be able to for all other verbs tense
CAN /ˈkæn/ COULD /ˈkʊd/ Present simple:
(Present simple) (Past simple) (+) She is able to play the piano.
(‐) She isn’t able to play the piano.
(+) She can play the piano. (+) She could play the piano last year. (?) Is she able to play the piano?
(‐) She can’t /ˈkɑːnt/ play the piano. (‐) She couldn’t play the piano last year.
(?) Can she play the piano? (?) Could she play the piano last year? Past simple:
(+) She was able to play the piano last year.
(‐) She wasn’t able to play the piano last year.
 I can’t send any emails at the moment. My computer isn’t working. (?) Was she able to play the piano last year?
 I could read before I started school.
 Alex can speak Portuguese fluently after living in Lisbon for ten years. Present perfect:
(+) She has been able to play the piano.
Can doesn’t have infinitive: (‐) She hasn’t been able to play the piano.
(?) Has she ever been able to play the piano?
 I want to can /to be able to speak English well.
 I would (‘d) like to can / to be able to speak English well. Present perfect:
 I need to can / to be able to speak English well for my new job. (+) She has been able to play the piano.
(‐) She hasn’t been able to play the piano.
Can doesn’t have gerund: (?) Has she ever been able to play the piano?

Future:
 I hate can’t / not being able to speak English well.
(+) She will be able to play the piano.
 I love can / being able to speak English like a native.
(‐) She will not (won’t) be able to play the piano.
 I like can / being able to travel around the world
(?) Will she be able to play the piano?
 PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT

1) To describe a past action in progress which was interrupted When we are talking about the past and we want to talk
by another action: about a previous action:
 I was driving along the motorway when it started to snow.  When I arrived, my friends had already left.
PAST CONT. PAST SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT

 While was having a shower, someone knocked on the door.

PAST CONT. PAST SIMPLE  The party had already finished when I arrived.
PAST PERFECT PAST SIMPLE

2) When two action were happening at the same time:

 I realized I had forgotten my keys
PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT
 I was driving while she was playing in the garden.
PAST CONT. PAST CONT.

3) To describe a past action in progress al a specific time:

 What were you doing in at six o’clock last night?
PAST CONT.

Affirmative: Affirmative:
S + was / were + verb‐ing + O S + had + verb‐ed + O
I was cooking vegetables. I had cooked vegetables.

Negative: Negative:
S + was /were not (wasn’t / weren’t) + verb‐ing + O. S + had not (hadn’t) + verb‐ed + O.
I wasn’t cooking vegetables. I hadn’t cooked vegetables.

Interrogative: Interrogative:
Was / were + S + verb‐ing + O? Had + S + verb‐ed + O?
Was he cooking vegetables? Had he cooked vegetables?
Compare:

 When Karen arrived, we were having dinner.

PAST SIMPLE PAST CONT.

 When Karen arrived, we had dinner.

PAST SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE

 When Karen arrived, we had already had dinner.

PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT

when Karen arrived,

PAST CONT. we were having dinner.
PAST SIMPLE Then/after that we had dinner.
PAST PERFECT we had already had dinner

Past continuous:
 Matt burnt his finger while he was cooking chicken.
 The doorbell rang while I was having a bath /shower.
 The doorbell rang while I was smoking a join.
 We saw an accident while we were working in the office.
 The TV was on, but nobody was watching it.
 USUALLY /NORMALY
(PRESENT HABITS)

 I usually meet my friends al weekends.

 Laura usually gets on really well with her flatmates.
 She’s usually late.
 I don’t normally go out during the week.
 Do you usually walk to work?
USED TO = SOLÍA
(PAST HABITS)

Affirmative:
S + used to + verb + O.
 I used to be a teacher.
I used to teach English.
 She didn’t use to be very punctual.
Negative:
 We sometimes used to have a beer together. S + didn’t + use to + verb + O.
 Did they use to live in the city centre? I didn’t use to teach English.

 Didn’t you use to have long hair? Interrogative:

TO BE USED TO + V‐ing
(ESTAR ACOSTUMBRADO A)
I’m used to driving = estoy acostumbrado a conducir.
I was used to driving = estaba acostumbrada a conducir.
I will be used to driving = estaré acostumbrada a conducir.
Did + S + use to + verb + O?
Did you use to teach English?
TO GET USED TO + V‐ing
(ACOSTUMBRARSE A)
I get used to driving = me estoy acostumbrando a conducir.
I got used to driving = me acostumbré a conducir.
I was getting used to driving = me estaba acostumbrando a conducir.
I will get used to driving = me acostumbraré a conducir.
 THE PASSIVE
We put the verb 'to be' into the tense we need + past participle.
TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE
Chopsticks:
I make a cake. A cake is made (by me).
PRESENT SIMPLE P. SIMPLE P. SIMPLE PAST PART.
‐ It’s used to eat Chinese food.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS I am making a cake A cake is being made. ‐ It’s bought in Chinese shops.
PAST SIMPLE I made a cake. A cake was made. ‐ It’s made of wood.
PAST CONTINUOUS I was making a cake. A cake was being made.
PRESENT PERFECT I have made a cake. A cake has been made.
PRES. PERF. CONTINUOUS I have been making a cake. A cake has been being made.
PAST PERFECT I had made a cake. A cake had been made.
FUTURE SIMPLE I will make a cake. A cake will be made.
FUTURE PERFECT I will have made a cake. A cake will have been made.

1. People speak Portuguese in Brazil Portuguese is spoken in Brazil.

2. The Government is planning a new road near my house A new road near my house is being planned by the Government.
3. My grandfather built this house in 1943 This house was built by my grandfather in 1943.
4. Picasso was painting Guernica at that time Guernica was being painted by Picasso at that time.
5. The cleaner has cleaned the office The office has been cleaned by the cleaner.
6. He had written three books before 1867? Three books had been written by him before 1867.
7. John will tell you later You will be told by John later.
Object

8. By this time tomorrow we will have signed the deal By this time tomorrow the deal will have been signed by as
9. Somebody should do the work The work should be done by somebody.
10. The traffic might1 /ˈmaɪt/ have delayed jimmy Jimmy might have been delayed by the traffic

1
might (podría) : modal verb → might + infinitive
 VERB + ‐ING OR TO…
We use the gerund (verb + ing): We use infinitive with to:
 After preposition:  After adjective:
‐ Dave is very good at solving problems. ‐ This is important for me to spend time with my family.
 As the subject: ‐ Be careful not to ask her about her boyfriend.
‐ Applying to go to university can be complicated.  After would like:
‐ The best thing about weekends is not going to work ‐ I would like to travel to London this summer.
 After some verbs.  For purpose (propósito):
‐ Liam is saving money to buy a new car.
 After some verbs.
‐ING TO
admit (admitir) hate (odiar) prefer (preferir) afford (permitirse) help (ayudar) promise (prometer)
avoid (evitar) imagine (imaginar) postpone (posponer) agree (estar de acuerdo) hope (esperar; desear) refuse (rechazar)
consider (considerar) keep (on) (mantenerse) recommend (aconsejar) arrange (acordar algo) learn (aprender) remember (recordar)
deny (negar) like (gustar) risk (arriesgar) decide (decidir) manage(conseguir; lograr) seem (parecer)
dislike (no gustar) love (amar) spend time deserve (merecer) need (necesitar) threaten (amenazar)
enjoy (disfrutar) mind (importar) stop (parar) expect (esperar algo) offer (ofrecer) try (intentar)
feel like (apetecer) miss (echar de menos) suggest (sugerir) fail (fallar) plan (planificar) want (querer)
finish (acabar) practise (practicar) forget (olvidar) pretend (fingir) would like (gustaría)
 I finished reading the book  He deserves to get a good job.
 Have you finished reading the book?  He deserved to get a good job.
 I should finish reading the book.  He will deserve to get a better job.
 Did you finish reading the book?  I promise to pass the exam.
 Will you finish reading the book?  I promise not to do it again.
remember (recordar algo: un recuerdo que ya ha sucedido) remember (acordarse de hacer algo, una tarea pendiente)
 He could remember driving along the road just before the accident.  I remember to lock (cerrar con llave) the door, but I forgot to shut the window.
regret (arrepentirse o lamentarse de haber hecho algo) regret (lamentar decir o informar de algo)
 I now regret saying what I said. I shouldn`t have said it.  We regret to inform you that we cannot offer you the job.
try (probar a hacer algo para ver si te gusta) try (hacer un esfuerzo para hacer algo)
 I try doing yoga.  I will try to be on time.
go on (seguir haciendo lo mismo) go on (pasar a hacer algo nuevo)
 We need to change. We can’t go on living like this.  Having acted in movies for thirty years, he went on to direct them.

∅ TO: make let

‐ING or TO: begin (empezar) bother (molestar)
continue start
 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST
SENTENCE + IN SPITE OF / DESPITE + N
 He went in spite of his illness
IN SPITE OF / DESPITE + N, SENTENCE
IN SPITE OF /DESPITE
‐ In spite of the rain, we had a great time.
(a pesar de)
‐ In spite of the fact that the weather is bad, I have gone to class.
‐ Despite being ill, he went to class.
VERBO SUSTANTIVADO

‐ Despite his efforts, he was never able to finish his last novel.

SENTENCE 1 + ALTHOUGH + SENTENCE 2

ALTHOUGH
EVEN THOUGH
‐ He went to the school although he was sick.
THOUGH
ALTHOUGH + SENTENCE 1, SENTENCE 2
(aunque)
‐ Although he used to be better, he’s still a good player.

SENTENCE 1. HOWEVER, SENTENCE 2

HOWEVER
(sin embargo) ‐ I love London. However, the weather is bad.
‐ He was ill. However, he went to school.

LOOK VS LOOK LIKE

TO LOOK + ADJ. TO LOOK LIKE + NOUM

‐ You look tired. Are you ok? ‐ Do you look like your mother or your father?
‐ Your grandmother looks very young for her age. ‐ She doesn`t look like 70!
‐ Jack looks like a rugby player, he’s enormous.
 MODALS OF DEDUCTION
Might (is possibly true)
Must (is true)
Can’t (is impossible)
4) NO “TO” AFTER MODAL VER.
5) NO CONJUGATION.
6) MODAL VERB = AUX.

MIGHT /ˈmaɪt/ (is possibly true) MIGHT NOT (isn’t possibly true)
(es posible que…) (puede que no…)

 I’m not sure, but she might have a new partner.  Laura might not like that skirt. It’s not really her style.
 I suppose they might be on holiday.  You might not recognize her; she’s lost a lot of weight.

MUST /ˈmʌst/ (is true) CAN’T (is impossible)

(tiene que...) (no puede…)
 My daughter can’t be working very hard if she has failed
 I don’t know his salary, but he must earn (ganar) a fortune
all her exam again.
if he drives a Ferrari.
 That woman can’t be Jack’s wife. Jack’s wife has dark
 The neighbours must be out. There aren’t any lights on in
hair.
the house.
 ZERO CONDITIONAL
(general facts)
if + PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT SIMPLE
 If you heat ice, it melts.
PRESENT PRESENT

 If you don’t water the pants, they die.

PRESENT PRESENT

1sr CONDITIONAL
(possible/probable future situation)
If
+ PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL/WON’T + infinitive
Unless (if…not)
 If you study, you’ll pass your exams.
PRESENT FUTURE

 If we’re late for class, the teacher won’t be very pleased.

PRESENT FUTURE

 Unless I finish my homework quickly, I won’t go out tonight.

PRESENT FUTURE

As soon as (tan pronto como)

When (cuando) / Until (hasta que) + PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL/WON’T + infinitive
Before (antes) / After (después)
 As soon as I get my exam result, I’ll call you.
PRESENT FUTURE

 When your father gets home, we’ll have dinner.

PRESENT FUTURE

 Until you come home, I won’t go to bed

PRESENT FUTURE

 After I finish university, I’ll probably take a year off and travel.
PRESENT FUTURE
 2nd CONDITIONAL
(hypothetical/imaginary present or future situation)
If WOULD/WOULDN’T
+ PAST SIMPLE, + infinitive
Unless (if…not) COULD/COULDN’T
 If you could, I’d help you.
PAST

 If I had a job, I’d get my new flat.

PAST

 Unless they paid me really good salary, I wouldn’t do tonight.

PAST

 If we didn’t have a garden, I couldn’t have a dog.

PAST

 If I were you, I’d buy a new computer.

PAST

WILL/WON’T + infinitive

 My ideal holiday would be a week in the Bahamas.

3rd CONDITIONAL
(hypothetical/imaginary past situation)
WOULD/WOULDN’T
If
+ PAST PERFECT (had) COULD/COULDN’T + PRESENT PERFECT (have/has)
Unless (if…not)
MIGHT/MIGHTN’T
 If I had(‘d) known you had a problem, I would(‘d) have helped you.
PAST PERFECT MODAL PRESENT PERFECT

 If Paul hadn’t gone to Brazil, he wouldn’t have met his wife.

PAST PERFECT MODAL PRESENT PERFECT

 If you had(‘d) known Lisa was in the party, would you have gone there?
PAST PERFECT MODAL PRESENT PERFECT

 If she had (‘d) studied harder, she might have passed the exam.
PAST PERFECT MODAL PRESENT PERFECT
 REPORTED SPEECH
S + TOLD + person + (that)…
S + SAID + (that)…
DIRECT STATEMENTS REPORTED STATEMETS
Present: ‘I like shopping.’ Past: She said (that) she liked shopping
Past: ‘I passed the exam!’ Past perfect: She told me (that) she had passed the exam.
Present perfect: ‘I’ve forgotten my keys.’ Past perfect: He said (that) he had forgotten his keys.
May /meɪ/ (puede que): ‘I may be late.’ Might /ˈmaɪt/ (podría): He said (that) he might be late.
Must /mʌst/ (deber): ‘I must go.’ Had to (tenía que): She said (that) she had to go.
Can /ˈkæn/: ‘I can’t come.’ Could /ˈkʊd/: She said (that) she couldn’t come.
Might/Could/Should: ‘I might come back next week.’ Might/Could/Should: He said he might come back next week.
time and place:
tomorrow → the next/following day
yesterday → the previous day
here → there
this → that

Will: ‘I’ll meet you here tomorrow’ Would: He said (that) he’d meet me there the next day.
REPORTED QUESTIONS
S + ASKED + person + if / whether / question word…
DIRECT QUESTIONS REPORTED QUESTIONS
‘Are you married?’ She asked him if he was married
Present: What´s your name? Past: I asked him what his name was.
Where do you live? She asked me where I lived.
Past: ‘Did Lucy phone?’ Past perfect: He asked me whether Lucy had phoned.
 NOUM
VERB
+ation +ment new word
achieve /əˈtʃiːv/ lograr achievement logro
agree /əˈgriː/ aceptar agreement acuerdo
argue /ˈɑːrgjuː/ argumentar argument argumento
attach /əˈtætʃ/ adjuntar attachment Archivo adjunto
choose /ˈtʃuːz/ escoger choice elección
compensate /ˈkɒmpənseɪt/ compensar compensation compensación
complain /kəmˈpleɪn/ quejarse complaint queja
consider /kənˈsɪdər/ considerar consideration consideración
deliver /dɪˈlɪvər/ entregar delivery entrega
demonstrate /ˈdɛmənstreɪt/ demostrar demonstration demostración;
manifestación
explain /ɪkˈspleɪn/ explicar explanation explicación
fail /ˈfeɪl/ fallar failure fallo
improve /ɪmˈpruːv/ mejorar improvement mejora
lose /ˈluːz/ perder loss perdida
manage ˈmænɪdʒ/ gestionar management gerencia
pay /ˈpeɪ/ pagar payment pago
respond /rɪˈspɒnd/ responder response respuesta
sell /ˈsɛl/ vender sale rebaja
serve /ˈsɜːrv/ servir service Servicio
succeed /səkˈsiːd/ triunfar success éxito
tempt /ˈtɛmpt/ tentar temptation tentación
treat /ˈtriːt/ tratar treatment tratamiento
value /ˈvæljuː/ valorar valuation valoración value valor

NOUM ADJECTIVE ADVERBS

(+) (‐) (+) (‐)
luck lucky unlucky luckily unluckily
Fortune fortunate unfortunate fortunately unfortunately
Comfort Comfortable uncomfortable comfortably uncomfortably
Patience patient impatient patiently impatiently
care careful careless carefully carelessly