WAVE OPTICS

Class 12 Physics Term-

&
- -2 E

Wave optics : → wave optics describes the connection between waves

and of light
ray .

is a form of
Acc to wave .

theory of light , the

which travels through a medium
energy
in the form of trans
light -

-
verse wave motion .

The speed of in a medium depends upon the

•

nature of medium
light .

Newton's corpuscular theory of light

In 1675 AD Newton proposed this Acc to him
theory
.

II. light consist of tiny particles called corpuscles which are

emitted
by a luminous object .

ii. These corpuscles travels with speed of light in all direction .

iii. The corpuscles carry energy and momentum with them .

When they strike retina of the eye , they produce

sensation of vision .

iv. The corpuscles of different colours are of different sizes .

Red coloured corpuscles are

larger than blue coloured
corpuscles .

v1 .

theory
This
rectilinear
explains the reflection retraction
could ,
&

propagation of light .

vi. The corpuscular theory could not explain interference ,

diffraction & polarisation of light .

vii. speed of light in denser medium is more than

speed of lightis
in a rarer medium , to this theorie
according which •

incorrect , therefore the newton 's corpuscular Antony is

wrong .

Huygens
'
wave
theory of light
In 1678 ,
a Dutch scientist,
AÉC
Christian Huygens gives wave

theory of light to him ; .

it light travels in the form of waves

.
.

ii. These waves travels in all the direction with the velocity of
light .

Ei) The waves of light of different colours have different

wavelengths .
 iv. Initially , the light waves were assumed to be
longitudinal
But later on while
.

explaining the phenomena of

polarisation the light waves
transverse were considered to be
.

v1 could not explain reflection retraction

Huygens
Interference
theory
.

diffraction polarisation but

1 ,
,
could not
,

explain photoelectric effect & Compton 's effect

.

vi. Wave theory introduced the concept of wavefront .

Note : The whole universe with all matter and space is

filled with a luminiferous medium called ether of
low
density and very high elasticity .

Wavefront : → A wavefront is defined

as the continuous locus of all the particles
of a medium , which are vibrating
in same phase .

Types of wavefront
II. spherical wavefront
2) .
Cylindrical a

3) . Plane wave a

ooo

1) .
Spherical wavefront .

when source of light is a

point source , the wavefront is
spherical .

Amplitude (A) ✗
to
Intensity I ✗ A2

4. Cylindrical wavefront -

: when source
of light is linear ,
the wavefront
is
cylindrical
.

Amplitude (A) ✗ ¥ Intensity I ✗ A2

3) . Plane wavefront when source of

light is far off ( point or linear) ,
very
wavefront is
the plane .

Amplitude (A) ✗

Intensity CI ) ✗ 8°
 Principle
'

Huygens
it .

Every point on given wavefront

C. called
primary wavefront) acts as
a fresh source of new disturbance
called wavelets .
secondary
ii. The secondary wavelets travels in all
direction with the speed of light
in the medium .

iii. A Sueface touching these

secondary wavelets
tangentially
in the forward direction at
wavefront of that instant
any instant gives the new (secondary )
.

Retraction of a plane wavefront .

let T be the time taken the wave by

front to travel the distance BC , thus
BC = YI
To determine the shape of the refracted
wavefront we draw a sphere of
radius Uzi from the point A in
the second medium
we obtain

sin sinr
i=%¥ & =

0¥ ,

dividing we
get %n÷=¥ ,

to represent the speed of light in then

-

vacuum

ni § ni
§ dividing get ¥ =§±É % %
=
& we = -
_

, , , , .

ˢn÷r= n2i=%¥:
i. e
%, or

• Reflection of a plane wave

by a plane surface .

if u
represents the speed of the wave in the medium and
if I represents the time taken by the wavefront in
going from point B to c , then distance
 Bc= UI
In A EAC 8 BAG .

AC =
Common

BC = A- G- WE
& LE =
< B. = 90°
i. e both
Triangles are
and therefore i & will
congruent angle r be
equal
.

< i. =
or

Principle of superposition
•Ñmw
:*
Resultant

~•P
.

When two waves from Si & Szmeet

at some
point C. say PI Then .

according net to principle of super

position displacement at at •

P C from its
time is
mean
position S2
any given by
y =
Y , -142

Interference of lighta wave : . when two light waves of similar

frequency having or constant phase different
zero
in a medium simultaneously in the same
propagate
direction then due to their superposition maximum
,
is obtained at few points and minimum
intensity
at few points
This phenomenon
era of
intensity
redistribution of energy due
to called Interference of light
superposition of wave .

Interference
Constructive Interference Destructive Interference
when two wave meets in when two waves meet in opposite
same phase i. e intensity of
is maximum is
phase i. e Intensity of light is
minimum is called the destructive
light
called the constructive
,
Interference .

Interference .

wave wave Resultant way

Resultant First
.

wave

µ
^ .

y →
First →

¥x
→ y
* :
փ setondwaue
✓
.
ÉÉÉ ↓
second wave .
 Expression for resultant Intensity in Interference d- two waves .

yiasinwt Yibsincwt -101.1

a&b are the respective amplitude •Ñnpn¥ᵗj
of the two waves & ∅ is the constant
phase difference
Ace to
.

superposition principle . •
✓! •
A
•
Sz
9=9,1-4 > y= asinwttbsinlwt -101)
Resultant Amplitude A
µ
.

A- =
,
at -1 b- + Zab cost
•
a

Direction of Resultant
tano-b.si#Atbcoso
.

Intensity
So I
LII ✗ (Amplitudeih
Kat Iz=kb2 = I. = KAZ
,

so Iq= I
, -112-12%200501
-
① .

if a=b=A◦ then A- =
2A ◦ COSIO
-2
if 7-1--1<=1 ,
then 1=4%0050
-2

Condition for constructive Interference .

I -_
Maximum so 00501--1-1
i. e 10=0,2144 it or § 2Mt
= where n= Oil , 2,3 - - - -

☐ n= path difference ☐
n=¥g§ i e Drink
-

So Ima ✗ = I
, -112+21--712
≥

Imax =
1-17-21 Or Anna ✗ =
A -1 Az
,

condition for destructive Interference

F- minimum so coscf :
-1
ie
-

∅= it ,
31T ,
sit On = (Zn 1) it
-

where A- 11213 ,
- - - -

Path diff
Ar=¥ § Dk=(2n
-1112
. " " "

Amin -_ A, -

Az 1min -_
( TI -17212
 2

¥
II, +
I
Note Imax =

↳in ⇐ -

• for Interference phenomena to take place , sources must be

coherent .

• coherent sources of
light Thesources of light emitting
.

light of same wavelength , same frequency having

a
zero or constant phase difference are called coherent
sources of light .

Young's Double Slit Experiment

One of the first to demonstrate the Interference of .

light was
in 1801
Thomas
Troung .

Let P is the point of bright fringe

spcreen
double •
" ^
[ constructive Interference ]

t
slit .

"
"
Fig shows the light from
NY
.
waves s -
, _
& {
meeting at point P on the s,
screen
- - - -

↑
-

s
since ☐ a * a .
.¥ q . _ . . _
,

Mono I
r= Sap SIP chromatic↓
-

- -

source
- - - -
- -

say
AR= dsino
.

for maximum
Intensity ☐ rent
D.
so dsinO=nH A- 01+-1,1=21+-3 K x

nth order
n =
bright fringe .

Here D >> d so 0% small

very
.

sino-ntano-gi.ee d¥=n" %=n¥

nth Bright
Fringe .

For Dalle
Fringe
'

Czn 1)
Ig En
-1772 __¥d
Da = -

Yn ②hit
# Ed D= -11 , 1=21
= - - - -
 graph of the intensity distribution in
Young's double slit Exp .

Fringe width Distance between two

adjacent bright Cordaek)
fringes is called the fringe width 91 is denoted by W .
-
.

Cn
w=n¥ ¥ xIa=w
-
-

Diffraction The phenomena of

.
bending of light into the region of
geometrical shadow of the obstacle is also called diffraction
of light
.

>
Incident
µ

a s

F
stark s

µ
Fresnel Class Fraunhofer Class

II. The source is at a finite D. The source is at infinite distance .

distance .

g. µ, options are regained .

opa.ca , , in the form of µ ,, ,
mangy
lens and focusing lens are required .

31 Fringes
.

well
not sharp and 3)
defined
are
.
.

Fringesdefined
are
sharp .
and well

Path difference = asino

To established the condition for
minima , the slit is
secondary
divided into 21416 equal
parts such that correspon -

ding wavelets from ar

successive regions interface ↓
with path difference of
Hz or for nth Secondary
minima , the slit can be
divided into 2n equal parts .
Hence for nth
secondary minima
.

Path difference =

azsin0=7-2 Sinon =

n¥
Whelen -1,213 - - -

for secondary maxima , the slit can be divided into 12h -117 equal
parts .

Hence, for nth Secondary maxima

Asin On 12h [ n -4,213
-11112 ]
= - - -

Sinon Until
¥
or =

width of Central Maxima :9t is the distance between first secondary

.

either side of the

minimum on Central
bright fringe c.

width of central maximum 2g 2¥

= =

Angular width of central maxima

2¥
20 =
,