e S3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean / p.1 Solution = Solvent(s) + Solute(s) Substances that can be 4 solution is made by dissolving a soluie dissolved in solvent are said ina solvent tobe in the solvent. Substances that do not dissolve ina solvent are in » the solvent. The solute is added to the solvent ier ding sent Dilton The particles are : evenly mixed! 4 solution is made! Volume of liquid the same Number of atoms/molecules is L. solution as comparedto dilute] \ solutions Concentrated Solution Dilute Solution A solution contains a small amount of solute in agiven volume of solvent, A solution contains a large | amount of solute in a given volume of solvent. 5 + + of a solute is the maximum amount of a i) solute that can dissolve in certain volume of solvent & at a particular temperature. nae The solution formed is known asS3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean / p.2 = Question 1 Is solubility a physical property or chemical property? Explain your answer % Question 2 Decide whether each of the two statements is rue or false; if both ate true, then decide whether or not the second statement is a correct explanation of the fist statement. Then select one option from Ato D. 1" statement 2" statement [A saturated solution must be a | A saturated solution is one in which the concentrated solution. solvent has dissolved the maximum amount of the solute it can at that temperature. Both statements are true and the 2” statement isa correct explanation of the 1" statement. Both statements are true but the 2™ statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1* statement. ‘The Ast statement is false but the 2” statement is true. Both statements are false. Composition of Sea Water «About 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by water. About 97% of the water is found in the oceans. * Sea water contains about 3.5% by mass of dissolved substances (soluble salts). 2.9% «The most abundant salt is ‘common salt’ — ( J.fcontein __ and 1 * Sea wateris a of water, salts and dissolved gases.[ere S3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean / p.3 * Common salt ( Sodium chloride ) can be extracted from sea water by 3 steps substances such as sand / mud in sea water can be removed from sea water by filtration, [Filtration is a method that separates an insoluble solid from a liquid or c solution. | glass rod eis ‘a mixture of ‘sand and ‘sea water filter paper residue filter funnel Sj iittrate Experimental set-up for filtration of sea water (with sand) —Sea water (with sand) is poured onto a piece of folded jn a filter funnel. ~The filter paper acis as a sieve (iF) in filtration. ~The tiny holes in filter paper allow very small particles of water and dissolved salts to pass through. The solution passes through the filter paper is collected as__. (8 ~ Large insoluble substances, like sand (is filtered), remain on the filter paper as (ree) oe Filtrate (noun) JEX€ vs. Filter (verb) HERS3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean /p.4 sea water evaporating dish wire gauze heat tripod seas g acing common it eset Iffiltered sea water [filtrate] is heated to dryness as above, the solid left behind would be: © a mixture of salts containir ‘and other_ ( like NOT crystals. » In order to obtain of common salt, the method of should be used : Experiment 3. geomet Chstalzaton| 7a Eh =u usu i PetS3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean / p.5 The some water from it. ( } collected is then concentrated by boiling away The hot concentrated solution is allowed to slowly at room temperature. The solution becomes more and more concentrated and finally becomes, [Warm the filtered sea water until a saturated solution is obtained ] Further evaporation of the solution will cause the formation of pure sodium chloride crystals which slowly grow in size. [ Smaller crystals are obtained if the solution is cooled quickly J The crystals. are collecled fromthe solution by : 4 7 i The crystals are then washed with . 4 Diy the crystals with . . eal Tee eacay eal Cee eng ete el a CoE) dryness) saturated sea water) | water at room temperature) Method + Heating seawater to | + Heating sea water + _Evaporating sea water dryness directly; or until it becomes. slowly at room + Heating seawater to | saturated; followed by | temperature until it dryness with a steam- | _ slow cooling becomes saturated; bath followed by further evaporation Form of common | Powder ‘Small crystals Large crystals salt obtained Purity of common | Low High High salt obtained Pagese S3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean / p.6 * Pure water is obtained from sea water by LY * During distillation, the sea water is and the water changes into water vapour. Then the hot water vapour is ond into water again. Distillation = Boiling + er ceed boiling tube delivery tube receiver test tube end of delivery tube should be above the distillate water (cooling (to prevent | Sent) ‘bumping’ of the boiling solution ) What is the disadvantage of using above simple set-up for getting pure water from sea water?$3 Teaching Note / Topic |: Plant Earth cniiary The Ocean /p. + Inorder to condense the water vapour more efficiently. distillation of sea water can be done by using screw-cap adaptor ‘clamp round-bottomed flask receiver adaptor ea water. “8 : > conical flask vane (receiver) pure water * Before heating the sea water, a few anti-bumping granules are added fo prevent due to overheating of sea water. ( / ensure. ) ( 6 If bumping occurs in distilation, some water (not yet vaporized) may spurt out into the receiver. ) * Cold running water is passed info the condenser (or Liebig condenser) from the opening and leaves from the opening © This provides a better for the water vapour. «The pure water that over is called the . The solid left behind is called the residue. In this example, the residue is «The end of the delivery tube should be placed above the distillate © To prevent of cold distillate into the hot boiling tube > the boiling tube. Pef S3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean / p.8 = Question 4 Without copying the diagram on previous page, drawing a labelled diagram of the set-up for disfillation using quick-fit apparatus thermometer: © nda the correct rection of wrator low in the condenser @ Prace the bulb of the thermometer near to the side-arm ofthe stil head > © Mate sure tat the —s A set-up is open to air anti umping oat @ Indicate the heat source by 7 beat adding an upward arrow and pure water the word ‘heat Desalination as an alternative means of getting fresh water About 70% of the fresh water used in Hong Kong is imported from Guangdong ®& For interest province over the past few decades. However, water shortage in Mainland only ! China is becoming more and more severe. The HKSAR government has study the possibility of getting fresh water from sea water by n. Desalination refers to the process of removing salts from sea water. Vacuum distillation is 2 common method used for desalination of sea water. In vacuum distillation, sea water boils and distils off at a lower BAKER temperature. Hence, energy and cost are saved. ee cr z Reverse By osmosis ‘A water desalination plant. PagesS3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean / p.9 = Question 5 Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of procedures to separate sand, salts and water from a mixture of sand and salts solution? A. filtration, evaporation B. filtration, distillation CC. crystallization, filtration D. crystallization, filtration, distillation io aires uid Separate an insoluble solid from a Separate a (soluble) solute from a solution Separate solvent and solute from a solution % Question 6 Which of the following methods of separation are physical methods? (1). Fittration (2). Crystalization (3} Distillation A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only CC. (2) and (3) only D. (1). (2) and (3) > Question 7 During crystallization, what happens to the size of erystals formed if the saturated} solution is cooled down quickly?SSTeachingNote/Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean / p.10 * Some compounds cre made up with charged _ particles known as ion: | Constituted particles Element / Compound Particle Atom Molecule lon Substances diagram Element | Compound (nocharge) | (no charge) _| (charge :+/—) Hydrogen v Oxygen * = Chlorine # Carbon © as Carbon dioxide v Water gage | L v Sodium ? Calcium ¥ Sodium re chloride o Calcium we oxide % Question 8 (a) Can elements be made up with ions? (b) Are all compounds made up with ions?fr S3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth 7 The Ocean / p.11 | Constituted Constituted Particles Compounds elements lons Molecules Sodium Sodium chloride v Chlorine Calcium Calcium oxide v Oxygen Hydrogen Water v Oxygen. Carbon Carbon dioxide v ‘Oxygen £1 Conclusion : Compounds made up with non-metals only are made up with molecules} Compounds made up with metal and non-metal are made up with ions. How to test the presence of Sell ions and S EBIGHE ions in the common salt obtained From sea water 7 © + Some metals and metal compounds, when burnt or heated strongly. produce a Bree geE S3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean / p.12 «Therefore, flame test is used to identify some types of in compounds. 0 2 clean| @ _ the © ithe end of “platinum wire (%| ____ into a crushed / the wire strongly ina or*nichrome wire powdered sample (or flame. with solution) of the substance to be tested. * Offen a nichrome wire is used which is much cheaper. The metallic element / ions can be identified in a compound by observing the characteristic flame colour : Flame colours of some metal compounds. Flame colour eae, eee BREE, BaieS3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean / p.13 = Question 9 When a flame test is performed on copper(Il) chloride, what is the colour of the flame observed? A. golden yellow B. pale purple C. brickred D. bluish green i alla Ss (| . a test chloride ions, @ a is added to the sample, followed by® * The appearance of a indicates the presence of chloride ions in the sample. "add excess dilute nitric — ‘acid, followed by ad eer > Ee od “ilver nitrate solution cried a Poe The white precipitates formed is equotions for the testis: ‘Why nitric acid is required in the test 7 ‘Why other acids , e.8. dilute hydrochloric acid cannot be used ? Page 18$3 Teaching Note / Topic ‘ The Ocean / p.1. = Question 10 Cirtortde torr (a) Students A adds a few drops of silver nitrate solution to a test tube of sea water. The result is shown as below silver nitrate solution ‘ —d [| sea water white precipitate Student A repeats the experiment respectively with solutions of chloride ion, carbonate ion instead of sea water. The results are shown as below silver nitrate solution uo | 1, a | —_> | | bs white white } o precipitate ‘7 precipitate chloride lon carbonate ion silver chloride solid silver carbonate solid From the results of the experiment, student A concludes that sea water contains chloride ion only. Do you agree the conclusion? Explain your answer.$3 Teaching Note / Topic tantEarth The Ocean / p.1 = Question 10 (b) Students B then repeats the experiments of student A again but using acidified silver nitrate solution instead, © dilute nitric acid , then © silver nitrate solution I © Acidified silver nitrate solution | seawater white precipitate . Tess © dilute nitric acid , then © silver nitrate solution > | colourless L | white solution with y Oo \ precipitate bubbles chloride ion carbonate ion Student 8 concludes that sea water contains chioride ion only. Do you agree the conclusion? Explain your answer. 2% Question 11 What is the function of dilute nitric acid in the test of chloride ions? Silver chloride solid carbonate ion reacts with acid to form CO2 gas[ere S3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean / p.16 ‘Question 12 oi ay Suggest a chemical test fo distinguish (433) between c fable salt (Na*Cr) and white sugar (CaHan2zOn). Ds Method Method 1 Method 2 Name of test | Flame test ( Test sodium ion, Na* ) _ Silver nitrate test ( Test chloride ion, CI ) step(s) / Reagent(s) / chemical(s) used table salt (Na") sugar table salt (Cr) sugar Result(s) 2 FE i ze Que: Calcium chloride solution is colourless solution. ee | Suggest chemical tests to prove a colourless solution is calcium chloride solution. * Water tums Bey from * Water turns gnhyarous from to ( Above tests cannot show that a sample under testis pure water, just showing water-containing aqueous solution )e S3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean / p.17 ‘© Water is pure if it boils at Question 14 (a) Suggest a chemical test to show a colourless solution contains water. (5) Suggest a physical test to show a colourless solution is pure water + Electrolysis of a compound means decomposition { broken down ) by. nn __ hydrogen gas. chlorine gas ae ~ ‘sea water graphite electrode (-) ‘graphite electrode (+) direction of, electron flow 4 When sea water (mainly a mixture of two compounds — sodium chloride and water) is electrolyzed, is collected at positive electrode ( +), . is collected at negative electrode ( -) and Bae the solution left behind becomes, + Word Equation of electrolysis of brine Key pointS3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean / p.18 * Inthe chloroaikali industry, used instead of sea water but the main products are the same. | Sodium hydroxide Toman] ! ~~ one ofthe Faw materials to fisedincorrection fluids from factories [produce fertilizers Hydrogen and chlorine | | Chlorine and sovtium hydroxide To make byirohloi acid To ake glo —s tianS3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth The Ocean / p.i9 Hydrogen Sor” Use Gives ‘pop’ sound oayaen gas | uss Relights the Carbon Seeoe Use timewater Water/ «Use [dry cobaltin) chloride paper fo Wat q aler «Use [anhydrous _|copperil) sulphate fo ‘apour powder Gives Sodium ion | same test flame Potassium ion * Platinum / nichrome wire Gives __ flame col * concentrated hydrochloric acid Gives alcium ion. Sut at nonuminous flame of Bunsen flame Copper|li) umer Gives jon flame Silver nitrate solution followed by dilute nitric _ Chioride acid is formed, lon acidified siver nitrate solution silver chloride]