Language Competency Test (General English)

1. Reading Comprehension
2. Cloze Test
3. Sentence Improvement
4. Spotting the errors
5. Sentence Rearrangement
6. Synonyms and Antonyms
NOUN (Brief introduction of the topic)

“ NOUN ” in a Simple
language means :
The name of any Person , Place
, Thing , Emotions , Feelings
etc.
 NOUN ( Old Concept )

This is an old concept which we have

studied in the 2nd or 3rd Standard
For this definition “Noun is a name of
a person , place , thing” we can use a
Vocabulary over here
 NOUN ( Old Concept )

Hackneyed
Banal / Trite which means
“Common or Ordinary”
 NOUN ( New Concept )

The Brand New classification of

Noun
which is completely Exam Oriented
and highly effective is
Noun could be classified in 8 types:
 NOUN ( 8 types )
1) Emotions and Feelings
Happiness Noun
Happy Adjective
Sadness Noun
Sad Adjective
 NOUN ( New Concept )

Anger Noun
Angry Adjective
How to differentiate between a
Noun and an Adjective
 Noun ( NEW CONCEPT )

Independent Subject means Noun

1) Happiness is good for health

Dependent Subject means Adjective

1) Happy is good for health

 NOUN ( New Concept )
Independent Subject

1) Anger was the reason behind his

illness.
Dependent Subject

1) Angry was the reason behind his

illness.
 NOUN ( 8 types )

2) Nature / Feature / Quality

Honesty Noun
Honest Adjective
 NOUN ( 8 types )

3) Situation / Condition
Excitement उत्साह की स्थिस्ि
Confusion दुस्िधा की स्थिस्ि
Dilemma दुस्िधा की स्थिस्ि
 NOUN ( 8 types )

4) Quantity
metre, litre, inches, hectares,
centimetres, tonnes etc.
 NOUN ( 8 types )

5) Action
Generally when we talk about
ACTION
The only thing which comes in our
mind is VERB
Because ,
Verb = Action words or Doing
words
 NOUN ( 8 types )
But here a very important
concept arises :
Let us take some examples of
Action Words :
Reading
Writing
Walking
 NOUN ( 8 types )

Singing
Listening
Talking { V1+ing }
Playing etc.
NOUN ( 8 types )

V1+ ing / V4 is called

GERUND
Gerund is used in
grammar in two ways
 Gerund

Verb Noun
{ Just after Helping
Verb if V1+ing is
given it is considered
as Verb }
 Gerund
For Example :
{ Gerund Form Verb }
1) He is reading a book .
2) He is playing chess .
 Gerund

Verb Noun
{ If without helping
Verb , V1 + ing is
given it is considered
as Noun }
{ Gerund form Noun if we
speak in hindi , ends with "ना"
 Gerund
{ Gerund form Noun }
1) Reading is a good habit .
2) She likes playing chess .
 VERY IMPORTANT RULE
based on this :
ERROR :
1) He did not approve of
his son raising stupid
questions and thereby
disturbing the family
members .
 VERY IMPORTANT RULE
based on this
ERROR :
2) I postponed him going to
Delhi this evening as I
wanted him to deal with one
of the major problems of the
Company .
 RULE
Noun/ Pronoun + Gerund Form Noun
(Possessive case)
 TYPES OF NOUN : 8 types

1) Emotions and feelings

2) Nature/feature/Quality
3) Quantity
4) Situation / Condition
5) Action
6) Event
7) Type/ kind / class / category / variety
8) Habit
 TYPES OF NOUN : 8 types
6) Event : If any important incident takes
place , For example : Birth date /Death
date , Important Days these are all
considered as NOUN
Because they work as an Independent
Subject
7) Type
Kind
Class NOUN
Category
Variety
 TYPES OF NOUN : 8 types
8) Habit : Those words which tell the habit of a person are
considered as Noun
Gerund Form Noun

Habit
Infinitive Form Noun
COUNTABLE & UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

1) Countable Noun :
Start √
Finish ×
For example : Stars ,
Population
COUNTABLE & UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

2) Uncountable Noun :
Start ×
Finish ×
Exception related to this concept

Some nouns are both

Countable and Uncountable
Hair , Time , Work , Word
 Some Nouns are both Countable and Uncountable
Countable Noun When Definite
numeral Adjective or Indefinite numeral
adjective is used before “ hair” it is considered as Countable Noun
Hair Example : 1) Her two hairs are grey .

Uncountable Noun when “hair”

word is used collectively , we use Singular Verb and it is considered as
Example : 1) Her hair is curly.
2) Her hair is dark.
 Some Nouns are both Countable and Uncountable
Countable Noun
Example 1) I visited Jaipur five times
Time
Uncountable Noun
Example 1) Time is money
2) One should not waste the time on trifles
 COUNTABLE & UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

Countable Noun : When work is used in specific

sense , it means “ The literary work of a writer”
___________ . It is considered as Countable
Work Noun .

Uncountable Noun
When work is used in general sense
which means _______ . It does not have
Plural and is considered as Uncountable Noun
 Some Nouns are both Countable and Uncountable
Countable Noun when word means “ Words (___)
it is considered as Countable Noun
Word

Uncountable Noun When word means “Message / Promise/ Commitment

(______________)”it is considered as Uncountable Noun
 RULE : 1

Nouns Singular in form but Plural

in use :
Cattle , Poultry , Peasantry,
Infantry , Cavalry , Nobility,
Clergy, Admiralty , Yeomanry ,
People , Police , Children
 RULE : 1

ADMIRALTY (PROPER NOUN)

जलसेना सबं ंधी स्िषय के प्रबन्धकिााओ ं की मण्डली
जलसेना स्िभाग
In Britain, the Admiralty is the government department that is in
charge of the navy.
The loss of the biggest ship in the RoyalNavy shocked the Admiralty.
 RULE : 1

Yeomanry (PROPER NOUN)

छोटा ज़मींदार िगा
िालंस्टयर ररसाला
a group of men who held and cultivated small landed estates.
(in Britain) a volunteer cavalry force raised from the yeomanry
(1794-1908).
 RULE : 1

1) Cattle are grazing in the field.

2) Our Infantry have marched forward .
3) Police have arrested the thieves .
NOTE : In some case “ Peoples”
word is used when we talk about
peoples of different communities
and races .
 Correct the following sentences :

1) The peoples of India are marching ahead .

2) The people of Russia is hard working .
3) The gentry of the town has assembled here.
4) Our peasantry is very poor.
5) These cattles are mine .
6) The infantries were ordered to march on.
7) Childrens are playing .
 Questions based on SSC Papers 2015 onwards :

1) One should have (1)/their teeth checked (2)/every six months . (3)/No Error (4) [SSC (CHSL)
2015]

2) I knew the town hall (1)/so I was able (2)/to advice him where to go. (3)/ No error (4)
[SSC(Stenographer)2015]

3) He acted not (1)/as per my advice (2)/but somebody else.(3)/No Error (4) [SSC
(Stenographer) 2016 ]

4) To the whale, its (1)/tail is the sole (2)/mean of propulsion.(3)/No Error (4) [SSC(LDC)2017]

5) All the girls students (1)/are advised to (2)/attend the meeting positively.(3)/No error(4)
[SSC(MTS)2017]
 Important Noun based Errors

1) As we are told , (A )/ this idea of

Mrs. Gandhi’s was totally valid in
the (B)/ present condition of India
. (C)/ No Error (D)
 Important Noun based Errors

(B)
Gandhi's' के बदले 'Gandhi' का प्रयोग होगा,
क्योंस्कThis/That/These/Those/The + Noun + of + Noun में of के
बाद िाले Noun के साि [Apostrophe s या Apostrophe] का प्रयोग
नहीं स्कया जािा है; जैसे
(i)This house of Ram[not Ram's]
(ii) This hostel of Patna College [not College's]
 Important Noun based Errors

2) I suggested to her that she should(A)

/ go to the nursery to bring (B)/ some
beautiful summer’s flowers . (C) / No
Error (D)
 Important Noun based Errors

(D)
‘summer's flowers' के बदले 'summer flowers' का प्रयोग होगा
क्योंस्क season के नाम [जैसे summer, autumn, winter, spring
आस्द] के साि 's [Apostrophe s] का प्रयोग नहीं स्कया जािा है। ध्यान
रखें स्क summer, autumn आस्द Nouns के रूप में प्रयुक्त होिे हैं और
Adjectives के रूप में भी। देखें
(i) Spring is the king of all seasons.
(ii) There are a number of spring flowers in his garden.
 Important Noun based Errors

स्कन्िु,
(i) summer, spring, autumn, winter को यस्द personified स्कया
जाए िो इनके साि 's का प्रयोग स्कया जािा है। जैसे—Spring's
arrival, Winter's departure.
(ii) A summer's day या A summer day, A winter's day या A
winter day का भी प्रयोग होिा है।
 Important Noun based Errors

3) Everybody should be careful to

fulfil (A) /society’s demands and
thereby show (B)/his attachment
to it . (C )/No error (D)
 Important Noun based Errors

(E)
िाक्य शुद्ध है। ध्यान रखें स्क 'society' के साि भी 's [Apostrophe 's]
का प्रयोग स्कया जा सकिा है; जैसे
(i) The society's demands or The demands of the society.
(ii) China's population or The population of China.

दोनों ही प्रकार के प्रयोग प्रचलन में है।

 Important Noun based Errors

4) The survey gives us much(A)/ knowledge

of the public’s opinion (B) / on the matter
of terrorism . (C) / No error (D)
 Important Noun based Errors

(C)
'public's opinion' at 'public opinion' प्रयोग होगा क्योंस्क
public/hostel/city/village / आस्द Noun के रूप में भी काम करिे हैं ििा
Adjective के रूप में भी। अिः, इनके साि 's का प्रयोग करना गलि है।देखें
(i) The public cconsists of you and me.
(ii) The public opinion/demands/life/carrier.
(iii) This school has a beautiful hostel.
(iv) He remembers his hostle life.
 Important Noun based Errors

5) Towns after Towns were (A)/ conquered

(B) / by him but he found no peace . (C) /
No error (D)
 Important Noun based Errors

6) Very few soldiers dared to turn

(A)/ a deaf ear to their(B)/
Commander’s-in-Chief orders.
(C) / No Error (D)
 Important Noun based Errors

(D) ’Commander's-in-Chief' के बदले 'Commanderin-Chief's'

का प्रयोग होगा। याद रखें स्क स्कसी भी Compound Noun या Phrase
के अस्न्िम शब्द पर 's [Apostrophe s] का प्रयोग होिा; जैसे
(i) The Government of India's orders.
(ii) His daughter-in-law's sister.
(iii) The Chief Minister's personal life.
 Important Noun based Errors

ध्यान दें—स्दए गए Phrases में Government of India एक Phrase

daughter-in-law, Chief Minister आस्द Compound Nouns है।
अि:, 's का प्रयोग इनके अस्न्िम शब्द India, law, Minister पर स्कया
गया है।
 Important Noun based Errors

7) The brethrens of this locality (A)/ are

always at dagger’s drawn (B) / without
any apparent reason. (C)/ No Error
(D)
 Important Noun based Errors

(A)
'brethren' (स्जसका अिा है 'बंधु-बांधि') अपने-आप में Plural है। अिः
इसके साि s लगाकर इसका Plural Formation नहीं स्कया जािा है।
Words Indicating Personality Traits
 Altruist
 Ascetic
 Convivialist
 Extrovert
 Introvert
 Ambivert
 NOUN ( Old concept )
Hackneyed
Banal / Trite which means
“Common or Ordinary”
Topics to be covered in Today’s class
 Questions Based on
Most important
concepts of Noun
 Rule 1
1) I gave (1) / her three and (2) / a half
apples. (3)/ No error (4)
2) The meeting(1)/was held for
three(2)/ and a quarter hours. (3)/No
error (4)
3) I have (1) /two and a half (2)/
rupees only.(3)/No error (4)
 Rule 1
If in a sentence after Numeral Adjective, a half / a quarter etc.
is used .
In this case Noun is written after the Numeral Adjective and
after that a half / a quarter is written.
For Example :
1) He gave me one and a half rupees .(×)
Numeral Adj. + Noun + and + Fraction
2) He gave me one rupee and a half .(√)

 NUMERAL ADJ. + NOUN + AND +

FRACTION
 Rule 2

4) The length (1)/ of this hall is three times(2)/

and a half to that hall.(3)/ No error (4)
5) His salary is (1) /two and a half time (3)/No
error (4)
 Rule 2
If Numeral Adjective and Fraction are joined by
using ‘AND’ and it is used in a sentence to show a
sense of “ MULTIPLY”.
In this case , Noun will be written in Plural number
after Fraction.
NUMERAL ADJ. + AND + FRACTION + NOUN
(PLURAL)
 Rule : 3
There are some nouns which are treated as
Common Gender Nouns
For Example : Teacher , Student , clerk ,
advocate , worker , writer , Leader , Musician
etc.
These Nouns are used for Male and Female
both
 Rule : 3
With these Nouns we use Third Person , Singular Pronoun and
Masculine Gender (he/his/him)
1) Every teacher must perform his duties sincerely.
2) Every student must complete his work regularly.
Note : Incase of Legal matter His/ Her both can be used .
 Rule : 4
There are some Nouns which are Plural in meaning . These
include :
Million Gross
Billion Score etc.
Dozen
Hundred
Thousand
Pair
 Rule : 4
If before these Nouns Definite Numeral Adjective ( one ,
two , three , four etc.) is used, we cannot pluralise these
Nouns .
For Example :
1) He has already donated five thousand rupees .
2) She has purchased three dozen pencils .
 Rule : 4
Note : If before these Nouns , Indefinite Countable is used , we
can Pluralise these nouns .
For Example : Hundreds of People , Millions of Dollars , Scores of
shops , Many pairs of shoes etc.
1) Hundreds of People came to see the fair.
2) He donated millions of rupees.
 Golden Rule 5 : Compound Nouns

A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words.

Compound nouns can be written three ways:
 A single word
A single word Two words Hyphenated
 Two words
 Hyphenated haircut rain forest self-esteem
toothpaste ice cream brother-in-
law
 Golden Rule 5 : Compound Nouns

1) Compound Nouns के Root Word में Plural Formation होता है :

Example :
Singular Plural
Son-in-law Sons-in-law
Step-son Step-sons
Chief-Minister Chief-Minister
Maid servant Maid servants
 Golden Rule 5 : Compound Nouns

2) man तथा woman से बने Compound Nouns के िोोोनों Parts में Plural
Formation होता है
Example :

Singular Plural
man servant men servants
man teacher men teachers
woman doctor women doctors
woman advocate women advocates
 Golden Rule 5 : Compound Nouns

Exception related to this rule :

Example :

Singular Plural
man hater man haters
man lover man lovers
woman hater woman haters
woman lover woman lovers
 Questions based on the above concept :

1) All the girls students (A)/ of the college are advised (B)/ to sit in the (C)/ Girls’
Common Room. (D)/ No Error (E)
A. (A)
B. (B)
C. (C)
D. (D)
E. (E)
 Questions based on the above concept :

Error is in Part (A)

“girls students” के बबले “girl students” होगा क्योंजक Compound Nouns के
जसफफ मख् ु य शब ्िोोोो का Plural Formation जकया िोोाता है |
Example :

girl student  girl students

female doctor  female doctors
 Questions based on the above concept :

2) The majority of the woman (A)/ teachers are persuading (B)/ the Principal to
consider (C)/ their demands. (D)/ No Error (E)
A. (A)
B. (B)
C. (C)
D. (D)
E. (E)
 Questions based on the above concept :

Error is in Part (A)

“woman” के बबले “women” होगा क्योंजक “man” अथवा “woman” से बने
Compound Nouns में Generally, िोोोनों ही भागों में Plural Formation जकया
िोोाता है |
Example :
man  men
conductor  conductors
woman engineer women engineers
woman supervisor  women supervisors
 Questions based on the above concept :

3) All the Chiefs Ministers (A)/ are responsible for the (B)/ pitiable condition of
their (C)/ states. (D)/ No Error (E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
 Questions based on the above concept :

Error is in Part (A)

“Chiefs” के बबले “Chief” का प्रयोग होगा | “Chief Minister” एक Compound Noun
है , िजसका प्रधान शब ्िो Minister है |
अतः इसका Plural “Chief Ministers” होगा | Similarly,
State Minister  State Ministers
Bank Officer  Bank Officers
District Magistrate  District Magistrates
 Questions based on the above concept :

5) Hundreds of (1)/ passer-bys (2)/ stopped at (3)/ the place of accident. (4)/ No
Error (5)
(A) (1)
(B) (2)
(C) (3)
(D) (4)
(E) (5)
 Questions based on the above concept :

Error is in Part (2)

“Passer-bys” की िोगह “Passer-by” होगा |
 Questions based on the above concept :

1) “Language consists of several stratums”, (A)/ said a linguist (B)/ in his lecture on
Language (C)/ and Linguists. (D)/ No Error (E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
 Questions based on the above concept :

Error is in Part (A)

“stratum” एक Latin word है िजसका Plural “strata” होता है न जक “stratums”.
 Golden Rule 6 : Based on NOUN and
NUMBERS

The above question is based on Noun and Numbers :

Let’s discuss this rule in detail
There are some Latin words which are sometimes used in a sentence. There
Singular and Plural forms are important.
These words are :
Dictum  dicta
memorandum  memoranda
Corrigendum  corrigenda
Bacterium  bacteria
 Golden Rule 6 : Based on NOUN and
NUMBERS

कुछ लोग dictum का Plural dictums,

memorandum का Plural memorandums तथा corrigendum
का Plural corrigendums को भी correct मानते हैं but this is incorrect.
 Questions based on the above concept :

2) Two summons (A)/ have been issued by the court (B)/ but you have not (C)/
turned up yet. (D)/ No Error (E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
 Questions based on the above concept :

Error is in Part (A)

“Summons” एक Countable Noun है तथा Singular है | इसका Plural
“summonses” होता है | अतः Two summonses सही प्रयोग होगा |
 Golden Rule 7 : Based on NOUN and
NUMBERS

Therefore,
Summons  Summonses
 Questions based on the above concept :

3) He has bought (A)/ a dozen of copies (B)/ of British English Grammar, (C)/ which
is very popular book among the students. (D)/ No Error (E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
 Questions based on the above concept :

Error is in Part (B)

“A dozen of copies” के बबले “a dozen copies” या “dozens of copies” का प्रयोग
होगा क्योंजक A dozen/Two dozen etc. या A hundred/Two hundred etc. के बािो
“of” का प्रयोग नही होता जकन्तु Dozens या Hundreds के बािो “of” का प्रयोग
होता है |
Example :
A dozen mangoes.
Dozens of mangoes.
 Questions based on the above concept :

4) The brethrens (A)/ of this locality are always (B)/ at daggers-drawn without any
(C)/ apparent reason. (D)/ No Error (E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
 Questions based on the above concept :

Error is in Part (A)

“brethren” (िजसका अथफ होता है “ बध-ु बाधव ”) अपने-आप में Plural है | अतः
इसके साथ “ s ” लगाकर इसका Plural Formation नही है |
 Questions based on the above concept :

5) Many of the MPs absented (A)/ themselves from (B)/ Parliament when some
issues of the highest national importance (C)/ were to be discussed. (D)/ No Error
(E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
 Questions based on the above concept :

No Error Part (E)

 Questions based on the above concept :

6) “I know nothing (A)/ about his whereabout. (B)/ Do you?” (C)/ he said to me.
(D)/ No Error (E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
 Questions based on the above concept :

Error is in Part (B)

“whereabout” के बबले “whereabouts” का प्रयोग होगा | “whereabout” का प्रयोग
नही होता है बजकक “whereabouts” का प्रयोग होता है | Noun के रूप में इसका
अथफ होता है “अता-पता” तथा इसके साथ Singular या Plural verb का प्रयोग होता
है |

Singular or Plural Verb both can be used. Example :

1) His whereabouts is / are not known.
 Questions based on the above concept :

7) Now I have come (A)/ to know why he always (B)/ remains at loggers-head with
his (C)/ neighbours. (D)/ No Error (E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
 Questions based on the above concept :

Error is in Part (C)

“at loggers-head” के बबले “at logger-heads” का प्रयोग होगा | िजसका अथफ
होता है “in disagreement” |

There is another Idioms related to this

At daggers drawn  If two people, countries, etc. are at daggers drawn, they are
in a state of extreme unfriendliness and do not trust each other.
 Questions based on the above concept :

8) The sheafs (A)/ of the wheat-plants were too heavy (B)/ for the farmer (C)/ to
carry. (D)/ No Error (E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
 Questions based on the above concept :

Error is in Part (A)

“ sheaf ” का Plural Formation “sheafs” नही होता है बजकक “sheaves” होता है |
ध्यान रखें जक “ knife, life, wife, calf, half, self, elf, wolf, loaf, thief, leaf, sheaf,
shelf ” का Plural “f/fe” को हटाकर “ves” िोोोड़कर जकया िोोाता है |
 Questions based on the above concept :

9) Soni together with her parents (1)/ went to the market (2)/ and brought (3)/ a
lot of hankerchieves. (4)/ No Error (5)
(A) (1)
(B) (2)
(C) (3)
(D) (4)
(E) (5)
 Questions based on the above concept :

Error is in Part (4)

“a lot of hankerchieves” की िोगह “a lot of hankerchiefs” होगा क्योंजक
“hankerchief” का plural “hankerchiefs” होता है , न जक “hankerchieves”

Error is in Part (4)

“ sheaf ” का Plural Formation “sheafs” नही होता है बजकक “sheaves” होता है |
ध्यान रखें जक “ knife, life, wife, calf, half, self, elf, wolf, loaf, thief, leaf, sheaf,
shelf ” का Plural “f/fe” को हटाकर “ves” िोोोड़कर जकया िोोाता है |
 Questions based on the above concept :

10) A few (1)/ dwarves are (2)/ working in (3)/ this circus. (4)/ No Error (5)
(A) (1)
(B) (2)
(C) (3)
(D) (4)
(E) (5)
 Questions based on the above concept :

No Error Part (5)

NOUN
किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु, स्थान, गुण, िार्य र्ा अवस्था िे नाम िो Noun (संज्ञा ) िहा
जाता है ।
A noun is a word used as a name of a person, place or thing.
Noun पााँच प्रिार िे होते हैं :
1. Proper Noun (व्यक्तिवाचि)
2. Common Noun (जाकतवाचि)
3. Collective Noun (समूहवाचि)
4. Material Noun (द्रव्यवाचि)
5. Abstract Noun (भाववाचि)
(1) PROPER NOUN  Proper noun से हमारा तात्पर्य किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु
तथा स्थान िे नाम से होता है । जैसे: Ram, Delhi, Gita etc.
(a) Ram is my friend.
(b) I live in Delhi.

(2) COMMON NOUN  कजस Noun (संज्ञा) से एि वगय अथवा जाकत िे

व्यक्ति र्ा वस्तु िा बोध हो उसे Common Noun (जाकतवाचि संज्ञा) िहते हैं ।
जैसे: King, boy, girl, city etc.
(a) According to the boy, the nearest town is very far.
(b) The boys are going to the nearest village.
(3) COLLECTIVE NOUN  कजस Noun (संज्ञा) से समूह िा बोध हो, उसे
Collective Noun (समूहवाचि संज्ञा ) िहते हैं । जैसे: Team, Committee,
Army etc.
सामान्यत: Collective Noun िा प्रर्ोग Singular में होता है । इनिा प्रर्ोग
Plural में तभी किर्ा जाता है जब मतभेद दर्ायर्ा जाए र्ा किर प्रत्येि सदस्य िे
बारे में िुछ िहा जाए।
(a) The flock of geese spends (s.v.) most of its time in the pasture.
(b) The jury is (s.v.) deciding the matter.
(c) The committee meets (s.v.) every week.
(d) The team are (p.v.) divided over the issue of captainship.
(e) The audience have (p.v.) taken their (p.p.) seats.
(4) MATERIAL NOUN  कजस Noun (संज्ञा) से ऐसे पदाथय िा बोध हो
कजससे दूसरी वस्तुएं बन सिें, उसे Material Noun (पदाथयवाचि संज्ञा )िहते
हैं । जैसे: Silver, iron, wood etc.
(a) The necklace is made of gold.
(b) She has purchased a tea set of silver.
(c) He got his furniture made of teak wood.

Material Nouns, Countable नही ं होते हैं अथायत इनिी कगनती नही ं िी जा
सिती है । इन्हें मापा र्ा तौला जा सिता है । इनिे साथ सामान्यत Singular
verb िा प्रर्ोग किर्ा जाता है एवं इनिे पहले Article िा प्रर्ोग नही ं किर्ा
जाता है ।
(5) ABSTRACT NOUN  Abstract Noun, ऐसे गुण, भाव, किर्ा एवं
अवस्था िो व्यि िरता है कजन्हें छु आ नही ं जा सिता है , दे खा नही ं जा सिता
है , बक्ति िेवल महसूस किर्ा जा िसता है ।

जैसे: Honesty, bravery (quality), hatred, laughter (action), poverty,

youth (state).
(a) People respect his sincerity.
(b) Honesty is the best policy.

Abstract Noun िा प्रर्ोग सामान्यत: Singular में किर्ा जाता है ।

Noun िो (A) Countable (B) Uncountable में भी बााँटा जा सिता है ।

(A) COUNTABLE NOUNS  Countable Noun वह Noun होता है ,

कजसिी गणना िी जा सिे।
(a) We bought six tables.
(b) I have a few friends.
(c) She saw many movies last month.

(B) UN-COUNTABLE NOUNS  Uncountable Noun वह Noun होता है ,

कजसिी गणना न िी जा सिे।
(a) J. Priestly discovered oxygen.
(b) They decided to sell the furniture.
(c) Much money was wasted on the show.
 Countable Noun Uncountable Noun

Eg Stars, Seconds, Rupees etc. Money, time,

knowledge etc.

Verb Singular with Plural with Singular Verb

Singular Plural
Noun Noun

Adjective Many, few, a number of, the Much, little, quantity

number of. of

Article A/An/ the can be used. only 'the' can be

used.
IMPORTANT
POINTS
 RULE 1
िुछ Nouns िा प्रर्ोग हमेर्ा Plural form में ही होता है । इन Nouns िे अन्त
में लगे s िो हटािर Singular नही ं बनार्ा जा सिता है । र्े कदखने में भी Plural
लगते हैं , एवं इनिा प्रर्ोग भी Plural िी तरह होता है । ऐसे Nouns कनम्न हैं :

scissors tongs pliers pincers bellows

trousers pants pajamas shorts gallows
fangs spectacles goggles binoculars eyeglasses
alms amends archives arrears auspices
congratulatio embers fireworks lodgings outskirts
ns
particulars proceeds regards riches remains
savings shambles surroundings tidings troops
tactics thanks valuables wages belongings
 RULE 1
(a) Where are my pants?
(b) Where are the tongs?
(c) The proceeds were deposited in the bank.
(d) All his assets were seized.
(e) Alms are given to the beggars.
(f) The embers of the fire were still burning.

नोट: 'Wages' िा प्रर्ोग singular एवं plural दोनो forms में किर्ा जा सिता
है । कनम्नकलक्तखत वाक्ों िो दे खें
मजदू री Plural Wages are paid in cash.
Wages पररणाम Singular Wages of hard work is
sweet.
 RULE 2
िुछ Nouns कदखने में Plural लगते हैं लेकिन अथय में Singular होते है । इनिा
प्रर्ोग हमेर्ा Singular में ही होता है । जैसे :

News Innings Politics Summons

Economics Mathematics Mumps Measles
Rickets Shingles Billiards Athletics
Linguistics Physics Ethics Civics
Tuberculosis Diabetes

(a) No news is good news.

(b) Politics is a dirty game.
(c) Economics is an interesting subject.
(d) Ethics demands honesty.
 RULE 3
िुछ Nouns कदखने में Singular लगते हैं , लेकिन इनिा प्रर्ोग हमेर्ा Plural में
होता है । जैसे:

cattle cavalry infantry

peasantry children gentry
people police poultry

इनिे साथ िभी भी 's' नही ं लगार्ा जाता, जैसे: cattles, childrens कलखना
गलत है ।
(a) Cattle are grazing in the field.
(b) Our infantry have marched forward.
(c) Police have arrested the thieves.
नोट: 'People' िा अथय है 'लोग'। 'Peoples' िा अथय है 'कवकभन्न मूलवंर्
(different races) िे लोग।
 RULE 4
िुछ Nouns िा प्रर्ोग िेवल Singular form में ही किर्ा जाता है । र्े
Uncountable Nouns हैं । इनिे साथ Article A / An िा प्रर्ोग भी नही ं किर्ा
जाता है । जैसे:

Scenery Poetry Furniture Advice

Information Hair Business Mischief
Bread Stationery Crockery Luggage
Baggage Postage Knowledge Breakage
Jewellery Equipment Work (Works) Evidence
Word (जब 'word' िा अथय वाद, संदेर् र्ा Fuel Cost
पररचचाय हो)
 RULE 4
(a) The scenery of Kashmir is very charming.
(b) I have no information about her residence.
(c) The mischief committed by him is unpardonable.
(d) His hair is black.
(e) I have bought some equipment that I needed for the project.

(i) इन Nouns िा बहुवचन नही ं बनार्ा जा सिता। जैसे: Sceneries,

informations, furnitures, hairs इत्याकद कलखना गलत है ।
(ii) र्कद उि Noun िा Singular र्ा Plural दोनों forms में आवश्यिता हो
तो, इनिे साथ िुछ र्ब्द जीडे जाते हैं ।
 RULE 4
उदाहरण:
(a) He gave me a piece of information.
(b) All pieces of information given by her were reliable.
(c) Many kinds of furniture are available in that shop.
(d) I want a few articles of jewellery.
(e) He' ate two slices of bread.
(f) Please show me some items of office stationery.
(g) The Police have found a strand of hair in the car.

नोट: Money िा plural form ‘Monies' हो सिता है कजसिा अथय कनिलता है

'sums of money'.
Monies have been collected and handed to the women's welfare society.
 RULE 5
िुछ Nouns, Plural एवं Singular दोनों में एि ही रूप में रहते हैं । जै से:

deer sheep series species fish

crew team jury aircraft counsel

(a) Our team is the best.

(b) Our team are trying their new uniform.
(c) There are two fish in the pond.
(d) There are many fishes in the aquarium.
 RULE 6

Hyphenated noun िा प्रर्ोग िभी भी plural form में नही ं होता।

(a) He gave me two hundred-rupees notes. (rupees to be changed in

rupee)
(b) He stays in five-stars hotels. (stars to be changed in star)
 RULE 7
िुछ nouns िा प्रर्ोग लोग बोल-चाल िी भाषा में िरते है लेकिन वास्तव में
उनिा प्रर्ोग िरना कबलिुल गलत होता है ।

गलत प्रर्ोग सही प्रर्ोग

Cousin brother or Cousin sister Cousin
Pickpocketer Pickpocket
Big/small blunder Blunder (Blunder िा अथय होता है बडी भू ल।
अत big िा प्रर्ोग गलत है
Good name Name
Strong breeze Strong wind (Breeze हमेर्ा light एवं
gentle होता है )
Bad dream Nightmare
Proudy Proud
 RULE 7
कनम्नकलक्तखत nouns में भी हमें confusion रहता है ।

Floor Ground
िर्य जमीन
Skill Talent
सीख िर प्राप्त िरते है Inborn ( जन्म से होता है )
Envy Jealously
ईष्या जो अपनी चीजो िे खोने िे ईष्या जो दू सरो िे चीजों िा दे ख िर हो
डर से हो
 RULE 8
िुछ Nouns जो अथय में तो Plural होते हैं लेकिन र्कद इनिे पूवय किसी कनकित
संख्यात्मि कवर्ेषण (Definite numeral adjective) िा प्रर्ोग किर्ा जाता है
तो इन Noun िो Pluralise नही ं किर्ा जाता है । जैसे:

Pair score gross

stone hundred dozen
thousand million billion

(a) I have two hundred rupees only.

(b) She purchased three dozen pencils.
(c) He has already donated five thousand rupees.
 RULE 8
लेकिन र्कद इनिे साथ Indefinite countable िा प्रर्ोग हो तो इन्हें Pluralise
किर्ा जाता है । जैसे:
dozens of women hundreds of people
millions of dollars scores of shops
many pairs of shoes

(a) Hundreds of people came to see the fair.

(b) He donated millions of rupees.
(c) I have two pairs of shoes. (pairs िा प्रर्ोग of िे वजह किर्ा जाता है ।)
 RULE 9
र्कद किसी Noun िे बाद Preposition िा प्रर्ोग हो और किर वही ं 'Noun'
repeat हो तो वह 'Noun' Singular form में होना चाकहए। जैसे:
(a) Town after town was devastated.
(b) Row upon row of marble looks beautiful.
(c) He enquired from door to door.
(d) Ship after ship is arriving.

इस तरह िे वाक्ों में Towns after towns, Rows upon rows, doors to
doors र्ा ships after ships कलखना गलत है ।
 RULE 10
Common Gender Nouns : Teacher, student, child, clerk, advocate,
worker, writer, leader, musician etc. ऐसे nouns हैं कजनिा प्रर्ोग male एवं
female दोनों िे कलए किर्ा जाता है । इन्हें Dual Gender भी िहा जाता है । जब
इस तरह िे Noun िा प्रर्ोग Singular में किर्ा जाता है तो सामान्यत he /
his/him िा प्रर्ोग किर्ा जाता है । जैसे:
(a) Every leader should perform his duty.
(b) A teacher should perform his duty sincerely.

र्हााँ कववाद िा कवषर् र्ह है कि हम Masculine Gender (He/ His etc.) िा ही

प्रर्ोग क्ों िरें ? इस सम्बन्ध में र्कद matter legal हो तो his र्ा her जो भी
आवश्यि हो उसे स्पष्ट िर दे ना चाकहर्े।
 WORDS DENOTING GROUPS
1. A band of musicians
2. A board of directors, etc.
3. A bevy of girls, women, officers etc.
4. A bunch of grapes, keys, etc.
5. A bundle of sticks and hay.
6. A caravan of Merchants, pilgrims, travellers,
7. A chain/range of mountains or hills.
8. A choir of singers.
9. A class of students.
10. A retinue of servants/ attendants.
 WORDS DENOTING GROUPS
11. A clump/grove of trees.
12. A code of laws.
13. A cluster/constellation/ galaxy of stars.
14. A company/regiment/army of soldiers.
15. A convoy of ships, cars etc. moving under an escort.
16. A course or series of lectures.
17. A crew of sailors.
18. A crowd/mob of people.
19. A curriculum of studies.
20. A flight of steps, stairs.
 WORDS DENOTING GROUPS
21. A fleet of ships or motorcars.
22. A flock of geese, sheep and birds.
23. A gang of robbers, labourers.
24. A garland/bunch/bouquet of flowers.
25. A heap of ruins, sand, stones.
26. A herd of cattle.
27. A litter of puppies.
28. A pack of hounds, cards.
29. A pair of shoes, scissors, compasses, trousers.
30. A series of events.
 WORDS DENOTING GROUPS
31. A sheaf of corn, arrows.
32. A swarm of ants, bees or flies.
33. A train of carriages, followers etc.
34. A troop of horses (cavalry) scouts; etc.
35. A volley of shots, bullets.
36. A forum of people (discussing issues)
37. A congregation of people (discussing religious issues)
38. A shoal of fish
NOUN िे साथ OF/
APOSTROPHE िा
प्रर्ोग
(A) Apostrophe िा प्रर्ोग Possessive case िे कलए वस्तु िे साथ जाता है ।
जैसे:
(a) Mohan's book
(b) a cow's horn
(c) a woman's purse

(B) र्कद Plural र्ब्द िा अक्तन्तम अक्षर 's' है तो apostrophe िा प्रर्ोग िरते
समर् 's' नही ं लगाते हैं , िेवल apostrophe (') िा ही प्रर्ोग िरते हैं । जैसे:
(a) Boys' college
(b) Girls' school
(c) Working women's hostel
(C) जब Noun कसस्कार ध्वकन ( hissing sound) से खत्म हो में भी 's' नही ं
लगता है ।
(a) for peace' sake
(b) for conscience' sake
(c) for goodness' sake
(d) for Jesus' sake
(e) Ganesh'book.
नोट: God's sake:

(D) Possessive Pronoun / his, hers, yours, ours, theirs) िे साथ

apostrophe नही ं लगाते हैं ।जैसे:
(a) Yours faithfully
(b) Yours truly
(E) कनम्न titles िे साथ apostrophe अक्तन्तम र्ब्द िे साथ ही लगाते हैं । जैसे:
(a) Commander-in-chief's orders.
(b) My son-in-law's sister.

(F) कनजीव वस्तु िे साथ 's िा प्रर्ोग नही ं िरते है OF िा प्रर्ोग िरते है । जैसे:
(a) Table's leg िे स्थान पर Leg of table िा प्रर्ोग िरें ।
अपवाद:
(a) जब किसी कनकजयव िा मानवीर्िरण (Personification) किना जाए।
(a) Sun's fury(b) Nature's love

(b) समर्, भार एवं जगह संबंकधत Nouns िे साथ

(a) a day's leave.(b) arm's length.

(c) िुछ सम्मानजनि Nouns िे साथ।

(a) court's orders(b) at duty's call.(c) a pound's weight.

(d) िुछ Phrases िे साथ।

(a) at one's wit's end. (b) at a stone's throw

(e) भौगोकलि कपएड िे साथ

(a) Earth's atmosphere.
(G) 'Double apostrophe'
(a) My wife's secretary's mother has expired. (×)
इसिी जगह हमें कलखना चाकहर्े।
The mother of my wife's secretary has expired. (✔)

(b) Mrs. Sharma the society's chairman's proposal was rejected by the
members of the society. (×)
The proposal of Mrs. Sharma, the chairperson of society, was rejected
by the members of the society. (✔)
(H) anybody/ Nobody/ Everybody/ Somebody/ Anyone/Someone/No
one/Everyone िे साथ 's िा प्रर्ोग किर्ा जा सिता है ।
(a) Everyone's concern is no one's concern.
(b) Everybody's business is nobody's business.

र्कद इनिे बाद else िा प्रर्ोग हो तो apostrophe िो else िे साथ लगाते हैं
(a) I can rely on your words, not somebody else's.
(b) I obey your orders and nobody else's.
(र्हााँ Somebody's else र्ा Nobody's else कलखना गलत होगा।)