Lecture One: Parts of speech

Definition of parts of speech

Parts of speech are words used in a sentence. Each part has a particular role inside that sentence.

Understanding the parts of speech is essential mainly when writing correct sentences.

There exist 8 Parts of speech which can be summarized in the following list:

Noun: the noun is a word that refers to a person, a thing, a feeling, an object....... (Peter, bed, anger)

Verb: the verb is a word that describes an action, or a state of being.

Pronoun: the pronoun is a word that replaces the noun (I, you, him....)

Conjunction: the conjunction is a word that links two parts of the same sentence and helps to avoid the
repetition of the last word. He watched the movie which is very famous.

Adjective: the adjective is a word that can describe a noun or a pronoun. (a famous player)

Adverb: the adverb is a word that can describe a verb or an adjective. (He writes correctly)

Prepositions : they are words that can indicate direction, place, time .....(to, from, at, on...)

Interjection: they are words that reflect a reaction, an emotion.....( wow, ouch.......).

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 Lecture One: Nouns

We use a noun in a sentence to mention the name of a person, a city, a feeling, etc…

Nouns are usually used with an article (a,the, an) but not in all cases.

Nouns can be either singular or plural.

Nouns can express possession when they are used with an apostrophe and “S” (Jeddah’s airport)

The noun can be a subject of a sentence like in: the Girl studies Spanish, or the object of a sentence like
Peter bought a car.

There exist different types of nouns:

I- Proper nouns: they are used to name a country (Algeria), a person (Ali). We capitalize the first
letter of the proper noun.
II- Common nouns: they are used to name things, feelings, objects, functions. Here are the
following kinds of common nouns

A-Concrete nouns: they are used to name things that we can hear (whistle), touch (a ball), see (a car).

B-Abstract nouns: they are nouns that are used to name a felling (sadness), a value (courage)....

C-Countable nouns: They are things that we can count: one pen, two pens, three pens.....

D-Uncountable nouns: they are nouns that cannot be counted like tea, bread, friendship.

E-Collective nouns: They are nouns that are used to mention a group of persons (a band), a group of
animals (a herd) ... They are not in the plural form even if they speak about a group of things.

Underline the nouns in each sentence and just below mention the kind of noun.

Accountability is a speciality which calculates the costs of production of a company like Samsung.

Having many skills allowed Cristiano Ronaldo to become a giant in the most popular sport in the world.

Tourism represents an important source of income for Italy.

Within four months, this stadium will host a very attractive show.

Honour and love of the country are two qualities that characterize Algerian people.

High motivation helped John to reach his objective.

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The judge will study all the details of the scandal that hit that American bank.

They can judge his ability to adapt himself to the new job.

The motor of that car is very powerful.

Electricity sometimes is produced in dams.

The audience of the match was very excited.

Write 6 sentences; include in each sentence a particular type of nouns.

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 Lecture Two: Pronouns

A pronoun, for example (He), is a word in a sentence used to replace the Noun (Hamid) or a Noun Phrase
(the chief director of the company). It can also be used when we do not know the name of the person. A
pronoun is simply used to avoid repetition over and over again of a noun (antecedent) already mentioned
in previous sentences of the same paragraph.
Hamid runs very well the company. /The chief director runs very well the Company./ He runs very well the
company.

Types of pronouns
1) Personal pronouns (subject/ object)
They can be personal subject Pronouns because they are the subject of the sentence like (I,You,He,
She,It, We,They). For example; I study Italian. They can also be object pronouns because they are the
object of the sentence (Me,You,Him, Her, It, Us, Them) . For example; the fans encouraged us.

2) Possessive pronouns (Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs)

They are words used to show possession or ownership.
That house is better than mine./ The new Smartphone is more sophisticated than yours.

3) Relative pronouns (who, whom, that, which, whoever, whichever, whomever)

They are pronouns used to relate two parts of the same sentence and are used to avoid the repetition of
words (I won’t eat anymore these cakes, whatever is their origin.

4) Indefinite pronouns (another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone,
everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, and someone)
They are used to mention a person or an object which does not need to be specified.

5) Reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)

Pronouns used when the subject and the object are the same.
For example: He hurt himself with a knife.
6) Reciprocal pronouns (Each other, one another)
They are pronouns which reflect a mutual relationship.

7) Interrogative pronouns (who, whom, which, what)

They are pronouns used to ask questions where the noun is uknown. For example: Who wrote the letter?
What is the objective of this project?

Task
1. Ali is a good manager. ------ always consults the other workers.
2. The coach and the players locked-------up in the dressing room to talk secretly about tactics.
3. He loves practicing sport. ------- makes him feel very healthy.
4. You and I have only two pens. So, the green is mine and the blue is -------.
5. There exist different shops in this mall. But all of ----- are expensive.
6. Peter and John are old friends. ------- went to the same university.
7. Mounia and Zohra are colleagues of a very long date. Well, they are not close friends, but they
respect ---------- a lot.
8. This group of students are from the west of Algeria. But, weirdly, ------ of them knows the city of
Oran.
9. I liked a lot this house. -------- built it?
10. I enjoy -------- a lot when I come back to my home country.
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11. The courses are very interesting. Where did you get-------?
12. I met the engineer ------ fixed the problem of internet.
13. Omar and I are working on the same project. -------- have accomplished many things together.
14. This is the manager of the company. Have you recognized-----?
15. When I analyse --------, I find many elements of my personality.

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 Lecture Three: Adverbs
An adverb is a word that can modify or describe a verb, adjective, another adverb, or a whole sentence.
We generally form adverbs by adding ly to an adjective (Sweet---sweetly). But in other cases, the adverbs
can take other forms.

Examples of using an adverb:

He played wonderfully. (an adverb modifying a verb)

She is dangerously unfocused. (an adverb modifying an adjective)
Peter went to Beijing quite lately. (an adverb modifying an adverb)

Adverbs are also useful to describe and evaluate an entire sentence. They are called “Sentence adverbs”.
We generally put a comma after them. Examples: Fortunately, he was very concentrated during courses./
Financially, this company has a lot of problems.

Forming Adverbs from adjectives

To obtain an adverb we generally add ly to an adjective. But, sometimes, we can do it by providing the
following modifications:
Funny.......................funnily.....(“ily” replaces “y”)
Capable....................Capably....(« y » replaces « le »)
Fantastic…………...Fantastically…(adding “ally” to « c »)

Sources of confusion between adverbs and adjectives

1- Flat adverbs
Flat adverbs are adverbs that share the same spelling as another adjective like in (fast, straight, early).
To avoid confusion, it is important to focus on the word which is modified. If the modified word is a
noun like in the example ‘The fast car is expensive, so the word “Fast” is an adjective. If the modified
word is a verb like in “ He drives fast”, so, the word “fast”, is an adverb logically.

2- Linking verbs
Adverbs are sometimes confused with adjectives when they are used with linking verbs (i.e. verbs such as
“seem”, “look”, “feel”, “be”, “sound” which are followed by adjectives that describe the subject. These
verbs describe a state of being. So, they are followed by an adjective but not an adverb.
Farid seems happy. (Correct)
Farid seems happily. (False)
The word (happy) that comes after the verb (seems) is not an adverb because it describes the subject,
not the verb.
Types of adverbs
There exist different types of adverbs:

1) Adverbs of manner (Quickly, promptly, clearly, slowly, gradually, eventually, rapidly,

seriously, instantly, keenly, etc.)

Adverb of manner illustrates and explains how something takes place and how is an action done.
Generally, we place it after the verb. (Tom works silently.)
Note: If a sentence has an object, the adverb is placed before the verb or as the last word of the sentence;
but, never between the verb and the object.

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Ali holds carefully the smartphone. (False)
Ali carefully holds the smartphone. (Correct)
Ali holds the smartphone carefully. (Correct)

2) Adverbs of degree (Very, too, extremely, slightly, quite, enough, much, more, most, little, less,
incredibly, totally, greatly, hardly, deeply, barely, etc.)
They are adverbs which describe the degree and the extent of an action. They are generally put before the
verb or the adjective. (He totally ignores the real world.

3) Adverbs of place (Somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, here, outside, inside, wherever, elsewhere,
left, right, north, east, south, west, everywhere, downstairs, etc.)
Adverbs of place give information about the place and location of an action. Generally, they come after the
verb. (He turned right.)
4) Adverbs of time (Now, soon, today, yesterday, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next month,
recently, forever, etc.

A) Adverbs of time
They are adverbs which indicate when something happens. They are generally placed at the end of the
sentence.
Peter goes to Beijing tomorrow.
B) Adverbs of duration (“temporarily, ”, briefly///////” “forever,” “shortly)
They indicate the duration of the action. (He shortly left the restaurant.)

5) Adverbs of frequency ( Seldom, rarely, never, often, weekly, monthly, yearly, annually, usually,
sometimes, occasionally, constantly, frequently, etc.)

They are adverbs which indicate how often something happens.

A) Adverbs of indefinite frequency “always,” “sometimes,” “never”)

They indicate the frequency but not in a clear and accurate way. They are generally placed before the
main verb.

He frequently visits his friends when he goes to Beijing.

B) Adverbs of definite frequency (Yearly, monthly “hourly,” “daily,” “weekly

They indicate precisely how often an action is repeated.
He weekly goes to the swimming pool.

Tasks: fill in the gaps using the correct word.

He ......... goes to the mosque to accomplish Salat Djoumoua.
He ........ places the different parts of the jigsaw.
She went to her grandmother.......... .
To avoid too much noise in the office, he decided to meet him.......... .
His help can be .......... vital.
Peter.......... manages his business.
Susan ............... pays the Gym’s fees.
A lion is .......................dangerous.
So, you miss you son! Don’ worry, he will visit you........
Blida is the city of roses; you can find them.........
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False or true: Correct any kind of mistakes.
He knows perfectly the rules of the game.
The task seems easily.
That engineer everywhere works.
They fixed the problem yesterday.
We complain always about something which does not work.
He copied that car similarly.
Mary weekly prepares delicious pizzas.
The children play outside.
He ended the interview briefly.

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 Lecture Four: Adjectives

An adjective is a part of speech which is used to describe and provide information about the noun, the
noun phrase or the pronoun. They are generally used before the noun.
Adjectives can be attributive, it means before the noun (a competent doctor) or predicative, it means after
the noun (the doctor is competent.)
There exist several types of Adjectives. These types depend on the kind of information they add to the noun.

1) Descriptive or quality adjectives: (Smart, courageous, reliable, handsome.....)

They are used to describe the noun and mention the qualities a person or a thing is known for. For
example: The smart boy always succeeds in exams.

2) Numeral adjectives: (eigh, few, many, different, first, Five........)

They are used to indicate the number of persons or things. For example: Six workers were sent for
a practice in China.

3) Quantitative adjectives; (some, little, the whole.......)

They are used to indicate quantity. For example: The whole stadium was empty.

4) Demonstrative adjectives: (this, that, these, those)

They are adjectives which indicate which person or thing the speaker is talking about, depending
on the distance. For example: That building is a masterpiece.

5) Possessive adjectives (my, your, his, , her, its, our, their)

They are used to show to whom belong something,. For example: My computer, his own house.

6) Proper adjectives: they are adjectives formed from proper nouns: The British prime minister.

7) Participial adjectives: They are adjectives formed from present or past participles of verbs. For
example: The flying company/ The ruined business.

8) Distributive adjectives (each, every, either, and neither)

They are words used to refer to members of a group individually. For example: Each state in America has
its own local laws.

Task
1) The president of the club congratulated the players. ------- efforts were essential to win the cup.
2)--------cities, of course attract a lot of tourists.
3) Unfortunately, ------- information was given to him concerning London; that is why he was completely
lost.
4) Look at ------- man who is standing in the other corner; he looks like your father.
6) Kebab is a ---------- speciality.
7)---------skills are essential to make a good paragraph.
8) In Algeria, ------- child has the right for education.
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 9) Rome is a ------- city, that is why you can find many monuments and vestiges.
10) You need ------bread in every meal.
11) All the hats are nice. But I am going to choose ------one.
12) Nabil is a good worker. Working hard, being serious and respecting his colleagues are some of .......
qualities.
13) -------pizzas are the most famous in the world.
14) Before going to the sea, you need -------lessons.
15) ------maritime borders are surrounding the United Kingdom.

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 Lecture Five: Articles

Articles (the, an, a) are words which belong to the category of determiners (parts of speech). Articles are

used before the noun (the car), but can also be used before an adjective (the red hat) or a number (the

three reasons). They are used to show that something is specific (the) or general (a/an).

Types of articles

The

When the listener or the reader already knows the mentioned noun, we use the definitive article “The”. It

means that the word is specific.

Cases of using “the”

1-When there is only one

The Spanish king/ The moon / The prince of Monaco.

2-With the superlative

The best/ the strongest

3-When in a particular place, we have only one

Listen to the man speaking Spanish. /In that small village, the baker is very useful.

4-When it was already mentioned in a previous sentence

Es Senia center has become very known in the region. In fact, the mall attracts millions of visitors

A/an

The indefinite articles (a/an) refer to things which are not specific, which are unknown, whose identity is not

ignored. It (A/an) can also be used with singular words.

He met a man who pretends coming from Algiers./ He bought a pen.

Omission of articles

Before proper nouns

-He lives in Baghdad./ Silver is used to make jewels/ Mercedes is a famous German car maker.

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Before a common noun when it is mentioned in a general way

-Methods which are easy to use are among the best.(The method used by him was very efficient).

Before languages

He is studying Spanish.

Before subjects of studies (economics, sociology, mathematics: he is good at mathematics.)

Before names of meals

Breakfast is essential to have a nice day.

Before seasons, names of days, and months

He will meet his boss on Tuesday. Spring is her favourite season. The festival is programmed in October.

Before abstract nouns

Solidarity between Anglo Saxons tribes had a name: Kinship.

When common nouns are used in pair

Children and parents enjoyed their holidays.

Activities

1- He lives in here, in Sidi Bel Abbes. His house is not very far from ......... lake.

2- ---------Smartphones are revolutionary technological products.

3- Doctors recommend walking 10 minutes after........... dinner.

4- He looks for ........ agricultural technique used to economize ............water.

5- Drip is .........agricultural technique used to economize ..........water.

6- They are organizing ...........show promised last year when the Circus left the town.

7- ...... fire fighter who always intervenes when there are accidents inside the factory is very calm.

8- ............Gold is very precious.

9- All .........Gold of the Inca was stolen by Spanish Conquistadores.

10- All the strategies used so far have failed. He needs .......new one.

11- .......... Italian language is very melodious.

12- ........fans and ...............cheerleaders are making ...........attractive show.

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13- In the Bernabeu, Real Madrid plays at......home.

14- All these lessons were leant during ........ module of ................psychology.

15- -------------bravery allowed Algerian to achieve .... goal they looked for in 1954.

16- Sonatrach is ........company which brings more foreign currency to ...... country.

17- He works in ..........company situated in the outskirts of Oslo.

18- ......... excellent physical preparation created by the fitness coach is vital for ...... team.
19- ..........excellent physical preparation created by a fitness coach is vital.

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 Lecture Six: Prepositions

Prepositions are parts of speech. They are generally short words that link words that belong to the same sentence.

For example: He stands at the door: The preposition “at” connects the verb “to stand” to the noun “the door”.

Prepositions can show location, time, direction, spatial relationship, etc.....

Types of prepositions

Preposition Context of use Examples

In months/seasons in April, in the winter

Years in 1991
Moment of the day (Morning, Afternoon, ,,,,,, In the morning
Centuries and historical period In the 18 century
After a certain period of time That musical concert ends in 1 hour
At At 2h30
Times of days
At midnight
Noon, night and midnight
At lunch
Names of mealtime
I received driving lessons at 19
Age
On Days of the week On Tuesday
Since The beginning of an action He has been a manager since last year

For Duration He has been working for 8 hours

From...... To The beginning and end of a period of time His lecture spans from 10,30 to 12

Until A duration up to a
point in time He cannot be paid until he finishes

By A moment in the
future where the You must finish cleaning your room by 8 Pm
action should start
or finish

 Prepositions of Spatial Relationship; they are prepositions which indicate how someone or something is
situated spatially.

 The school was opposite the town hall.

 The letter was beneath a lot of other documents.

 He was standing beside the monument.

 The moon goes around the earth

 Of/with/By
 Of
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  To show that one part of the sentence belongs to the second: The jacket of my suit was damaged.
 To show that there is a relationship between two persons: He is the cousin of my friend.
 With
 To show that people are together: Farid is working with a new colleague.
 To show that an action can be done using a particular object: He cut the bread with a sharp knife.
 By
 To give detail about a particular action, describing it; He could invest money in that company by selling his
car.

Preposition Context of use Examples

In When something is inside a limited In Algeria
place, thing, ...... In the newspaper
At -located at a specific place (a point) At the university
-for particular events
 a place where something is done At the cultural centre
 A place to watch a movie, to At work
study, to work)
On On a surface I forgot my pen on the desk.
 On left/ On right It is the third office on your left.
 To indicate a floor It is situated on the fifth floor.
 Used for public transports On bus
 Used to mention TV or Radio Seen on TV
To Moving to a particular point Tomorrow, he will go to
Algiers.
From To indicate the starting point He received money from his
Uncle.
He came from Mascara.

Between Something surrounded by two at His souse is situated between

least two things two important buildings.
Among Something or someone which is a Algeria is among the African
part of a limited place or group..... countries.
He was among the few students
who got an excellent mark
Adapted from https://www.uvic.ca/learningandteaching/cac/assets/docs/Prepositions%20Final.pdf

1- The last World cup was held ...........the winter of 2023, more exactly............. December.
2- He cannot leave the exam........... his teachers authorizes him.
3- You must send me the confirmation ........ tomorrow, at the latest
4- We met .......... the town hall to ask for official documents.
5- He was ........... the few personalities who attended the meeting.
6- Once in the Mall, it is the third shop ........your right.
7- That talented young footballer received many offers ...... famous European clubs.
8- He has been watching NBA matches ......his childhood.
9- Revision early ...... the morning is much better.
10- There is a moment where Rachid is very silent:........ breakfast.

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11- They will travel .......Canada next summer.
12- He read it ..... the newspaper.
13- The department of German is situated ....... the second floor.
14- He has been revising his lessons.......five complete hours.
15- ...... midday, all the workers move towards that famous restaurant.
16- He usually meets his friends..... Tuesday.

17-Spring spans ....... March ..... June.

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 Lecture Seven: The Sentence
A sentence is written by combining words to express an idea, a question or a fact.

According to Cambridge Dictionary, a sentence is a unit of grammar. Typically, in writing, it begins with a capital
letter and ends with a full stop.

Words included in a sentence are grammatically arranged to form a correct sentence.

Example of sentences

Ali frequently invests money in a new project.

Ali (Subject/ Noun) frequently (adverb) invests (verb) money (object/ Noun) in (preposition) a (indefinite article)
new (adjective) project (Noun).

Formation of a sentence

To form a sentence, a writer should provide at least two parts i.e. Subject and Predicate.

Subject

A subject can be a noun (Ali), a noun phrase (the teacher of Spanish) or a pronoun (He). The subject does the
action of the sentence. The Subject is usually at the beginning of the sentence.

Predicate

It is the part that comes after the subject. It starts with the verb.

Some Examples

1-Farid explains the method. (Subject: Farid/ Predicate: explains the lesson)

2-He will help him tomorrow. (Subject: He/ Predicate: will help him tomorrow)

3- The player coming from Union Berlin is from Brazilian origin. (Subject: The player coming from Union Berlin
Predicate: is from Brazilian origin)

I. Simple sentence

It is a sentence that contains a subject and a verb. It conveys a complete idea. It is also called Independent Clause.

Ex: He works in a bank. (The subject: He/ the verb: works)

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In the above sentence there are no conjunctions.

I.1 A simple sentence with a compound SUBJECT

It is a simple sentence i.e. it contains an independent clause but with two subjects:

Peter and Paul work in the same bank. (Peter and Paul: two subjects related with a conjunction “and”/ work : the verb)

I.2 A simple sentence with a compound PREDICATE

It is a simple sentence with one independent clause using one subject with more than one verb linked together by
a conjunction

Ex: Peter works in a bank and runs a small business.( Peter: subject/ works, runs: verbs which make the predicate a
compound one)

II. Compound sentence

A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses. A compound sentence can mix initially
individual sentences into one.

II.1 Compound sentences using a conjunction (F.A.N.B.O.Y.S: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)

He loves Football. He hates handball.(Two independent sentences)

He loves football, but hates handball.(A Compound sentence which contains two independent clauses separated by
a comma and a conjunction)

II.2 Compound sentences using semicolon

He immigrated to Cuba; this country always attracted him. ( A compound sentence which contains two independent
clauses separated by a semicolon, instead of a conjunction)

III. Complex sentences

A complex sentence is a sentence which includes a dependent clause and an independent clause separated by a
conjunction.

A dependent clause is group of words which includes a subject and a verb but does not transmit a complete idea.

Ex: When he came back from Italy

It is generally preceded by subordinate conjunctions such as: if, whether, because, although, since, when, while,
unless, even though, whenever.

So a Complex sentence can be like the following example:

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When he came back from Italy, he opened a pizzeria in Sidi Bel Abbes.

(the dependent clause: when he came back from Italy/ the independent clause: he opened a pizzeria in Sidi bel
Abbes)

Task 1
1-……… is responsible for the evaluation of the financial situation of a company.
2-......... is composed of many steps from the selection of ideas till the draft of a complete paragraph.
3-Management......................................................................................................
4-Tutorials.................................................................................................................
5-.......................was the name of the English territories occupied by Vikings.
6-Punctuation........................................................................................................
7-........................identifies needs and desires of customers to propose good products.
8-Grammar ...................................................................................................
9-Sociology.......................................................................................................
Task 2
Simple sentences
1-...........and............... were the two tribes which initiated an invasion after the end of the Roman Conquest.
2-............and.................are two important productive skills.
3-William the first .........................and.....................................
4-Students...................... ..............and................................................
5-Emmigrants .............................and
6-......................and.......................two conditions to succed in life.
Compound sentences
1-She revised her lessons very well, so ..................................
2--Washington.......................................and New York...............................
3-He ............................................, yet he does not speak Spanish.
4-Real estate prices were climbing; ................................................
5-.................................................. , but he should not spend it uselessly.
6-.................................................... , or she will look for a new job.
Complex sentences
1-Though ....................................... , Nabil gave an excellent education to his children.
2-Unless............................................, Farid will be obliged to comeback to his native country.
3-These products are not very attractive, since.................................................................
4-Whenever.......................................... , his ankle starts aching.
5-Since.................................................. , it has never printed documents very well.
6-When Mary was texting her mother ,.......................................................................

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It is a group of two or more words which is a part of a sentence that conveys a part of meaning, but does not
provide the structure “subject +conjugated verb+ rest of a sentence” which can allow it to stand alone as
a normal sentence

Examples of phrases: at an economic level/ despite the whole change/ in the past

Consider the following sentence

During his childhood, Peter liked reading. (During his childhood (a phrase)/ peter liked reading (an
independent clause)

Types of phrases

Noun phrase

A noun phrase is a group of words that can replace a noun in a sentence. So they can be either the subject or
the object of the sentence

Example:

The manager of the company helps his colleagues. (The manager of the company is a noun phrase acting
as a subject of the sentence)

He read Fitzgerald’s book. (Fitzgerald’s book a noun phrase which acts as an object of the sentence)

Adjective phrase

It is a phrase that acts as an adjective that describes a noun in a sentence.

Example

-The method is inefficient and expensive. (“Inefficient and expensive” is an adjective phrase which
describes the noun Method)

The student, who was able to invent that idea, was very clever. (“who was able to invent that idea” is an
adjective phrase which describes the Noun “Student”.

Adverb phrase

It is a phrase that acts as an adverb inside the sentence.

He will leave the country by the end of April. (“by the end of April.” is an adverb phrase of time)

He found his lost car in the outskirt of the town. (“ in the outskirt of the town.” is an adverb phrase of
place)

Many of these adverb sentences are also called prepositional phrases

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Task 1

1- consists in finding ideas, organizing and transforming them into a complete

sentence

2-The Royal council, , helped Henry the Eight in making decisions.

3- , such as hamlet and Macbeth, reflect the genius of that famous English writer.

4- helps its users to daily count the number of footsteps.

5-The accountant, , has a very useful function.

6-Dubai is .

7-Artifical intelligence can be .

8-They frequently meet .

9- This explorers discovered .

10-Zoom, became very popular during the pandemic

11-The Italian club bought .

12-They like swimming .

13-These products are very precious they can be found only .

14-Training sessions are more efficient

Using a comma

1-To add information to the subject

Bill gates, the founder of Microsoft, is very wealthy.

2-When we have more than one adjective to describe the subject, we put a comma after each adjective
except the last one.

The famous, talented, rich player scored a wonderful goal.

3-When we have a series of things; we put a coma after each element, except between the last but one
and the last one

The United Kingdom is composed of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

4-After an introductory phrase

At the beginning, things seemed easy.

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5-When we have two independent clauses separated by a conjunction, we put a comma before the
conjunction

He missed the Bus, so he took a cab.

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