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鉄骨格造の設計は接合部の設計と言われるほど接合部が重要である.この章では,仕口(柱と
梁など奥なった部材の接合部〉と継手(同一部材の接合部〉の接合方法〈図 10 ・1,2)につい
て解説する.
In the design of steel frame structures, the design of joints is considered to be so important. In t
his chapter, we will explain the methods of joining joints (connecting parts of different members
such as columns and beams) and connections (joints within the same member) (Figures 10.1 a
nd 10.2)
[ a ] 接合方法の制約
「令」67 条(接合〉によれば,鉄骨造において構造耐力上主要な部分でるる鋼材の接合は,高
カボルト接合,溶接接合またはリベット接合によらなければならないとされている.
ボルト接合は,同条ただし書きで一定の枠内でしか認められていない.なお,現時点では「溶
接」と「高カボルト」が接合の主流である.
[a] Constraints on Joining Methods
According to Article 67 (Joining) of the Building Regulations, in steel frame structures, the joinin
g of steel members in structurally critical areas must be done using high-strength bolt connectio
ns, welding connections, or rivet connections. Bolt connections are only allowed within certain li
mits as specified in the same article. Currently, welding and high-strength bolts are the mainstre
am methods of joining.
[ b ] 接合方法の併用
2 種類以上の接合方法を併用する場合の応力の分担については,次のように設計する.
[b] Combining Joining Methods
When using two or more types of joining methods, the stress distribution is designed as follows:
① リベット+溶 接: 全応力を溶接で負担
② ボル卜+溶 接:全応力を溶接で負担
③ 高カボル卜+溶 接→全応力を溶接で負担.ただし高カボルトを先に締めた後に溶
接する場合は両方に応力を負担させることができる
④ 高力ボルト+リベット→応力分担
⑤ 高カボルト+ボルト→高カボルト負担
⑥ リベット+ボルト→リベット負担
③ の溶接と高カボルトの場合(図 10 ・3, 4),溶接を先に行ってから高カボルトを締めると,
溶接時の熱によってプレートがそって接合面が密着せず,摩擦接合耐力が得られない.
1. Rivet + Welding: All stress is borne by welding.
2. Bolt + Welding: All stress is borne by welding.
3. High-Strength Bolt + Welding: All stress is borne by welding. However, when high-streng
th bolts are tightened first and then welding is performed, stress can be distributed to bot
h methods.
4. High-Strength Bolt + Rivet: Stress distribution.
5. High-Strength Bolt + Bolt: Stress borne by high-strength bolts.
6. Rivet + Bolt: Stress borne by rivets.
In the case of welding and high-strength bolts as shown in Figures 10.3 and 4, if welding is perf
ormed first and then high-strength bolts are tightened, the heat generated during welding can ca
use the plates to warp, preventing proper contact and adhesion of the joint surfaces. This can re
sult in a lack of frictional joint strength.
[2] 混用接合
① 突合せ溶接+すみ肉溶接=応力分担
② フラソジ溶接+ウェプ高カポルト=応力分担
混用接合とは, 図 10・5~7 のようにフランジ部分とウェプ部分と接合部位が異なる場合の接
合で, 設計例として H 形梁と柱との仕口がある設計方法としてフランジは曲げモーメント,
ウェプはせん断力を負担するとして設計する. したがって混用接合の場合には, 両方の耐力を
加えてよいことになる.
なお図 10・5, 7 の場合の施工 JI 関序も, 高カボルトを先に締めてから溶接を行うべきであ.
1020 ファスナー接合
1020 Fastener Joint
1021 ボルト接合
1021 Bolt Joint
ボルトは施工上すぐれた材料ではあるが, ボルト穴をボルト軸径より大きくするために,力が
作用したときに穴径と軸径の差だけずれてからボルトにカが作用するそのことは, ボ J レ卜接
合部の引張り試験の結果によっても明らかである. このため, 図 10・8 のようにボルト①,
②が同時に耐力を発揮せず, まずこ初期の変形がともなうという難点がある. 「令」67 条で
ボルトの使用が制限されているのはこうした事情からである.
Bolts are excellent materials for construction, but due to the need to make the bolt holes la
rger than the bolt shank diameter, there is a displacement equal to the difference between
the hole diameter and the shank diameter when force is applied. This fact is also evident fr
om the tensile test results of bolt joints. Therefore, there is a drawback in that, as shown in
Figure 10.8, bolts ① and ② do not simultaneously exert their strength, and initial deformati
on occurs first. The limitation on the use of bolts in Article 67 of the Building Regulations is
due to such reasons.
[a] ボルト接合の条件
[a] Conditions for Bolt Joint
① コンクリートに埋め込む
Embedding them in concrete.
② ナット部分を溶接する
Welding the nut portion.
③2 重ナットにする
Using double nuts.
④ 戻り止めをする(スプリングワッシャ一等〕の処置が講じられている必要がある.
Implementing anti-loosening measures (such as spring washers).
Furthermore, "S regulation" prohibits the use of bolts in joints subjected to repeated stress due t
o vibration or impact. On the other hand, if the bolt hole diameter is kept at no more than +0.2m
m above the shank diameter, it is allowed for use even in large-scale buildings that exceed the c
onditions specified in Article 67 of the Building Regulations.
ボルト穴のクリアランスの値を+0.21mm 以下にすることは,実際の加工,建て方の函から考
えると相当困難が伴うが, 構造上主要な部分にボルト接合を採用するかぎりは, 極力, ポル
ト穴のクリアランスを小さくするようにしなければならない. さらに構造計画にあたっては,
接合部の変形, 仕口の回転などによってとくに大きな影響を生じないか検討し, 影響が大きい
と判断される場合にはボルト接合は絶対に避けるべきである.
Reducing the clearance of bolt holes to +0.2mm or less can indeed be quite challenging from a
practical manufacturing and construction standpoint. However, when adopting bolt joints in struc
turally significant parts, it is essential to minimize the clearance in the bolt holes as much as pos
sible.
Furthermore, during structural planning, it is crucial to consider whether joint deformation, rotatio
n at connections, or other factors will have a significant impact. If it is determined that the impact
is substantial, then the use of bolt joints should be avoided at all costs.
[ b] ボルト長さ
[b] Bolt Length
[ C ] ボルトの種類
[c] Types of Bolts
[ d ] ボルトの規格
[d] Bolt Standards
1022 リベット接合
1022 Rivet Joint
リベット接合部の応力の伝わり方とその設計方法については, ボルト接合と同じと考えてよい.
ただ, リベットは打たれてから冷却するまでに収縮するので, 自然に板を締付ける結果とな
り, また穴に完全に充てんして打たれるために滑りがなくボルト接合よりも高カボルト摩擦接
合に近い性質を有している. 施工上からいっても, また力学的性質からしてもすぐれた接合方
法であるが, 騒音, リベット工の不足などの点で最近は使われていない.
The way stress is transmitted in rivet joints and their design methods can be considered similar t
o bolt joints. However, rivets contract naturally after being driven, resulting in the plates being tig
htened together. Additionally, because rivets completely fill the hole and are driven without slipp
age, they exhibit properties closer to high-strength frictional joints than bolt joints.
From a construction and mechanical properties perspective, rivet joints are excellent, but they h
ave fallen out of use in recent times due to factors such as noise and a shortage of rivet workers
1023 高カボルト接合
1023 High-Strength Bolt Joint
高カボルト接合は, 引張り強さ 800~1100 N/mm2 (F8T ~ F11T)の高カボルト(ハイテン
ションボルト〕を強〈締付けることによってボルトに軸方向力を導入した接合方法である.ボ
ルト耐力は普通ボルトの 2 倍以上ある.一般には FlOT が使用される.FllT は遅れ破壊が起こる
おそれがあるので使用されない. 伝達の仕方の違いから次のような種類に分かれる.ただし,
摩擦接合が主流である.
High-strength bolt joints involve the use of high-strength bolts (commonly known as tension bolt
s) with a tensile strength ranging from 800 to 1100 N/mm² (F8T to F11T). These bolts are tighte
ned strongly to introduce axial forces into the bolt, creating a joint method. The bolt's load-beari
ng capacity is usually more than twice that of ordinary bolts. Typically, F10T bolts are used, whil
e F11T is not used due to the risk of delayed failure. There are different types of high-strength b
olt joints based on how the forces are transmitted, with frictional joints being the dominant meth
od."
[ a ] 摩擦接合
[a] Frictional Joint
接合する板と板との摩擦力によって応力を伝達させてせん断力に耐えられるようにする接合方
法. 鋼板の厚さに関係なく耐力が得られる. 摩擦面のすべり係数は赤錆が浮いた程度の状態の
0.45 を用いている. 便宜上許容応力度はリベット, ボルトの計算と同様に軸断面積に許容せ
ん断応力度を乗じて求める
A joint method where stress is transmitted and shear forces are resisted by the frictional force b
etween the plates being joined. It provides load-bearing capacity regardless of the thickness of t
he steel plates. The coefficient of friction for the sliding surfaces is typically taken as 0.45, assu
ming a condition where red rust is present. For convenience, the allowable stress is calculated i
n a manner similar to rivets and bolts by multiplying the allowable shear stress by the cross-sect
ional area.
[ b] 引張り接合
[b] Tension Joint
締付け力は, 引張り外力に対してプレストレスを有するように作用する. この性質を利用した
のが引張り接合であるーなお, 許容引張り力は接合商が離れない範囲内が有効であるとの考え
から, 通常設計ボルト張力の約 60 %の値を採用している.
The tightening force acts as a prestress against external tensile forces. This characteristic is utili
zed in tension joints. The allowable tensile force is typically chosen to be around 60% of the des
ign bolt tension, considering that it remains effective within the range where the joint does not se
parate.
[c]せん断と引張り力が作用する場合の接合
[c] Joining in the Presence of Both Shear and Tensile Forces
引張り力とせん断力を同時に受ける高力ボルトは,(7 ・20)式(p.180)によって設計する
こ
とができるなお, 高カボルトを引張り接合に用いる場合は, その耐力を発揮する前に被接
合材が変形しないよう剛性の高い仕口に設計する必要がある.
High-strength bolts that experience both tensile and shear forces can be designed using equatio
n (7.20) (p. 180). Additionally, when using high-strength bolts for tension joints, it is necessary to
design a rigid connection that prevents the joined material from deforming before the bolt's load-
bearing capacity is reached.
[ d ] 支圧接合
[d] Bearing Joint
普通ボルトと同じせん断接合による方法である. 法令上はボルトと同じ扱いとなるため,大規
模建築物への使用は認められない. なおこの接合方法のために, クリアランスをなくした打込
み式高カボルトが研究されている.
This method utilizes shear joints similar to ordinary bolts. Legally, it is treated the same as ordin
ary bolts, so its use in large-scale buildings is not allowed. However, for this joint method, resear
ch has been conducted on driven-type high-strength bolts that eliminate clearance.
1024 その他
1024 Other
鋼管構造にはクランプ接合が用いられることがあるが, この接合方法を構造耐力上主要な部
分のジョイントに用いるのは好ましくない. クランプの締付けが十分にはできないからである.
母屋や胴緑の接合にしか使用は認められない. ただし, 組立て, 取り壊しを容易にする必要
のある仮設建築物については差し支えない.
While clamp joints may be used in steel tube structures, it is not preferable to use this joint meth
od for the joints of structurally significant parts. This is because the clamping may not be sufficie
nt. Its use is only allowed for the joints of main structures or main roof structures. However, it is
acceptable for temporary buildings where easy assembly and disassembly are necessary."
図 10・10 基本事項の確認
Figure 10-10 Confirmation of Basic Information
表 10・1.ピッチ [mm]
Table 10-1: Pitch [mm]
軸径 d :shaft diameter d
標準 (3d) standard (3d)
最小(2.5d) minimum (2.5d)
標準 (3.5d) standard (3.5d)
[but in many cases for general buildings, 3d is adopted as the standard value (see Table 10-1).]
軸径 d :shaft diameter d
2.5d :応力方向に 3 本以上並ばない場合
2.5d for cases where three or more are not aligned in the stress direction
表 10 ・4 ボルト穴径
Table 10-4: Bolt Hole Diameter
[b] ピッチ
[b] Pitch
ファスナーの最小ピッチは建築基準法施行令第 68 条で径 d の 2.5 倍以上としなければならな
いと規定されている.また学会基準では,標準ピッチを 3.5d としているが、一般の建築物で
は 3d を標準値として採用している場合が多い(表 10・1).
The minimum pitch for fasteners is required to be at least 2.5 times the diameter (d) according
to Article 68 of the Building Standards Act Enforcement Regulations. Additionally, according to t
he standards of professional societies, the standard pitch is set at 3.5d, but in many cases for g
eneral buildings, 3d is adopted as the standard value (see Table 10-1)."
[ C ] 縁端
[C] Edge Distance
[ d] ボル卜穴径
[d] Bolt Hole Diameter
ボルトの穴径は,「令」68 条の 3 項の規定による(表 10・4).
The bolt hole diameter is determined according to the provisions of Article 68, Paragraph 3 of th
e 'Order' (see Table 10-4).
[ e ] 高力ボル卜穴径
[e] High-Strength Bolt Hole Diameter
表 10 ・ 2 のせん断縁の値
the values of shear edges in Table 10-2
1030 溶接接合
1030 Welded Joint
1031 溶接
1031 Welding
[ a ] 溶接の種類
[a] Types of Welding
建築構造物に使用される溶接には, アーク溶接とガス溶接がある.
There are two types of welding used in building structures: arc welding and gas welding.
[1 ]アーク溶接
[1] Arc Welding
務接しようとする母材と溶接棒の聞にアークを発生させ, アークの高熱によって溶接棒と母材
を溶かして母材同土を接合させる方法で, 次の種類がある. なおアーク溶接機には直流のもの
と交流のものとがあり, 薄板の溶接には直流が適しているが, 一般には交流を用いる.
This method involves generating an arc between the base material to be joined and the welding
rod. The high heat from the arc melts the welding rod and the base material, allowing them to fu
se together. There are different types of arc welding methods. It's worth noting that there are bot
h direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) arc welding machines available. DC welding is
suitable for welding thin sheets, but AC is generally used.
① アーク手動溶接
① Manual Arc Welding
被覆アーク溶接棒を用いて,すべて手で操作して行う溶接方法で,ごく一般的なもの.
なお被覆アーク溶接棒 f'j:, 心線に母材と同種, あるいはそれ以上の性能の金属を使用し,表
面をガス発生剤を含んだ被覆材(フラックス〉で包んだもの. ガス発生剤は, 熱を受けると分
解してガスを生じ, 空気を遮断して(ガスシールド)空気中の不純物(酸素,窒素〉が溶接部
へ侵入するのを防ぐとともに,気孔の発生をおさえる. 同時にスラグを発生させて, 燃焼後に
溶接部が急冷するのをくい止める.
This is a welding method performed entirely by hand using covered arc welding rods and is quit
e common.
The covered arc welding rod is made of metal with the same or superior properties to the base
material and is coated with a material containing a gas-generating agent (flux). When exposed t
o heat, the gas-generating agent decomposes to produce gas, which serves to shield the air an
d prevent impurities (such as oxygen and nitrogen) from entering the welding area (gas shieldin
g). It also helps prevent the formation of pores. Additionally, it generates slag, which prevents ra
pid cooling of the welded area after combustion.
② アーク自動溶接(サフ’ マージアーク溶接〕
② Automatic Arc Welding (Submerged Arc Welding)
アーク溶接機を用いて行う方法. 溶接機から溶接用ワイヤが自動的に送り出され,粉末フラッ
クスで溶接部を覆いながらその下で母材との間にアークを発生させて溶接していし下向き, ま
たは水平の長い直線的な継手の溶接に適している. 溶接機にはユニオンメルトいう商品名のも
のが広く使用されている.
This method is performed using an arc welding machine. Welding wire is automatically fed from
the welding machine, and an arc is generated underneath it while covering the welding area wit
h powdered flux for welding. It is suitable for welding downward or horizontal long linear joints.
Welding machines with the brand name "Unionmelt" are widely used for this purpose.
③ アーク半自動溶接
③ Arc Semi-Automatic Welding
溶接用ワイヤは自動的に送り出されるが, 溶接トーチ(手動のホルダーにあたる〕の操作は手
で行うもので, 次の 2 方法がある. 工場溶接では i )の方法が主流である.
In arc semi-automatic welding, the welding wire is automatically fed, but the operation of the wel
ding torch (equivalent to a manual honoreader) is done by hand, and there are two methods as f
ollows. In factory welding, method i) is the mainstream.
i )ガスシールドアーク半自動溶接
i) Gas Shielded Arc Semi-Automatic Welding
ワイヤリールに巻いた溶接用の裸ワイヤを卜ーチまで自動的に繰り出させ, アークのまわりに
はノズルから炭酸ガス等を噴出させてガスの中で溶接を行う方法〈図 10 ・11〕.
In gas shielded arc semi-automatic welding, the bare welding wire wound on the wire reel is aut
omatically fed to the torch, and gas, such as carbon dioxide, is sprayed from the nozzle around t
he arc to perform welding in a gas environment (see Figure 10-11).
ll)ノンガスシールドアーク半自動溶接
ii) Non-Gas Shielded Arc Semi-Automatic Welding
[2] ガス溶接
Gas Welding
酸素, アセチレンガス炎を用いて溶接する方法. アーク溶接に比べて加熱時間が長く, かつ
加熱範囲が広く, 溶接部が酸化や炭化するおそれがあるなど, 機械的にも劣る. よって「板
ガス溶接厚 2.3mm 以上 4mm 未満の鋼板・平鍋・形鋼, 直径 6mm 以上 13mm 以下の丸鋼」
の母材以外は, ガス溶接を行ってはならない. なお, ガス溶接は切断・開先加工等に使用す
る
A welding method that uses oxygen and acetylene gas flames. Compared to arc welding, it has
a longer heating time and a wider heating area, but it is mechanically inferior and carries the risk
of oxidation and carbonization in the welded area. Therefore, gas welding should not be used fo
r materials other than the base materials such as [steel plates, flat bars, and structural steel with
a thickness of 2.3mm or more but less than 4mm, and round steel with a diameter of 6mm or m
ore but less than 13mm.] Gas welding is typically used for cutting, edge preparation, and similar
processes.
[ b ] 被覆アーク j 容接棒について
[b] About Covered Arc Welding Electrodes
D 5016-AC- 5ϕ -400
これは心線の引張り強さが 500 N/mm2 以上, 全姿勢で使用でき, 被覆剤は低水素系で, 使
用電流は交流, 棒径は 5mm,長さが 400 mm であることを示している.
This indicates that it is an electrode for mild steel with a tensile strength of 500 N/mm² or higher,
suitable for all positions, using a low-hydrogen coating, suitable for alternating current (AC) weld
ing, with a diameter of 5mm, and a length of 400mm.
1032 継目の形式
1032 Types of Joints
[a] すみ肉溶接と突合せ溶接
[a] Fillet Welding and Butt Welding
溶接の継目の形式は突合せ溶接とすみ肉溶接等に大別することができる. 両者のあいだには実
務図表 10・3 に示すような違いがあるが, 重要なのは, 許容応力度(強さ〉についての相違
点である. 突合せ溶接の溶着部(実務図表 10・3 のⒷ)には引張り力が作用しその耐力は引張
り耐力である. 一方, すみ肉溶接の溶接部(実務図表 10 ・3 のⒶ〉にはせん断力が作用し,
その耐力はせん断耐力となる. したがって, すみ肉溶接の許容応力度は突合せ溶接の許容応力
度 156 N/mm2 の 1/√ ❑なので 90 N/mm2 である.たとえば,H-300×150×6.5X9 を使用し
た H 形鋼仕口の耐力について説明すると, フランジ部分をすみ肉溶接した接合形式は, 梁断
面の全許容曲げモーメントの半分程度しか伝達できな L、(表中の I 欄〉. 梁断面の全許容曲
げモーメン卜を伝えるには, フランジ部分を突合せ溶接にする必要がある(表中の II 欄〉.し
かし, それでも通常, 突合ぜ溶接の場合, ウェプフィレット部にスカラップを取るためその
分断面欠損が生じ母材の耐力を伝えることはできない.しこのような場合に梁の全許容曲げモ
ーメントを伝えたいときは, llI 欄に示すように, 添板を付けて突合せ溶接ののど厚を増した設
計にする方法もあるが,良い方法ではない.
The types of welding joints can be broadly categorized into butt welding and fillet
welding, among others. There are differences between these two, as shown in pract
ical diagram 10-3, but what is crucial is the difference in allowable stress levels (str
ength). In butt welding, the welded area (Ⓑ in practical diagram 10-3) is subjected
to tensile forces, and its strength is characterized by tensile strength. On the other
hand, in fillet welding, the welded area (Ⓐ in practical diagram 10-3) is subjected t
o shear forces, and its strength is characterized by shear strength. Therefore, the all
owable stress level for fillet welding is 1/√ ❑ of the allowable stress level for butt weldi
ng, which is 90 N/mm² as opposed to 156 N/mm².
For example, when explaining the strength of an H-shaped steel joint using H-300×150×
6.5x9, if the flange part is joined by fillet welding, it can transmit only about half of the to
tal allowable bending moment of the beam section (as indicated in the "I" column in the
table). To transmit the full allowable bending moment of the beam section, it is necessa
ry to use butt welding for the flange part (as indicated in the "II" column in the table). Ho
wever, even in the case of butt welding, it is not possible to fully transmit the material's
strength because scalloping is taken from the web-fillet part in the usual case of butt we
lding. In such cases where you want to transmit the full allowable bending moment of th
e beam, there is also a method of adding a plate to increase the throat thickness of the
butt weld, as shown in the "III" column, but it is not a recommended method.
[b] 溶接継手の形式
[b] Types of Welded Joints
溶接継手には図 10・14 に示すような形式がある.
There are various types of welded joints, as illustrated in Figure 10-14.
実務図表 10.3 すみ肉溶接と突合せ溶接の比較
Practical Diagram 10.3: Comparison of Fillet Welding and Butt Welding
継目詳細
Details of Welded Joints
長期許容応力度母材ん=156 N/mm2
Long-Term Allowable Stress of Base Material = 156 N/mm²
引張り, 圧縮,曲げ,せん断
Tensile, Compression, Bending, Shear
長期仕口許容耐力(フランジのみの耐力
Long-Term Joint Allowable Strength (Flange Only)
76kN·m (母材耐力)
Base Material Strength
結考
梁の全許容出 i げモ ー メン卜の半分程度しか伝達できない
梁の全許容曲げモ ー メントを伝達できない
梁の全許容曲げモ ー メントを伝達できる
Conclusion:
Can transmit only about half of the total allowable bending moment of the beam.
Cannot transmit the total allowable bending moment of the beam.
Can transmit the total allowable bending moment of the beam.
a)突合せ継手
b)T 継手
c)かど継手
(d)重ね継手
a) Butt Joint
b) T-Joint
c) Corner Joint
d) Lap Joint
1033 突合せ溶接
1033 Butt Welding
[a] 突合せ溶接(グループ溶接)の 2 つの方法
開先加工(図 10・15)して,そこにできた板のみぞを溶融金属で埋めて溶着する方法である.
溶接の第 1 居はスラグの巻きこみやプローホールなどの欠陥を必ず含む.そこで,実際の溶接
施工では,全断面にわたって完全に溶けこませるために,第 l 層部分を裏{則からはつりとっ
てもう一度袈溶接する(両面溶接,図 10・16(a))か,または裏当て金をあてて片面溶接
(図 10.16(b))する(裏当て金は溶け落ちを防ぐとともに,初層の溶込み不足等の欠陥を吸
収する〉.ただし、前者の裏はつりする方法〈以下[方法 1]と呼ぶ〕は施工,監理がむずかしい
ので,通常の場合には後者(以下[方法 2]と呼ぶ)を採用したほうが無難である.
[a] Two Methods of Butt Welding
One method is to perform root face processing (Figure 10-15) and then fuse the groove created
in the plate with molten metal. The first pass of welding always includes defects such as slag inc
lusion or protruding holes. Therefore, in actual welding construction, in order to completely melt
and fill the entire cross-section, either the first-layer portion is welded again after removing it fro
m the back (double-sided welding, Figure 10-16(a)), or backing material is applied for single-sid
ed welding (Figure 10-16(b)). The backing material not only prevents melting loss but also absor
bs defects such as insufficient penetration in the first layer. However, the former method of weldi
ng the backside (referred to as [Method 1] below) is difficult for construction and supervision, so
in most cases, the latter ([Method 2] below) is safer to adopt.
余盛 (Yosei) - Excess weld reinforcement or excess weld deposit.
のど厚 (Nodoatsu) - Throat thickness or throat depth, which refers to the distance from the
root of a weld to the face of the weld.
R:ルート間隔 (R: Root Interval) - The root interval, which is the distance between the root p
asses of multiple welds.
A: 開先角度 (A: Opening Angle) - The opening angle or lead angle, which is the angle at whi
ch the welding torch or electrode is held during welding.
S: 開先深さ (S: Opening Depth) - The opening depth or lead depth, which is the depth to w
hich the welding electrode or filler material penetrates the base metal.
裏はつり back-gouging
裏溶接 back welding
図 10・16 2 つの突合せ漆接 (Figure 10-16 Two Butt Joints)
[方法 1] で裏はつりをするのは,溶接第 1 層に生じた溶け込み不足,収縮割れ,スラグ巻き込
みなどの欠陥を削り取ってやるためで,通常 3 ~ 6mm 分を次のいずれかの方法ではつりとっ
ているが,③が主流である.
① 圧縮空気で動くたがねを使う方法
② ガス炎で加熱して酸素を吹付けるガスガウジング法
③ 銅メッキした炭素棒でアークを発生させて溶融し,圧縮空気で吹き飛ばすアークエアガ
ウジング法
In [Method 1], back gouging is performed to remove defects such as insufficient fusion, shrinkag
e cracks, slag inclusions, and other flaws that occur in the first weld pass. Typically, a depth of 3
to 6mm is gouged using one of the following methods, with ③ being the most common:
1. Using a chisel driven by compressed air.
2. Applying gas gouging, which involves heating with a gas flame and blowing oxygen onto the s
urface.
3. Utilizing an arc generated by a copper-plated carbon rod to melt the material and then blowin
g it away with compressed air, known as arc-air gouging.
[b] 突合せ溶接の開先形状
[b] Opening Shape for Butt Welding
開先形状は,大別すると片面開先(レ,V など〕と両面開先〔X, K など)に分かれる.
板厚が厚い場合には,両面開先を採用する.通常,板厚 t=l9 mm を目安にして使い分けがなさ
れている
突合せ溶接の場合には,母材同士が完全に溶け合う必要があるので,次のように開先形状を使
い分ける.
まず母材が薄板のときは,図 10・17(a)のように直角に切断したまま小口を密着,またはル
ートをあけて両面から溶接すれば完全である.板の厚さが増すと(6mm 以上〕,図 10.17(b)
のように両面から溶接したとしても,内部に不溶着部分が残り完全な突合せ幣接にはならない.
そこで,小口の一方を斜めに削ってレ形開先にしてやると,底部から表面まで完全に融け合う
ようにすることができ,しっかりした溶接部となる(図 10・17(c)).母材が 19mm 以上の厚
板になると,レ形では上部の聞きが大きくなり過ぎて,これを埋めるのに時間がかかり,熱に
よる歪みが多くなる.そこで\ 図 10 ・17(d)のように K 形開先を採用して両面から溶接する.
こうすれば溶接して埋める部分が約半分になり,溶接稼も作業時間も半分で済ませることがで
きる.
The opening shape can be broadly categorized into single-sided openings (e.g., L, V) an
d double-sided openings (e.g., X, K). When dealing with thick plate thickness, double-sided ope
nings are adopted. Typically, as a guideline, the switch is made at a plate thickness of approxim
ately 19mm.
In the case of butt welding, where the base materials need to completely melt together, d
ifferent opening shapes are used as follows:
When the base material is thin, as shown in Figure 10-17(a), it can be completely welde
d by either butt welding the squared-off edges while maintaining a close fit or by creating a root
opening and welding from both sides.
When the plate thickness increases (above 6mm), even when welding from both sides a
s shown in Figure 10-17(b), there may still be non-fused portions inside, and a complete butt joi
nt may not be achieved. In such cases, by beveling one of the edges diagonally to create a V-sh
aped opening, as shown in Figure 10-17(c), it allows for complete fusion from the base to the su
rface, resulting in a strong weld.
When the base material thickness reaches 19mm or more, the L-shaped opening create
s a significant gap at the upper portion, which takes time to fill and may result in more distortion
due to heat. Therefore, adopting the K-shaped opening and welding from both sides, as shown i
n Figure 10-17(d), reduces the weld and fill portion by approximately half, saving both welding ti
me and reducing distortion due to heat.
[c] 突合せ溶接の開先詳細
[c] Details of Butt Welding Openings
通常採用する半自動溶接による突合せ溶接の開先詳細を,実務図表 10・4 にまとめておく.ま
た,H-300×150×6.5×9 を使用したときの突合せ溶接関先詳細例を,実務図表 10・5 に示し
ておくので参照されたい.
We have summarized the details of butt welding openings typically used in semi-automatic weldi
ng in practical Figure 10-4. Additionally, please refer to practical Figure 10-5 for an example of d
etailed butt welding openings when using H-300×150×6.5×9, which may be of interest to you."
[ d ] エンドタブ
[d] End Tab
重要な部分を突合せ溶接する場合には,溶接の始点および終点における欠陥を避けるために,
必ず補助板=エンドタプ(図 10 ・18〕を両端に仮付けし,その部分から溶接を始める.なお,
エンドタフ’ は,切断してマクロ組織検査をすれば,溶接の溶込み状態を調べることができる
(->[1411])
When performing butt welding on critical sections, to avoid defects at the starting and ending poi
nts of the weld, it is essential to temporarily attach auxiliary plates, known as 'end tabs' (Figure 1
0-18), at both ends. Welding should commence from these sections. Additionally, by cutting and
conducting macroscopic structural inspections, it is possible to examine the fusion condition of t
he welding at the 'end tab' (->[1411])."
[ e ] スカラップ(扇形の切欠き)(図 10 ・19)
[e] Scallop (Fan-shaped Notch) (Figure 10-19)
リプやスチフナ一等を溶接する場合には,溶接線の集中を避ける必要がある.とくに溶接線が
交叉するような箇所では,熱影響や収縮のために割れることがあるので, スカラップをとって
逃げる.なお最近はある程度の溶接線の集中はさほど害にはならないという考えもあり,スカ
ラップを取らず溶接待ちの手法が使われることもある.
When welding ribs or stiffeners, it is necessary to avoid concentrating the welding lines. Especia
lly in areas where the welding lines intersect, there is a risk of cracking due to heat influence an
d shrinkage, so scallops are created to allow for expansion. However, it is worth noting that rece
ntly, there is a belief that a certain degree of welding line concentration may not be as harmful, a
nd in some cases, welding techniques without scallops are also used.
[1] スカラップの必要性
[1] The Necessity of Scallop
表はつり,裏溶接する突合せ溶接を行う場合に,スカラップをとっていないと,ウェブフイレ
ット部分が裂はつり,裏溶接できなくなる(図 10 ・20〕.また裏当て金を使用する突合せ溶
接の場合には,スカラップを取っていないと,ウェプフイレット部分に哀当て金が取付けられ
ない(図 10•21).
When conducting butt-welding with backing or back welding, it is essential to create scallops. Wi
thout scallops, the web fillet portion may crack, making it impossible to perform back welding (se
e Figure 10-20). Furthermore, in the case of butt welding with backing material, not creating scal
lops prevents the attachment of the backing material to the web fillet portion (see Figure 10-21).
[2]スカラップによる断面欠損
[2] Sectional Loss Due to Scallop
H 形鋼でスカラップをとると,仕口部分の最大応力となる位置の断面のウェプフィレット,ウ
ェブの断面を欠損する(-->図 10 ・22, [計算例])ことになり,母材の断面性能が落ちる.
そのためスカラップ端から破断する危険性がある.またスカラップ加工の手聞がかかる等の考
えから,スカラップをとらない設計例もある
Creating scallops in H-shaped steel results in the removal of sections in the web fillet and web s
ections at the position of maximum stress, which is the joint area (see --> Figure 10-22, [Exampl
e Calculation]). This leads to a decrease in the cross-sectional performance of the base materia
l. As a result, there is a risk of fracture occurring from the scallop edge. Additionally, some desig
n examples opt not to use scallops due to the labor involved in scallop processing and other con
siderations.
(b) a = 0.7S 不等脚長の場合 (b) When "a" = 0.7S for unequal leg length S:
[3] スカラップをとらない突合わせ溶接
[3] Non-Scallop Butt Welding Methods
以下に掲げるような方法がある.
① 日立ノンスカラップの開先詳細を実務図表 10 ・5(c)および表 10・5 「フランジ厚 t2 と e
の寸法」に示す.なおウェプフィレット厚部分の溶接の耐力は無視している.
② フランジ開先加工部分にはルート商をとらず, ウェプフィレッ卜部分も開先加工し,裏はつ
りして裏溶接するかまたは裏当て金をあてがう方法(実務図表 10 ・5(d) (e))
There are methods as follows:
Detailed information on the Hitachi Non-Scallop opening is shown in Practical Figure 10-5(c) an
d in Table 10-5, 'Dimensions of Flange Thickness t2 and e.' It is worth noting that the welding str
ength of the web fillet thickness portion is disregarded.
In the flange opening processing section, neither a root margin is taken nor is the web fillet thick
ness portion left as is. Instead, it is processed for opening, and either back welding or applying b
acking material is used for back welding (see Practical Figure 10-5(d) (e)).
1035 すみ肉溶接等
[1035] Fillet Welding, etc.
[a] すみ肉溶接
[a] Fillet Welding
何種類かある継手形式(図 10 ・14)のうちで T 継手,かど継手,E 重ね継手の接合に用いら
れるのが,すみ肉溶接である.一方の板の小口と他の板の側面とで形成するすみ部,あるいは
一方の板の側面に他の板の小口が合わさってできるすみ部に溶着金属をあてて溶接する.
溶接継目の強度は低い.ちなみに 10mm あたりのすみ肉溶接の許容耐力をみてみると付 10 の
ようになる.
なお,すみ肉溶接の脚長,サイズ S とのど厚 a とのあいだには,図 10 ・23 のような関係があ
る.この場合,サイズ S は,通常湾いほうの母材の厚さに 07. を乗じた厚さかっ 5mm 以上,1
2mm 以下とする(付 10).
Fillet welding is used for joining T-joints, corner joints, and lap joints among several types of join
t configurations (see Figure 10-14). It involves welding at the fillet area formed between the end
of one plate and the side of another plate or at the fillet area where the end of one plate meets t
he side of another plate.
The strength of fillet welds is relatively low. For instance, considering the allowable load capacit
y per 10mm of fillet welding, it becomes as shown in Figure 10-23.
Additionally, there is a relationship between the leg length of fillet welds, size "S," and throat thic
kness "a," as illustrated in Figure 10-23. In this case, size "S" is typically 0.7 times the thickness
of the curved parent material and falls within a range of 1.5mm to 12mm (refer to Figure 10)
a)側面すみ肉溶接の場合
(b)前面すみ肉溶接の場合
図 10・24 まわし溶接
図 I 0・25 部分溶け込み溶接(
a) In the case of side fillet welding.
(b) In the case of front fillet welding.
Figure 10-24: Fillet Weld Around (circumferential weld).
Figure 10-25: Partial Penetration Welding.
図 10 ・ 26 プラグ溶接
図 10・ 27 スロット溶接
図 10 ・ 28 フレア
Figure 10-26: Plug Welding
Figure 10-27: Slot Welding
Figure 10-28: Flare Welding
[ b] すみ肉溶接のまわし溶接→図 10 ・24
b] Fillet Weld Around (Circumferential Fillet Welding) in Fillet Welding → Figure 10-24
[ c ] 部会溶込み溶接→図 10 ・25
[c] Partial Penetration Welding → Figure 10-25
[ d ] プラグ溶接, スロット溶接
[d] Plug Welding and Slot Welding
① プラグ溶接(せん溶接〉一一重ね継手で一方に穴をあけ, その穴から溶接してもう一方の部
材と接合する形式(図 10 ・26)
Plug Welding (Sen Welding): This is a type of lap joint where a hole is made in one of the parts,
and welding is done from that hole to join it with another part (see Figure 10-26).
上記①および②の溶接継目の許容応力度は, すみ肉溶接の場合と同じである.
The allowable stress levels for the above (1) and (2) welding joints are the same as those for fill
et welding.
[ e ] フレア溶接
[e] Flare Welding
軽量鉄骨のフィレット部や丸鋼などによってできるグループを溶接する形式(図 10 ・28).
Flare welding is a welding method used to join members such as lightweight steel fillet sections
or round bars (see Figure 10-28).
1036 溶接記号
1036 Welding Symbols
[1] 溶接記号・補助記号
[1] Welding Symbols and Auxiliary Symbols
一般的に使用する溶接記号(基本記号〕,補助記号をまとめたのが実務図表 10 ・6 である.
The commonly used welding symbols (basic symbols) and auxiliary symbols are summarized in
Practical Figure 10-6.
[2] 説明線
[2] Explanation Lines
溶接記号,必要に応じて補助記号は説明線〈図 10・29)に記載する説明線は基線,矢および
尾で構成され,尾は必要がなければ省略してよい矢は溶接部を指示するもので,レ形,K 形,
フレアレ形,フレア K 形において,開先を取る面またはフレアのある面に矢の先端を向ける.
熔接記号は,溶接する側が矢の側または手前側のときは基線の下側に,矢の反対側または向こ
う側のときは基線の上側に記載する.
Welding symbols, and if necessary, auxiliary symbols, are described using explanation lines
(Figure 10-29). Explanation lines consist of a baseline, an arrow, and a tail. The tail may be
omitted if not needed. The arrow indicates the welding area and, in the case of レ-groove,
K-groove, flare groove, and flare K-groove, points the tip of the arrow towards the surface w
ith the groove or flare. The welding symbol is placed below the baseline if the side to be we
lded is on the arrow side or the near side, and it is placed above the baseline if it is on the
opposite side or the far side of the arrow.
[3] 溶接施工内容(補助記号)の記載方法
[3] Method of Describing Welding Construction Details (Auxiliary Symbols)
補助記号,溶接施工内容の記載方法は,基線に対し溶接記号と同じ{llij に記載する(図 10・3
0).
The method of describing auxiliary symbols and welding construction details is the same as wel
ding symbols, and they are described parallel to the baseline (Figure 10-30).
[溶接施工内容の記号例示]
[Welding Construction Symbol Examples]
S. 溶接部の断面寸法だが溶接の種別に応じ以下の意味がある.
S. Represents the cross-sectional dimension of the weld, with the following meanings dependin
g on the type of welding:
・部分溶込み溶接 ⓢ:開先深さ
Partial Penetration Welding:
ⓢ: Penetration depth.
・すみ肉溶接 S 脚長(サイズ〕
Fillet Welding:
S: Leg length (size).
・プラグ溶接,スロット溶接
S:溶接深さ
Plug Welding, Slot Welding:
S: Weld depth.
・スポット溶接 S:直径
Spot Welding: S: Diameter.
R:ルート間隔
A 開先角度
L:溶接長さ,スロット溶接のみぞの長さ
n:断続すみ肉溶接,プラグ溶接,スロット溶接,スポット溶接などの数
P: 同上の溶接のピッチ
T:特別指示事項(溶接方法その他〉
R: Root spacing.
A: Included angle.
L: Weld length, or slot length in slot welding.
n: Number of intermittent fillet welds, plug welds, slot welds, spot welds, etc.
P: Pitch (spacing) of the same type of welds.
T: Special instructions (welding method, etc.).
(a)溶接する側が矢の側または手前側のとき
(b)溶接する側が矢の反対側または向こう側のとき
(c)重ね継手部のスポット溶接のとき
(a) When the side to be welded is on the arrow side or the near side:
(b) When the side to be welded is on the opposite side or the far side of the arrow:
(c) When spot welding is used for lap joints
実務図表 10 ・6 溶接記号(基本記号, 補助記号〕
Practical Figure 10-6: Welding Symbols (Basic Symbols, Auxiliary Symbols)
平行線
角度 90
向上
紀号の縦の線は左側に書く角度 45・
Parallel lines
Angle 90
Upward
The vertical line of the symbol is drawn to the left at an angle of 45°
実務図表 10 ・6 (統き)
Practical Figure 10-6 (Continuous)
補助記号: Auxiliary symbol
現場 i 容抜: Site groove preparation
[4] 実務的な記載方法
H - 300 x 150 x 6.5×9 の仕口溶接について図 10・31 に例示する
[4] Practical Notation Method
Illustration of H - 300 x 150 x 6.5×9 Groove Welding in Figure 10-31
(a)必要最小限の記号
(b)補助記号記載
(c)溶接部ディテール
S:突合せ溶接の開先深さすみ肉溶接のサイズ=脚長
R: ルート間隔
A: 開先角度
S△ :突合せ溶接の補強盛サイズ