13
unless concrete strength f c′ is at least 18% of Fut. Since A36
steel would require concrete with a strength of over 10,400
psi, it may safely be assumed that steel strength will not gov-
ern capacity for hooked bolts.
2.4.5.5 Anchor Bolt Length
The length of anchor embedded in the concrete, lanchor , must
be sufficient to develop the yield strength of the reinforcing
steel, as described earlier.
lanchor = ld + ctop + sanchor (Eq. 6)
Where
ld = required reinforcing bar development length,
ctop = clearance between top of vertical reinforcing steel
and top of foundation, and
sanchor = horizontal center-to-center spacing between anchor
bolt and vertical reinforcing steel.
For Gr. 60 Number 6 and smaller bars, the required bar devel-
opment length is
2, 400
ld = d (Eq. 7)
fc′ b
Where
db = diameter of the bar.
For Gr. 60 Number 7 and larger bars, the required bar devel-
opment length is
3, 000
ld = d (Eq. 8)
fc′ b
For epoxy-coated bars, the bar development length must be
increased by 20% or 50% according to the provisions of ACI
318 (15). These equations only provide for the anchor bolt
length within the concrete—the portion of the bolt protrud-
ing above the concrete must be added to determine the total
length of the bolt.
2.4.6 Sample Calculations and Discussion
In order to determine how the use of this procedure would
affect the design of anchorage for support structure founda-
tions, comparisons were made for anchor bolts with varying
applied forces, three grades of steel, and bolt diameters of up
to 2 inches. Shear loads were assumed to be negligible. Con-
crete breakout and concrete side-face blowout were assumed
to be controlled by adequate vertical reinforcement and shear
reinforcement (confining steel). For all support structure foun-
dations, 3,000-psi concrete was used. Results are shown in
Table 1.
Bolt sizes, as determined by the steel in tension, were com-
pared for the 2001 Supports Specifications and the proposed
method using Equations 1 and 2. The bolt sizes are shown in
Columns 4 and 5 in Table 1. Bolt sizes range from 0 to 0.5
inches smaller for the proposed procedure.
It is also important to consider the bearing area, since local-
ized crushing failure of the concrete against the head of the
bolt could lead to bolt looseness and vibration of the support
structure. (Equation 3 is used to determine the minimum
bearing area of a headed bolt. (Equation 5 is used to deter-
mine the minimum bearing area of a hooked anchor bolt.
When using the proposed procedure for headed bolts without
washers, the bearing area of the bolt head or nut, rather than
the steel strength, governs the bolt size. This is shown by
comparing Column 5 and 7 in Table 1. When using the pro-
posed procedure for headed bolts with washers, the bearing
area of a hardened washer is usually adequate for bolt sizes
determined by steel strength, except for the 105-ksi yield
strength bolts. This is shown by comparing Column 5 and 6
in Table 1. When using the proposed procedure for hooked
bolts, the bearing area of the hook, rather than the steel
strength, governs the bolt size. This is shown by comparing
Column 8 to Columns 5, 6, and 7 in Table 1. The required
diameter for hooked anchor bolt is significantly higher than
it is for headed bolts.
For headed bolts without washers, tensile capacity is
governed by the minimum required bearing area, rather
than by the steel strength. As a result, there is no reduction
in bolt diameter for using higher strength steel, such as the
Grade 55 or 105-ksi steel, as shown in Column 7 in Table 1.
The same conclusion applies for hooked anchor bolts, as
shown in Column 8.
Required embedment length of a headed anchor bolt was
calculated for the pullout capacity of the concrete, using the
35-degree failure cone assumed in the ACI anchorage design
procedure (14, 16). Typical required embedment depths were
16 to 24 inches for loads of approximately 50 to 90 kips.
However, this calculation does not account for the reduction
in capacity due to overlapping failure cones or edge distance.
In order to achieve this capacity, bolt spacing and/or edge
distance must be 48 to 72 inches—clearly impractical.
2.4.7 Transfer of Anchor Bolt Load to
Foundation Reinforcement
For most support structures, it is not practical to resist bolt
tension loads through concrete breakout strength. A different
mechanism for resisting these loads is necessary. Therefore,
the anchor bolt tension forces should be transferred to the
foundation-reinforcing steel through the mechanism illus-
trated in Figure 1. In order to use this mechanism, the anchor
bolts must be inside the foundation reinforcement cage.
The previous design conditions, addressed above in Sec-
tion 2.4.6, ensure that the bolt diameter is large enough to