Tutorials Combined

Department of Mathematics
Faculty of Engineering
University of Moratuwa
MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics

Tutorial 01
Numerical Methods
1. Find the largest interval in which 𝑝 ∗ (an approximation for 𝑝) must lie to approximate 𝑝
with absolute error at most 10!" for each value of 𝑝.
a) 𝜋
b) 𝑒
c) √2
3
d) √7
# %
2. Suppose that $ and &. Use five-digit chopping for calculating 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑥 × 𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ÷
𝑦. Also, calculate the absolute and relative errors.
3. Use four-digit rounding arithmetic and the formulas to find the most accurate
approximations to the roots of the following quadratic equation. Also, compute the
relative error.
1 2 123 1
𝑥 − 𝑥+ =0
3 4 6
4. Suppose that 𝑓𝑙(𝑦) is a 𝑘-digit rounding approximation to y.

𝑦−𝑓𝑙(𝑦)
Show that " 𝑦
" ≤ 0.5 × 10−𝑘+1 .
(Hint: If 𝑑/01 < 5, then 𝑓𝑙(𝑦) = 0. 𝑑1 . . . 𝑑/ × 101 .
If 𝑑/01 ≥ 5, then 𝑓𝑙(𝑦) = 0. 𝑑1 . . . 𝑑/ × 101 + 101!/ .)
5. One of the most common error-producing calculations involves the cancellation of

significant digits due to the subtraction of nearly equal numbers. This error can be
avoided by a reformulation of the calculations. That is, avoiding the subtraction in the
calculation.
Identify for which values of 𝑥 there is subtraction of nearly equal numbers and find an
alternate form that avoids the problem.
%!234 6 1!(1!6)3 1 1
(a) 781! 6
(b) 6
(c) 106 − 1!6
Page 1 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
Probability and Statistics
1. The Ministry of Health surveyed the Covid-19 situation in Gampaha District in Sri Lanka.
They distributed questionnaires to randomly selected 200 people who have suffered
from Covid-19 in Gampaha District. Following are some questions that we found in that
questionnaire.
Answer the following questions based on the given details.

1. Identify the population of this study.
2. What is the sample size?
3. State whether each question belongs to the Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio
scale.
4. Mention the questions provide discrete outcomes and continuous outcomes.
2. A) Three coins are tossed at the same time. We say A is the event of receiving at least 2
heads. Likewise, B denotes the event of getting no heads and C is the event of getting
heads on the second coin.
1. Discuss whether the events are independent or not?
Page 2 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
2. Which of these events are mutually exclusive
i. A&C
ii. B&C
iii. A&B
iv. A&B&C
B) Following are some real-life applications for permutation and Combination. Identify
which of these approaches you have to use in each incident and find the solutions for
parts 4 and 5.
1. The Department of Motor Traffic wants to determine the number of different
ways that they can create number plates using four digits.
2. John went to a restaurant to have his lunch. He was excited to know how many
ways he can select four curries from the given menu.
3. University librarian needs to determine the number of different ways that they
can arrange books on a shelf.
4. Mrs. Perera needs to change her password which is 123456 to a number
greater than 4000 and she needs to determine the number of different ways
that she can change her password. 394560000
5. A school teacher gave a task to his classroom to form committees of 5 people
with 3 boys and 2 girls from 30 boys and 10 girls in his classroom. Students
are trying to figure out the possible number of ways to form committees
according to this condition.
3. A) For a boat race, 6 boys enter a boat with 8 seats, 4 on each side. In how many ways
can,
i. they sit anywhere?
ii. Two boys A and B sit on the left side and another boy W sits on the right
side?
B) A class teacher gave the assignment to find out the number of arrangements of the
letters of the word ANSWER are possible if,
i. there are no restrictions?
ii. they have AN together in order?
iii. they have ANS together in any order?
iv. A, N and S are not to be together?
v. If a student has mistakenly written down the word “ANSWER” as
“ANSWERS”. Then what will be his answer for part (i)?
Page 3 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
C) If 4 Science books are selected from 6 different Science books and 3 History books are
chosen from 5 different History books, how many ways can the seven books be arranged
on a shelf,
i. if there are no restrictions?
ii. if the 4 Science books remain together?
D) At a wedding, 8 men and 8 women sit at a round table. In how many ways can they sit
if
i. there are no restrictions?
ii. men and women alternate?
Multivariate Calculus and PDE

1. Find the domain of the following functions indicated by the equations and indicate these
domains graphically.
69
a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 6!9
69
b) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) =
6 2 !9 2
:1(6!9)
c) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) =
;6!901
d) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = C(9 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4)

e) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑙𝑛(6 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦)
2. Sketch the level curves for the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 for 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅
3. Sketch the level curves for the function 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 for 𝑘 = −2, −1,0,1,2
where 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑘.
4. Sketch the level curves for the function ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 for suitable values.
5. Sketch the level curves for the function 𝑙(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 for suitable values.
-End of the Tutorial-
Page 4 of 4
In2020-Semester 2

Tutorial 02
Numerical Methods
1. Determine the Taylor series for each of the following functions and values of a.
𝑥
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒, 𝑎=0
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑎 = 0
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑎 = 0
d. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥), 𝑎 = 1
2. Determine the absolute error when approximating f(x) = sin(0.4) using a 3rd order
Taylor Polynomial. Also, determine an upper bound for the absolute error.
π 0 −6
3. Use a Taylor polynomial about 4
to approximate 𝑐𝑜𝑠 42 to an accuracy of 10 .
4. John’s paint crew knows from experience that its 18-ft ladder is particularly stable
when the distance from the ground to the top of the ladder is 5 ft more than the
distance from the building to the base of the ladder as shown in the figure. In this
position, how far up the building does the ladder reach? (Use graphical method)
5. For the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 :

π
a. Find the second degree Taylor polynomial at 𝑥0 = 4
.
π π
b. Determine the truncation error in the interval ||𝑥 − 4
|≤
| 8
.
Page 1 of 3
In2020-Semester 2
1. An examination was conducted in two parts, a practical test and a written test for 50
candidates. 20 candidates passed the practical test, 15 candidates passed the
written test and 18 failed both the practical test and written test. If one candidate
will be selected at random out of these candidates find the probability that the
candidate,
a. Will pass either practical test or written test
b. Will pass both practical and written tests
c. Will fail only the practical test
d. Will fail only one of the parts
e. Will pass the written exam when it is given that he has passed the practical
exam?
2. A company produces garments from three sub-companies A, B, and C which provide

50%, 30% and 20% of the garment requirements of the company. The percentages
of the defective output of these garments are 35%, 4% and 5% respectively. What is
the probability of a randomly selected garment being defective?
3. An electrical engineer is planning to produce a new product A. If he uses the best

quality raw materials, the probability that product A will market well is 0.8. If he
doesn’t use the best quality raw materials the probability that product A will market
well is 0.4. It is believed that the probability he doesn’t use the best quality raw
materials is 0.6. Using a tree diagram, find out the probability that product A will
market well if released to the market?
4. A radar system is designed such that the probability of detecting the presence of an
aircraft in its range is 98%. However, if no aircraft is present in its range it still
reports (falsely) that an aircraft is present with a probability of 5%. At any time, the
probability that an aircraft is present within the range of the radar is 7%.
a. What is the probability that no aircraft is present in the range of the radar
given that an aircraft is detected?
b. What is the probability that an aircraft is present in the range of the radar
given that an aircraft is detected?
c. What is the probability that an aircraft is present in the range of the radar
given that no aircraft is detected?
d. What is the probability that no aircraft is present in the range of the radar
given that no aircraft is detected?
Page 2 of 3
In2020-Semester 2
1. Think about an example 2-variable function in which the iterated limits differ near
the neighborhood (0,0).
2. Give an example 2-variable function in which iterated limits are equal but the limit
does not exist near the neighborhood (0,0). (This is a counterexample for
disproving the converse of Theorem 1.1.3)
3. Suggest a 2-variable function in which the iterated limits do not exist and the limit
exists near the neighborhood (0,0). (Hint: modify an example function in lecture
note)
2 2
5𝑥 𝑦
4. Does the limit lim 2 2 exist? Prove your assertion.
(𝑥,𝑦) → (0,0) 𝑥 +𝑦
3 3
2𝑥 +𝑦
5. Show that the limit lim 2 does not exist.
(𝑥,𝑦) → (0,0) 𝑥𝑦
Revision:
Determine the limits of the following functions at the given points. Then establish
this limit using ε-𝛿 definition.
2
a. lim 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓: (1, 3) → 𝑅 given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6
𝑥→2
b. lim 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓: (2, 3) → 𝑅 given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

+
𝑥→2
Page 3 of 3
In2020-Semester 2

Tutorial 03
Numerical Methods
1. Find a root of 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0 in the interval [-2, -1] using the Bisection Method.
Acceptable error: 0.001
2. Population of an ant kingdom in millions varies according to the following function.

Time is given in months.
𝑓(𝑡) = 1.4𝑒 0.5𝑡 − 2𝑡
a. Find an interval that contains a root when 𝑓(𝑡) = 3.
b. Find the number of iterations required to find the root according to the
Bisection Theorem. (Accuracy - 0.001)
c. Hence find the time required for the ant population to increase up to 3 million.
1
3. Use the bisection method to approximate the value of 5 within an accuracy of 0.01.
√3
4. You are working for ‘DOWN THE TOILET

COMPANY’ that makes floats for ABC
commodes. The floating ball has a specific
gravity of 0.6 and a radius of 5.5 cm. You are
asked to find the depth to which the ball is
submerged when floating in the water. The
equation that gives the depth x to which the
ball is submerged underwater is given by
𝑥 3 − 0.165𝑥 2 + 3.993 × 10−4 = 0
Use the bisection method of finding roots of equations to find the depth x to which the
ball is submerged underwater. Conduct three iterations to estimate the root of the
above equation.
5. Determine a formula which relates the number of iterations, 𝑛, required by the

bisection method to converge to within an absolute error tolerance of 𝜀 , starting from
the initial interval (a, b).
Page 1 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
1. A thousand undergraduates of Applied Science faculty and Management faculty were

classified by the attitude towards organizing a talent show of the university students.
Favour to Does not favour

Faculty organize a organizing a Total
talent show (F) talent show (F’)
Applied Sciences (A) 250 150 400
Management Science (M) 350 250 600
Total 600 400 1000
a. Create the joint probability table using the given data.

b. If an undergraduate is chosen randomly from this group of 1000,
i. What is the probability that a person belongs to the Management
Science faculty and favours organizing a talent show?
ii. What is the probability if the undergraduate student does not favour
organizing a talent show and belongs to the Applied Sciences faculty?
iii. What is the probability that the selected undergraduate favours
organizing the talent show?
iv. What is the probability that the selected undergraduate is an Applied
Science faculty student?
v. What is the probability that the selected undergraduate student
favours organizing a talent show when it is given that person belongs
to the Management Science faculty?
2. Suppose two children play a LUDO game. They roll two fair six-sided dice, one of
which is red and the other one is green. Based on that, you define the following
random variables.
X= The number shown on the red die
0; 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑌 = { 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑒
1;
2; 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑒
a. Write down the sample space of rolling two dice.

b. Create the table showing the joint probability mass function for X and Y.
Page 2 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
c. Find the marginal probability distribution for X and Y.
d. What is the probability that Y=0?
e. What is the probability that 𝑋 > 5?
f. Find the probability of 𝑋 > 5 and Y=0.
g. What will be the conditional probability of 𝑋 > 5 when it is given that Y=0?
3. Let X and Y be two joint continuous random variables with joint PDF,
1 2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = {2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
0; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
a. Find the constant c.

1 1
b. Find 𝑃 (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ ).
2 2
c. Find the marginal PDF of X and Y.
4. Two components of mobile phones have the following joint Probability Density
Function for their useful lifetimes X and Y (in years), starting from the moment of
purchase.
𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦) ; 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = {
0 ; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
a. Find the marginal Probability Density Function of X.

b. Find the marginal Probability Density Function of Y.
c. At the time of purchase, the manufacturer provides one year warranty
period. What is the probability that the lifetime of at least one component
exceeds the manufacturer’s warranty period?
d. Find whether X and Y are independent or not.
1. Find all the second partial derivatives of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑦 + 𝑦 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥).
2. Find 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑥 and 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑦 of the function,
𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑦 − 5𝑧) = 1 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠(6𝑧𝑥).
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≠ 0
3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥+𝑦 . Find 𝑓𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 at every point.
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
Page 3 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
4. Determine the set of points at which the function is continuous.
𝑥2𝑦3
, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0)
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = {2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,0)
5. Graph the function and discuss the continuity of the function.

sin(𝑥𝑦)
𝑖𝑓 𝑥𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = { 𝑥𝑦
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥𝑦 = 0
Page 4 of 4
In2020-Semester 2

Tutorial 04
Numerical Methods
𝑥 4 −1
1. Show that 𝑔(𝑥) = has a unique fixed point on the interval [-0.5,0]
4
2. What is the number of iterations required to find a real root of 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 − 1 = 0

accurate to 10−3 in the interval [-0.5,0] using the fixed-point method? Consider
𝑥 4 −1
𝑔(𝑥) = as the fixed-point function.
4
3. Use the fixed-point method to find a real root of 1 + 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑥 accurate to 10−3
in the interval [1,2].
4. Use the fixed-point method to obtain the root(s) of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4.
Assume the initial guess 𝑥0 = 6 and use the iteration function 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4. Is the
numerical solution converging? If not, provide an initial guess which converges.
5.
a. Show that the fixed-point sequence defined by
1 1
𝑥𝑛 = 2 𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑥 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 1,
𝑛−1
converges to √2 whenever 𝑥0 > √2.

b. Use the fact that 0 < (𝑥0 − √2)2 whenever 𝑥0 ≠ √2 to show that if 0 < 𝑥0 <
√2, then 𝑥1 > √2.
c. Use the results of parts (a) and (b) to show that the sequence in (a) converges
to √2 whenever 𝑥0 > 0.
1. According to the historical records of the ministry of disaster management, there

have been a number of major natural disasters ranging between zero to five during
each year in Sri Lanka. Based on this data, the following discrete probability
distribution of 𝑋: the number of natural disasters in a year, is produced.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑃(𝑥) 0.325 0.27 0.29 0.055 0.054 0.006
Page 1 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
a. Find the expected number of major natural disasters in a year in Sri Lanka.
b. Find the variance and the standard deviation of 𝑋.
2. A toy manufacturing company is trying to decide which of the two machines to select,
both of which require same dollar investment. This company sells their production to
5 main retailers. Based on the standards of the retailers, the probability of detecting
defects and the allocation of the number of items produced by these two machines for
each company are given in the following table.
Company Probability Machine 1 Machine 2
A 0.05 300 425
B 0.15 500 300
C 0.6 1050 650
D 0.15 750 1000
E 0.05 800 550
a. Compute the expected value and the standard deviation of the number of
defective items under each machine.
i. Which machine has the higher expected defects?
ii. Which machine is at a higher risk of producing defects?
b. If you are the manager, which machine would you select? Give a statistical
reason.
3. An entrepreneur started to make a new product from peanuts. He purchases 50𝑘𝑔 of

peanut pods from the farmers for a single production run and uses the good nuts for
his production. Following is the probability density function of the wastage (shells
and bad nuts) of the production per run which is denoted by the random variable 𝑋.
𝑘(𝑥 − 1)(2 − 𝑥) ; 𝑖𝑓 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑓(𝑥) = {
(Note that values of 𝑋 are given in kilograms)
Page 2 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
a. Find the constant 𝑘.
b. Find the mean and standard deviation of 𝑋.
c. What is the minimum wastage expected?
d. Find the CDF of 𝑋.
e. Find the probability of having a wastage less than 1.5𝑘𝑔 per run.
4. Consider the following continuous function 𝑓(𝑥), where 𝜃 > 0.
𝑐
;0 < 𝑥 < 𝜃
𝑓(𝑥) = {𝜃 2
a. Find the value of the constant 𝑐 so that 𝑓(𝑥) is a suitable PDF.

b. Find the mean and standard deviation of 𝑋.
3
c. If 𝜃 = 2 , find 𝑃(𝑋 > 1), 𝑃(𝑋 > 2) and 𝑃(𝑋 > 2 − √2).
𝜃 3𝜃
d. Compute 𝑃(10 < 𝑋 < )
5
5. Lanza and Nishantha have agreed to join a party between 6.00 pm and 7.00 pm (1
hour). The arrival time of Lanza is given by 𝑋 and Nishantha’s arrival time is given by
𝑌 which are measured from 6.00 p.m. onward and expect always to present before
7.00 p.m. and are considered independently distributed according to their past
behavior.
3𝑥 2 ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑓(𝑥) = {
2𝑦 ; 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
𝑓(𝑔) = {
Hints:
• X and Y are said to be independent if 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑓(𝑦) for all 𝑥, 𝑦

• Expectation of a function of 𝑋 and 𝑌
∞ ∞
𝐸[𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)] is given by ∫−∞ ∫−∞ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦). 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
a. Find the joint probability density function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).

b. Find the expected amount of time that Lanza would have to wait for Nishantha
to arrive.
Page 3 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
𝑥 3 −𝑦 3
∶ 𝑖𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0)
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = {𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 . Discuss the differentiability of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) at
0 ; 𝑖𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,0)
(0,0).
2.
a. You are told that there is a function 𝑓 of two variables whose partial
derivatives are 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 4𝑦 and 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 − 𝑦. Should you believe it?
b. Use Clairaut’s Theorem to show that if the third order partial derivatives are
continuous, then 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑥 .
3. The wave heights h in the open sea depends on the speed 𝑣 of the wind and the length
of time 𝑡 that the wind has been blowing at that speed. Values of the function ℎ =
𝑓(𝑣, 𝑡) are recorded in feet in the following table. Use the table to find a linear
approximation to the wave height function when 𝑣 is near 40 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑠 and 𝑡 is near
20 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠. Then estimate the wave heights when the wind has been blowing for
24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 at 43 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑠.
2𝑥+3
4. Verify the linear approximation at (0,0): 4𝑦+1 ≈ 3 + 2𝑥 − 12𝑦.
5. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 . Estimate the value of 𝑓(4.1,0.8).

𝜋
(Hint: select an appropriate value for (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) for your calculations, 4 = 0.785)
Page 4 of 4
In2020-Semester 2

Tutorial 05
Numerical Methods
1. Find a real root of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 − 1 with an accuracy of 0.0001 using Newton's
method.
2. Use Newton’s method to find the value of 𝑙𝑛(7). Set an integer as the initial guess and calculate the
error from the actual value (1.945910149) for four iterations of Newton’s method.
3. Suppose you are going to apply Newton’s method to solve the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0. Hence
obtain a 𝑔(𝑥) function suitable to apply the fixed-point method. Prove the existence of a unique
fixed point in a suitable interval.
4. You are designing a spherical tank to hold water for domestic use. The volume of liquid it can hold
can be computed as
[3𝑅 − ℎ]
𝑉 = 𝜋ℎ2
3
where V = volume (𝑚3 ), h = depth of water in tank (m), and R = the tank radius (m). If R = 4 m,
what depth must the tank be filled to so that it holds 50 𝑚3 ? Use three iterations of Newton's
method to determine your answer. Find the approximate relative error after each iteration. Note
that an initial guess of h will always converge.
5. Problem involving the amount of money required to pay off a mortgage over a fixed period of time
involve the formula,
𝑃
𝐴 = [1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 ]
𝑖
known as an “ordinary annuity equation”. In this equation, A is the amount of mortgage, 𝑃 is the
amount of each payment, and 𝑖 is the interest rate per period for the 𝑛 payment period. Suppose
that a 30-year home mortgage in the amount of $135,000 is needed and that the borrower can
afford house payments of at most $1000 per month. What is the maximal interest rate the
borrower can afford to pay?
6. Prove that the order of convergence of Newton’s method is 2.
Page 1 of 3
In2020-Semester 2
1. The lifetime measure in hours, of the ACME super light bulb, is a random variable T with density
function 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝜆2 𝑡𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 , where λ = 0.05.
a. What is the expected lifetime of this light bulb?
b. What is its variance?
c. Find
i. E (5T + 3)
ii. V (4T - 5)
2. A mathematics lecturer conducted an exam for three randomly selected samples of students using
3 question papers based on three standards A, B, and C. He decided to select the paper that follows
the symmetrical distribution for the marks obtained by the students. Following A, B, and C
presents the marks obtained by each group, for the papers A, B, and C respectively.
A) 60, 50, 45, 70, 87, 88, 86, 91, 90, 95, 96
B) 30, 25, 40, 35, 45, 55, 50, 70, 65, 60, 75
C) 15, 12, 10, 25, 17, 50, 40, 90, 80, 75, 30
a. Find out the mean and median of each group.

b. Find whether each data set is normal or skewed? If skewed, state whether it is negatively
or positively skewed?
c. Determine which paper is to be selected by the lecturer by giving statistical reasons.
3. The following figures 1, 2 and 3 present the results obtained from a statistical experiment. They
have given Population Excess Kurtosis for each incident and Population Excess kurtosis is defined
as 𝐸𝐾𝑝 = 𝐾𝑝 − 3 where 𝐾𝑝 is the Population kurtosis value.
Hint: It is given that a normally distributed variable has a kurtosis of 3.0 and excess kurtosis of a
normally distributed variable is 0.00.
Discuss the behavior of each incident based on the shape and the kurtosis values.
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

(Source: SPSS Tutorials)
Page 2 of 3
In2020-Semester 2
1. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 and (𝑥, 𝑦) changes from (3, −1) to (2.96, −0.95), compare the values of ∆𝑧
and 𝑑𝑧.
𝑚𝑔𝑅
2. Tension 𝑇 in the string of the yo-yo in the figure is 𝑇 = 2𝑟 2 +𝑅2 where m is the mass of the yo-yo
and 𝑔 is the acceleration due to gravity.
Use differentials to estimate the change in the tension if 𝑅 is increased from 3𝑐𝑚 to 3.1𝑐𝑚 and 𝑟
is increased from 0.7𝑐𝑚 to 0.8𝑐𝑚. Does the tension increase or decrease?
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
3. Use chain rule to find the partial derivatives and 𝜕𝜃 where 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and 𝑧 =
𝜕𝑟
𝜋
𝑟𝜃, when 𝑟 = 2 and 𝜃 = 2 , for 𝑤 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑧.
4. Use the addition formulas and change of coordinates 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 to express the
following functions, given in polar coordinates and in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦;
a. 𝑓1 = 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃) b. 𝑓2 = 𝑟 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜃) c. 𝑓3 = 𝑟 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝜃)

Show that each function satisfies the equation 𝑓𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 0.
5.
a. Find the directional derivative of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 at the point (0,4) in the direction indicated
2𝜋
by angle 𝜃 = .
3
b. Find the directional derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 at the point (1, −2,2)
in the direction from that point toward the origin.
Page 3 of 3
In2020-Semester 2

Tutorial 06
Numerical Methods
1 𝜋𝑥
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 ). Approximate the first derivative from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1 with ℎ =
0.1 using
a. Forward difference formula,
b. Backward difference formula,
c. Centered difference formula.
2. Use the forward difference formula and the high accuracy divided difference formula
(as given in the lecture note) to approximate the first derivative of the function
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 from 𝑥 =3 to 4 with h=0.2. Compare the approximation errors with respect
to the actual values based on the relative error.
3. A simply supported beam with a uniform load m and a tensile axial load T is deflected
by y as follows.
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑇𝑦 𝑚𝑥(𝑙 − 𝑥)
− =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑌𝐼𝐴 2𝑌𝐼𝐴
where
𝑥 = location along the beam (m)
𝑇 = tension applied (kg)
𝑌 = Young’s modulus of elasticity of the beam (psi)
𝐼𝐴 = second moment of area (𝑚4 )
𝑚 = uniform loading intensity (kg/m)
𝑙 = length of the beam (m)
Given, 𝑇 = 6300 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚 = 4500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚, 𝑙 = 70 𝑐𝑚, 𝑌 = 30 𝑁/𝑚2 , and 𝐼𝐴 = 120 𝑚4 ,
Page 1 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
Obtain an expression to find the deflection of the beam at 𝑥 = 50 𝑐𝑚. Use a step size
of 𝛥𝑥 = 10 𝑐𝑚 and approximate the derivatives by centered difference
approximation.
4. The export development board of Sri Lanka is planning to award the best-performing
companies. They are using the cumulative exports recorded within the last two years
to evaluate the performance of each company. The data recorded every 6 months of
a cosmetics exporting company is given below. Due to a technical issue, they have lost
the data corresponding to the first half of the second year.
𝑥 (in years) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
𝑓(𝑥) (in million US$) 1 1.8987 3.7183 ? 11.3891
a. Derive a finite difference formula for the first derivative using non-uniform
intervals. Refer to the centered difference formula derivation method.
b. Using the formula from part a, find 𝑓′(1) and 𝑓′(1.5).
c. Find 𝑓(1.5) using the value of 𝑓′(1).
5. Use Finite Differences to solve the boundary value problem
𝑦′′ − 2𝑥𝑦′ − 2𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦(1) = 𝑒.
Note: Boundary Value Problem (BVP) is a problem of determining a solution to a

differential equation subject to conditions on the unknown function specified at two or
more values of the independent variable. These conditions are called boundary
conditions. Most of the BVPs cannot be solved analytically and therefore finite difference
formulas are used to approximate the solution at evenly spaced grid points.
(Hint: Use 8 intervals. You are not required to find the final answer, it is enough to
arrive at an equation with y values and n)

1. A company has their annual expenditure for advertising and annual profit for the past
10 years. Find the coefficient of correlation and comment on the linear relationship
between two sets of data. (Note that these values are given in thousand rupees)
Expenditure 14 35 22 29 6 15 17 20 12 29
for repairs (X)
Annual profit 28 66 38 70 22 27 28 47 14 68
(Y)
Page 2 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
2. Let X denote the number of machine breakdowns in a factory on any given month. Let
Y denotes the number of times a technician is called on an emergency call. The joint
p.m.f 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦) is presented in the table below.
X=0 X=1 X=2 X=3

Y=0 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.03
Y=1 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.04
Y=2 0.03 0.08 0.09 0.04
Y=3 0.05 0.11 0.08 0.02
Y=4 0.13 0.05 0.03 0.01
a. Find the Expected value and the variance of X and Y.

b. Compute the 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑋, 𝑌).
c. Find the covariance between the variables that will represent the situation where
the number of breakdowns becomes 5 times higher than the current situation and
due to that the number of times a technician is called on an emergency call is also
increased by two times.
d. Determine the strength of the linear relationship between X and Y, as well as the
relationship between the variables created under the situation in part (c).
Interpret your findings.
3. Consider two continuous random variables X and Y with joint p.d.f.
2 2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = {81 𝑥 . 𝑦; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3
a. Determine whether X and Y are independent or not.

b. Determine the value of 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑋, 𝑌)
4. Suppose X is a discrete uniform random variable that takes on the integers distributed
over the interval [-2, 2].
a. Use a table to represent the probability distribution of the uniform discrete
random variable X.
b. Find the mean and the variance of X.
c. Find the probability that 𝑋 < 1.
5. Let Y represent the number of successes that follows binomial distribution and has
the form
n
𝑃(𝑦) = (𝑦) 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞 𝑛−𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 0,1, . . . , 𝑛
Hint: The binomial experiment consists of 𝑛 independent, repeated Bernoulli trials.
Page 3 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
a. Show that the mean of a binomial random variable Y is 𝐸(𝑌) = 𝑛𝑝.
b. According to past records, a skin specialist knows that 20% of the population will
have a bad reaction to a certain type of medicinal lotion. The specialist prescribes
this lotion for 20 patients. Find the probability that the number of patients who
suffer a bad reaction is,
i. At most 5
ii. Less than 2
iii. More than 2
iv. Find the expected number of patients who suffer a bad reaction.

1. Find the directional derivative of the function at the given point in the direction of the
vector.
a. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑧𝑒 𝑥 , (0,0,0), 𝑣 =< 5,1, −2 >
b. ℎ(𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡) = 𝑙𝑛 (3𝑟 + 6𝑠 + 9𝑡) , (1,1,1), 𝑣 = 4𝑖 + 12𝑗 + 6𝑘
2.
a. Show that a differentiable function f decreases most rapidly at x in the
direction opposite to the gradient vector, that is, in the direction of −𝛻𝑓(𝑥).
b. Use the result of part (i) to find the direction in which the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝑥 4 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 decreases fastest at the point (2, −3)
3. Are there any points on the hyperboloid 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 = 1 where the tangent plane is
parallel to the plane 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦?
4. Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧

a. Use the Jacobian (𝐽𝑝 𝑓) to construct a linear approximation 𝐴(𝑥) to f near point
𝑋0 = (−1,1, −2)
b. Find the Hessian matrix (𝐻(𝑓)) of the above function.
Page 4 of 4
In2020-Semester 2

Tutorial 07
Numerical Methods
1. Evaluate the below integral using 10 intervals.
1
𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
a. Use Composite Trapezoidal Rule
b. Use Composite Simpson Rule
Compare your results with the actual value and determine the best approximation.
2. A cross-section of a racing sailboat is shown in Fig. 1(a). Wind forces (f) exerted per foot of
mast from the sails vary as a function of distance above the deck of the boat (z), as in Fig.1 (b).
Figure 1 Figure 2: The distributed force f be

converted to an equivalent total
force F and that its effective
location above the deck d.
The total force exerted on the mast can be expressed as the integral of a continuous function:
30
𝑧 −2𝑧/30
𝐹 = ∫ 200( 5+𝑧 )𝑒 𝑑𝑧
0
Page 1 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
Calculate the tensile force T in the left mast support cable, assuming that the right support
cable is completely slack and the mast joins the deck in a manner that transmits horizontal or
vertical forces but no moments. Assume that the mast remains vertical.
a. Using Composite Trapezoidal Rule
b. Using Composite Simpson’s Rule
(Use step size = 3 ft)
3. Use the Composite Trapezoidal Rule with 2 subintervals to evaluate the following double
integral:
1/2 1/2
𝑦−𝑥
∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0
4. Use the data in the following table with unequally spaced x values to determine the integral of
2 3 4 5
𝑓(𝑥) = 0. 2 + 25𝑥 − 200𝑥 + 675𝑥 − 900𝑥 + 400𝑥
x 0.0 0.12 0.22 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.54 0.64 0.70 0.80
f(x) 0.2000 1.309 1.305 1.743 2.074 2.456 2.8429 3.5072 3.1819 2.3630 0.232
00 729 241 393 903 000 85 97 29 00 000
5. Suppose that the temperature of a rectangular heated plate is described by the following
function:
2 2
𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 72.
If the plate is 8-m long (x dimension) and 6-m wide (y dimension), compute the average
temperature.
(Hint: Use composite trapezoidal rule with n = 2 )

1. Records show that the probability is 0.00005 that a car will have a flat tire while crossing a
certain bridge. Use Poisson distribution to find the probabilities that among 10000cars
crossing this bridge;
a. exactly two will have a flat tire
b. at most two will have a flat tire
2. A social scientist claims that only 60% of all high school senior students are capable of doing
work by actually going to college. Assuming the claim of the social scientist is true, find the
probabilities that among 18 high school seniors,
a. exactly 10 will be capable of doing work by going to college
b. at least 5 will go to college
c. at most 12 will go to college
Page 2 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
3. A multiple-choice test has fifty questions and five possible answers for each one, with only one
correct answer. The examiner has allocated two marks for each correct answer. If X is the
number of questions answered correctly,
a. Calculate the probability that a student will achieve a pass mark of 10 or more,
i. Using Binomial distribution.
ii. Using Normal approximation to Binomial distribution.
iii. Using Poisson approximation to Binomial distribution.
b. Comment on your results.
4. In a small village, 10 accidents took place in a span of 50 days. Assuming that the number of
accidents per day follows a Poisson distribution, find the probability that,
a. Less than 3 accidents in a day.
b. There will be three or more accidents in a day.
c. There will be no accidents on a given day.
5. The number of defects found in a production line per week has been claimed to follow a
Poisson distribution with a mean of 0.5.
a. What is the probability that the given production line has less than two defects in a given
week?
b. What is the expected number of defects of a production line in one month?
6. On a given day, the number of crimes reported to police headquarters follows the Poisson
process. During any 30 minutes interval, the average number of crimes reported is 5. Find the
probabilities that more than 3 crimes are reported during the next,
a. 30 minutes
b. 15 minutes
7. If 2% of the books bound at a certain bindery have defecting bindings, use the Poisson
approximation to the Binomial distribution to determine the probability that 5 of 400 books
bound by this bindery will have defective bindings.

1. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle point(s) of the function.
2 2
a. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦
3 3
b. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑦
𝑥
c. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡(𝑦)
2
d. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
2 2
2. Show that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 2 has an infinite number of critical points and that D=0
at each one. Then show that has a local (and absolute) minimum at each critical point.
3. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f on the set.
Page 3 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
2 2
a. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦, D is the closed triangular region with vertices (2,0), (0,2) and
(0,-2)
3 4 2 2
b. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 , 𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)| 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤1}
4. The base of an aquarium with given volume V is made of slate and the sides are made of glass.
If slate costs five times as much (per unit area) as glass, find the dimensions of the aquarium
that minimize the cost of the materials.
Page 4 of 4
In2020-Semester 2

Tutorial 08
Numerical Methods
1. A system of linear equation is given below.
0.5𝑥1 + 0.25𝑥2 = 0.35
0.35𝑥1 + 0.8𝑥2 + 0.4𝑥3 = 0.77
0.25𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 0.5𝑥4 = −0.5
𝑥3 − 2𝑥4 = −2.25
a. Identify the coefficient matrix, constant matrix, and unknown matrix corresponding
to this system of linear equation.
b. Find the 𝑙∞ norm (Infinity norm) of the coefficient matrix.
c. Is the coefficient matrix diagonally dominant or strictly diagonally dominant?
2. Decompose the given matrix into 3 matrices such that A=D-L-U where D, U, and L are a
diagonal matrix, an upper triangle matrix and a lower triangle matrix respectively.
1 2 −2
𝐴 = (1 1 1 )
2 2 1
a. Find the matrix T where 𝑇 = 𝐷−1 (𝐿 + 𝑈)
b. Find the spectral radius of T
3. Show that 𝑥 (𝑘) = (𝑥1 (𝑘) , 𝑥2 (𝑘) , 𝑥3 (𝑘) , 𝑥4 (𝑘) )𝑡 = (7,5 + 3/𝑘 2 , 1/𝑘, 𝑒 −2𝑘 )𝑡 converges to 𝑥 =
(7,5,0,0)𝑡 with respect to the 𝑙∞ norm.
4. The height y, of an object thrown into the air is known to be given by a quadratic function
of t (time) of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐. If the object is at height y = 23/4 at time t = 1/2,
at y = 7 at time t = 1, and at y = 2 at t = 2, determine the coefficients a, b, and c.
5. Prove the Theorem: Regardless of its size or the number of unknowns its equations
contain, a linear system will have either no solutions, exactly one solution, or infinitely
many solutions.

1. You are surveying people in a polling booth and asking them if they voted independently.
The probability that a person votes independently is 20%. What is the probability that
15 people must be asked before you find 5 people who voted independently?
Page 1 of 2
In2020-Semester 2
2. A light bulb manufacturing factory finds 3 defectives in every 60 light bulbs.
a. What is the probability that the first defective light bulb will be found when the 6th
one is tested?
b. What if the manager of the factory wants to know the probability that it takes at least
4 trials until he finds the first defective light bulb?
c. Determine the number of light bulbs we would expect the manager to inspect until he
finds his first defective.
3. Suppose a bag contains 20 balls out of which 14 are white and 6 are black. If we choose 4
balls randomly from the bag,
a. Calculate the probability that two of these balls are white.
b. A person seeks the chance of obtaining at most 3 black balls from the randomly
chosen 4 balls. Calculate the percentage for him.
4. Among 120 applicants for a job, only 80 are qualified. If 5 of the applicants are randomly
selected for an in-depth interview, find the probability that only two of them are qualified
for the job by using
a. Hypergeometric distribution.
b. Binomial distribution as an approximation.
1. Use Lagrange Multipliers to find the maximum and minimum values of the function
subject to the given constraint.
1
a. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
4
b. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧; 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9
c. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧; 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 = 6
02. Find the extreme values of following functions 𝑓 on the region described by the
inequalities.
a. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 4𝑦, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 9
b. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 −𝑥𝑦 , 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 ≤ 1
03. Find the extreme values of 𝑓 subject to both constraints.

a. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 2𝑦; 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4
b. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦; 𝑥𝑦 = 1, 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1
04. Consider the problem of maximizing the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 subject to the
constraint √𝑥 + √𝑦 = 5.
a. Try using Lagrange multipliers to solve the problem.
b. Does 𝑓(25,0) give a larger value than the one in part (a)?
c. Explain why the method of Lagrange multipliers fails to solve the problem?
d. What is the significance of 𝑓(9,4)?

Page 2 of 2
In2020-Semester 2

Tutorial 09
Numerical Methods
𝑡
1. A system of linear equations with an initial approximation 𝑥0 = (0, 0, 0, 0) is given
below. Solve this system with 3 iterations using the Jacobi Iterative method.
10𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 =6
− 𝑥1 + 11𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + 3𝑥4 = 25
2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 10𝑥3 − 𝑥4 =− 11
3𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + 8𝑥4 = 15
2.
4𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 5
− 𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 𝑥3 =− 4
2𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 5𝑥3 = 1
(0) 𝑡
a. Find the first 3 iterations of the system using Jacobi Method. (Hint: 𝑥 = (0, 0, 0, 0)
)
b. For each iteration, calculate the 𝑙∞ norm of the relative error.
3.
a. Derive iteration equations to solve the following system of linear equations using the
Gauss-Seidel method.
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 1
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 =− 1
3𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 + 6𝑥3 = 2
b. Try to solve the given system starting with the initial approximation
(0) 𝑡
𝑥 = (− 0. 33, − 7. 9, 5. 8) for 3 iterations. Find the 𝑙∞ norm values for the relative
𝑡
error in each iteration. Actual solution of the above system is 𝑥 = (0, − 7, 5)
(0)
c. Comment on the 𝑙∞norm values. Is 𝑥 converging to 𝑥?
(0)
d. If 𝑥 is not converging, explain the reason.
Page 1 of 3
In2020-Semester 2
4. Apply Jacobi Method (3 iterations) to solve
5𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = − 1
− 3𝑥1 + 9𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 2
2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 7𝑥3 = 3
𝑇
(You may use the initial approximation 𝑥0 = (0, 0, 0, 0) )
5. The position of three masses suspended vertically by series of identical springs can be
modelled by the following steady-state force balances:
0 = 𝑘2(𝑥2 − 𝑥1) + 𝑚1𝑔 − 𝑘1𝑥1
0 = 𝑘3(𝑥3 − 𝑥2) + 𝑚2𝑔 − 𝑘2(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)
0 = 𝑚3𝑔 − 𝑘3 (𝑥3 − 𝑥2)

−2 −1
If 𝑔 = 9. 81𝑚𝑠 , 𝑚1 = 2𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 = 3𝑘𝑔, 𝑚3 = 2. 5𝑘𝑔, 𝑘1 = 𝑘3 = 10𝑁𝑚 and
−1
𝑘2 = 20𝑁𝑚 , determine the displacements (𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3) by using the Jacobi Method.
𝑡
(Hint: You may use the initial approximation as (0, 0, 0) and 3 iterations).

1. Nimal regularly takes a break from work to go to the nearby restaurant. The amount of
time Nimal waits in the queue to be served at the restaurant has a continuous uniform
distribution between 0 and 10 minutes.
a. Find the mean and the variance of the time Nimal spends in the restaurant.
b. Find the probability that Nimal does not have to wait more than 2 minutes.
c. If Nimal visits the restaurant 5 times a day, find the probability that he never has to
wait more than 2 minutes a day.
d. Nimal is in the queue when he receives a message that he must return to work for an
urgent meeting. He can only wait in the queue for further 3 minutes. It is given that
Nimal has already been queuing for 5 minutes. Find the probability that he must
leave the restaurant queue without being served.
2. Battery of an electric bicycle has a mean life of 3 years and a standard deviation of 0.5
years. Assuming that battery-life follows a normal distribution, calculate:
a. The proportion of batteries which have a life between 1.5 years and 2 years
b. The range within 75% of batteries lie
3. Past experience with a particular model of Televisions has shown that the life of the
screen is approximately normally distributed with mean of 8.45 years and standard
deviation of 2.51.
a. If the manufacturer is considering a two years unconditional warranty on the screen,
what proportion of failures should it anticipate to be under warranty?
Page 2 of 3
In2020-Semester 2
b. If 86,000 Televisions are delivered to a specific service area, approximately how
many screens will require warranty service?
c. If the manufacturer wishes to reduce the probability of failure under the warranty
period, to 0.002, how long should the warranty be?
4. ABC Company produces pipes with a diameter that is approximately normally

distributed, with a mean of 10cm and a variance of 0.01cm2.
a. Suppose the tolerance limit for these pipes is 0.2cm, so pipes with a diameter falling
within the interval 10±0.2 cm are acceptable. What proportion of the pipes
produced will be acceptable?
b. Suppose that pipes with too small a diameter can be reworked, but the pipes with
too large diameter must be scrapped. Suppose also that the tolerance has been
reduced to 0.2cm. What proportion of the pipes must be scrapped?

2 3 2 3 4 4
01. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 2
𝑦 + 4
(𝑥 + 𝑦 ). Find the first and second order Taylor
approximations of 𝑓 at (1, 1).
𝑧 2
02. Find the quadratic approximation of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦𝑒 − 3𝑧 at
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2, 1, 0).
𝑦𝑧
03. Find the second order Taylor approximation to 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 2𝑦 + 𝑒 at
𝐴 = (0, 0, 0) and use it to estimate 𝑓(0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 01).
Page 3 of 3
In2020-Semester 2

Tutorial 10
Numerical Methods
𝑥
1. Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 for every 𝑥 ∈ ℜ. Find the lagrange interpolating polynomial 𝑝(𝑥)
using the nodes 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑥1 = 1 and 𝑥2 = 2. Let the degree of 𝑝(𝑥) is at most 2. Hence
find a bound for |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑝(𝑥)|, for each 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2].
2. A researcher wants to find the velocity of a swinging particle when it is located at any
point between -4cm to 5 cm based on the collected data given below. These distances
are measured with respect to a reference point. Find the velocity of the particle, v(x) as
a polynomial in x for the following data by Newton’s divided difference formula.
x -4 -1 0 2 5
v(x) 1245 33 5 9 1335
3. By means of Newton’s Divided Difference Formula, find f(8) from the following data:
x 4 5 7 10 11 13
f(x) 48 100 294 900 1210 2028
4. The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a function of time in the following table.
t(s) 0 10 15 20 22.5 30
v(t) (m/s) 0 227.04 362.78 517.35 602.97 901.67
a. Determine the value of the velocity at t = 16 seconds with third order polynomial
interpolation using Newton’s divided difference polynomial method.
b. Using the third order polynomial interpolant for velocity, find the distance covered
by the rocket from t(s)= 11 to t(s)=16 . (Hint: Use integration)
c. Using the third order polynomial interpolant for velocity, find the acceleration of the
rocket at t(s)=16 . (Hint: Use differentiation)
Page 1 of 3
In2020-Semester 2
1.
a. A factory manufactures 2000 bulbs every day. It is known that 3% of the bulbs are
defectives. Using normal approximation, estimate the probability that more than or
equals to 40 defective bulbs are produced in one day.
b. The quality control system in the factory identifies and destroys every defective bulb
at the end of the manufacturing process. It costs Rs. 100 to manufacture a bulb and
the factory sells non-defective bulbs for Rs. 250. Find the expected profit made by
the factory per day.
2. The time taken for a randomly selected student to complete a quiz is M minutes, where
M ~ N (14, σ2) and 10% of students take less than 12 minutes to complete the quiz.
a. Find the value of σ2.
b. If the examiner selects 15 students randomly, find the probability that fewer than 2
of these students will take less than 12 minutes to complete the quiz.
c. If a random sample of n students is selected, the probability that fewer than 9 of
these n students will take less than 12 minutes to complete the quiz is 0.3085 based
on the normal approximation. Then, what will be the sample size n?
3. The rate of downloading files on a website is 300 per hour.

a.
i. State a distribution that is suitable to model the number of files downloaded
during a 1 minute interval.
ii. State two reasons for your answer.
b. Find the probability of,
i. 10 downloads in a given minute
ii. At least 15 downloads in 2 minutes
c. The website will be overloaded if there are more than 70 downloads in 10 minutes.
Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that the website will be
overloaded in a particular 10 minute interval.
4. Defects occur randomly in a roofing sheet with a constant rate of 0.05 per 10cm length.
a. If Mr. Perera buys a roofing sheet of length 100cm, find the probability that it
contains at most 3 defects.
b. At the same time, Mrs. Silva buys 6 roofing sheets each of length 100cm. Find the
probability that fewer than 2 of Mrs. Silva’s roofing sheets contain at most 3 defects.
c. Mrs. Silva is going to build a new apartment and she ordered 100 roofing sheets
each of length 100cm from the same production batch. Using a suitable
approximation, estimate the probability that the total number of defects on Mrs.
Silva’s roofing sheets is less than 30.
Page 2 of 3
In2020-Semester 2
1. Calculate the iterated integral.
4 2
a. ∫ ∫
1 1
( 𝑥
𝑦
+
𝑦
𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2π
2
(
b. ∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 ϑ 𝑑ϑ 𝑑𝑟 )
0 0
2. Calculate the double integral.

2
a. ∬𝐷𝑦 𝑑𝐴, D is the triangular region with vertices (0,1), (1,2), (4,1).
b. ∬ (2𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴, D is bounded by the circle with the center at the origin and radius
𝐷
2.
3. Find the volume of the given solid,

a. Under the plane 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 and above the region bounded by 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 and
2
𝑥 + 𝑦 =1
b. Under the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 and above the triangle with vertices (1,1), (4,1) and (1,2).
4. ∬𝑅(𝑥 − 3𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 where R is the triangular region with vertices (0,0), (2,1)and (1,2):
𝑥 = 2𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 2𝑣.
Page 3 of 3
In2020-Semester 2

Tutorial 11
Numerical Methods
1. Consider the time series data given below:
𝑥𝑖 8 3 2 10 11 3 6 5 6 8
𝑦𝑖 4 12 1 12 9 4 9 6 1 14
Use the least square method to determine the equation of the line of best fit for the data.
Then plot the line.
2. In a recent study, researchers wanted to determine the relationship between the speed
limit and the death rate due to road accidents. Following data from 10 countries were
used for the study.
Country Speed Limit (X) Death Rate (Y)

in km/h per million km
Finland 55 3.0
Japan 55 3.3
England 55 3.4
Germany 70 3.5
Australia 55 4.1
South Korea 60 4.3
China 55 4.7
United States 60 4.9
India 60 5.1
South Africa 75 6.1
Page 1 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
a. If the researchers assumed a linear relationship between the speed limit and the
death rate, what is the slope?
b. What is the intercept of the regression model according to the given data?
c. The speed limit in New Zealand is 62 km/h. Find the death rate due to road
accidents in New Zealand.
d. Argentina's death rate from road accidents is 4.8 per million km. Predict a suitable
speed limit according to the constructed linear regression model.
3. Consider the data given in the following table.
𝑥 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6
𝑦 0.050446 0.098426 0.33277 0.72660 1.0972 1.5697 1.8487 2.5015
a. Construct the least square polynomial 𝑃2(𝑥) of order 2 for the given data.
b. Hence find the value of 𝑃(0. 7).
4. There is a Human Resource company, which is going to hire a new candidate. The
candidate has 4+ years of experience as a Regional Manager and has told his previous
salary was 160K per annum, and the HR has to check whether he is telling the truth or
bluff.
To identify this, they only have a dataset of his previous company in which the salaries
of the top 10 positions are mentioned with their levels. By checking the dataset
available, we have found that there is a non-linear relationship between the Position
levels and the salaries.
Position Level (x-variable) Salary (y-variable)
Business Analyst 1 45000
Junior Consultant 2 50000
Senior Consultant 3 60000
Manager 4 80000
Country Manager 5 110000
Regional Manager 6 150000
Partner 7 200000
Senior Partner 8 300000
C-level 9 500000
CEO 10 1000000
Page 2 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
Our goal is to build a Bluffing detector regression model, so HR can hire an honest
candidate.
(Hint 1: You may construct a least square polynomial of order 2 and compare the salary
you get from it with the salary he claimed to receive)
(Hint 2: His level should be between 6 and 7 as he has 4+ years of experience as a Regional
Manager. Therefore, you may consider his level as 6.5)

1. The time in hours to play one soccer match for a group of people is normally distributed
with a mean of 2 hours and a standard deviation of 0.5 hours. A sample of size n=50 is
drawn randomly from the population of soccer players. Find the probability that the
sample mean is between 1.8 hours and 2.1 hours.
2. A study involving exam stress is done among students in a certain faculty of a

university. The exam stress score follows a uniform distribution with the lowest stress
score equal to 1 and the highest equal to 5. Using a sample of 75 students, find the
probability that the average stress score for the 75 students is less than 2.
3. A production manager of a light bulb manufacturing company claims that an average

light bulb of this company lasts 300 days. A researcher randomly selects 15 bulbs for
testing. The sampled bulbs last an average of 290 days, with a standard deviation of 50
days. If the production manager’s claim were true, what is the probability that 15
randomly selected bulbs would have an average life of no more than 290 days?
4. Suppose scores on an IQ test are normally distributed, with a population mean of 100.
Suppose 20 people are randomly selected and tested. The standard deviation in the
sample group is 15. What is the probability that the average test score in the sample
group will be at most 110?

1. Evaluate the iterated integral by converting it to polar coordinates.
2
3 9−𝑥
2 2
a. ∫ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
−3 0
2
1 2−𝑦
b. ∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 𝑦
2. Use a double integral to find the area of the region.

a. One loop of the rose 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3θ.
b. The area lying inside the circle 𝑟 = a sin 𝜃 and outside the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃)
3. Use polar coordinates to find the volume of the given solid.
Page 3 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
2 2 2
a. Enclosed by the hyperboloid − 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 and the plane 𝑧 = 2.
2 2 2 2 2
b. Inside both the cylinder 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 and the ellipsoid 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 = 64.
4. A swimming pool is circular with a 40-ft diameter. The depth is constant along east-west
lines and increases linearly from 2-ft at the south end to 7-ft at the north end. Find the
volume of water in the pool.
Page 4 of 4
In2020-Semester 2

Tutorial 12
Numerical Methods
1. Consider the initial value problem
2
𝑦' = 𝑦 − 𝑡 + 1, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2, 𝑦(0) = 0. 5
a. Use Euler’s method with
i. ℎ = 0. 1 and
ii. ℎ = 0. 2 to obtain an approximation to 𝑦(1).
b. Find the exact solution to the initial value problem.
c. Compare the errors in the two approximations to 𝑦(1).
2. Consider the initial value problem

𝑦' = 𝑦 − 𝑥, 𝑦(0) = 0. 5, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
a. Find an upperbound for the error in Euler’s method according to Theorem 6.1
(Lecture note) given that
i. ℎ = 0. 1
ii. ℎ = 0. 05
b. Comment on the results.
3. The concentration of salt x in a home made soap maker is given as a function of time by
𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 = 37. 5 − 3. 5𝑥
At the initial time, 𝑡(0) , the salt concentration in the tank is 50 g/L. Using Euler’s
method and a step size of h 1.5 min , find the salt concentration after 3 minutes?
3
4. A lake of volume 10,000 𝑚 has an initial concentration of a particular pollutant of 5
parts per billion (ppb). This pollutant is due to a pesticide that is no longer available in
the market.
The volume of the lake is constant throughout the year, with daily water flowing into
3
and out of the lake at the rate of 𝑞 = 100 + 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2π𝑡/365) 𝑚 /𝑑𝑎𝑦. As the pesticide
is no longer used, the concentration of the pollutant in the surrounding soil is given in
−2𝑡/1000
ppb as a function of t(days) by 𝑐𝑖𝑛 = 5𝑒 which indicates that the concentration is
following an exponential decay. This concentration can be assumed to be that of the
pollutant in the fluid flowing into the lake. The concentration of the pollutant in the fluid
flowing out of the lake is the same as the concentration in the lake. What is the
concentration of this particular pollutant in the lake after two days?
Page 1 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
1. A medical research worker intends to use the mean of a random sample of size 120 to
estimate the mean blood pressure of women. The sample estimate of the mean is 141.8
mmHg. From a previous study it is known that the population variance is 10.5mmHg
and based on his experience he knows that it will remain the same.
a. Find the standard error of the sample mean.
b. Construct a 99% confidence interval for mean blood pressure of women.
2. To estimate the average time required for a certain type of repairs, an automobile
manufacturer measured the time consumed for such repairs by 40 identical mechanics.
If the average time consumed is 24.05 minutes by the 40 mechanics with a standard
deviation of 2.68 minutes, find the 95% confidence interval of mean time required to
perform a given type of a repair.
3. A paint manufacturer wants to determine the average drying time of a new interior wall
paint. It has been applied for 12 test areas of equal size, and he obtained a mean drying
time of 66.3 minutes with a standard deviation of 8.4 minutes. Construct a 95%
confidence interval for the mean drying time of the new paint (say; µ).
4. In a study of television viewing habits, it is desired to estimate the average number of

hours that teenagers spend watching per week. It is assumed that population standard
deviation is 3.2 hours according to available statistical evidence. Find the minimum
sample size so that it will be possible to assert with 95% confidence level that the
margin of error is less than 20 minutes.
5. An industrial designer plans to determine the average amount of time it takes an adult
to assemble an “easy-to-assemble” toy and use it for advertising. Use the following data
(in minutes) obtained from a random sample of adults to construct a 99% confidence
interval for the average time taken by an adult in the population.
17 13 18 19 17 21 29 22 16 28 21 15
26 23 24 20 8 17 17 21 32 18 25 22
16 10 20 22 19 14 30 22 12 24 28 11

1. Show that each of the following differential equations is exact and use the property to
find the solution of differential equation.
2
a. (𝑦 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) − sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0
b. (2𝑥3 − 3𝑥2𝑦 + 𝑦3) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 3 2
= 2𝑥 − 6𝑥 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦
2
2
𝑥
c. 𝑥𝑦. 𝑑𝑦 = 2 . 𝑑𝑥
2(1+𝑦 )
2. Test for the exactness and Solve the ODEs
Page 2 of 4
In2020-Semester 2
a. (𝑎2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦2)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)2𝑑𝑦 = 0
(
b. ⎡𝑦 1 +
⎣
1
𝑥 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦⎤⎦𝑑𝑥 + [𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦]𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. The current 𝐼(𝑡) in the electric circuit shown in figure is given by the differential
equation
𝑑𝐼
𝐿 𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸(𝑡)
Find an expression for the current in a circuit where the resistance is 12 Ω, the
inductance is 4 𝐻, a battery gives a constant voltage of 60 𝑉, and the switch is turned on
when t=0. (R – Resistance, L – Inductance, E(t) – Voltage at time)
4. In an oil refinery, a storage tank contains 2000 gal of gasoline that initially has 100 lb of
an additive dissolved in it. In preparation for winter weather, gasoline containing 2 lb of
additive per gallon is pumped into the tank at a rate of 40 gal/min. The well-mixed
solution is pumped out at a rate of 45 gal/min. How much of the additive is in the tank
20 min after the pumping process begins (Figure)?
Figure : The storage tank in the problem mixes input with stored liquid to produce an
output liquid
5. Use the integrating factor to find the general solution of the following differential
equations.
a. (3𝑥2𝑦4 + 2𝑥𝑦). 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥3𝑦3 − 𝑥2). 𝑑𝑦 = 0
b. (7𝑥4𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦2 − 𝑥3). 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥4 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑥. 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Page 3 of 4
In2020-Semester 2

Tutorials Combined

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tutorials Combined

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Department of Mathematics

MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics

4. Suppose that 𝑓𝑙(𝑦) is a 𝑘-digit rounding approximation to y.

5. One of the most common error-producing calculations involves the cancellation of

Answer the following questions based on the given details.

Multivariate Calculus and PDE

d) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = C(9 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4)

2. Sketch the level curves for the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 for 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅

-End of the Tutorial-

MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics

5. For the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 :

2. A company produces garments from three sub-companies A, B, and C which provide

3. An electrical engineer is planning to produce a new product A. If he uses the best

b. lim 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓: (2, 3) → 𝑅 given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

-End of the Tutorial-

MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics

2. Population of an ant kingdom in millions varies according to the following function.

4. You are working for ‘DOWN THE TOILET

𝑥 3 − 0.165𝑥 2 + 3.993 × 10−4 = 0

5. Determine a formula which relates the number of iterations, 𝑛, required by the

1. A thousand undergraduates of Applied Science faculty and Management faculty were

Favour to Does not favour

Applied Sciences (A) 250 150 400

Management Science (M) 350 250 600

Total 600 400 1000

a. Create the joint probability table using the given data.

X= The number shown on the red die

0; 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

a. Write down the sample space of rolling two dice.

a. Find the constant c.

a. Find the marginal Probability Density Function of X.

Multivariate Calculus and PDE

1. Find all the second partial derivatives of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑦 + 𝑦 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥).

2. Find 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑥 and 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑦 of the function,

𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑦 − 5𝑧) = 1 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠(6𝑧𝑥).

5. Graph the function and discuss the continuity of the function.

-End of the Tutorial-

MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics

2. What is the number of iterations required to find a real root of 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 − 1 = 0

converges to √2 whenever 𝑥0 > √2.

Probability and Statistics

1. According to the historical records of the ministry of disaster management, there

Company Probability Machine 1 Machine 2

A 0.05 300 425

B 0.15 500 300

C 0.6 1050 650

D 0.15 750 1000

E 0.05 800 550

3. An entrepreneur started to make a new product from peanuts. He purchases 50𝑘𝑔 of

(Note that values of 𝑋 are given in kilograms)

4. Consider the following continuous function 𝑓(𝑥), where 𝜃 > 0.

a. Find the value of the constant 𝑐 so that 𝑓(𝑥) is a suitable PDF.

• X and Y are said to be independent if 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑓(𝑦) for all 𝑥, 𝑦

a. Find the joint probability density function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).

5. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 . Estimate the value of 𝑓(4.1,0.8).

-End of the Tutorial-

MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics

6. Prove that the order of convergence of Newton’s method is 2.

a. Find out the mean and median of each group.

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

a. 𝑓1 = 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃) b. 𝑓2 = 𝑟 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜃) c. 𝑓3 = 𝑟 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝜃)

-End of the Tutorial-

MA1024 | Methods of Mathematics

Given, 𝑇 = 6300 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚 = 4500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚, 𝑙 = 70 𝑐𝑚, 𝑌 = 30 𝑁/𝑚2 , and 𝐼𝐴 = 120 𝑚4 ,