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MOHAMED V University
National School of Arts and Crafts (ENSAM)
Biomedical Engineering Departement

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Parkinson’s Disease and Artificial

Intelligence

Prepared by :
Supervised by :
Amlil Amine
Pr. Benayd Nsiri
Naanaa Amine

2022 — 2023
Table des matières

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Table des figures

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0.1 1. Parkinson’s disease :

0.1.1 1.1 Pathology :

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement. It is caused by the
death of cells in the brain that produce a chemical called dopamine, which helps to control move-
ment. Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can include tremors, stiffness and difficulty with movement,
difficulty with balance and coordination, and changes in speech and writing. Parkinson’s disease can
also cause other non-movement-related symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, and sleep problems.
There is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, but there are medications and other treatments that can
help to manage the symptoms. These may include medications to increase dopamine levels in the
brain, physical therapy, and surgery. It is important for people with Parkinson’s disease to work
closely with a healthcare team to find the best treatment plan for their individual needs.

0.1.2 1.2 Causes :

Parkinson’s disease is caused by the loss of cells in the brain that produce a chemical called dopamine.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps to transmit signals between brain cells, and it plays a
crucial role in controlling movement. When there is not enough dopamine in the brain, it becomes
difficult for the brain to coordinate and control movement normally, leading to the symptoms of
Parkinson’s disease. The exact cause of the loss of dopamine-producing cells in Parkinson’s disease
is not fully understood. It is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental
factors. Some people with Parkinson’s disease have a family history of the condition, suggesting
that genetics may play a role. However, most cases of Parkinson’s disease occur in people with no
family history of the condition, and it is not clear what environmental factors may contribute to
the development of the disease. Research is ongoing to better understand the causes of Parkinson’s
disease and to identify potential risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing the
condition.

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Figure 1 – Luck of dopamine affects the nervous system

0.1.3 1.3 Symptoms :

The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can vary widely from person to person, and they may change
and progress over time. The most common symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include :
⋄ Tremors, or trembling, in the hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face.
⋄ Rigidity, or stiffness, in the limbs and trunk.
⋄ Slowness of movement (bradykinesia).
⋄ Poor balance and coordination
⋄ Difficulty with walking and speaking
Other potential symptoms of Parkinson’s disease may include :
⋄ Small, cramped handwriting.
⋄ Decreased facial expression and a monotone voice.
⋄ Loss of automatic movements, such as swinging the arms while walking.
⋄ Constipation.

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 ⋄ Difficulty with swallowing or speaking.
⋄ Depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues.
⋄ Problems with sleep and fatigue.
⋄ Memory problems and difficulty with concentration.
Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease may be mild at first, but they tend to gradually worsen over time. It
is important to work closely with a healthcare team to manage the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
and maintain the highest possible quality of life.

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Figure 2 – Parkinson’s disease symptoms

0.1.4 1.4 Parkinson’s disease stages :

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive condition, which means that it typically gets worse over time.
The severity of the symptoms and the rate of progression can vary widely from person to person.

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Some people with Parkinson’s disease may have mild symptoms that remain stable for many years,
while others may experience more severe symptoms that progress quickly.
One way to describe the progression of Parkinson’s disease is through the use of stages. There are
several different systems for staging Parkinson’s disease, but one commonly used system is the
Hoehn and Yahr scale. This scale divides Parkinson’s disease into five stages, based on the severity
of the symptoms :

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Figure 3 – Parkinson’s disease stages

0.1.5 1.5 Treatement :

There is currently no cure for Parkinson’s disease, but there are a number of treatments that can help
manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. The goals of treatment for Parkinson’s disease are
to Improve movement and mobility, Reduce tremors and rigidity, Improve balance and coordination
and Control or reduce other symptoms, such as fatigue, depression, and sleep problems. There is
many cure options available :
⋄ Deep brain stimulation (DBS) : This is a surgical treatment that involves implanting elec-
trodes into specific areas of the brain and connecting them to a device that delivers electrical
stimulation. DBS can help reduce tremors and improve movement in some people with Par-
kinson’s disease.
⋄ Physical therapy : Physical therapy can help improve mobility, balance, and coordination in
people with Parkinson’s disease. This may include exercises to improve strength, flexibility,
and range of motion.
⋄ Occupational therapy : Occupational therapy can help people with Parkinson’s disease
adapt to changes in their physical abilities and find ways to continue performing daily acti-
vities.

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0.2 2. Artificial Intelligence(AI) :
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are related fields that involve the development of
computer systems that can perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence, such as
recognizing patterns, learning from data, and making decisions.
AI systems can be designed to perform a wide range of tasks, from simple tasks like sorting and
organizing data to complex tasks like language translation and image recognition. Machine learning
is a type of AI that involves the development of algorithms that can learn from data and improve
their performance over time without being explicitly programmed.
AI and machine learning have the potential to revolutionize a wide range of industries, including
healthcare, finance, transportation, and manufacturing. They can be used to improve efficiency, ac-
curacy, and speed in many different applications, and they are already being used in a variety of
ways, including chatbots, self-driving cars, and personalized recommendations.

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Figure 4 – Artificial Intelligence disciplines

0.2.1 2.1 AI and Biomedical engineering :

Artificial intelligence (AI) and biomedical engineering are two fields that have the potential to in-
tersect in a number of ways. Biomedical engineering is a discipline that involves the application of
engineering principles to the design and development of medical technologies and treatments. It
includes a wide range of subfields, including bioinformatics, biotechnology, and medical imaging.
AI algorithms are used to analyze and interpret medical data, such as imaging scans or genetic se-
quences, and to identify patterns or trends that might not be visible to human observers. AI used to
design and optimize medical devices and treatments, such as prosthetics or drug delivery systems.
AI used to improve the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of medical conditions, and to enable
the development of new technologies and therapies that can improve the public health.

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0.2.2 2.2 AI and Parkinson’s Disease :
Artificial intelligence (AI) can contribute to the understanding and management of Parkinson’s di-
sease in several ways :
⋄ Data analysis : AI algorithms can be used to analyze large amounts of data related to Parkin-
son’s disease, such as genetic data, imaging scans, and patient records. This can help identify
patterns and trends that might not be visible to human observers, and can provide insights
into the underlying causes and mechanisms of the disease.
⋄ Diagnosis and prognosis : AI can be used to develop diagnostic tools and predictive models
that can help identify people who are at risk of developing Parkinson’s disease, or to predict
the course of the disease in individual patients. This can help doctors make more accurate
diagnoses and provide more personalized treatment recommendations.
⋄ Treatment planning : AI can be used to optimize treatment plans for people with Parkin-
son’s disease, based on their individual characteristics and needs. For example, AI algorithms
can be used to identify the most effective medications and dosages for each patient, or to
recommend physical therapy exercises that are most likely to improve mobility and function.
⋄ Symptom management : AI can be used to develop tools and technologies that can help
manage the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, such as tremors, rigidity, and balance problems.
For example, AI algorithms can be used to design wearable devices that can help people with
Parkinson’s disease maintain their balance and stability, or to develop chatbots that can pro-
vide support and guidance to people with the disease.
the use of AI in Parkinson’s disease has the potential to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and ma-
nagement of the condition, and to help people with Parkinson’s disease live longer