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The researcher also analyzes symtoms associated with parkinson's disease, such as resting tremors,
muscle rigidity and bradykinesia are the three main symptoms and medication Mr. assert that the
most common complication to patients of parkinson's disease is in the disruption of the motor skills.
He wonders if the medications he has for his stiffness will be enough to even get him through the
day as they continue to lose their effect. Hence, continuous efforts are being made to enhance the
diagnosis of PD using deep learning approaches that rely on experienced neurologists. Accordingly,
Levodopa is very effective in ameliorating bradykinesia-related symptoms in PD patients. This group
is a characterization of chronic diseases caused by loss of neurons in the brain and spinal cord that
lead to dysfunction and eventually disability (2018). Some people believe that animals like monkeys
and most primates shouldn’t be experimented upon as they aren’t in the same plentiful supply that
rats and mice are in, nor are they considered pests. If you are the copyright owner of this paper and
no longer wish to have your work published on IvyPanda. They typically begin to develop in milder
forms after 3 to 5 years of treatment, but are more severe after 5 to 10 years of treatment.’ 10. The
principal symptom of Parkinson's disease is impaired physical movement. Current approaches to the
treatment of Parkinson's disease. Its pathological classification describes it as a systemic
degeneration of the brain which targets specific cells in the brain. In 1908 Dr. Frederick Lewy
discovered abnormal structures in the brain associated with Parkinson’s Disease. Despite using
prescribed drugs or therapeutic treatments the general health conditions of Parkinson's Disease
patients continue to worsen. Among patients, the symptoms vary at a different rate, for which
diagnosis of the disease sometimes takes years by when treatment is no longer an option. This may
affect their psychology with an individual resulting to mechanisms like denial, regression and
rationalization among other coping styles (Falvo, 2009). John Adams, who was diagnosed with
Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease at the age of 58 with initial symptoms of resting tremors in his hands
and muscle rigidity when attempting to undertake tasks that he had previously accomplished with
ease. Since the presence of these protein inclusions are an undeniable feature of the disease, it’s a
fair direction to pursue. This is 100% legal. You may not submit downloaded papers as your own,
that is cheating. Also you. Thus, this method could be used for early detection of Parkinson's
Disease. The symptoms becomes worst when touch and during the early part of the evening. The
main goal of this therapy is maintain comfort of the patient as it is believed that discomforts may
trigger attacks of symptoms. Exercise also proves helpful. The next step involves the use of
dopamine agonists to enhance the effect of dopamine as a means of prolonging the treatment period.
Moreover, patients find difficulty in doing multiple, simultaneous tasks. It normally affects the
fingers, thumbs, hands, and arms, but can affect other parts of the body. Currently, there are no
known diagnostic tests for PD, and hence, many doctors rely on medical histories and other
neurological examinations for diagnosis. Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download
PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. The reduction of cells and the low
level of dopamine in the cells in this part of the brain causes nerve messages to the muscles to
become slowed and abnormal 1. Thus authors suggest that physiotherapy can delay or reverse the
secondary complications arising as the side effects of prolonged drugs intake by the patients with
Parkinson’s Disease. Results showed improved performance on short step gait by the group who
received treadmill training. Firstly, there is a personal drive to understand Parkinson's Disease.
However, in the case of Parkinson disease, neurons that lead to the substantia nigra degenerate
resulting to a decrease in dopamine amount being released.
Physical therapy for these patients consists of activities such as gait training, training of daily
activities, relaxation therapy, and breathing exercises which mainly focuses on the functional
disabilities of these patients. Some of the main symptoms associated with the disease include sleep
disturbance, unnecessary speeches, aggression, depression, agitation and psychotic-related features.
Thus the integrated effect of physical therapy can be rather significant on patients with Parkinson’s
Disease than physical therapy only. An estimate of 4% of the people have PD before they reach the
age 50; however, the incident increases with age. Information was collected from with the aid of
gathering pertinent data from more than 98 percent of the Americans who were 65 years and older.
Thus rehabilitation is rationalized by many of the authors. This may be caused as a side effect by
medications, toxins, or infections. Therefore, the prime focus of the rehabilitation program has been
laid upon ensuring proper mobility of a patient. The next step involves the use of dopamine agonists
to enhance the effect of dopamine as a means of prolonging the treatment period. However, most PD
patients are required to take their medications post-DBS treatment, but studies indicate that a good
number of patients experience low levels of PD symptoms after undergoing DBS surgery, and
therefore, the frequency of taking medications is greatly reduced. Clinical signs, therapy, causes and
other information about Parkinson's disease can all be found on this anatomy poster. The genes
affected help clear nerve cells of excess proteins. What happens with rigidity is that the signal
coming from the brain is disturbed thus the muscle remains tensed and contracted. It may also be
characterized by symptoms not related with body movements such as loss of taste, disturbance
during sleep, swallowing, constipation, complication of gastrointestinal, exhaustion, sexual
dysfunction, despair, hallucinations, impulse control disorder and dementia. Parkinson’s Disease
falls under the umbrella of neurodegenerative disorders. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that,
or find out how to manage cookies. Most people at this age have a day dominated by long walks in
the park and endless conversations with friends and grandchildren. However, the effectiveness of
this treatment regimen lasts only for a few years. Progressive neurogenerative disorders like
Parkinson's Disease affect more than a million people each year in India. This change in gene activity
leads to gross involuntary movements, often after a few years of relying on the medication.
Nevertheless authors of the current study indicate the dearth of studies relating to rehabilitating of
patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Further, the drug should not be combined with protein meals. The
current treatment for PD is only symptomatic, and aims to reduce the progression of the disease as
well as improve the patient’s quality of life. Findings revealed significant improvements in axial
rotation and functional reach by the first group (pp 424). Rest tremors usually start at the hands or
feet, progressing until all four limbs are affected. Contrary to expectations, a good history along with
physical examination and assessing responsiveness of the patient to levodopa remains the strongest
tool (Bardley 2006). Overview of Topic Description of the condition Parkinson’s disease is primarily
characterized by problems related with body actions such as motor symptoms. These signs may
include shiver, postural unsteadiness, bradykinesia and severity. People may just think they are
getting old and it is not till other symptoms develop that you may think about PD. Accordingly
Hirsch et al, 2003, Miyai et al, 2002 and Schenkman et al, 1998 are randomized controlled studies.
Let us write or edit the research paper on your topic.
The disease Usually, the nerve cells that degenerate because of Parkinson's diseases are those located
in the basal ganglia. Physical therapy for these patients consists of activities such as gait training,
training of daily activities, relaxation therapy, and breathing exercises which mainly focuses on the
functional disabilities of these patients. Although the embryo is destroyed it is a created clone and so
may not be considered the loss of new, individual life. In stage three, there is a significant slowing
down of the body movements and dysfunction is generated that is at times very severe.
Approximately 40% of Parkinson cases are undiagnosed, and this is perhaps a warning for the
stakeholders of health in America. Jankovic’s (2008) review of existing literature on Parkinson’s
disease show that 69% of patients had rest tremor at the onset of the disease. The disease has
become the pathfinder for other neurodegenerative disorders, since discovery of dopamine
deficiency within the basal ganglia led to the development of the first effective treatment for a
progressive neurodegenerative condition. Over all symptoms could be aggravated during night time
including itching ( Hill 2010). This group is a characterization of chronic diseases caused by loss of
neurons in the brain and spinal cord that lead to dysfunction and eventually disability (2018). It is
recommended that the patient has to eat more of raw organically grown foods. Parkinson s Disease:
What You and Your Family Should? pdf. When an individual makes a decision to perform a specific
action, that inhibitory influence is lifted on the appropriate motor system, thus allowing activation.
As a result, many challenges are encountered during PD diagnosis, and the accuracy of tests is not
guaranteed. Rhus Toxicodendron is recommended for patients having hot and painful joints when
moving. The survey was mainly conducted with the aim to find out how frontostriatal circuitry can
assist to offer the substrate for the neuropsychological impairments contained in the case of
Parkinson’s disease. Pre-existing addictive behavior is seen as a risk factor, but cases exist where
patients had no history of addiction (Truite, 2009). Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or
find out how to manage cookies. Parkinson’s disease arises mainly due to the disorder in the nerve
cell which may fabricate the neurotransmitter dopamine in the area of pars compacta of the
substantia nigra region of the brain. Parkinson's often starts with a tremor in one hand. When the
trembling occurs in the middle of a movement, it is classified as an action tremor. Course of the
condition There are five stages or courses of actions of the disease. It causes several adverse effects,
like muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, resting tremor, and loss of postural reflexes. The principal
symptom of Parkinson's disease is impaired physical movement. Technology Used in Treating
Parkinson’s Disease The probable targets of the neuroprotective remedial therapies are the
mechanisms which might result in the loss of the dopamine neurons which are lying in the brain.
Other signs displayed by PD patients include bradykinesia and hypertonia (Merritt, 2010). In the
first study one group received balance and training excersise while the other group received balance
training only. We will write a custom essay on your topic a custom Research Paper on Parkinson’s
Disease Treatment Approaches 808 writers online Learn More On the other hand, progression of the
primary symptoms leads to more pronounced symptoms such as difficulties in carrying out simple
tasks, talking, or walking. Like stem cells it has exciting potential to provide a future cure and avoid
the ethical issues associated with stem cells. Scientists have not determined the main cause of
Parkinson's Disease. If you are the copyright owner of this paper and no longer wish to have your
work published on IvyPanda.
In this paper, we will provide a brief overview of Adolf Hitler's biographical background in
connection with its impact on his further life and try to find explanations for his mental disorders in
psychological theories. Consequently, the reduced frequency of medication intake improves the
associated side effects, including dyskinesias (NINDS, 2012b). Medical intervention normally
attempt to assess whether freezing occurs during specific activities, environment, time of day, or
medication taken. The features of handwriting use as input to classify a person’s personality traits.
However, most PD patients are required to take their medications post-DBS treatment, but studies
indicate that a good number of patients experience low levels of PD symptoms after undergoing
DBS surgery, and therefore, the frequency of taking medications is greatly reduced. Some other
symptoms may develop due to problems with the way affected brain cells and nerves control the
muscles. This pattern is evident based on the decline in functional presynaptic dopaminergic activity.
Research on mad cow disease and creutzfeldt-jacob disease. It is essential for members of the
community to be supportive of PD patients as they are sometimes reluctant to ask for assistance
despite the fact that they need it. This reduces the risks of any unknowns or mistakes and far fewer
mistakes will be made than in using other treatments. This is 100% legal. You may not submit
downloaded papers as your own, that is cheating. Also you. Minen and Louis (2008) performed a
study on clinical correlates among 53 patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. Patients' suffering
from this disease exhibit shaking of the hands and legs, the stiffness of the muscles. It will become
more of an effort to walk or get out bed. These programs can be specified according to the gender,
age and severity of the patients as well. It is relatively neurodegenerative hypokinetic progress
disarray. Muscle rigidity may be categorized as proximal or distal. Factors like toxins, smoking, and
vitamin E deficiency is shown to play a role in its prevalence too as the brain and the nervous
systems are sensitive to their presence. The clustering of ?-synuclein proteins form Lewy bodies and
Lewy neurites, which are considered to be a trademark of the disease as these inclusions are
observed in the brains of nearly all Parkinson’s patients (Dehay, et al., 2015). Other viruses, such as
adenoviruses, introduce their DNA into the nucleus of the cell, but the DNA is not integrated into a
chromosome.’ 13 There is still much development needed as scientists are still unable to target
specific cells and there is the potential threat of virus mutation which may cause even further
problems. Conversely, the automatic characterization of graphomotor patterns as biomarkers of brain
health is a relatively less explored research area. Presently, there is no neuroprotective or regenerative
treatment for this disease. What happens with rigidity is that the signal coming from the brain is
disturbed thus the muscle remains tensed and contracted. Here, it is essential to note that the
specialty of clinical neurophysiology deals with many diseases and disorders such as Parkinson’s
disease, polyneuropathies, myopathies, epilepsy, dementia, sleep disorders, developmental or genetic
disorders, and many more (Walton, 2003). You can use it for research and reference purposes to write
your own paper. In addition, applying the Siamese network can overcome the limitation of samp.
Today there are about1 million people with Parkinson's Disease in the United States and it is
approximated that 60, 000 Americans add to that statistic annually. This can be indicated as a major
limitation of the study. References. This is 100% legal. You may not submit downloaded papers as
your own, that is cheating. Also you. Although a challenging medical condition among the members
of the society, the analysis and statistics of parkinson's disease have assisted in curbing the dire
effects.
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Therapy Due to the underlying side effects associated with
pharmacological approaches to PD treatment, contemporary studies aided by technological
advancements have increased the understanding of the mechanisms regarding neurodegeneration,
and therefore, providing effective therapeutic strategies to PD treatment such as DBS. Therefore,
patient education complements the work of medical and surgical treatments. In appropriate function,
the basal ganglia expend a consistent inhibitory influence to mediate motor systems and prevent
action at unwanted times. Conversely, the two treatment options may not be effective in controlling
psychosocial symptoms of PD, and therefore, cognitive-behavioral therapies should come into play.
They for the first time raised a united voice specifying the model for the European policymakers to
follow that would ensure the most favorable operation of Parkinson’s disease (EPDA, 2011). This
paper will look at the video “My Father, My Brother, and Me”, and attempt to discuss issues that
surround Parkinson’s disease. However, researchers are yet to find evidence for any definitive link to
a particular toxin or drug in humans. They are free from any.’ The article states that Parkinson’s
disease affects the part of the brain know as the substantia nigra. Medical intervention normally
attempt to assess whether freezing occurs during specific activities, environment, time of day, or
medication taken. The figure of Parkinson’s cases is expected to rise to over 600000 people in 2030.
The disease Usually, the nerve cells that degenerate because of Parkinson's diseases are those located
in the basal ganglia. Research suggests the underlying pathology of the disease is primarily caused by
dopaminergic neurons undergoing a progressive degeneration and premature death, which begins in
the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (Gibrat, et al., 2009). The substantia nigra is a large dark
nucleus located in the midbrain, but with regard to function considered a part of the basal ganglia
due to its many connections in the brain stem. The clinical manifestation of this disease includes
resting tumor, rigidity, bradykinesia and disturbance of posture and pace (1). The efficacy of DA
agents depends on their ability to activate DA receptors by circumventing the synthesis of DA in the
presynaptic membrane. However, these treatments often become less effective with the disease
progression. While there are many medications available for treatment, they can only reduce
symptoms and none exist that can reverse the effects of the disease. Most importantly,
anticholinergics are effective in controlling tremors among young PD patients. Patients encounter
difficulty performing motor actions because the brain is unable to process the idea to perform an
activity. This loss in effectiveness is not because patients build a tolerance, but because the
medication causes widespread changes in DNA methylation, altered gene activity in cells in response
to external environmental factors. They can also self-renew, which means they are capable of
replenishing themselves for long periods of time by dividing 4. With the progression of the disease
and consequent neuro-degeneration, patients may be unable to move (Alexi, This disease is
accompanied by a depletion of nerve cells in the substantia nigra. Nordic Psychology, 60(4), 316-
331. Walton, J. (2001). Neurology-history: The oxford companion to medicine. We use cookies to
create the best experience for you. Jankovic’s (2008) review of existing literature on Parkinson’s
disease show that 69% of patients had rest tremor at the onset of the disease. In fact, there have been
experimental trials targeting ?-synuclein toxicity with encouraging preclinical outcomes. The patient
should not take in vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) in combination with the drug. The motor symptoms have
widely been recognized as the primary symptom of the disease however the non-motor symptoms
have been widely accepted as the universal and key component. The specific source which the above
studies were picked from is not mentioned in the report. What happens with rigidity is that the signal
coming from the brain is disturbed thus the muscle remains tensed and contracted. He was largely
responding to pressure from various religious groups.
This loss in effectiveness is not because patients build a tolerance, but because the medication causes
widespread changes in DNA methylation, altered gene activity in cells in response to external
environmental factors. Just as a document in the post, the early stages of Parkinson's' disease are
usually associated with a change in facial expression and or tuck arms (the arm cannot swing). Body
tremors usually affect the arms and legs, but may also be observed on the lips, tongue, jaw,
abdomen, and chest. This work aims to study this biomarker by analyzing the sketching patterns in
the spiral and wave drawings by healthy subjects and patients suffering from Parkinson's disease.
Moreover, lack of exercise, poor diet, and inability to eliminate body waste could also contribute to
the problem (Tuite, 2009). The alarm rings, and just like every other day he wakes up early in the
morning at 5am. As a result, reduction of the cumulative dosage, the use of antidyskinetic drugs, and
surgery improves Levodopa-induced dyskinesias. In most cases, initial PD diagnosis identifies and
locates the globus pallidus, thalamus, and subthalamic nucleus as the target areas within the brain,
which are subject to abnormal nerve functioning. The clustering of ?-synuclein proteins form Lewy
bodies and Lewy neurites, which are considered to be a trademark of the disease as these inclusions
are observed in the brains of nearly all Parkinson’s patients (Dehay, et al., 2015). Generally,
pharmacological approaches to the treatment of PD are quite effective despite the underlying side
effects. A few of such mechanisms may comprise inflammation, oxidative pressure, the accretion of
dopamine neurons, mitochondrial dysfunction and apotosis which is a configuration of the death cell.
This paper will look at the video “My Father, My Brother, and Me”, and attempt to discuss issues
that surround Parkinson’s disease. Internal tremors may also be observed when patients start to feel
anxious (Tuite, 2009). Thus the integrated effect of physical therapy can be rather significant on
patients with Parkinson’s Disease than physical therapy only. Vanitallie, TB, Nonas, C Di Rocco A,
Heymsfield, Sb 2005, Treatment of Parkinson disease. In comparison to pharmacological agents,
DBS surgical therapy is an effective PD treatment strategy that achieves symptomatic relief with
minimal or no side effects. One of the possible approaches is processing sketches using machine
learning techniques. Due to lacking of coordination between these two brain structures patients’
movement, balance, walking, swallowing and speech abilities deteriorate. Unlike humans, animals
are unable to consent to testing. On the other hand, distal muscle rigidity involves muscles located in
the wrists and ankles. The researcher’s meeting with frozen heroin addicts results in a monumental
step forward. This condition can affect movement in the neck, back, arms, or legs. We use cookies to
create the best experience for you. Seven hundred and seventy studies have been retrieved from
three dominant academic literature databases. Treatment during the further stages of the disease
concentrates Management of motor response changes, for example, nighttime deterioration,
dyskinesias, early morning deterioration, and psychiatric problems can only be successful if there are
strategies for treatment. This text is free, available online and used for guidance and inspiration.
Thirdly, it is fascinating to know that even with the progression in the embryonic cell therapies; the
research was stopped in 2006 by the former United States president, George Bush. The paper
describes Parkinson disease like an ailment of the nervous system affecting the movement of the
muscles. There are also autonomic disturbances and some reflexes may also be diminished. Changes
in postures, final postures and locomotions may be noticed.
With the progression of the disease and consequent neuro-degeneration, patients may be unable to
move (Alexi, This disease is accompanied by a depletion of nerve cells in the substantia nigra. People
suffering from Parkinson's Disease experience loss of motor control. However, there are side effects
of the drug like nausea, vomiting, postural hypotension, and mental changes. Authors also claim that
reliability of some studies on Parkinson’s Disease and physiotherapy was low due to the drawbacks
in the research methodologies,3 example: not involving before and after comparison and not
reporting selection criteria of the patients. Thirdly authors point out unreliability of the
methodologies employed in many of the research studies. While Parkinson’s Disease can include
memory problems and hallucinations, symptoms are predominantly motor impairments consisting of
tremors, bradykinesia or slowness of movement, akinesia or absence of movement, rigidity of the
limbs, worsening speech, postural instability and gait and balance problems. Nevertheless the
statistical or technical rational behind selecting these particular sources, is not provided in the report.
This research paper will primarily look at what happens when an individual is diagnosed with
Parkinson's Disease, the symptoms and its effect on the central nervous system. Subjects of these
selected studies include both male and female patients and the number of observations varied from 6
to 438. When an individual makes a decision to perform a specific action, that inhibitory influence is
lifted on the appropriate motor system, thus allowing activation. The most common methods
underlying various neurophysiological studies include polysomnography, EMG, EEG, MEG,
movement monitoring, and intraoperative monitoring, among others (Walton, 2001). It has been
observed that, out of every 1,000 people in the world around 1 or 2 that is one percent of the
population which is above 60 years old, suffer from PD.In this disease, older age can be considered
as a risk factor. We use cookies to create the best experience for you. This is, however, in contrast
with individuals of ages of between 70 and 80 years. Therefore, it is important to analyze the
scientific foundations underlying these approaches. Authors have omitted the studies involving drugs
and physical therapy integrated treatment programs. Study first introduces Parkinson’s Disease,
symptoms, causes and vulnerable persons. Vanitallie, TB, Nonas, C Di Rocco A, Heymsfield, Sb
2005, Treatment of Parkinson disease. It is important to note that levodopa is not recommended for
initial treatment of PD (Stocchi et al 20) MAO-B Inhibitors Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO-B
Inhibitors) work on the mechanism of blocking MAO-B and allowing more dopamine to reach the
brain. This makes simple activity like dressing or washing takes time for a patient. Its diagnosis
requires that physicians possess thorough knowledge about its characteristics. The authors suggested
that treat progression of Parkinson’s disease symptoms should be consider in the development of
future interventions. Dopamine is unable to cross the barrier when administered via pills or
injections, so L-dopa is prescribed instead. Technology Used in Treating Parkinson’s Disease The
probable targets of the neuroprotective remedial therapies are the mechanisms which might result in
the loss of the dopamine neurons which are lying in the brain. Download Free PDF View PDF
Neural Computing and Applications A survey of visual and procedural handwriting analysis for
neuropsychological assessment Moises Diaz To date, Artificial Intelligence systems for handwriting
and drawing analysis have primarily targeted domains such as writer identification and sketch
recognition. This is 100% legal. You may not submit downloaded papers as your own, that is
cheating. Also you. Currently there is no cure, but medications and surgery can help manage
symptoms. Parkinson's disease was first described in 1817 and is named after James Parkinson,
though its symptoms have been recognized for thousands of years in other civilizations. Constipation
and changes in bowel habits such as appetite loss, nausea, vomiting, bowel obstruction, and
hemorrhoids are attributed to gastric and bowel slowdown. An estimate of 4% of the people have
PD before they reach the age 50; however, the incident increases with age. There are several signs
that are associated with PD; however, there are three main characteristic features of the disorder.
Further, the drug should not be combined with protein meals.